|C+77i 1853 v ARMY MEDICAL LIBRARY WASHINGTON Founded 1836 Section................................... Number .!..®..-S-t~~- Fokm 113c, W. D., S. G. O. ■ fo 3—10543 (Revised June 13, 1936) X ** f (3.,,r«t;„„ REPORT W>y -~ 'f COMMITTEE CITY COUNCIL OF CHAKLESTON, .UPON THE EPIDEMIC YELLOW FEVER. OF -1858. / 0-9/O "'-"/ngtonr* CHARLESTON: WALKER, EVANS Ic CO.'s STEAM POWER PRESSES, 1859. WCK cyrvr 1X59 • REPORT ON YELLOW FEVER. At the Regular Meeting of the City Council, on the 12th October, 1858, the following Resolutions were adopted : " Resolved, That a Committee of five be appointed to take into consideration the present Ordinances, concerning the Board of Health and Quarantine, and to report such amend- ments as may be necessary to make them more efficient in leir operations." Also on November, 9: " Resolved, That the Committee, to whom was referred the present Ordinances concerning the Board of Health and Quar- antine Regulations, be instructed to make special investiga- tions into the condition of the several cemetaries within the city, for the purpose, if deemed necessary, of suggesting such amendments to the Ordinances of 1S36, in regard to Ceme- taries, as shall prohibit any further burials in any burying ground within the city limits." Also at same meeting: " Resolved, That the reports of the City Registrar, on deaths from fevers, in tabular form, from years 1821 to 1858, inclu- sive, be referred to the Special Committee, with authority to call for additional information, if required, and to print the same fur general information." Also on December 7th, the Report of the Port Physician received, referred, and ordered to be printed. Ah.) the notice given on December 9, by Alderman Lebby, to alter and amend the Quarantine laws—referred to Special Committee on Health, &c. These Resolutions all point to the improvement of the health of Charleston, and the prevention, if possible of a re- 4 currence of the fatal epidemics which have so fearfully and fatally prevailed in our city since 1849. Your Committee have reported upon two of the subjects embraced in the foregoing resolutions. They have the honor at this time to submit the following Report upon the last, viz : The *epidemic Yellow Fever, which is supposed by a respec- table part of the citizens of Charleston can be prevented by Quarantine Laws ; while, on the other hand, a large and in- telligent portion are of opinion that this fatal enemy to the health, trade, and commerce of the city, is of local origin— dependant upon local causes—and can only be prevented or modified by the most rigid sanitary'regulations of the muni- cipal authority. For the last seven years all of the reports made to the City Council, on Epidemic Yellow Fever, with the exception of one,f have pointed to the importation of this Fever, regarding it as contagious and of foreign origin. Your Committee do not propose " to enter into this discussion.'* They will lay before you a History of Yellow Fever as it pre- vailed in our city the past summer, obtained from the most reliable sources, individuals who have, for a long series of years, observed it—and the result of whose observations and experience entitle them to that position and eminence, which they have attained by their industry and intelligence. A careful examination of the report of deaths, from fevers, by the City Registrar, for a period of thirty-seven years, will show that they amount to four thousand seven hundred and two (4,702). Of this number, one thousand three hundred and forty-five were of Bilious and Catarrhal Fevers. Three hundred and eighty-three (383) of Typhus and Typhoid Thirty-one (31) of Dengue or Brake-bone, and two thousand nine hundred and forty-three (2,943) of Yellow Fever. Of this ♦Epidemics have been defined to be such diseases as occasionally prevail more or less generally in a community at the same time or season, and depend upon a common cause.—Copeland. When brought into a community, it gives life to the previously unvitalized seeds or ova of disease, or else, bearing these within itself, they remain undeve- loped until they find in the vitiated atmospheres of neglected localities the fructi- fying power. That epidemics act in one or both of these ways might be sustained by ample authority.— Wragg's Report, 1856. f Alderman Wragg's Report, in 1856. 5 number, three thousand four hundred and eighty-one (3,481) were adult whites—four hundred and sixty-seven (467) white children. Four hundred and forty-five (445) adults colored, and three hundred and nine (.309) colored children. (For minute detail see table A.) Of this number, six hundred and three (603) were natives of Charleston. Eight hundred and eighty-two, natives/of the United States. Two thousand, four hundred and sixty-five (2,465) foreigners. Of colored, six hundred and forty (640,) natives of Charleston. One hun- dred and eleven (ill) of United States, and one foreigner. These tables are valuable, prepared with much labor and exactness, and are creditable to the officer in charge of the Health Bureau of the city. (Marked B.) , The report of Dr. Ravenel, the Health Officer of the Port ol Charleston, is herewith annexed, (marked C.) The faithful, persevering industry manifested by this officer in the indepen- dent discharge of his official duties, since his connection with your Committee in the execution of the Quarantine Laws of this Port, command the expression of their high admiration, and they embrace this opportunity of expressing their appre- ciation of his character as an efficient officer. It will be seen by this report that there were one hundred and three (103) arrivals at the Quarantine station from May 1st to October 29th, 1858; fourteen (14) steamers and eighty- nine (89) sailing vessels, with twelve hundred and sixty-four (1,264) passengers; officers and crews, thirteen hundred and twenty-eight (1,328.) Total, 2,592. Of this number, twenty- five (25) were sent to the Lazaretto and eight (8) treated on shipboard. Total, 33; viz : with Small Pox, 1; Fever, Inter- mittent, 5 ; Fever, Remittent, 2 ; Fever, Catarrhal, 3; Fever? Typhoid, 1 ; Fever, Yellow, 19 ; Debility, 1; Syphilis, 1. Four of these cases of Yellow Fever were taken from the ship Swallow, off the bar. The deaths were: Small Pox, 1 ; Fever, Typhoid, 1; Fever,Yellow, 13. Total, 15. Recovered: Fever, Intermittent, 5; Fever, Remittent, 2 ; Fever, Catarrhal, 3; Fever, Yellow, 6; Debility, 1 ; Syphilis, 1. Total 18. Two deaths occurred at Quarantine: Apoplexy 1, on steamer Isabel, July 13 ; 1 unknown, on brig Pepe, July 14. / 6 The first arrival with yellow fever was on May ISth, from St. Jago de Cuba. This vessel was quarantined, and not allowed to come up to the city. The sailor recovered. From the many reports of escapes from Quarantine, the Committee, after very diligent examination, could only ascer- tain two, viz: Tynan, from steamer Catawba, on 28th June, and Holden, a passenger on the same steamer, on 30th August. The latter could not be deemed a runaway. He was a passen- ger, and as long as he did not enter the City of Charleston, he was at liberty to go where he pleased. He went to Sulli- van's Island. To this man the yellow fever is attributed within the garrison of Fort Moultrie. We shall have occasion to recur to this again. To Tynan, the fever of Charleston has been alleged. His escape was effected by mingling among the passengers on board the steamer that conveyed them to the North-Eastem Rail Road. He was arrested as soon as it was discovered, by order of the Mayor, and sent to the Laza- retto, where he was detained a sufficient length of time for any fever to appear. He was not sick with fever either in the city or at Lazaretto. The fatality of the past year, 1858, will long be remembered in the history of this city, not only on account of the fearful mortality which it records, but the unprecedented panic amongst the foreign and native population. Yet the solemnity which pervaded every class of the community plainly evinced that the destroying angel had, day after day, added some loved object to the " city of the dead." The house appointed for all living had received another tenant, and " the mourners were going