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REPORT ON THE CONDITION OF THE INSANE POOR IN THE COUNTY POOR HOUSES OF NEW YORK. Medical Society of the State of Xew York, ) Albany, N. Y., January 12, 1865. ) To the Hon. G. G. Hoskins, Speaker of the Assembly: Sm—In obedience to chapter 418, Session Laws of 1864, I beg to submit to the Legislature the following report in relation to the condition of the insane poor in the countv poor houses of the State. In doing this, I must urge upon your honorable body that immediate measures be taken for the relief of this most un- fortunate class of the community. I am, very respectfully, Your obedient servant, SYLVESTER I). WILLARD, Secretary. REPORT. To the Honorable the Legislature of the State of New York: As Secretary of the Medical Society of the State of Xew York, I was authorized by an act passed on the 30th day of April, 1864, to investigate the condition of the insane poor in the various poor houses, alms houses, insane asy- lums, and other institutions, where the insane poor are kept, not including, however, such institutions as are now required by law to report to the Legislature of the State. The law* directed that I should arrange a series of ques- tions, such as in my judgment would be likely to elicit the greatest amount of information on this subject, procure them printed, and transmit them to each county judge in the State. It directed the county judge on the reception thereof, to appoint a competent physician, a resident of the county, to visit the county poor house, or institution where the insane poor are kept, and to examine into the condition and treatment of the insane inmates, and to transmit the result of the investigation to the undersigned. It directed me, thereupon, to condense the information so received, and report the same to your honorable body. Previous to entering upon this duty, I visited Dr. John P. Gray, the Superintendent of the New York State Asy- lum at Utica, and Drs. George Cook and John B. Chapin, • It is due to acknowledge tliat this investigation was instigated by Dr. IVm, H. Rich- ardson, of Essex; Dr. C. M Crandall, of Allegany; Dr. W. II. Barnes, of Columbia, and Dr. Julien T. Williams, of Chautauqua, Members of Assembly, and on the committee of public health in 1864. They were all earnest in support of the measure. G REPORT OX THE CON'DITIOX Superintendents of Brigham Hall Asylum for the insane at Canandaigua, for the purpose of conferring with them, rela- tive to the more important facts that should be developed by this investigation, with a view to the practical results to be attained by it. It is proper, though almost needless to remark, that the plan of this investigation met the cor- dial approbation of those gentlemen, together with the kind offer to bestow any assistance they could render to facili- tate so important a labor. It is unnecessary to speak in this report of the cruelties that were practiced upon the insane in a less civilized age, but the object will be so far as possible to direct our attention to the misery and wretch- edness that still exist, in the hope of inducting measures for its aversion in the future. The attention of the Legislature was drawn to the con- dition of the insane poor in 1857, by an elaborate report of the select committee of the Senate, appointed in 1856, to visit the charitable institutions supported by the State, and city and county poor and work houses and jails. The committee consisted of Senators Mark Spencer, George W Bradford and 31. Lindley Lee. They entered with enthu- siasm upon their mission. Their visits were made during the summer, when the population of the poor houses was one quarter less than in winter. It i8 apparent, therefore, that they did not witness the suffering incident to winter, when the sleeping rooms would be over-crowded, when the want of fuel, and bedding and clothing would be most felt. But the miseries in which they found the insane poor con- hned in the various county poor houses are appalling, and 'hockingto record. Doubtless that report stimulated f some OF THE INSANE POOR. 7 of the county authorities to remove to some extent the stigma and disgrace it fastened upon them, but it led in most instances to no permanent improvement, nor did the State act in view of it to a more ample provision for these unfortunates. The Medical Society of the State has like- wise in years past, directed the attention of the Legisla- ture to the importance of more ample provision for the insane, but its suggestions have been likewise unheeded. The New York State Asylum at Utica, is an institution in every respect worthy of the great State by whose libe- rality it was erected, and is now supported. Grand as is the scale on which it is conducted, it is not sufficient to meet the claims that are made upon it. In order to make room for recent cases, and such as afford promise of relief or cure by treatment, and those are con- stantly urging for admission, and humanity demands that they shall not be turned away, it becomes necessary for that institution to return to the counties by which they have been supported at the asylum, many chronic and incu- rable cases. Such insane persons are therefore sent to the county poor houses, where others are confined who have never been able to gain admittance at the State Asylum, or who have been untimely removed for new patients. In many of the county houses there are a large number of the insane inmates who have never been sent by the authori- ties to the asylum. Indeed the law gives county officers no authority to send cases of more than one year's duration to the State Asylum. In many instances the counties have had little or no disposition to send recent cases there, prompted by the idea that they can be supported at a less 8 REPORT OX THE CONDITION expense in a county poor house. The State has grown immenselv in population, and in due ratio the number of its insane have increased, until its State Asylum is filled to its utmost capacity, and the tide of its overflow has set back upon county poor houses; and they too, have become filled to an excess of human misery, degradation and wretch- edness that wrings a cry of distress from the heart of every philanthropist. These evils have become so great and so glaring, that they are a stigma upon the class of our chari- table institutions where insane poor are confined, upon our communities, and upon the fair name of our State. It is in vain that we any longer attempt to conceal the true con- dition of lunatics in county poor houses, or to pacify the pleadings of humanity in their behalf, with the excuse that a great war is involving our public attention, and that we cannot remedy their condition now. Humanity will listen to no such false representation. Truth will not bear testimony to such an excuse. The facts elicited by this investigation are too appalling to be forgotten, and too important to be thrown aside. Repulsive to our sensi- bilities, as many of the facts set forth are, the investigation was made in the summer when the suffering from want of care and clothing is less than in winter, and consequently it does not show the state of things as bad as they really exist at some seasons of the year. The following is the series of questions sent to each county. mam- nmK, ,K,riolm out cf ^ OP THE INSANE POOR, 9 How many females perform out of door labor? What amusement have those who are unable to work? What amusement have females who are unable to work? What number are destructive and tear off their clothing? How many arc restrained by chains or hand-cuffs occasionally? How many constantly? What other forms of mechanical restraints are used? AVhat other means are resorted to for controlling and managing the violent insane? Has the poor house a full .supply of water? How many Iwath tubs are there in it? How often are the insane required to bathe? Is each insane washed, hands and face daily? Is any arrangement made for cleanliness, ventilation and uni- formity of heat in winter? Are any insane confined in basement cells? Are any so confined without the privilege of coming daily into the open air? Js the building in which the insane are confined of wood or brick? How many stories? What, is the height of each story? YV hat is the length and width of each room? What is the size of each window? Arc there any rooms without a window opening out of doors? What are the floors made of? Are any of the basement rooms without a floor? Have you bedsteads in all the rooms? Are the bedsteads of wood or iron? Are they fastened to the floor? Have you double or single beds? How inanv sleep in one bed? % What is the greatest number, in any ease, who sleep ill one bed/ AVhat material do you use for bedding? How many sleep on straw alone, without bedsteads or beds? How often is the straw changed? What is the diet provided each day? How is it distributed to each? How is the building heated in winter? Are all the rooms heated? Is attention paid to the uniformity of heat by a thermometer? What is the temperature maintained? Are any insane confined in rooms without heat, in the winter? Are there any accommodations for the various grades of insane? If so, what? " Are they all confined in one ward? How many in single rooms or cells? Are the sexes kept entirely separated? Are male attendants employed to care for female insane? 10 REPORT ON THE CONDITION- Are any attendants beside paupers uniformly and constantly employed in the immediate care of the insane? What is the actual condition of the rooms and cells occupied by insane, as to cleanliness? AVluit do you think of the atmosphere of the rooms? Did \"ou look for vermin on their persons? Did you oh>erve any? Are any of the pauper insane cared for in private families? Does your county take care of recent cases? What changes of under garments have each of the insane? How many have shoes? How many had neither shoes nor stockings during the winter? What number of insane is your county house designed to accom- modate? What is the greatest number ever there confined? Arc the accommodations separate from those of the sane paupers? How many escaped within a year who were not returned? How many were removed by their friends? What provisions are made for medical treatment of the insane? How often arc they actually visited? Does each case receive care with reference to its ultimate recovery? Number; name; age; sex; native; foreign; year of admission; occupation: mild; excitable or paroxysmal; violent; filthy; de- structive: confined to house; confined in strong rooms; requires mechanical restraiut; been treated in an asylum; died durino- the year; discharged. The direction to the physician appointed by the county judge is as follows: Medical Society of the State of New Youk- } I)r_____ Albany, N. Y., May 23, 1864. " \ Sir-In obedience to the appointment made by the iud-e of <>m- county m accordance with chapter 418, Session W 1864 »y of winch you will hud herewith, you are requested at an and m 2 Ih y?"r C°Unty P°or house> alms h™se or asylum ult^S^r indICated in the WankaencfoS of Our ^im^orl^ ZHf ™*£*£F "° ^ s**t at on-e i,pon the ^--^d t ;z }?z t<> en , , l • i *■ s»>™g them to light as to -•-I' actual pro" siCn b hi 5^ "\ ^^ t0 tl^ with as is in accordance wi th tt\ llto*nnate*»*» of our fellow beings of an enlighteneThu^nt; "lgS °f ^^ aildthe dict^s OP THE INSANE POOR. 11 Your services will be a claim upon your county, to be audited by your board of supervisors on the voucher of the county judge. ' You can retain one set of the blanks for your own personal use, one for the use of the county judge, one for your board of super- visors, and return the remaining two to me, on or before the time specified in section 2d. Very respectfully yours, S. D. WTLLAKD, M.D., Secretary. Returns have been received from all the counties but Onondaga, Clinton, Wyoming and Herkimer. The city and county of New York, among her great public charities, maintains a large and well conducted asylum for the insane on Blackwell's Island. Kings county has also provided properly for her insane poor, and these two counties were not embraced in this investigation. Oneida county feels the influence of the State Asylum and hence has an institution more satisfactorily conducted than in any of the other counties. The earnest attention of the Legislature is requested to the subjoined report for each particular county. The facts have been furnished in accordance with the law by a com- petent physician, resident in the county, who would have no motive for representing them unfavorably. It is not my intention to set forth fully all the evils that - are brought to light by this investigation, in the condition of the insane poor, but to notice briefly a few of the more prominent ones, and then suggest a remedy for these terrible abuses. The investigation shows gross want of provision for the " common necessities of physical health and comfort, in a large majority of the poor houses where pauper lunatics are kept. Cleanliness and ablution are not enforced, indeed, very few of the institutions have even the con- veniences for bathing, and many of the buildings are sup- ll> RErORT ON THE CONDITION plied inadequately with water. In a few instances the insane are not washed at all, and their persons besmeared with their own excrements,'are unapproachably filthy, dis- gusting and repulsive. In some violent cases the clothing is torn and strewed about the apartments, and the lunatics continue to exist in wretched nakedness, having no clothing, and sleeping upon straw, wet and filthy with excrementsJ and unchanged for several days. The number of these cases may not be large, but there should be none such. There exists gross inattention to ventilation, and in fre- quent instances these unfortunates are denied even the fresh air of heaven. The buildings in many instances are butmiserable tenements and were erected without any regard to ventilation. It is impossible from their very construc- tion and arrangement to procure uniformity of pure air and thus another great principle of health is denied. It will be observed that the returns not unfrequently mention the air of the rooms as ''foul," "bad," "unhealthy." In some of these buildings the insane are kept in cages, and cells, dark and prison like, as if they were convicts,' instead of the life-weary, deprived of reason. They are in numerous instances left to sleep on straw like animals, without other bedding, and there are scores who endure the piercing cold and frost of winter without either shoes or stockings being provided for them-they are pauper lunatics, and shut out from the charity of the world where they could at least beg shoes. Insane, in a narrow cell, perhaps without clothing, sleeping on straw or in a bunk, receiving air and light and warmth only through a diamond hole through a rough prison like door, bereft of sympathy and of social life, except it be with a fellow lunatic, with- . OF THE INSANE POOR. 13 out a cheering influence, or a bright hope of the future ! Can any picture be more dismal, and yet it is not over- drawn. There are but few of the poor house asylums that have any provision for exercise in the open air, or sufficient yards or grounds for it. The mild cases wander about often where they please, but not so the more violent, and in stormy or winter weather all are kept housed together. No sjrstem of exercise is established, no amusement is furnished for the weak, the feeble, the melancholic. Each one is allowed to dwell upon and magnify the evils of a disordered mind, and thus become more distressed, con- firmed, incurable, demented. No amusements are furnished, no pleasant occupation devised. The violent have only to rave and become more violent, and pace in madness their miserable apartments. These institutions afford no possi- ble means for the various grades of the insane; the old and the young, the timid and the brazen, the sick, the feeble, and the violent, are herded together without dis- tinction to the character or degree of their madness, and the natural tendency is for all to become irretrievably worse. There is no uniform system of mild government and restraint of lunatics in poor houses. The attendants for the most part employed to care for them are the pauper inmates of the establishment! Paupers, who in many instances are depraved by vice, cold, sordid, selfish from poverty, utterly incapable of taking care of themselves; these are employed to oversee and apply moral and physi- cal means of restraint for the insane ! To paupers is com- 14 REPORT ON THE CONDITION mitted the task of carrying them food and supplying their daily wants. The consequences are the most wicked and cruel neglect, and not unfrequently brutal treatment of these unfortunates, and the punishments inflicted on them are arbitrary, cruel and undeserved. There is an utter destitution of well trained, kind, efficient attendants. The mingling of sane and insane paupers, the male attendants in some instances in the care of female insane, and the commingling of the sexes, in no way promote either restoration or virtue. Where recent cases are received into a poor house no special attention is generally given to them with reference to their ultimate recovery. The medical attendance is so embarrassed by want of means for general care, that it is impossible to arrive at any satisfactory management of the insane, and it proves as unsatisfactory to the physician as it is without benefit to the patient. Few of the interior counties have more than thirty lunatics, and several less than twenty. It is impossible to maintain an asylum efficient in all its apartments with such a small number. It would incur an expense quite too large and unnecessary, without commensurate advantage to the inmates. ^ His Excellency Governor Fenton, in his message to your honorable body, alludes to this subject as follows : ^Sn^tf UU dTteid a" »TOti8»tion into the show-in., the den Li,! ^ Willa,rd' wil1 be <"<% printed, There are in fiffv fi™ C°"d,tlon oi this most unfortunate class or poor house asuutt^a » ""'^ " '\T ^ have become, and others ai-c tw i? ' "e lllc,,rabIe ' m<»V otuei» am fast becoming incurable, from ineffi- OF THE INSANE POOR. 15 cicnt care and treatment. The time has arrived when Legislative provision for them should be made. The propriety of establish- ing an institution for incurables—;in institution that shall relieve county authorities from the care of the insane, should be deliber- ately considered. 1 More than one-fourth of this number of insane are capable of some labor. To what extent that labor, organized and system- atized, might be made productive in the maintenance of an insti- tution, under well directed medical superintendence, is likewise worthy of consideration." The suggestion of His Excellency seems entirely prac- tical and economical. Let an institution for incurables be established. Let the incurables be there colonized. Take the insane from the counties where they are ill provided for first, and change the law relative to the insane poor, so that counties shall not have the management of them, nor any authority over them. The statistics gathered show that out of 1,345 insane, 345 are capable of labor; pro- u perly managed, this number would be increased, and there would be gathered into such an institution scores of mild cases now at large, whose friends, unable to support them at the State Asylum, are unwilling to consign them to the miseries of the poor house. By such a regulation, the cost of supporting each insane would be diminished, so that the expense to each county would not be greater, and probably much less than it now is, while the lunatics would enjoy the benefits and comforts of a well regulated insti- tution. The early attention to their care would doubtless insure recovery to a much larger number than now become restored, and cases that progress to -violence, filth or dementia, might remain mild and passive. It is a fearful thought that, among the poor, parents who from the ills of life suffer mental alienation, fathers depressed from losses and anxiety, mothers exhausted with 16 REPORT ON THE CONDITION child bearing and the rearing of a large family, the youth- ful from vice or disappointed hopes, and the foreigner among strangers looking wistfully back to his native home, that these, all suffering from disease which might be stayed, should be thrust into miserable poor houses and almost com- pelled to suffer the miseries of incurable lunacy. It is not pre- tended that all such inevitably become confirmed lunatics. Some indeed recover, but the ratio would be greatly increased with more adequate measures for their care. It not unfrequently happens that the most important plans for the advancement of either science or philanthropy must l)c approached and developed through the channels of political economy. To what extent, therefore, is it economy to give the insane of every class the advantages of treatment in a well managed asylum—in an institution conducted on principles of science? And to what extent is it a want of economy to place those who are mentally deranged in circumstances that tend to make them con- firmed lunatics? It is not asked to what extent are these propositions humane, but, in dollars and cents, what is economical. The following calculation is based on authen- tic statistics:— For example: Of one hundred cases of recent insanity placed under immediate care and treatment in a proper asylum, about eighty will recovei, and the average period w.11 be six months, at a cost of §5 per week, $130; add for transportation, S20, making $m each> or $16 ^ expense to the State. But, arg.es the narrow-sighted ofB- cial, '• they can be supported at the county house for $1.75 f » «*•' It ,* true, and of the one hundred cases, about OF THE INSANE POOR. 17 seventy will thus become confirmed lunatics, and the aver- age duration of life will be eighteen years, and the cost will be $1,638 for each person, or $114,660 for the seventy. At $2 per week, the cost would be $131,040. All this misery, and seventy incurables, with a tax of $131,040, against eighty cured, with a tax of only $15,000. Is the economy then in favor of the poor house system of care ? Again : The difference in the value of an acre of ground in the heart of the city of New York and on a western prairie, is owing to the greater density of able bodied and clear minded population on the former. The life of each individual has a financial value in the development of the wealth of a State. Horace Mann and Dr. Alexander H. Stevens have fixed this value upon individual life at $150 per year. At the present time this would be a very low estimate, but by this estimate, eighty lives of usefulness saved, each for a period of seventeen years, would add $204,000 to the wealth of the State. This includes nothing for the natural increase of population, which would swell the sum to millions in a single generation. Is it not con- clusive that the present system of poor house care for the insane is a financial madness, of which no man in his right senses should be chargeable. The question might be presented with reference to humanity, or advancing another step in the light of Chris- tianity, but in that light the false economist would wither as if scorched by the lightning's fire. I have thus accomplished the service imposed upon me by the Legislature of 1864. In presenting the result of my labors to your honorable body, I have to beg that you [Assem. No. 19.] 