about the streets" with wounded, spirits, but redoubled energies to assuage the distress of the lingering suf- ferers this side of eternity. The first case of yellow fever was reported to the Chairman of your Committee on 11th July, by Dr. 0. A. White, who very politely invited him to see John Abbott, a policeman, residing at No. — Tradd street, west of King, and near to Orange street. This man was taken sick on his post in Mar- ket, near East Bay street, at 1 o'clock, A. M., of the 10th July. He remained on duty until the relief of sentinels at 3 t A. M.; returned to the Guard House, remained until 5 o'clock, when he was assisted to his residence in Tradd street, and where he died on 18th inst. following, of the disease. The second case was a Spaniard—Garcini—residing in the same house and on the same floor with Abbott; was taken on 12th July, and died at 4 A. M. on 15th inst. Both these men had had vellow fever before.' The former in 1856, at No. 93 King-street, and the latter in 1853, in the city of Havana, at the hospital. Abbott was taken in the city in 1856, and was sent to the Lazaretto by the Mayor, Hon. Mr. Miles. His case was then traced to one of the vessels at Quarantine, on board of which he had been employed in discharging her cargo. His last attack must have been of city origin, as he had, in 1856, the Havana imported fever. Abbott's case was imme- diately reported to the Mayor, who requested the City Regis- trar to examine into the causes of the fever, and report the result of his investigation to the Board of Health. At a meeting of the Board, convened by order of the Mayor, the City Register read the following report,- viz: After a very careful investigation of facts relative to the sickness of Garcini, Abbott and Tynan, residing in Tradd street, between King and Orange, I would report: That Garcini and Tynan arrived at quarantine on the 28th day of June, on board the steamer Catawba, in three days and a half passage from Havana. Tynan came up to the city on the 28th, at night, a few hours after arriving at the quarantine ground; had no cloth- ing but what he had on; his trunk had been taken to New York by the Isabel, of which steamer he was cook; was acci- dentally left when the Isabel sailed for New York, and shipped as cook on board the Catawba; received his baggage on the 3d of July, upon the Isabel's return. He states that he was sick when he arrived in the city, and sent for a physician, who prescribed some medicine; that he continued to feel badly, with pain in head and back, for four days; attributes it to hard drinking; takes, on an averages from forty to fifty drinks a day; on his arrival in the city put 8 up with his brother-in-law, Abbott, and slept in the same room. The Port Physician states that he discharged the crew of the Catawba on the 6th of July. Garcini, the steward, came up to the city on the 7th, and went to the same house in Tradd street, at which Tynan and Abbott resided, and occupied the room opposite to Abbott's; brought no clothing with him; his wife states that he was well and lively on his arrival; was a hard drinker; had been drunk on board steamer and beaten by one of the crew ; the Port Physician was sent for and found him with a black eye, but otherwise apparently unhurt; his wife also states that on Saturday, 10th, three days after leaving the Catawba, he complained of pain in head and bones, rather suddenly; went to his bed; on Sunday appeared very sick, called in Doctor Sams on Monday, 12th. Doctor Sams states that he diagnored yellow fever on his first visit; that on Tuesday and Wednesday he appeared better, and died rather suddenly and unexpectedly on Thursday, 15th, at four in the morning. Dr. Ravenel made a rather hurried post mortem examination eleven or twelve hours after death; found a black fluid in the stomach, which he did. not regard as black vomit; exhibited specimens of it to five or six physicians, all of whom differed in opinion, some thinking it a good specimen of black vomit, others that it had none or very few of its characteristics. Mrs. Abbott states that her husband was taken suddenly ill on Friday night, 9th July, at one o'clock, while on duty as a policeman; was seen by Dr. White the next day, who pronounced the case yellow fever. On the 14th and 15th, threw up small quantities of black vomit; is now lying in a very critical state. She also states that Garcini came frequently into her room before ta\ing to his bed; that he appeared wild, some thinking him crazy, and others that he was dtunk. He died on Sunday, 18th, at 11 A. M. In connection with the case, I would here state from a note taken by me in July, 1856, that Abbott arrived in Charleston 9 in Februaiy, 1854; kept well during the severe epidemic of that year; was a servant in the Mills House. In 1856, (July,) was engaged in discharging at quarantine the infected barque St. Andrew, which vessel arrived on the 18th of July from Havana; on the 25th of same month was taken sick, and resided in King street, one door north of Broad. On the following afternoon I visited him, with Dr. Pettigrew; and we agreeing that it was a decided case of yellow fever, he was sent to the Lazaretto early on the following morning; his wife states that he was very sick after his arrival at the Lazaretto, and bled freely from the gums. In conclusion, I would state that on Thursday, 15th July, I received a communication, informing me that the premises of Mr. Ahrens (where the three men above mentioned resided) were in a filthy condition. I visited the premises immediately, but could find nothing, in my opinion, deleterious to health. One or two days previous, however, in passing the house, my attention was attracted by a very offensive odor proceeding from a pile of filth recently removed from said premises, which appeared to be the contents of a cow yard. The smell was fearful, being compelled to hold my breath in passing ; the owner of the premises denies that this filth was removed from his yard; he must have been mistaken, as the locality it occupied was immediately in front of his door. From the foregoing facts it is evident that yellow fever exists on the premises of Ahrens in Tradd street. Whether it has been imported or originated from local causes, should not occupy our attention at present; but our whole energies should be directed towards arresting its progress. I would, therefore, respectfully suggest that all the unacclimated inmates of the house be sent immediately to the Lazaretto ; that the bedding and clothing of the sick and dead be imme- diately burnt, the premises thoroughly cleansed by white- washing and fumigating, and the house be kept unoccupied for at least a month. Respectfully submitted, J. L. DAWSON, M. D., City Register. 10 In this report Dr. Dawson remarks: "On 15th July I received a communication informing me that the premises of Mr. Ahrens, (where the three men above resided,) were in a filthy condition. I visited the premises immediately, but could find nothing, in my opinion, deleterious to health. One or two days previous, however, in passing the house, my attention was attracted by a very offensive odor proceeding from a pile of filth recently removed from said premises, which appeared to be the contents of a cow yard. The smell was fearful, being compelled to hold my breath while passing. The owner denied that this filth was removed from his yard? he must have been mistaken, as the locality it occupied was immediately in front of his door." The Chairman of this Committee visited Abbott on Sunday, 11th July, in company with his physician, and on entering the passage leading to the stairway, was assailed by this "fearful odor," which induced him to examine whence it came, and, in company with the doctor, found that a cellar, or filled up cistern, had been recently excavated, and its contents piled up in the angle of the two houses, six or seven feet high, and within two or three feet below the window of the room occupied by Garcini. This heap of filth had been for several days exposed to the action of the sun from two o'clock P. M. to sunset. The premises were generally filthy, and the back buildings occupied by colored people. It was reported immediately at the Police office, and on Monday, 12th inst., Lieut. Wilson inspected the premises and recorded the following report on the police book : " The premises in Tradd street, north side, between King and Orange, owned by Mr. Ahrens, is reported as being pre- judicial to the health of the neighborhood. A cellar under the house has been excavated, and moist earth remains on the premises. A privy has been removed and the old vault and contents covered only with planks, is subject to the action of the sun, and very offensive. (Signed,) J. BACHMAN WILSON, Lieutenant Commanding Main Guard House." 