2 IS REPORT OX THE CONDITION OF THE INSANE TOOK. will accept it as a plea from those who, deprived of reason, locked in filthy cells, breathing impure air, neglected and destitute, cannot approach you; I present it in behalf of my profession, who are constant in urging the claims of humanity; I present it as a duty I owe the State of New York ; nay, more; I present it as a duty I owe the Divine Master, who, when upon earth, healed the sick, visited the poor, and made the lunatic to appear clothed in his right mind. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, SYLVESTER D. WILLARD, Secretary of the Medical Society. COUNTY POOR HOUSES. ALBANY COUNTY. The year cmbiaced in the report of the Alms House Insane Asylum is from September 1, 1863, to September 1, 1864. The number of paupers varies from four hundred and twenty-five in summer to six hundred and fifty in winter. There haye been during the fiscal year one hundred and fifty-five lunatics in the poor house asylum. The ratio of insane is about one in four. Fourteen have died; twenty-eight haye been discharged. Ninety- nine of the whole number were mild cases; twenty-one were filthy; sixty-two were males and seventy-three were females; fifty-seven were native and eighty-eight of foreign birth. All have been admitted since 1818. Of the whole number only nine had been treated in the State asylum. Twelve males and twenty females Ave re capable of labor. The large number who were unable to work had no amusement or employment. Only six were destruc- tive to their clothing, and required the straight jacket restraint, or locking in cells. The house has two bath tubs, one for each depart- ment, and a full supply of water from the city water works. The insane arc required to bathe weekly and to wash hands and face daily. The rooms are supplied with iron bedsteads and straw in ticks for bedding. The diet is intended to be ample, and all who are able go to a common table to eat. The change of clothing is made every week. The rooms in summer are well ventilated. All have shoes in av inter. Twelve escaped during the year who were not returned; three were removed by friends. The asylum icas built to accommodate thirty-one lunatics. There are in confinement at the present time in this space, designed only for thirty-one, one niNDKEi) and TnREE. The greatest number in confinement at any one time was ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY, designed to 20 report on the condition accommodate thirty-one!—the almshouse asylum of the capital, of AUt.inv ! !! Dr. W. II. Bailey, who made the inspection, remarks: '•The asylum is a modest two-story and basement brick structure, entirely separated from the other buildings in which arc the county poor. There is a small yard for the males and another for the females, into which those who are able may go at pleasure, but tho yards are too small and too barren cither for the health or amuse- ment of the inmates; that for the males is 53x90, and that for the females Six 102 i'eot. In them there is neither a tree or a shrub to shield from the scorching sun in summer, nor a bench or a seat on which to rest. They are inclosed by a close board fence about twelve feet high, oyer which the inmates cannot see, and they stretch themselves on the ground like animals, or creep under the shade of the prison-like inclosure. The sexes are separated; the males occupy the first and the females the second story, the dininw room for each sex being in the basement. The sleeping rooms open on each side from a hall extending through the centre of the building. Each of these rooms is lighted by a window. The halls are heated by hot air from two furnaces in the basement, and the rooms receive heat through the doors from the hall. Unless the weather is severe, the heat is ordinarily sufficient, and the unfortunate inmates are comfortable. All who are able are com- pelled to leave their rooms and occupy the halls during the day time. I regard it as unfortunate that some arrangement was not made in the construction of this building for the weak and feeble. U lion a lunat.e is sick or feeble the heat from the hall is often ...Mzmncnt unless the door is constantly open, Avhich is to expose tie pat.i„t to the no.se and gibberish of fifty insane and demented, who are eongregated in a single room, making it resound >vith "and ff 7g S "^ t^ Ll ^^ tL ™d0- « - ot o? " meanS.°f VentM-> W in winter the furnaces n e foi th CaPaClt3lt0 Permlt a fl°W 0f cold f^h air suf- ficient foi the requirements for health. The basement rooms have 2™i olf wTfor ventilated- Ll these ^ ^^ oi t n aX butt are.C0»fi^. None are confined her OF THE INSANE POOR. 21 intended for the inmates, and each room was made of the smallest dimensions, compatible with the physical health of a single occu- pant, nor Avas it ever intended that more than one should be put into a room. We are now compelled to croAvd from three to five of these creatures, avIio are in the greatest state of helplessness and dependence, into one room, also obliged to use some of the small, damp, air-tight cells, which are bcloAv ground, as lodging rooms, whose aerial capacity was never more than barely sufficient to sustain the health of one individual, thus making it appear that the Alms House physician, or those responsible for the manage- ment of this important and most sacred of all trusts, are not only willing to leave them in the unfortunate condition of insanity Avhieh simply makes them suitable for entrance into an Insane Asylum, but add to it the greater misery Avhieh results from the loss of bodily health. This loss of health is but the natural and inevitable result of such abuse. To realise more fully the important bearing of this subject, every individual should make a practical application of it to himself, and imagine a kind relative or dear friend as one of the one hundred and three who are com- pelled in cold or stormy Aveather, to croAvd into a mere hall or passage way, Avhose cubic dimensions are such that the air, in twenty minutes, becomes vitiated and rendered unfit to support health, and in the course of the day becomes in the highest degree deleterious and loathsome. Think of the effect, mentally, physically and morally of promis- cuously huddling together so large a number of individuals, of all grades of insanity from mere partial mental derangement, to that complete idiotcy, where nothing is left of that intellectual force by which man is characterised and distinguished from the lower order of animals. Many of them obeying the calls of na- ture without reference to time or place, some perhaps in convul- sions, others roaming, whilst the timid and retreating are trying to escape from the screams and vociferations of the more turbulent. There being no provision for their proper classification, the noisy, the violent, and the filthy; the quiet, the timid, and the convales- lent, have to remain in this hall together during the long Aveary hours of the day. The standing* committee of the Association of Medical Superin- tendents, in their report on the construction of hospitals for the insane, say that apartments provided for the confinement of the violent insane, should be entirely above ground, and when used for a single patient, should contain not less than 960 cubic feet of air, nor should the ceiling he less than twelve feet in height, with a window communicating directly Avith the external atmosphere, and well ventilated. Now I find on measurement that these cells instead of containing 9(50 cubic feet of air, contain about 760 cubic feet, instead of the ceiling being tAvelve feet in height, it is but seven feet, instead of being entirely above ground, they are nearly entirely below ground, and instead of being well ventilated, they 00 report on the condition are nrnde air-tight. In these cells the violent insane, whose insa- nity is manifested paroxysmal ly. are temporarily confined until their paroxysms of excitement have subsided. Frequently they have to oe confined in these damp, air-tight cells twenty-four hours, when the air becomes vitiated by the offensive exhalations and ex- creincntitious matter. The ingress of air shut off, the effluvia in the cell prevented from escaping, the helpless inmate is thus com- pelled to breathe into the system this poisoned air, twenty-fa our or perhaps forty-eight hours, and the etlect is not only ill health and a stupid mind, but the prostration of all the powers of the indi- vidual, both physical and mental, is the unavoidable and inevi- table consequence; and this dreaded cell becomes the alembic, in which is double distilled their most bitter cup of affliction. This picture sad as it is, falls short of presenting this matter in all of its unpleasant features, but enough has been said to make it apparent that this building is entirely inadequate to afford that relief to those for whose aid this department Avas designed. "Were your honorable body fully aware of this matter as it really exists. I cannot but suppose that the Avarmest sympathies of your nature Avould be aroused to respond to the urgent necessities of these insane poor, for surely no affliction appeals more strongly to our sympathy and generosity than this fearful malady. The improvements deemed most essential, are a building Avhose relative dimensions to the number of patients, are such that each inmate Avill be supplied Avith enough of atmospheric air to support health, and the building so constructed as to admit of their proper classification. Indeed the importance of having enough of pure air to breathe, and the necessity of having the quiet, the timid and the convalescent separated from the noisy and turbulent, so as not to be affected by their screams and vociferations, are so palpable, that they need only to be mentioned to be properly appreciated! I also wish to mention that there is much credit due the alms house superintendent and the attendants of this institution for the cleanliness of the different apartments of this building. When we take into consideration the great disadvantage of having to keep the turbulent, the destructive and the filthy in the same apartments with the other inmates, this Insane Asylum, in point of cleanliness, will compare advantageously with the best in the State. As far as the patients themselves are concerned, although somewhat ragged each rag is kept clean. 8o In this case the physician, no matter how diligent and attentive, or how well he understands the subject, is nearly or quite poAver- lcss He can order no healthful exercise nor any system of prof- itable amusement He can only prescribe for the absolutely sick. The keeper has done his duty when he turns the key and locked the imhappy inmates fast, or gone in and by intimidation, threats or blows quieted some turbulent demented incurable. The super- OF THE INSANE POOR. 23 intendent of the alms house has done his duty when he has pro- vided for their daily living, at the cheapest possible rate, and sup- plied the wants that keep them from perishing more rapidly, or from a more speedy recovery. The alms house committee look at the figures and the quarterly expenses of the Institution, and if the}' have not exceeded the preceding quarter, they have done their duty, or passing speedily through the hall of the Institution they see the inmates neat and clean and do not stop to think that crazy people need anything more—or if one more benevolent, humane and thoughtful than the rest suggests an improvement, it fails to meet anything more than the discouragement of the board, and nothing is the result. The board of common council still leave all to the committee, and the people leave all to the common council. The police justice is obliged nearly every week to relieve the jail of a lunatic; he must be disposed of; the superintendent of the alms house has no dircretion, he must receive him, and anoth- er deranged person is thrust in the overcrowded apartments and left to his own gloomy hopeless condition to become a confirmed lunatic-. The humane and philanthropic learn these facts and lament them, but can do nothing. The time has come when calm judicious legislation is demanded, to interpose and prevent these alarming evils. ALLEGANY COUNTY. Of the poor house and its insane inmates in the county of Alle- 4, previous to August 12th. Five males and six females are capable of doing some labor. The others have no form of occupation. The violent are restrained by locking them up in a dark room. The house has no bathing tub. Some of the bedsteads are of iron and a part are fastened to the floor. In some of the beds two persons sleep. Straw is used for bedding and is changed as often as it becomes foul. The food is distributed in dishes to each one. No attention is given to free ventilation, nor to uniformity of heat in the winter. When indoors the sexes are kept separately; the keeper and his Avife have a general superintendence over them. They have clean clothing once a week and oftcner if necessary. One had no shoes during the winter. The building is designed to confine twenty lunatics, but nineteen is the highest in confinement at any one time. The insane arc visited by a physician every Aveek, and oftcner if they arc ill, but circumstances do not allow of any treatment with reference to recovery. They arc as clean and com- fortable as the system of management is calculated to make them. CAYUGA COUNTY. [n the poor house of Cayuga county, situated in the outskirt of Auburn, there are seventy-five paupers, twenty-nine of whom are 26 REPORT ON THE CONDITION insane. Thirteen are males, sixteen are females. Eight are nat ives, seventeen foreigners, and four unknoAvn. They have been admit- ted at various periods since IS to. Eleven of these cases arc nnld, fifteen are violent, sixteen are of filthy habits. Nine of these cases have received treatment at the State asylum at Utica. fen arc capable of performing labor, the others have no amuse- ment or occupation provided for them; tAvelve arc destructive to their clothing and require occasional restraint; the leather muff and confinement in cells being the form u^vil. The house is supplied with water by a well and cistern, but it has no bath tub, nor have the insane any special time for bathing except when filthy. There is a standing rule requiring the hands and face of the insane to be washed daily. [Is it thoroughly enforced?] The building is of brick, three stories with basement of nine feet, other stories twelve feet, with rooms 8x12. There is a bedstead in each room: sometimes two sleep on one bed, but generally only <>ne. The bedding in ticks is of straw and changed as occasion requires, not regularly. The diet is ample in variety and substance. The building is heated by furnaces, and designed to be made com- fortable. The mild and inoffensive have the range of the basement and yards together, but the violent are confined in cells. Several nnld cases occupy a room together, but the violent are kept in separate cells. They have only such care as can be forced from pauper attendants. The keeper said that vermin were sometimes tound on the persons of lunatics. It is designed on the part of the '•«'»".v to „,„! recent cases to the State asylum. The building is designed to accommodate thirty persons. Dr. Sylvester Willard o uburn, who made the investigation, remarks- « All the mal« d';: :n.Tru'i^is abovcs™»*> -^ ««*<* h h hT m thG ^^ S1,ond thcir timc * tho large t n *;; " th° CXWl*i0n °f thG *><* "ho labor on the ^ aiH i f7 CS17UlIy f °^ With -"^ated doors, for ate keep.no of the violent and destructive. These stromr cells being in proximity to the halls m™ n i A- g lH.atu.e in cold wea her 1UZ* TV" 00mfortoM«' tem" Thcy have no windZ n "^ deJlcient in ™'M°ti°n. withouteVIZ ll I'0; OPCni"SS and U° communication doo, At h S :f',rCC1>tfr°m.the bM "'-"gh the grated with one *ZdIZ^TT0'1 tW° CCl'S W01'C "^ -n into Shv ad In i U"atiC " eaxb- Thc«- '«*1» ™» «*>■ in a - cria i tr :3::attoh^ov,;rthc fl°°r-Th<* ™ ^ice, and then excrements spread over the OF THE INSANE POOR. 27 floor, on the walls and over their persons; Avith no means for ven- tilation or change of air the stench at their cell door Avas exces- sively offensive. Under the circumstances it may have been diffi- cult to have had it otherwise. It is due to the keeper to say, that with the exceptions of these cells, the rooms Avere clean and neat. The medical treatment is by a homoeopathic physician, Avho visits the House regularly once a week and oftener if required. No med- ical treatment is made Avith reference to their ultimate recovery." CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. Chautauqua county poor house has one hundred and twenty inmates, twenty-seven of which are insane. They have been admit- ted at various periods since 1848. Two of these eases have been treated in an asylum. Sixteen of the cases are mild, two are vio- lent, and five are filthy. Ten arc confined to the house. Four males and five females are capable of doing some labor. No amusement is provided for any who do not labor. In dry weather the supply of water is insufficient and is brought about a half a mile by teams. The insane are kept in two buildings ; one building is of brick, and the bedsteads in the rooms of this building are of iron, and fastened to the floor. Only one sleeps in a bed, except in one bed, which is occupied by two persons. One sleeps on straw without any bed. The beds are filled with straw, except such as are occupied by the sick, which are of cotton or feathers. The mild cases are kept in one building, and the excitable or violent in another. A man and his wife are jointly employed in the care of the violent cases. The rooms are all heated by a box stove, Avith wood, from the lower floor, the pipes encased passing through the floor above, it is believed by the overseer that no inmates suffer with cold in the winter. Paupers are employed to take care of the mild cases. The rooms are clean and the atmosphere in them is not bad. All are furnished with shoes in the winter, only one would not wear them. The building is designed to accommodate twenty-two, but thirty have at times been confined there. There is no regular medical attendance, nor is ultimate recovery held in view. The duties of the keeper appeared to be discharged in a kind manner, and as well as could be done by any one not experienced in the management of the insane. Dr. Barrett observes and justly, " The attendants ought not to be all paupers." The deficiency in water must be a great drawback to the comfort of the inmates, and the 28 REPORT ON TIIE CONDITION question might properly be raised whether the system of heating is sufficient to warm the building in winter. CHEMUNG COUNTY. The poor house in the county of Chemung contains forty-eight paupers, eight of whom are insane; just one-sixth of the avIioIc number. Four are males and four are females: all are native born. Two males and one female are capable of doing some out of door labor. Those who cannot work are furnished with neither em- ployment or amusement. They are all represented as being de- structive and tear off their clothing; but they require no restraint other than confinement to their rooms. The building is supplied with water from springs at the distance of ten rods off. It has no bath tub or other convenience for bathing, and no special attention is paid to either cleanliness, ventilation, or the uniformity of heat in winter. The building is of wood, tAvo stories high; the height of ceiling being eight feet, and the rooms 8x10. The food for the insane is the same as that for the other inmates of the institution, and served to them by the sane paupers. The lunatics are all confined in one ward, without other than pauper attendants, and without any accommodation for the various grades of their disease. Xo attention is paid to their ultimate recovery, and a physician only visits them when he is sent for. None of them have shoes because it .s "impossible to keep them on." As to cleanliness and ventilation, the rooms are bad. Dr. Morse, who made the in- vention, adds: -The condition of the insane paupers in Che- mung county is deplorable in the extreme; and there is no ade- quate provision made to remedy the evil." CHENANGO COUNTY. There are seventy paupers in the Chenango county house Twenty are insane. Ten are males and ten are females They have been admitted since 1840. Fifteen of the cases are mild a out one-third have received treatment at Utica F^ght reT pt S LT^r sr:effort i8 made to ™» ^e wh0": shall wash ever,- dav ban 1 .,,<-.' Signed that a], ™-s. The buiidii Ji. \7 ^ bl,t tl>0 violent d° ** «1- buUdmg ■ apart from the one used for sane pauper,, OF THE INSANE POOR. 29 is a fine building, has sixteen rooms; ten of them are provided with beds; four cells are provided with bunks fastened to the Avail and floor; one and tAvo sleep in each bed; the straw in the beds is changed each month, or every year, according to its use. All the inmates go to a common table. The building is heated with stoves, which through ventilators from the halls, warm the rooms occu- pied. There are no accommodations for the various grades of the insane. A man and a woman are employed by the year to take care of the lunatics. The rooms appear clean, and the air good as can reasonably be expected. The institution receives recent cases, and Avill accommodate from twenty to thirty, though never more than twenty have been confined at any one time. Tavo Avere re- moved by friends during the year, and one was transferred to the sane department. The lunatics have no regular medical attend- ance nor care with reference to ultimate recovery. CLINTON COUNTY. No report. COLUMBIA COUNTY. It is a sad spectacle to humanity, that which is revealed in the condition of the insane paupers of Columbia county. There are at the poor house one hundred and twenty-seven inmates, twenty- seven of whom are lunatics. They have been admitted to the poor house at various periods since 1840. Sixteen are males and eleven are females. Twenty-one cases are mild in character. Twenty-six are noted as filthy ! Only two have ever been treated in an asylum. Eight males and three females arc capable of doing some labor. Others have no amusement provided for them. Five require occasional restraint. There is an inadequate supply of water; there is no bath tub; the lunatics are not required to wash hands'and face daily. Cleanliness, ventilation and uniformity of heat in winter are not observed to any particular degree. The rooms have not bedsteads in all of them. Twelve sleep on straw without bedsteads. The straw is changed once or twice a week. The building is heated by coal " poorly applied."' Mild cases are put with the sane paupers. There are no accommodations for the virions trades of the insane. One assistant keeper is aided by the sanc'paupers in the care of lunatics. The atmosphere in the rooms was very impure and unhealthy. The county takes recent rises Several were admitted in 1863 and 1864. The females SO REPORT ON THE CONDITION have a change of under garments every week; the males none. None had had stockings during the winter; all had shoos. There is no convenience for out of door exercise. No provision is made for medieal treatment: they do not receive any medical attendance at all. nor care of any sort Avith reference to ultimate recovery. t'onfirmed lunacy and hopeless idiocy is the fate that threatens the unfortunate avIio passes this threshold. CORTLAND COUNTY. The provision for the care of the insane poor