11 After this inspection by Lieut. Wilson, Mr. Ahrens removed the very offensive matter, which Dr. Dawson reports so "very fearful," one or two days previous to his visit to this lot. Garcini died on Thursday, 15th inst., rather unexpectedly, and Abbott, on Sunday, 18th July, at 11 A. M. Immediately after his death, every thing was removed from the house con- nected with these men, and burnt under the supervision of a Lieutenant of Police, and their families removed to the Laz- aretto by order of the Mayor, accompanied by Lieut* Clarkson, an officer of the Main Police House. The House was kept unoccupied (as advised by the City Registrar) for upwards of one month after. The third case of fever was that of a Policeman in King street, on 21st inst.; so mild, that it was regarded as doubtful; he convalesced, exhibiting thejaundiced eye and skin, reported for duty on 14th August, relapsed that night, sent to Roper Hospital, where he died, throwing up black vomit freely. Fourth case; another Policeman residing in Tradd street, at the old Carolina Coffee House, taken on July 30th, died August 5th, with black vomit. Fifth case, a black laborer in Broad, between Meeting and King streets ; taken July 31st, died August 5th. Sixth case, a German, corner of Meeting and Calhoun streets ; taken August 6th, recovered, relapsed, and died of a second attack in October. Seventh case, an Irish carter, No. 3 Linguard street; taken August 6th, died August 14th. Eighth, an Irish laborer, Chapel street; taken August 6th, recovered. Ninth, a German woman, Tradd and King; taken August 6th, died August 12th. Tenth, a gentleman, native of New Jersey, taken in Wash- ington street, boarded corner King and Cumberland; taken August 7th, recovered. Eleventh, a German girl, Tradd and King streets; taken August 8th, recovered. Twelfth, a policeman, resided in Stoll's Alley; taken August 8th, died August 14. 12 Thirteenth, a German girl, Tradd street; taken August 10th, died on 13th. Fourteenth, a german girl, opposite Abbot's residence; taken August 10th, died 13th. Fifteenth, a Policeman, No. 16 Tradd street; taken August 11th, died 15th. Sixteenth, a German, East Bay and Elliot streets ; taken August 11th, died 14th. Seventeenth, a German lady, Church and Tradd streets; taken August 11th, died 17th. Eighteenth, two children, North-East corner Tradd and King streets ; taken August 12th, recovered. Nineteenth, a child six or seven years old, 23 Meeting street; taken August 12th, recovered. Twentieth, a child, Meeting, north of Queen ; taken August 12th,recovered. Twenty-first, a lady in King street, between Tradd and Broad; taken August 13th, recovered. Exclusive of the above, there were four cases under the care of Dr. Dawson ; three of them taken'on the 10th and 14th, residing in Tradd street, and one, on the 12th, in King street. The above cases were in private practice. The first admission into the Roper Hospital, was an Irish- man, residing 21 Queen street; taken on 9th,admitted on 11th. Second from Church street, between Queen and Cumber- land, had yellow fever in 1856; taken 11th, admitted 12th, died 16 th. Third, an Irish woman, Tradd, between Church and East Bay streets; sickened on 12th, admitted on 13th, died Aug. 15th. Fourth, Mrs. W., a native of England, two years in city, resided in Queen between King and Archdale streets; taken 11th, admitted on 13th August, recovered. Fifth, Miss W—, daughter of above lady, resided in same place; sickened on 11th, admitted on 13th, died 13th August. Sixth, an Irishman, nine months in Charleston, Tradd between Church and East Bay streets; taken 12th, admitted 13th, died 16th August. Seventh, a native of Quebec, five years in Charleston 13 Tradd, between Church and East Bay streets; taken 10th, admitted 14th, died 14th. Eighth, a native of Ireland, Tradd, between Church and East Bay streets; sickened on 11th, admitted on 14th, died August 15th. These cases will suffice to show where the fever originated, and whether the causes were local or dependent upon an imported germ. It will be recollected that John Abbott had yellow fever in 1856, was the first case that year, traceable to the brig St. Andrew, at quarantine, on board of which he had been employed. He is the first case in 1858, supposed by many to have contracted it from his brother Tynan, who never had yellow fever; who, as the City Registrar in his report says "that he (Tynan) had consulted a physician." That physician assures the chairman of your committee that Tynan did not have yellow fever—prescribed for him but once at his office. " I saw him several times in the street, and that his indisposition was induced from other causes." He brought no clothes to the house, except such as he had on his person, his trunk having gone to New York in the steamer. When at the bouse he slept on a sofa in Abbott's room. The guard books of the police show, Abbott to be at the guard house every night, except the night of fifth July. The celebration of the fourth took place. His tour of duty by day and by night was regularly performed (except on fifth) for thirty days previous, and he was on duty when attacked. It is very cer- tain that Tynan never had an attack of yellow fever. His examination by the chairman of the committee and the Port Physician clearly proves this, and it is also certain that he was at the Lazaretto a sufficient length of time to develope the fever, if the germ was in his system. Garcini was the steward of the Catawba. This steamer arrived at the quarantine on 28th June in a perfectly healthy condition (neither passengers nor crew being sick) in two and a half days passage from Havana. (See report Port Physi- cian.) The passengers left by rail road that day or the next morning. The crew were detained on board and discharged 14 by the health officer on the afternoon of 6th July. There being a very-heavy sea in the harbor, they did not reach the city until the evening of 7th July, being twelve and a half days from the date of departure of the steamer from Havana, fully in accordance with the quarantine laws of the port of Charleston, which require twelve days. He is reported drunk on board the steamer; has been beaten severely, so much so as to require Dr. Ravenel to see him. He unfortunately con- tinues to be drunk on shore to such an extent as to prevent his receiving his pay; exposes himself to the pouring rains that fall at that time; sleeps in his wet cloths, so saturated with water that his bed and bedding are obliged to be sunned and dried. He is represented by the inmates of the house, and his family, as one crazy from repeated intemperance and debauch. In this condition he sickens on 12th and dies on 15th August, from a second attack of supposed yellow fever. A third case is attributed to the cook of the Catawba, a German named Schvvacter. He came up to the city on eve- ning of July 8th; remained with his brother at No. 16 King street, until the morning of the 10th; feels unwell, determines to return to the steamer; gets worse tjiat night, is sent to the Lazaretto on 1 lth, and dies on 16th July with yellow fever. This was the first case of yellow fever from the Catawba; up to this time she had continued perfectly healthy; and we find the first case occurring on board after the German, Schwacler, had slept in King street, below Tradd, on the night of 8th July. The Charleston journal, November, No. —, which was laid before the Legislative committee, speaks of this case, and infers that from this German other cases followed. Dr. Sams the physician who attended at the house, in a letter now' before the committee, says: "The first case I was called to attend was Mr. Schwacter, on August 16th, with intermittent fever, discharged on 22nd. This was the brother of the Catawba cook. 2d case—Mrs. Elfers. Yellow Fever; recovered and dis- charged September 6th. 3d case—Mr. Elfers. Yellow Fever; September 29th. died October 5th. ' 15 It will be observed that thirty-seven days intervened be- tween Schwacter's visit and the date of his brother's sickness with intermittent fever, and forty-five (45) days before Mrs. Elfers was taken with yellow fever. From the 1st to 12th August, the fever became generally diffused over the city, attacking the "unacclimated foreigner and the adolescent native;" an epidemic of fearful character, and long to be remembered for its mortality. Almost coeval with the city of Charleston, the yellow fever made its ap- pearance at Moultrieville, Sullivan's Island. Your commit- tee are indebted to the report of Dr. Byrne, the surgeon of the garrison of Fort Moultrie, (by whose politeness the Mayor was permitted to take a copy of the same,) for the following facts: The first case of this disease which occurred among the troops was in the person of private Jones, of E Company, 1st Artillery, who at the time he was taken ill was serving as orderly to the commanding officer. He was attacked on 12th and died on 15th August, 1S58, of a malignant type of yellow fever. On the fifth day of his attack, his brain became affected; he threw up black vomit, and died shortly after in convulsions. I found it impossible to ascertain how Jones con- tracted the disease; but the presumption is, that as he slept out of the garrison, and had full liberty every night to visit the numerous grog shops on the island, which were crowded with persons daily arriving from the infected city of Charles- ton, that it was from this source that he imbibed the poison. The second case was that of Sergeant McMahan, of H Company, 1st Artillery. He was attacked on 20th August, and although the disease was much marked, it was of a mild type, and he was reported for duty on 31st of same month. The third case was that of Sergeant Renahan of H Com- pany, who was attacked on 26th August. The disease, in this case, made its incursion with very violent symptoms, but soon yielded to treatment, and he was reported for duty on 4th September. The fourth case was that of private Holden, who was attacked on the 1st September, and died on the fourth day of very malignant form of the disease. This man had arrived, at this post from Key West only a few days before his attack • 16 and came passenger on the steamer Catawba, which was regarded iqjCharleston as an infected vessel. In addition to the above, a "servant girl, living with Col. Gardener, died with yellow fever, a few days after Jones, about the 21st or 22d of August, and presented the second case of dreaded yellow fever. She was ill about six days, and threw up black vomit copiously the day before her death." Another case in the practice of Dr. Edmund Ravenel, on or about the 20th August, at a house crowded with Irish boarders; this case terminated fatally, and no otb.er case occurred in the house. It will be remembered that the Catawba did not arrive at quarantine until the 28th August, and yet here are five cases of yellow fever taking place the first sixteen, and the last of the five two days before this vessel came into the harbor of Charleston. Yellow Fever has always prevailed on Sulli- van's Island, when it was epidemic in Charleston. Dr. Ramsay states a case there of a gentleman "who had not been from the island for six weeks previous to his attack." Such was the case in 1817; also, in 1824; also, in 1827, when Dr. Luce, the surgeon of the fort, died. So great was the mortality at that period, that Col. Linsley, the command- ing officer, at the suggestion of Dr. Elias Ball, then acting assistant surgeon, (after Dr. Luce's death,) encamped the troops, in tents, on the Curlew ground. It was then attrib- uted to the drain and western sally port of the fort, which was in a damp, filthy condition; also, the repairs then making to the quarters by Assistant Quarter Master Lowd. In 1838 and 1839, fevers existed on Sullivan's Island, when the lamented Blanding was numbered amongst its victims. In 1852, we have abundant facts recorded by Dr. Porter, the United States army surgeon at Fort Moultrie, that the fever originated there. In 1854 and 1856, the same occur- rence of fever took place on the island. If it could originate on this island, crowded with human beings, as we have shown upon the authority of Ramsay and Porter, (and we could add others,) what was to prevent a similar occurrence in 1858? There were materials enough for the destroying pestilence to feed upon. But to return to the city. 17 The number of cases admitted into the Roper Hospital were one hundred and seventy-two (172,) viz: one hundred and twenty-eight (128) males, thirty-nine females, three male and two female children. Table E. In Marine Hospital thirty-seven.* In Orphan House seventy-five cases and four deaths, and this in an institution numbering three hundred and twenty (320) children, exclusive of officers and attendants, and for the year nine deaths in all. Many of the cases were mild. The location'of this institution is on (perhaps) the highest ridge in Charleston, but the mildness of the fever may be attributea' to the admirable and rigid sanitary rules, most scrupulously enforced by the highly intelligent and efficient Board and their faithful agents, who have the management of this noble institution—an honor to Charleston, and the Commissioners who supervise it. The small number of deaths is the best evidence of the skill and devoted attention of the Medical officer of this institution. The report of the President of the Howard Association, whose tables are valuable statistics of the late epidemic, and should be preserved by the city for future reference, (F.) informs us that they administered to twelve hundred and eighty-seven (1287) persons from the 11th August to 20th November; of this number nine hundred and eighty-six were reported to have had yellow fever; other diseases, three hun- dred and one (301.) Patients who recovered were............................967 Patients who died were...................................320—1287 The number of deaths by yellow fever Roper Hospital..........101 Recovered 71 172 The number of deaths by yellow fever, Marine Hospital*...... 20 Recovered 17 37 The number of deaths by yellow fever, Orphan House........... 4 Recovered 71 75 445 1126 1571 'Admission for the year 1858, 298; deaths, 26; recovered or under treat ment, 270. 2 18 " Severe as we have pronounced this epidemic, it is, indeed, light, when* compared with that of New Orleans. The amount of deaths at that place by yellow fever, from the 2 7th June to 31st October, is four thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight (4858,) whilst our mortality from yellow fever amounts to seven hundred and seventeen, from the com- mencement of the disease to 22d December." The mortality for the year 1S58, from all diseases, amounted to nineteen hundred and twenty-two (1922,) and in proportion to popula- tion as 1 to 26.14—and the per centum for ten years from 1849 to 1659, including five epidemics, 1 in every 35.82. Five epidemic years, 1 in 29.72. Non epidemic years, 1 in 41.92. Your Committee beg leave to bring to the notice of the City Council, some of the prominent causes to which may be attributed the unhealthy condition of the city and the causes of the fearful epidemic of the past year, and if this city is to be made healthy, the most rigid enforcement of existing laws, and the passage of others, is absolutely required for that sanitary reform which is so much needed for the preservation of the public health. And first in the order of sanitary reform, we notice STREETS. The effort to keep the streets in a proper condition was the great object of the Mayor, and amidst the most persevering exertions on the part of the administration, it was not accomplished. The streets and lanes of the city were in any other condition than such as would contribute