in the county of Cort- land is shockingly bad. Of eighty-eight paupers thirty-one are in- sane; being more than one-third the avIioIc number. Eighteen are males and thirteen are females. About twenty-four of this number are of American birth. Not a single case has ever been treated in an asylum, although several have been admitted for fifteen or tAventy years: fifteen cases are mild, nine arc violent, and twelve are excitable Eleven are filthy, several are not only insane but have become idiotic. None of the males perform any amount of labor, six fe- males perform some indoor labor. There is no system of amuse- ment or light occupation to divert the mind of any. Ten are de- structive, nine require occasional restraint; the violent are con- trolcd by close cells and straight-jackets. The house has not a full supply of water. The insane are not all required to wash hands and face daily! The arrangement for cleanliness and ven- tilation is imperfect; several are confined in cells without the pri- vilege of coming daily to the open air!! The building is a story and a-half wood structure, ill adapted to the purpose for Avhieh it is used; the ceilings are low, the bedsteads are wood, and usually two sleep in one bed; in one bed three sleep; in some instances; sane and an insane sleep together. Such as are able come to a common table, the others have food carried to them; the diet is such as a farmer's table affords, plain but ample. The rooms are heated in winter with wood and coal stoves, Avith stove pipes run- ning through the rooms, without attention to uniformity of heat. There is no accommodation for the various grades of insane; but bu Id nlC TaS(S ^ T iQ C6llS iU a buiIdin* 0ff from thc "lain building. In one ward ten are constantly confined. The sexes tToTf Pf ^f^ SeparatCt1' aud male attendants are employed 1 lv unwholm "T , ThC atm°S1)here in the rooms is /nc rallA urn. holesome. At this institution recent eases are received- wo eases were received in 1864. Ultimate recovery by mana^ OF THE INSANE POOR. 31 ment or treatment is not held in vieAV. Dr. II. O. JcAvett, who visited this house says, " the edifice is a badly constructed affair. It was originally a farm house, additions having been made to it; the cells are seventeen in number, 5!x6^ feet, ten feet ceiling in front, the A\Tall above being finished upon the rafters; there is one windoAV of eight lights to each cell. There are really no means except accidental ones, for ventilating the various rooms; and with the present arrangement of the house uniform or appropriate Avarmth in Avintcr season is out of the question; neither is there sufficient help employed in the establishment to ensure anything like proper cleanliness of the apartments or persons of the inmates. The common claims of humanity would seem to demand some regu- lations which will secure more attention to the physical comfort and moral training of each individual, and the special medical treatment of the insane." What language can be more explicit or more ear- nest ? Is it any wonder that in such Avant of care the insane be- come idiotic or demented, and the mild cases incurable ? DELAWARE COUNTY. To describe the building of Delaware county in which the insane are kept, will in some degree show the misery to which those unfortunates are unnecessarily subjected. It is a Avood building two stories high, Avith rooms or cells 4x8 feet, lighted and ventila- ted only by a diamond hole in the door. Dr. Telford, of Delaware, says, " The windows in the outside are of fifteen lights, 7x!> inches glass. A hall runs on each side of the building, and in the middle is located the cells (after the style of a prison), which are 4x8 feet square, made of lough material, the doors are made of rough hard- wood plank, three inches thick, with a diamond hole in them 7x9 inches, which is the only source of light and air ! Beds are on the floor, Avith nothing to separate them from where they sit except a piece of plank sot up edgewise, and indeed the whole construction is a st igma on humanity." In apartments thus dark, and cold in winter, and filthy at all times, more gloomy than prisons, twenty-six insane human beings are kept. Ten are males and sixteen are females—and eighteen are American born. Two of them have been so confined from 1N42 and 1*44—and this Institution continues to receive recent eases! What can be more cruel? And only paupers extend these lunatics the care they receive! There are in all fourteen cells, in which twenty-six lunatics are confined. Four escaped during the year 32 REPORT ON THE CONDITION Avho Avere not returned; and Avho would not escape cacu to die rather than li\-e such a lingering death ? There is no provision made for the medical treatment of the insane, and they receive none Avith reference to a recovery. The sufferings of these unfor- tunates from Avhom the air and light of heaven is shut out, would form a dark chapter of human misery could it be Avritten. DUTCHESS COUNTY. The poor house of Dutchess county Avith a population of one hundred, contains tAA-enty-four lunatics, or about one fourth of the whole number; eight of Avhom are males and sixteen females. Thirteen are supposed to be native, and eleven of foreign birth. Xothing definite can be obtained relative to the date of their admis- sion, there being no special record or care for such particulars. Six of the number have been at some time under treatment at Utica. Klcven of the cases are mild, eight violent, and tAvo filthy. three of the males are capable of labor, and five of the females. the remainder have no occupation amusement or employment. Six are destructive and tear off their clothing, two require con- stant restraint, either Avith the straight jacket or with straps for the wrists and belt. The house has a full supply of water, but no bathing tubs, most of them however wash hands and face daily. The buildino- is heated by stoves and ventilation is only by the windows, it being of wood two stories high, with seven feet ceilings. The rooms are severally 6x6, and »x6 feet. Two sleep in basements with other sane inmates. Iron bedsteads fastened to the floor are used, on each of which only one sleeps. The beds of straw are chained •• as often as seems necessary." The diet is for breakfast bre°ad, hash of meat and potatoes, coffee ; dinner, bread fresh or salt meat, fish, and for tea, beans and potatoes, and water. Mild patients go to the table with the sane inmates, and others receive the food in then cells. There are no accommodations for the various grades of the ...sane, four are confined in some of the cells. A man and his w* care tor the emale insane, no other than paupers arc employ ed m the care of lunat.es. This institution assumes to take chj. «zz :r'The lunatics are visited *a p^» *• -» as the other ,n-ane paupers whenever they are known to he sick There u no attention paid even to recent Ls with a view to thet OF THE INSANE POOR. 33 rccovT-ry. Two Avere without either shoes or stockings during the winter. Dr. E. II. Parker, who collected these facts observes : " It m impossible to ascertain anything concerning them (the pauper lunatics) more definite than is here given viz: that they are fed clothe*] and kept tolerably decent. No thought is given to curing them. In fact it is no place for one to attempt to do so, a proper insane asylum is required to effect anything in that way with con- stant medical attendance. The city of Poughkocpsie and the rest of the county are about to divide the paupers, insane and others between them, and for this purpose a new building has been erected in the town of Washington. This does not seem to have been very wisely arranged, but attached to it is a building 22x34 feet, intended foi the insane. It is to contain 1«S cells in its two stories (i) in each) will have a walk (or hall) between the rooms of cells of about four feet, has large windows to be protected I un- derstand by oak bars, and is altogether so far as I can learn about as unfit a place for the insane as could be arranged. It involves their continual confinement in small cells unless they are very mild, it does not admit of a proper separation of the sexes, or of the violent from the mild, or of proper provision for out of door exercise for either. It is about 20 feet from the main building, and is to be heated by the same steam apparatus that warms that. It is incredible that the authorities whoever they are that have had charge of this building, should have consulted any one famil- iar with the care of the insane, in arranging its plan. Necessity will undoubtedly compel them to build anew or to modify this. I should add that although I have repeatedly visited the county house, I have not had the good fortune at any time to find the superin- tendent at home, and am indebted for all my information to his assistant." What language can more explicitly point out an evil, at which common humanity must blush with shame ? ERIE COUNTY. The population of the Erie county poor house averages about five hundred. Of this number one hundred and twenty-one are lunatics. At least three-quarters of them are females. Of one hundred and three, eighty-six are of foreign birth. They have all been admitted since 1830. Fifty-five cases are of mild type. Only two cases are noted as having been treated in an asylum. About twenty-four are capable of labor. Sixteen require occa- [Assem. No. PJ.J 3 34 REPORT OX THE CONDITION Si an onal restraint and tAvo constant restraint. The straight jacket d a restraining chair arc used for this purpose. The house has not a full supply of water. It has no bath tub. All the rooms have not beds and bedsteads. About twenty sleep on straw, without other bedding. The straw is changed once in one or two weeks. The building is heated by stoves for coal or Avood. There are no accommodations for the various grades of the insane. The sexes are separated, but paupers only are employed to care for the insane, and to attend to their daily wants. The rooms are generally clean, and the air very good, except in the rooms occupied by the Avorst cases. The county takes recent eases. Nineteen cases were admitted in 1864. About twenty had no shoes or stockings during the winter. The county house is only designed to accommodate eighty cases, but at times one hundred and fourteen have been forced into it. The very mild cases are put in with the sane paupers. Ten or twelve Avere removed by their friends during the year, and tAvo escaped Avho avcre not returned. The physician appointed by the superintend- ent of the poor-house visits the insane tAvice a Aveek. Temporary cases are admitted for ten days, of Avhieh no account is here taken. ■■ The largest building for the insane especially, is of stone 118 ft 40 feet, two stories high, and has fifty-tAvo cells, with tAvo wards, one for male and one for female patients. The second building is also of stone, 40x40, Avith eighteen cells. The third building is wood 26xf)0, with fifteen cells. The accommodations °are limited, for so large a number, but every thing looked neat and comfortable. The accommodations are not suited to the favorable care and treatment of the insane. Their construction is not such as is approved by medical and sanitary authorities, and it is im- possible to separate patients into proper classes. The air in the rooms occupied by those designated as the worst patients is unfit to breathe. The supervisors of Erie county, at their last session, appropriated $20,000 for the purpose of erecting another buildhi" for the insane, adjacent to those now built, but the four building will be detached, and, at the best, illy adapted to the proper treat- ment of the insane. In fact, the State of New York should main- tain at this place, a charity like the