to the pre- servation of the'general health of a city lying within the ratine of a tropical sun. The ex-Mayor said " That the old system of scavengering was defective in the extreme, and any change would be for the better." This administration, amongst its first legislative efforts, directed its attention to this important subject, and by ordinance decided on the contract system__it had just gone into operation when the epidemic commenced its work,and unless there is a great change,and more energy mani- fested by some of the contractors, the present system will prove no better than the old system. One of the great objec- Report of Howard Association ~~ 19 tions to the present system is, that the offal and filth is not taken away sooner in the morning ; another evil is, that the occupants of lots place-the offal, garbage, and particularly the filth of cow yards, openly in the streets; they should be com- pelled to have barrels or boxes, of sufficient capacity to hold all the filth of their lots. Another and greater evil, alike favorable to the formation of an unhealthy state of the atmos- phere, are " houses crowded, or rather packed, from basement to attic," with human beings, and the yards or lots of small dimensions, equally crowded with horses, cows, goats, and in some instances hogs and dogs. Linguard and Pinckney- streets, Bedon's Alley, Market-street, and many others. The filth of all these animals, biped and quadruped, are frequently in one mass placed in the streets for the scavenger's cart to remove. There it remains very frequently until after 10 o'clock, with a morning sun beaming upon it, and disen- gaging "the foeted emanations from streets, alley-ways and courts, the poisonous gases of putrifying animals and vege- table matter passing into the atmosphere to the injury of everv section of the city, and all classes of society. " Here epi- demics find a foothold, and death the greatest number of its victims. " Chalmers, in the eastly history of Charleston, pointed to this evil of crowding human beings* together and predicted that "as the town increased it would be productive of disease of the most unmanageable kind"—alas! it has proved too true! Legislative enactments should prohibit this evil, and also the filling up of low-lands and streets with the filth and gar- bage that is thrown out for the scavengers carts, as well as all other inorganic matter. MANURE HEAPS. This is another source of disease, and is alike injurious,.xf the public health. The planter will say that manure fieaps never can be injurious. A manure pile, surrounded by open fields of hundreds of acres of land, may not be injurious; but * Chalmer's Colonial History. 20 the same heap, in a thickly settled city, filled with strangers to the climate, with a hot sun beaming upon it, is one of the fruitful causes of epidemic disease. The noxious emanations of hun- dreds of cow-yards, on a hot summer's morning, which taint the surrounding atmosphere, must be prejudicial to health. A restrictive ordinance as to the number of cows kept in the city should be passed either by Legislative or Municipal authority. PRIVY VAULTS; Another prolific source of epidemics in a tropical climate, and in the City of Charleston, a very prominent cause of dis- ease. From recent information, obtained at the Mayor's office, nearly eight hundred or more priveys were reported by the Assistant Health Officers as nuisances or requiring the atten- tion of the proper officers. How long these nuisances have existed is unknown, but they have no doubt contributed very materially to engender the late epidemics that have visited this city. Connected with this subject, legal restrictions, with the heaviest penalties attached, should be enacted to prevent the filthy practice existing of emptying privies in pits on the same lot. It ought not to be permitted in a Southern city. A very intelligent Health Officer, writing on privy vaults, observes: " The health and lives of the inhabitants are jeopardized to a greater extent than they are generally aware, by living in the midst of so many thousands of sinks of pollution. Hence it becomes an imperative duty with those cognizant of the perni- cious influences of such nuisances, so far as possible, to provide the remedy whereby the public health may be pro- tected." The system of sanitary examination lately adopted by his Honor the Mayor, in accordance with the late ordinance, re- organizing the Board of Health, has been productive of many advantages, and brought to the notice of the public authorities many nuisances that have existed and been removed. Hun- dreds still exist. These officers should be kept in the active performance of this duty du'rjjlg the spring and summer months. For to the internal condition of lots and dwellings 21 may be attributed much of the distress of the past and former years. BURIAL GROUNDS. Another cause of unhealthiness in the City, in connection with those above mentioned, are the burial grounds lying in f!he very centre and populous parts of the city. " The dangerous effects of putrid exhalations from these receptacles of the dead show themselves more promptly in individuals exposed to them of a disposition favorable to their development; but on all occasions the animal economy suffers much under their influence. Putrid and malignant fevers, and periodical diseases, often prevail in densely populated cities, when the remote cause of them cannot be ascertained. Is it not possible that this cause, of which we are ignorant, and which is demonstrated only by its fatal effects, is no other than the interment of the dead in cities ?"* This subject has been so recently brought to your attention in a special report, that we proceed to another cause of disease. SEWERS AND DRAINS. The deleterious consequences of an imperfect system of sewerage in a large city, within the tropics or out, to the public health, has long since been conceded. That yellow fever has been traced elsewhere to this cause, abundant evidence is upon record.f The epidemic fever of New York, in 1822, was attributed to the sewers. And Philadelphia, in 1853, to the South-street sewers. Cadiz likewise, which has been so often cited as one of the strong points for imported yellow fever in 1805. Dr. Pascalis, who visited Andalusia for professional purposes, re- marks, " The whole city is traversed by sewers, which are cleansed by the tides. When the East or Levant wind blows, the water is carried off from the port; the tides are leeward, and can no longer wash the filth from the sewers. Sometimes, in the greatest heat of summer, this violent wind blows fifteen * Labat-Sauvages. f^P^Ramsay, 1S07, Johnson. 22 to twenty-one days, without intermission, and pestiferous gases from the filth of the city are continually emitted from the holes in the sewers." Dr. Johnson remarks on the fever of this city, in 1807: " Observation points to the drains and other receptacles of filth and other reservoirs of stagnant water, as the source of its being. Reason convinces us that if these receptacles of filth were daily cleansed of their putrifying contents, so as to prevent exhalations, this hydra could not exist. Enterprise, confirmed by experience, assures us that water may be# con- ducted through our streets, so as not only to remove the fermenting matter from the drains, but answer many other valuable purposes." Shecut, on the epidemic of 1817, says, " All the causes of yellow fever existed—heat and moisture in excess, and animal and vegetable putrefaction in its usual quantity, sinks and drains as heretofore." Our sewers, during every epidemic summer, have emitted these noxious gasses through the side gratings of the diago- nal drains connecting with the main sewers, and have con- tributed largely to these epidemics. Such was the case particularly in the Tradd, Meeting, King and Queen street drains. Let us examine into the condition of these drains, and ascertain if their condition was such as to warrant this opinion. Tradd street.