Utica Asylum, as it would confer a great benefit upon society. I assume the responsibility of urgmg some action in behalf of the insane of Western New York commensurate with the importance of the subject, the interests of humanity, and the dignity of the State." These earnest remarks OF THE INSANE POOR. 35 arc from Dr. Josiah Barnes, of Buffalo, who made the investiga- tion in Erie county. THE PROVIDENCE ASYLUM. " This institution at Buffalo, built expressly for the insane by the Roman Catholics, is under the management of the Sisters of Charity. The rooms are spacious and Avell ventilated. At each end of the building, in each story, is a balcony supported by pillars and a balustrade, so that the insane can enjoy the fresh air, Avithout descending to the ground. The property embraces several acres, and is Avcil adapted for the purpose for Avhieh it is designed; and the Sisters, to Avhose management every thing is entrusted, are indefatigable in their efforts to render as comfortable as possible the unfortunate persons committed to their charge." This institu- tion has twenty-five inmates. It has a free supply of water, and three bathing tubs. The insane have amusements provided for them, and every possible care, Avith reference to their ultimate recovery, and nothing seems lacking that could promote the com- fort and happiness of each patient. Two have died here during the year, and several cases have left, having convalesced. ESSEX COUNTY. The population of the Essex county house is ninety-three. Nine of whom are insane, the ratio being one in ten. The oldest case was admitted in 1S-U), and is both blind and idiotic, another case was admitted previous to lttfO. Three are males and six are females, four are capable of doing some labor. Only one has been treated in an asylum. Four are filthy in their habits. Those who do not work have no mode of pastime provided for them. The method of restraint used is the straight-jacket, and tying the hands behind the back. The house has a full supply of water, but no bathing tubs nor is there any particular arrangement for uniformity of heat or ventilation. The building which is of wood, two stories hicrh has two rooms without windows opening out of doors, the arram-oment for sleeping seems to be comfortable, and the straw is frequently changed. The diet is represented as ample, the nlild eat at a common table, while the more violent and raving have their food served in their cells. The attendants are the keener and his family. The rooms are clean and nicely kept. One insane lives with her mother near the county house. There are 36 REPORT ON THE CONDITION but six cells, and each cell is designed to accommodate but one person, but some are so mild that they sleep with the sane paupers. Recent cases are received! They receive the attendance of a physician Avhenever they are sick. FRANKLIN COUNTY. It is a circumstance most fortunate that there arc only five in- sane persons confined in the county poor-house of Franklin county, for the record of its condition is shocking to humanity. The Avhole number of inmates is forty. Two of the lunatics arc capable of some labor. One is restrained constantly in a cell, Avithout the privilege of coming daily to the open air. There is a spring of water near by, from Avhieh the building is supplied, but the insane are not required to bathe, or even to Avash their hands and face, except when they see tit to do it themselves. There is no provi- sion for ventiLtion, or uniform heat in winter. " Have you bed- steads in all the rooms'' ? answer " In tAvo only." Two or three sleep on straw, without other bedding ; the straw is changed once a month. Of course there can be no provision for the various grades of insane. In the day time the sexes mix as they please, and receive their only care from the sane paupers. The rooms Avere " not cleanly," and the atmosphere was " bad enough," and the keeper said that vermin Avere " somewhat plentiful." They have no changes of under garments. One escaped daring the year, who has not returned. They have no medical treatment, and are not visited by a physician. Only one case has been treated in an asylum. Dr. Sidney P. Bates says : «I believe the great object had in view by the people of this county, in the maintenance of the poor, is economy." The particular kind of economy is nidi- cated by this report. The pour-house buildings are all old, the roofs leaky, the floors uneven, by reason of the settling of the foundation walls. The buildings are wondrously unfit for the purposes for Avhieh they are used. FULTON COUNTY. One-seventh of the inmates of the Fulton County poor-house are hina.es. there being ten of this class, viz. three males and seven females. The whole number of inmates is seventy. Ei-ht are native, and two of foreign birth. All have been admitted since ma e' "d 7 °r 7 W "^ tKated in ™ «M Three males and five females are capable of doing some labor, but at OF THE INSANE POOR. 37 such times as they do not labor, they have no employment or amusement whatever. Six of the number are destructive to their clothing, and three require occasional restraint. The modes of restraint arc by handcuffs and confinement, and the exercise of kindness. The house has a supply of AArater, but no bathing tub. The insane are required to wash hands and face daily. There is no arrangement for ventilation, or the uniformity of heat in the winter. " A re any confined in basement cells" ? " Yes." The build- ing is of brick, two stories high, Avith ceilings of nine feet, the rooms 18x50, with windows 4x2£ feet. All the rooms have bedsteads in them ; the bedding is of straw, and none sleep on straAV only. The diet provided is simple, but nutritious, and all coinc to the table ami receive their food on plates. The sexes are kept separated, but they have no other than pauper attendants. They receive no care Avith reference to their ultimate recovery, the physician visiting the institution only when he is sent for. The location of the poor-house is pleasant and healthful, but in its con- struction it Avas never designed for the care of the insane. The county does not hesitate to take care of recent cases, even with such barrenness of means for their care. GENESEE COUNTY. The building in which the insane poor of Genesee county are kept is of stone, tAvo stories high, Avith ceilings of eight feet. The rooms are 8x10, with windows 2-ix4i. It has a supply of water and two bath tubs, and is heated by a furnace in the base- ment. The number of insane during the year was thirty-five, but only thirty-two were in confinement at the present time. Nine of the number were able to do labor. Six of the males do out of door work. The others were severally amused in singing, read- ing playing pennies, swinging, . The bedsteads are of wood The ticks are filled with straw, which is changed twice each week. Three sleep on straw alone, without bedsteads or bedding. The breakfast is bread and barley coffee; dinner, meat, potatoes and bread; bread and milk for tea. Each mess is taken to the room for the women. Most of the men eat at a long table in the hall. The house is heated with wood and coal stoves, but no attention is paid to uniformity of heat in the winter, though the stoves are kept constantly burning. The mild cases associate with the sane, and sleep with them. There arc no accommodations for the various grades, and to the wisdom of paupers is committed the care of the violent. The full number that the institution can accommodate is twenty- four. The surplus number are kept with the sane. One escaped durin- the year who has not returned. A physician visits the institution twice weekly, or oftcner, if sent for, but the care is morelv temporary. The whole arrangement of the institution is bad, and there is nothing about it calculated to improve the con- dition of the insane; nothing sufficient to make them comfortable. JEFFERSON COUNTY. The poor house of Jefferson county has a population of one hundred and seventy-four; sixty one of whom are lunatics. Twoll I. W.™., though rarefv used to enforce discipline. The vavdis supplied with cistern and spring water; there is one baling tub. There are basement cells in the building w.th 46 REPORT ON THE CONDITION. cement floors, but they arc not often used. The bedsteads are of Avood, not fastened to the floor ; one sleeps in each bed ; three sleep on straw without other bedding. Such as arc able come to the table with the sane paupers. The building is heated with a furnace, but no attention is paid to the uniformity of heat or ventilation. Rooms Avith barred doors and grated windows, cells and Avards, furnish the only means of grade for the insane. The apartments, Avith one or tAvo exceptions, Avere A'ery clean. The sexes are separated, but the attendants are paupers. All had change of under clothing and shoes, but not all had stockings. Twenty-five is the full number that the house is designed to accommodate. Recent cases are received ; four were received in 18(>4. The medieal attendance has no reference to ultimate cure, nor is compensation for medical service rendered Avith such a vIcav. ONEIDA COUNTY. There are 500 inmates in the poor house of Oneida county, ninety-seven of whom are insane ; forty-three are males, and fifty- four females. Fifty-five are natives and forty-two are of foreign birth. Within the year four have died, nine have been discharged and tAvo have absconded. Sixty of the whole number have been treated in the State asylum, and been returned as incurable or for some other reason. Most of the number have been received into the county asylum since 1850, though the admittance of one dates back to 1*43. About forty of the Avhole number are capable of performino- some labor, half of Avhom are males. None of the females labor out of doors. Those Avho are unable to labor have out of door amusements, such as " pitching quoits, playing ball, swinrd ample means of escape. There are no means for classifying patients. The attendants seem to be superannuated paupers. Th< re are no means for properly treating recent and curable cases. The means of escape are abundant, and the disparity of the sexes may be oAving to this circumstance. The class of insane hoav con- fined are mostly demented persons, avIio have occasional paroxysms of excitement; they sit Avith their feet crouched under them, and bent over in the appearance of hopeless dementia. During the summer ventilation is good; in the Avinter there is probablj- lack of fresh air and heat. The floors Avere clean; the Avails needed abund- ance of Avhitewash. The general appearance of the insane and of the department was cleanly, and there Avas a disposition on the part of the keeper to do Avhat his means permitted for the comfort of his charge. .More efficient means should he adopted to prevent escapes. A suitable attendant should be employed for the care of the insane; a daily inspection by the keeper should be made, and a bath room prepared for more frequent ablution." The population of the poor-house is one hundred and seventy; tAventy-nine are lunatics, the ratio being one in six; twenty-one are females, and eight are males. The dates of their admission are not to be obtained. Five are filthy; a large number are demented; only tAA-o have been treated in the State Asylum; five are capable of labor; those who do not Avork have no amusement; the violent are restrained by a leather muff and by seclusion. The building has a full supply of water for domestic purposes, but not for bath- ing. The rooms are heated by a coal stove in the hall, and venti- lated from windows on the side of the building opposite the cells; all have bedsteads and bedding, and are apparently comfortably fed. There are no accommodations for the various grades of