—The first opening was made at the cor- ner of Church street. It presented two feet of a soft and most offensive deposit, from the diagonal, yard and street drains. Forty feet from this point, a second opening presented a mass of solid earth, of two or more feet in depth, requiring the spade and pickaxe to dislodge and break it up. From this point, eastward, to East Bay, the drain presented cess pools; and at the intersection of East Bay west, the stench arising from the contents of the drain and escaping through the aperture, was so great, it was requisite to allow some time to elapse, before the workmen could enter the drain to cleanse it. From East Bay to the docli^e descent is so rapid that the drain was comparatively ^an. From Church street, 23 west, at every fifty and seventy-five feet, the drain was filled with solid earth, and cess pools, containing the stagnant and most offensive drainings, from the yards and diagonal drains intervening. These cess pools varied from twelve to twenty and thirty feet in length. The bottom of the drain was undulating, from one end to the other, and in many places the planking or floor rotted out. The Queen street drain was in a similar condition; at the opening, corner of Meet- ing street, the first man that entered the drain was so much effected by the deleterious gasses, that he became insensible, and was drawn out; he was very sick for two days after. A second man was likewise affected, but in a lesser degree. The lower drains in Legare and South Bay streets, were closed up by brick walls, entirely preventing the escape of the contents of Legare street drain—a continuous line of cess pools, emit- ting the most offensive odors, here existed. A very probable reason for the malignant typhus fevers, which have prevailed in this section of the city for two or three years past, in the winter and spring months, and Yellow Fever in summer. For the condition of these drains, the Committee are indebted to the Reports of the City Inspector. All the drains in other sections of the city were in a similar condition. The Market street drain was by far the worst. The filth and putrefaction found in these subterranean cess pools, were alone sufficient to engender the most malignant fevers that could possibly affect a city. It will be recollected that the first cases of fever were in Tradd street These are the facts connected with the origin of the late epidemic in the city of Charleston. For the purpose of ascertaining the opinions of the Medical profession, on the epidemic of 1858, and those which preceded it, the follow- ing circular was prepared, submitting three questions, (simi- lar to those of the Augusta Committee, in 1S39, on this subject,) and addressed to several of the oldest Medical gen- tlemen in this city, who had been in practice at least twewty- five years : Chab^ston, December 29th, 1858. Dear Sir:—The Yellow Fever epidemic of the past sum- 24 mer, together with those preceeding it, since 1849, has created a deep feeling of alarm in our community, which calls upon those deputed as the guardians of the public health, to allay if possible. This feeling is in a great measure produced by the contrariety of opinion, as to the contagiousness of the disease, and the probability of its importation in our midst from abroad—more particularly from the West Indies. It, therefore, becomes necessary, " that the public should be put in possession of facts, so that truth may be permitted to assert her control, where false reasons and unfounded appre- hensions" have produced consternation and dismay. Deeply impressed with the importance of the subject, and the responsibility resting upon them, as a portion of the municipal representatives of the community, the Committee of Council on Quarantine have desired me to collect all the reliable information I possibly can, which I trust will be a sufficient apology for troubling you with this communication. I respectfully request, therefore, that you will, at your ear- liest convenience, return an answer to the following questions : 1 have the honor to be, very respectfully, Your obedient servant, ROBERT LEBBY, Chairman of Committee of Council on Quarantine. QUESTIONS. 1. Do you consider the fever termed Yellow Fever, or for- merly Strangers' Fever, which has prevailed in this city, since you have been in practice, a contagious or imported disease? 2. Do you believe that a state of the atmosphere can be produced, from local causes, or otherwise, capable of render- ing the disease epidemic in a city, by the simple introduction of cases from abroad ? 3. Do you believe the disease, as it prevailed in this city the past and former summers, to have exhibited, in any de°ree a y contagious nature, or was it ordeal origin, dependent upon local causes ? 25 The following replies were received : Dr. Robert Lebby, Chairman, fyc. Dear Sir: I return the following replies to your inquiries respecting yellow fever: Question 1. I have not formed an opinion relative to the contagiousness or importability of yellow fever. 2. I am inclined to believe that this supposition may be entertained. 3. I have not seen any instances of the contagiousness of yellow fever, and have formed no decided opinion as to its origination in our city- Very respectfully yours, JOHN BELLINGER, M. D. Charleston, 31st December, 1858. To the Committee of Council on Quarantine: ^~;I.J ^*^ Gentlemen :—I duly received your printed Circular, stating three questions on the nature of yellow fever, formerly termed strangers' fever, of its origin—whether from local causes or importation, and whether of a contagious nature, to be pre- vented by quarantine. To these I beg leave to reply that I have no doubt that local causes produce that state of the atmosphere in which strangers' fever originates, and except in such a state of the atmosphere that the yellow fever, even if imported, could not become contagious or infectious. It is highly important, therefore, to use all possible means to prevent such a state of the atmosphere in Charleston, not only suitable drainage ; but by arresting the further filling of low lands with offal, vege- table and animal matter. Likewise to cause all such newly filled lots, &c, now existing, to be thickly covered with dry highland earth, or salt-water sand, or Jioth, as both of these may be abundantly obtained within the harbor. I believe that an epidemic fever may arise in Charleston from noxious local causes, and that it may resemble yellow fever in many respects, yet j|ot be contagious or infectious. But if infection be imported from abroad, while this vitiated 26 atmosphere prevails in the city, then the prevailing fever assumes its worst features of malignancy, contagion and infection. I therefore believe, that a strict and efficient quarantine is highly necessary in the port of Charleston, where, if protected by due attention to the purity of our own atmosphere, the yellow fever, (even if casually introduced by violation of our quaran- tine laws, or weak indulgences granted) will not extend itself either in the city or in the neighboring pine land settlements. Not being now engaged in the practice of physic, I did not see any cases of the disease prevailing both in Charleston and on Sullivan's Island, during the last summer and fall, but have not a doubt of their having been aggravated by the imported disease, and thus become infectious. I am, gentlemen, with the utmost respect, Your most obedient servant, JOSEPH JOHNSON. No. 13 George Street, January 4, 1859. To Dr. R. Lebbt, Vhairman Committee, fyc. Dear Sir:—Your Circular, dated December 29, has been received, and in reply to your "questions" will endeavor to be as brief as possible. No. 1. I feel positively assured of the import ability of yellow fever, and not so positive in reference to its "conta- gious" character. No. 2. I do. No. 3. To the two first divisions of this "question," I have replied in a general manner, above; to the last, viz: the influ- ence of "local causes," I am constrained to answer, that no doubt exists in my mind that the filthy condition of our streets, and consequently of many lots, contributed in no small degree to the extension of the disease. Hoping this reply is as full as desired, I remain, respectfully, your obedient servant, 4, J. P. JERVEY. # 27 Dr. Robert Lebby, Chairman of Committee of Council on Quarantine : Dear Sir:—I have very unintentionally delayed a reply to your communication of the 29th ult. on several queries in connection with strangers' fever. I prefer the term strangers' fever; to the first question, whether it be contagious or imported ? I am now, as I always have been opposed, for numerous reasons. To the second question I also dissent, as I believe that a state of the atmosphere is produced from local or general causes capable, after a time, of rendering the disease epidemic in a city and without the introduction of cases from abroad. On the third question, 1 do not believe the disease to have been of a contagious nature, and that it is of local origin, dependent on local causes. I conceive that a countryman who visits the city in a sickly season is as much a subject of the fever as an European, and cases most malig- nant have occurred of the former. A citizen of Charleston to visit a country plantation in the months of August, September or October, I wouldxonsider as somewhat under parallel influ- ence of miasma, and he could as well have black vomit here as in the other case. My opinion of the fever of the past summer is, that its type varied from the old fashioned yellow fever of former years, marked with less of outward excite- ment. I did not see a case which called for the lancet, which I have very freely and advantageously used at former periods. I am not disposed to trespass much further on your attention, but would suggest it as my opinion, that in the sanitary arrangements for the city a sort of sub or active mayor should be appointed, and to be well compensated for a duty which would be a very disagreeable and onerous one, of examining the premises of every lot in the city. How many grocers yards are there teeming with fijdfen the shape of old boxes and barrels ? How many large^ws are there with no drains to conduct the water ? How many privies are there overflowing with their black and green crusts in yards or gardens, and how many cellars which have not bee,n opened perhaps for years. Say Tradd street, Elliot, in fact, numerous 28 streets. The appointment of an officer, such as I intimate, would be of more importance to us than the quarantine regu- lations, in my opinion. I remain, dear sir, yours respectfully, HORATIO S. WARING. Charleston, Jan. 7, 1859. Dear Sir:—I beg to apologize for having so long delayed answering your communication of the 29th ultimo, asking an opinion in relation to yellow fever. Impressed with the necessity of every observer giving his own experience, I proceed to comply with your wishes. 1. I believe that yellow fever is neither a contagious or imported disease. 2. Therefore that "no state of the atmosphere is capable of rendering the disease epidemic in a city by the simple intro- duction of cases from abroad. 3. I believe the yellow fever of the past and former summers to be of local origin. Among the medical men in Charleston thirty years ago, there was hardly an advocate of the importable or contagious character of yellow fever. Educated in that belief I have seen no reason to change my opinion. Soon after I com- menced the practice I had charge of {he Marine Hospital as Physician, and was in constant attendance at the Alms House. So that I have had ample opportunities of forming an opinion and to entitle me to express it. During that time I never knew personally or heard traditionally of a case of fever having originated among the inmates of the Marine Hospital or Alms House, or nurses of these establishments, though cases were brought in from the city. Nor did I ever know of its appear- ing in the jail which was adjoining. The jail was considered then as free of the^itaase. It was currentlylpeved and acted on that strangers and unacclimated persons could spend their summers, without risk of taking the fever, in Franklin, then Back street, (contig- uous to the Hospital) on Harleston's green, and all over Canon's causeway, Rutledge street, &c. If any such contracted 29 the disease by visiting the lower portions of the city it ceased with them, and failed to spread as is now the case when persons take the disease in the country after visiting the city. ^ Since that period, Broad street, from Savage street to Ashley river; Franklin, from Queen to Broad, and the whole of the grounds west of Franklin, have been filled up. Whilst Broad street was being made up the residents on Harleston's green began to suffer. Two years after the reclaiming of the low lands to the west of Franklin, I attended cases in that street and vicinity, for the first time, and in 1852 we hear of cases reported among the residents or inmates of the jail and Marine Hospital; and probably from the character of the surrounding soil, that portion of the city is as much liable to be infected with yellow fever as any other. Similar results followed over Canon's causeway from filling up Lucas' chaff lots, and Can- on's pond, above Radcliffe street. I have met with no facts, during the past summer, to change my opinion that the disease belongs to the climate and that we are entirely ignorant of the elements of its cause. I know no reason to make me believe that they are to be found in filth, intramural burials, deficient drainage, cellars, moisture or drought; nor am I aware that meteorological observations have cast any light on the subject. I must, from other considerations, however, express a preference for living in a cleanly and well ordered city. The reclaiming of low lands appears to me most instru- mental in producing the fever, perhaps from the nature of the materials hitherto used. The study of its causation should be studied at the time when it appears in "limited localities, such as Mount Pleasant, in '57; Fort Sumter and Sullivan's Island in '58, by an unprejudiced commission, before the jfapts are forgotten or misrepresented, if we ever expect to1*rive at the circum- stances conducive to the disease. I beg to remain, very respectfully, Your obedient servant, ELIAS HORLBECK 30 Broad Street, 13th January, 1859. Dear Sir :—I received your Circular of the 23d December, and have been prevented from answeringyour questions at an earlier period. To the first question I answer, I do not. To the second, I also answer, no. To the third, I would say, I consider the disease as endemic in Charleston, of local origin, and dependent on local causes, and when they prevail to a certain extent, produce what is called yellow or strangers' fever. I remain, dear sir, yours respectfully J. M. CAMPBELL. To Robert Lebby, M. D., Chairman Committee of Council on Quarantine. Dear Sir:—Particular circumstances have prevented me from giving earlier attention to your communication of the 29th December. To your first question, I would answer, that I do not believe the yellow fever to be contagious in its nature. I com- menced the practice of medicine in this City in January 1823, and have witnessed every epidemic yellow fever, during that period, and have never seen a case which I conld trace to a contagious influence. It is known to every one that during a yellow fever season, persons have left the City, having pre- viously imbibed the disease^ here, and retreated to the country or some interior town, where they have been taken with fever and without communicating it to any individual, although most intimately exposed. I cannot believe the disease to be imported, but that it belongs to our latitude and our locality, and consequently is from local causes, in the same way that intermittent and bilious remittent fevers, belong to certain lo- calities in our nei^Mxmng country. To your second ques- tion,! would observejjjat I cannot understand how the intro- duction of a number of cases of yellow fever (supposing it to be contagious) into our City could infect the whole atmos- phere, the movement of which is continuous, and whatever amount of contagion mi^ht be placed in our midst, it is in a 31 few moments wafted away and dispersed by the winds far beyoifd our limits—for a disease to be epidemic, the cause must be continuous, there must be a constant supply of the aerial poison, as in marshy grounds, which form a perfect laboratory for the daily generation of malaria. To your third question, I answer that I believe the yellow fever of the last summer was entirely of local origin, and in no way dependent on importation. Before concluding these few remarks I would beg leave to add, that generally acknowledged contagious diseases prevail at all seasons of the year, irrespective of atmospheric temperature. While yellow fever and country fever prevail only in the hot months of summer, and are ex- tinguished by the first killing frost, when heat and moisture are favorable for the generation of malaria, the acknowl- edged cause of country fever, and I believe also of yellow fever: hence in India the name of palludal fever, jungle fever, &c, are only so many names to designate that type of fever, known as the yellow fever. I have, sir, in a hur- ried manner, answered your several questions according to a long formed opinion, which has been rather strengthened by more recent experience. Much might be said on this interest- ing subject in support of such opinion, but this is not the place to enter fully on the subject. I may do so through the columns of the newspaper. With great consideration, I am, dear sir, yours very truly F. Y. PORCHER. January 24th, 1S59. To Dr. Robert Lebby: Answer \st.