the insane; pauper attendants are employed to take care of the luna- tics. The condition of the rooms for cleanliness and ventilation in summer is fair. But two or three had shoes in the summer; [how many were without them in the winter?] The county receives recent cases. Five have escaped during the year who were not returned. There is no sufficient provision for medical treatment, and none is directed to each case with reference to its ultimate recovery. OF THE INSANE POOR. 49 ORANGE COUNTY. The total number of the insane poor of the county of Orange is thirty-eight; twenty-five of them are in the poor-house at Goshen. and thirteen are cared for at an asylum in NcAvburgh. The county supports four at the Marshall Infirmary at Troy. A large majority of the Avhole number are of American birth. Of those at Goshen eight males and four females are capable of labor; the others are furnished with no amusement; only three are dcstructiA^e to their clothing; the restraint used is by straight jacket or shutting in the cells. The house is without a bath tub, and all arc not required to Avash hands and feet daily. The windows may be dropped to obtain ventilation; [are they?] In all the rooms occupied by in- sane there are bedsteads, and straw bedding is used; the straAv is changed once in tAvo or three months. There is no regular system of diet, but ordinarily good fare is furnished, which is served at a common table to a part, and to others it is taken to their cells. No attention is paid to uniformity of temperature, nor are there any accommodations for the various grades of insane. The sexes are kept separated, but the only immediate superintendence is from an inmate of the poor-house. The rooms are kept comfortably. clean. " Some of the male inmates are believed to have vermin" on them. The institution receives recent eases, several having been admitted in 18(34, but no medical attention is bestowed Avith reference to the ultimate recover}' of each case. The building at Goshen was erected in 1850, and though adjoin- ing the main building is separated from it. It is two stories high, oilstone, and through the center in each story a hall extends, with windows at each end for light and ventilation. The rooms open from each side upon these halls. Each room has a window. In- mates are allowed the free use of the halls and of the yards. In 1853 the town of Newburgh withdrew its paupers from the county, and provided for their maintenance by the purchase of lands and the erection of suitable buildings ; a residence for the superintendent, and sane paupers, and a wing, communicating by a hall with the main building, for the insane. The budding for the insane is two stories, of brick, with a hall through the centre, and rooms opening out on either side. Each room has a window, and a ventilation in the hall. There are here eighty-one paupers, of which thirteen are lunatics ; Six are able to do some tabor. There are none who require constant restraint The hmvse has a supply of water, and three bathing tubs, and the insane are re- [Assem. No. 19.] ^ 50 REPORT ON THE CONDITION quired to bathe their whole bodies oncejjin each week, besides Avash- ing hands and face daily. The building is heated Avith a furnace, the temperature regulated by a thermometer ; the inmates are comfortably bedded on husks or straw for bedding, each one hav- ing a single bedstead ; they are also sufficiently and comfortably fed, the diet being changed every day in the week. There is no accommodation for the various grades of the insane, but in each ward there is an attendant for the males, and one for the females. The condition of the rooms are cleanly and neat. There are rooms for thirty-tAvo, but eighteen is the highest number there confined. The institution does not take recent cases. All are kept comfort- able. A physician visits the house about four times a Avcek, but the insane do not receive treatment with reference to recovery. Dr. Wm. P. Townsend, who visited these institutions, in a very able report, remarks " that the selection of persons to superintend these institutions, is too often based upon considerations of busi- ness capacity, to the exclusion of any apparent estimate of moral fitness." And again, the management of the domestic, dietetic, and other internal arrangements, are mest carefully studied, to the neglect or exclusion of the moral, mental, or even humane neces- sities of the unfortunate persons compelled by want, destitution or disease to reside therein." Questions of economy alone explain Avhy such incompetent and morally unfit persons, "selected from the paupers," are assigned to the immediate care of the insane poor. Even if they possessed sufficient capacity for the position, Avant of interest in the well- being of the lunatics, coupled with the well known infirmities of temper usually belonging to these individuals, should, except in rare instances, forbid their employment in the capacity of nurse." Dr. Townsend urges, however, that keepers should' be exempt from the responsibility, since they have no authority in the selec- tion of capable attendants. "The asylum at Goshen is sadly deficient in means and appli- ances for promoting bodily cleanliness in the persons of its in- mates." The population of Orange county, in 1860, was 63,812 S REPORT ON THE CONDITION There are ten cells, into Avhieh twenty lunatics have at times been croAvded. No provision is made for medical treatment, they are visited only Avhen sick ; no case is treated Avith reference to its ultimate recovery. The select committee on " charitable institutions d'-c, "' in 1, one in 1*45, one had received treatment at Brattlcboro and at Utica, and six others in Utica. The ratio of those receiving asylum treatment is one half. Four of the six that have received treatment at Utica are uoav mild cases. Four cases arc filth}' and four destructive. Nine are males and four arc females. Eight are of American birth. Three arc capable of doing out of door work. Some of the females arc employed with patch work and knitting. The only means resorted to for controlling the violent is by confining them to their rooms. The house has not a full supply of Avatcr. The rooms are provided Avith bunks for sleep- ing. The bedding is straAv and feathers, the straAv being changed once a month or oftener. The diet is represented as ample in material and variety. The males all come to the table; three fe- males carry food to the others on plates. There is no convenience for the various grades of insane; the more violent are not allowed to have their liberty. All are cared for by a keeper and his wife, Avho of course have no possible knowledge about the scientific management of lunatics. The rooms arc clean and Avell ventilated and the clothing is comfortable and sufficient. The institution hag sixteen rooms; the greatest number in confinement is fourteen. A physician visits the institution weekly, or Avhen necessary; but no case is treated Avith reference to its recovery. OF THE INSANE POOR. 61 STEUBEN COUNTY. the county house of Steuben has ninety-five inmates, of whom eighteen are insane. Three others had been confined during the year, but had escaped Avithout being returned. Nineteen were of American and three, of foreign birth. One was admitted in 1839; all the rest since 1850. Ten of the number had at some time been treated in an asylum, so that the dates of admission do not show conclusively the full period of lunacy. TavcIvc are capable of labor. The others are provided Avith neither employment or amusement. The mechanical restraint employed is a close room and handcuffs. The house is supplied Avith water by three Avells and tAvo cisterns, but it has no bathing tub, and it is doubtful if the insane are required to Avash daily. No arrangement is made for cleanliness, ventilation or uniformity of heat in Avinter. The material used for bedding is straw, in ticks, not frequently changed. The cells are av armed only through the hand holes in the doors of the cells from the heat in the common hall. In the house the sexes are separated, but not so Avhen they go into the yard. Paupers give them Avhat care they receive. The rooms are far from clean, and the air in them more or less foetid. Recent cases are received at this institution, Avhieh is designed to accommodate thirty or forty. Its Avhole condition may best be set forth in the language of Dr. A. H. Cruttenden, Avho made the investigation: " But feAv remarks can be offered in this connection without entering upon an elaborate criticism of the house, grounds and management of the institution in extended detail. Enough that the institution comes far short of the standard to which an enlight- ened community, Avith abundant recourse, should aspire. The grounds, though ample and possessing many natural advantages and surroundings for a true home of charity, are really destitute of an attractive feature, chilling to every sense of refinement or charitable sentiment. " The buildings pertaining to the poor house proper are old, comfortless, illy'constructed, and never suited to the purposes for which they were designed. The insane house, though iioav built, of brick/and sufficiently large for the accommodation of its present number of inmates, is badly arranged. The cells are too small with no provisions for ventilation. The air even now, in summer when doors and windows are open, is burdened with noxious'vapors and effluvia inconsistent with health or comfort to the inmates The facilities for warming arc very imperfect, so much so that patients confined in cells must suffer m extreme weather The common hall is warmed by registers from a fur- 62 REPORT ON THE CONDITION mice in the basement, and the cells only through hand holes in the doors. (!.\x7 and 5x7. These cells have no avukIoaa's; and Avhen the insane are alloAved to go out, they mingle Avith the sane paupers; but if they are confined at all, it must be in these cells, OF THE INSANE POOR. 65 and they are so confined the most part of the time. The popula- tion of the county house is fifty-six. Only six are insane; one other was sent to the State asylum, and one other died Of the six remaining, one had received treatment in the asylum. Three were able to perform some labor; two required occasional restraint, by handcuffs or shutting in cells. The house has no bath tub, and the insane are required to Avash hands and face only three times a week. All the rooms are not supplied Avith bed- steads; one sleeps on straw, without other bedding. Two eat in their cells, and the others come to the table with the sane pau- pers, from whom they receive such care as they get. In the cells the air was impure, and one was very filthy. The institution receives recent cases. Their under garments are changed on Sun- days. All had shoes during the winter, except one. The lunatics are not visited by a physician unless they are specially sick; and no case receives care with reference to its recovery, even though it be a recent case. ULSTER COUNTY, The examination from Ulster county shows that in the poor house there are twelve insane paupers, three of whom are males, and nine females; all of whom are registered as having been admitted since 1859; but as three of them have been treated in the lunatic asylum, the date is not an index to the period of their lunacy. None of this number are capable of any labor; at least none are furnished with any suitable employment or amusement of any kind. Two of them require restraint a part of the time, and one constantly. Two are both violent and filthy. The house is represented to have a full supply of water, though it has not a single bathing tub for its one hundred and thirty-five inmates ! The building is of wood, one story high, and the rooms are six feet by nine and a half. Not all the rooms have bedsteads in them; two sleep on straw, without either bed or bedsteads. And the food is served " the same as rations," by which it may be understood that each insane person is handed a certain quantity of food The building is heated with stoves, without any special regard to a uniform temperature. The sexes are kept separately, but male attendants are employed to care for the female insane, and they are pauper inmates of the institution. After this style the provisions of the county house is for twenty-six insane. In this remarkable state of things, to the question "Does each case [Assem. No. 19.] 5 66 REPORT OF THE CONDITION receive care Avith reference to its ultimate recovery ? " the reply is, "It does!" A physician visits the institution tAvice in each Aveek. In 1857 the committee appointed to visit charitable insti- tutions, <&c, reported of this as folloAvs: "Of the inmates fifteen are lunatics—three males and tAvelve females. Five have been admitted during the present year. They receive no special medi- cal attendance, but a male attendant supplies their ordinary wants. Ten are confined in cells, and one restrained Avith chains. Beside the main building are several small old buildings on the premises, in one of Avhieh—a very poor one—Avere twelve cells for lunatics, very open, and where it is barely possible to keep them from per- ishing." " In the house are twelve idiots—four males and eight females. Two of the females are under sixteen years of age." The investigation of 1864 fails to show any considerable improve- ment in the care of the insane paupers in Ulster county. WARREN COUNTY. While in several counties the ratio of insane to the paupers is one in four, in Warren county it is but one in seventeen and a frac- tion. There are fifty-four sane and three lunatics in the county house. The number is so small that they receive no particular care, nor is any special provision made for them; they do not labor; they are locked in cells if violent; they sleep on bunks; their diet is pork, potatoes, bread, beans, &o,., and milk once a day; tAvo eat at the table; to one the food is carried. They are cared for by paupers only. In the female apartment the atmos- phere Avas bad. The county takes recent cases. No provision is made for medical treatment, and they receive none. In short, the insane take their chances, and receive no care wor- thy that name. WASHINGTON COUNTY. The Washington county poor-house is a three story brick build- ing, with nine feet ceilings, the rooms being seven by eight and eight by ten, lighted by Avindows two feet square. The Avhole number of inmates is (120) one hundred and twenty, of Avhieh thirty-six are insane. Several were admitted previous to 1840. Three are past seventy years of age. Thirteen are males, twenty- three are females; tAventy-five are of native birth; ten have been treated in an asylum; tAvelve are capable of doing some labor. Those who do not labor have no light occupation or amusement, except going into the yard when circumstances admit of it. One OF THE INSANE POOR. 67 is constantly restrained by hand cuffs. The building is supplied with Avater, and has one bath tub; the insane are required to bathe occasionally. The bedsteads are of wood; the bedding, straAv and feathers. Tavo sleep on straAv Avithout bedstead or bedding. Those who are able eat at a common table, others have their food distributed to them. No attention is paid to the uniformity of heat in the win- ter, though it is designed to keep the rooms comfortable. Tavo are often confined in a single cell. The attendants employed to care for the insane are paupers. The county receives recent cases. The building is designed to accommodate fifty. They receive no medical treatment with reference to an ultimate cure. Cleanliness, comfortable clothing and sufficient food are the three virtues of the institution. It aims at nothing more. WAYNE COUNTY. Of eighty inmates in the poor-house of Wayne county, twenty are lunatics, or one in every four. They have been severally ad- mitted since 1850; thirteen are males and seven are females. Fifteen are of native birth. Fourteen of the cases are mild; two have been discharged during the year, and two have been sent to Utica for treatment. Previous to September, four cases were admitted in 1864; nine cases were admitted in 1863. Five males are capable of doing some labor; the only amusement for the others is going in the yard when the weather will admit of it. One is constantly restrained by handcuffs. The househasno bathtub, and the insane are not required to bathe more than their hands and face daily. One is confined in a basement cell without the privilege of coming daily to the open air All the inmates have beds or bedsteads, none sleep without them; the straw in the beds is changed every two months. Their food L served on tin plates in their room, The rooms are heated by stoves in the hall, but no attention is paid to uniformity of heat L the w nter. The rooms are neat and clean; in most of them he 2 to -od. It is intended to separate the insane from the £1 The accommodations are designed for ten lunatics, Zurtw nty a e now in eonfinement, crowded into the meagre though twenty escaped during the year who are room ^^"^^d1 „v their Mend, There i, no not returned andtuo^c^ ^^ ^ ^^ ^ "ZZ. Th -X reaves, as »,U te seen, recent case, A 68 REPORT ON THE CONDITION neAv building designed to be used exclusively for the insane is in pro- cess of erection. WESTCHESTER COUNTY. To a populatioti of tAvo hundred and tAventy-five in the poor- house of Westchester County, twenty-two are lunatics. Seven are males, and fifteen are females. Three-quarters are of foreign birth. Seventeen of these cases are of mild form of insanity. One Avas admitted in 1829. It is not knoAvn that any of the Avhole number have been ever treated in an asylum. Several have been admitted to the poor-house for the second or third time. Four males, and eight females are capable of labor. Those avIio do not labor, have no amusements or employment. The manner of restraint and co- ercion is by straight jacket, handcuffs, and confinement. The house has a full supply of water, and tAvo bathing tubs, in Avhieh, Iioav - ever, the insane are washed and bathed at no particular times. The building is of stone, two and a half stories high, with eight feet ceilings, and rooms 8x5 feet. The cells are in the centre of the building, Avith corridors, after the style of a prison and peniten- tiary, and receive their light only through the doors. They are, of course, dark and ill ventilated, and there is a total and studied absence of all that contributes to cheerfulness or mental elasticity. The building is heated by furnaces, and a comfortable temperature is maintained in winter, but there is no provision for the various grades of the insane. The sexes are separated, the males in one Avard, and the females in another, with pauper attendants, and one male assistant in the care of the female insane. The general ap- pearance of the rooms is clean and tidy. Provision is made to confine twenty-five insane, but thirty-nine have at times been forced into the space designed for twenty-five. All have shoes, and their under garments are changed weekly. Whenever they are sick, the physician of the alms-house visits them, but they never receive treatment Avith reference to their convalescence, yet the county does not, in view of such a startling fact, hesitate to receive recent cases for confinement, not for cure. WYOMING COUNTY. No report. YATES COUNTY. Yates county poor-house has eighty-seven paupers, fifty-four males and thirty-three females. Six are insane, one male and five OP THE INSANE POOR. 69 females ; four of the females work a little, or, if unable to work, they amuse themselves in the care of pauper children. The male patient requires occasional restraint, but only confinement in a cell is resorted to enforce restraint. The house has one bathing room, and is supplied with Avater, except in dry times in the summer. The insane are required to bathe every one or two Aveeks, and to wash hands and face daily. The more rational room and sleep with the paupers, and eat at a common table with them. One male and one female are each confined in a separate cell. The county receives recent cases for treatment, and they are visited by a physician about once a Aveek. They are usually healthy, and have the appearance of being comfortably and carefully taken care of. Table Showing the Summer Population of Poor Houses, the Num- ber of Insane, and the Number Capable of Labor in Each. Summer Capable population. Insane, of labor. Albany............................. 425 145 32 Allegany............................. 89 21 7 Broome............................. 85 2* 8 Cattaraugus—................-...... 49 17 11 Cayuga. 1.......................... W f» ! Chautauqua......................... 'zu Zi )j Chemung......-.................... 48 8 3 Chenango........................... 70 iU clinton:........................... -,;; 07 Columbia........................... 127 27 .. Cortland............................ 88 *1 b DelaAvare........................... -- jj " ££"-....................:::::::: SS m iS fle..................... 93 9 4 Essex.............................. 5 2 Franklin............................ •■ _ ~ Fulton.............................. on Q Genesee............................. ,g q Greene............................. Hamilton..............•......... ^- jj '\ Herkimer........................ m 61 22 Jefferson........................... ^ 5 Le™is............................. 115 14 9 Livingston.......................... 94 25 9 Madison........................... *± 20 Monroe............................. 70 REPORT ON THE CONDITION OF THE POOR. Summer population. Montgomery........................ 83 Niagara......_..................... Oneida............................. Onondaga.......................... Ontario___;....................... 170 Orange...................._.......... Orleans.................._.......... OsAvego____._.......______________ Otsego.............................. Putnam............................ Queens............................. 55 Rensselaer......................... 221 Richmond...............__........ 63 Rockland.......................... 50 St. Lawrence._.......______. _...... 130 Saratoga........................... 130 Schenectady....._.................. 121 Schoharie........................__ 81 Schuyler__.........._.............. Seneca............................. 65 Steuben........................ 95 Suffolk............................... Sullivan ___........................ 64 Tioga.............................. 85 Tompkins....... _...............__ 56 Ulster................................ Warren___........................ 54 Washington___....................... 120 Wayne.............._.............. 80 Westchester__.............._...... 225 Wyoming............_.___.......... Yates.............................. 87 Capable Insane. of labor. 10 0 21 4 97 40 29 5 38 12 14 3 29 9 16 5 1 0 8 2 20 4 11 5 10 1 30 6 15 4 25 6 3 m m 1 1 13 3 18 12 12 4 21 8 6 3 12 .. 3 • - 36 12 20 5 22 12 6 4 1345 385 \ y N iNDiagw 40 ABVBB II IVNOIIVN IN 13 IQ3W JO AIVIIII 1VNOI1 V N I N I 3 I 0 I W J O A 1 V 1 a I 1 1 *NI *n sn i j las w jo Aavaan ivnoiivn 3n 13 icmw jo Aavaan ivnoiivn in i 3 ia iw jo Aavaan ivi IN 3NI3IQ3W JO ABVBail IVNOIiVN 3NI3IQ3W JO ABVBBII IVNOIiVN 3NI3IQ3W JO ABVaBlllVNi I X/ \' X! K/ \ 'N 3N i 3 ia 3w jo Aavaan IVNOIiVN 3N 13 ia3w jo Aavaan IVNOIiVN 3n 13 lajw jo Aavaan ivno n jNisiasw jo Aavaan ivnoiivn indioiw jo Aavaan ivnoiivn Cfaylordz=z SPEEDY BINDER Z^Z Syracuse, N. Y. ^Z Stockton, Collf. NATIONAL LIBRARY OF NLfl DMmDSt,5 T NLM041405659