—Contagious to young and unacclimated per- sons. Sometimes imported, and sometimes originating here. To Query 2d.— I answer, yes. To Query 3d.—During the past siuJtt^, I believe it was of local origin, and dependent upon lo^jPkuses. (Signed) T. L. Ogier. January 24th, 1859. 32 Charleston, March 12th, 1859. Dear Sir:—Your circular, in which you request answers to certain queries touching the contagiousness of yellow fever, has been before me for some time. I must apologize for not replying more promptly. My delay, I can assure you, has proceeded from no disinclination on my part to respond to your call, but various circumstances have prevented me from doing so at an earlier date. My reply must be brief, as it will be impossible, in a limited space, to furnish all the facts or arguments from which my conclusions have been drawn. " Query 1st.—Do you consider the fever termed yellow fever, or formerly strangers' fever, which has prevailed in this city since you have been in practice, a contagious or im- ported disease?" Answer.—My experience in yellow fever in this city extends through the epidemics that have prevailed from 1849 to the present tirrie, in all of which I have been a close observer of the manner in which the disease appeared to commence and spread; and I must candidly say that, while holding myself ready to take authentic facts, and not opinions, as my guide, I have not been able hitherto to recognize any facts favorable to the doctrine of the contagiousness or impor- tation and spread of the disease from foreign sources. Fur- ther, I am perfectly certain, and am prepared to show, from the most authentic testimony, that the yellow fever of 1839 in the city of Augusta, Georgia, was of domestic origin, and exhibited, in its course and progress, no single characteristic of a contagious or communicable disease. If it can originate and become epidemic in one city, independent of importa- tion, why not in another city, under a similar combination of circumstances? " Query 2d.—Ho you believe that a state of atmosphere can be produced from l||jL causes, or otherwise, capable of ren- dering, the disease Wgmic in a city by the simple importa- tion of a case from aDroad?" Answer.—I do not. I have witnessed no facts calculated to favor such a supposition. The " state of the atmosphere " alluded to as existing in certain cities within given latitudes 33 would require no introduction from abroad of a case of yel- low fever to produce an epidemic. No "foreign torch," to use a favorite expression, would be "necessary to produce an explosion." It would be spontaneous—like the explosion of accumulated electric fluid in a summer cloud. There are too many recorded facts, showing that the disease has repeatedly commenced, and become epidemic, in certain cities where no case had been previously introduced, to render the question even doubtful. " Query 3d.—Do you believe the disease, as it prevailed in this city the past and former summers, to have exhibited, in any degree, a contagious nature, or was it of local origin, dependent upon local causes?" Answer.—The first part of this query is answered in my first reply. I have always regarded yellow fever of local origin—having seen no facts to convince me of its contagi- ousness—in past epidemics as well as that of the last season. When I use the word local, I do not pretend to say, that any one specific local cause can be pointed out. Of this, we, at present, know nothing. It may arise from causes that are neither offensive to the eye, the taste, or the olfactory nerves; or it may spring from a combination and calalytic transfor- mation of all these together, under a given temperature, and in certain conditions of the atmosphere. These, of course, are all mere conjectures. One thing, however, is very certain and positive, the causes of the disease, whatever they may be, are strictly confined, in a great majority of instances, to the limits of cities, and even circumscribed localities within cities; and hence must be local in their origin. What these local causes are, or how they originate and act in producing the disease itself, are the paramount questions yet to be solved. I am yours, very respectfully, F. M. ROBERTSON, M. D. Robert Lebby, M. D., Chairman of Committee of Council on Quarantine. Prof. Dickson, in his letter to Dr. Strobel, January, 1840, says: I believe yellow fever to be transmissible or commu- 3 34 nicable from one city to another, provided the general cir- cumstances of the two are similar or analogous; that is, I believe the unknown and obscure cause of yellow fever is transportable from place to place, and in a variety of modes. This cause requires for its efficiency an undefined concur- rence of favoring circumstances, without which it will fail to produce its specific influences; but this is true of the agency of every cause of disease. Of its contagiousness—using the word in the limited and popular sense—its direct propagation from one subject to another, I have never witnessed any ex- ample, and until very recently should have denied its posses- sion of this property in our climate. The events of the last summer, (1839,) however, have inclined me to entertain an opposite opinion. ****** Yellow fever is so clearly an endemic, and from time to time a local epidemic here, and our population undergoing so universal an exposure to the action of a cause widely diffused in the atmosphere, that no occasion is left for its progressive extension from per- son to person by mere contagion, or rather it would be impos- sible here to distinguish its communication in this mode, if it were to happen. But an impartial perusal of the statements of Pym, Blane and others, has satisfied me that it deserves to be ranked among contagious diseases.* Again, the same writer remarks: The cause of yellow fever is peculiar and exceedingly obscure. For its produc- tion, the following conditions are demanded: 1. Heat Some have asserted with precision, that it will not prevail below eighty degrees of fahrenheit; but this is not made out, 2. Moisture. It certainly is most apt to arise in wet sum- mers ; to this rule there are exceptions. 3. Malaria. It is met with chiefly in malarious situations. But malaria alone, or merely aided by heat and moisture, is not capable of generating it, or it would reign annually where bilious remittents abound. 4. A fourth condition is then essential to its generation; this consists in the peculiar circumstances of a city atmos- * Strobel, pp. 127, 128. 35 phere, the state depending upon a crowding together of human habitations. Yellow fever is the disease of cities and towns, not of villages and country places. In the apparent exceptions of its prevalence in ships at sea, and in marine and other hospitals, as at Ourust and Edam, we still have the condition specified. Yellow fever almost always commences at some foul wharf, or ship, or some ill-ventilated lane or alley, whence as a centre it spreads in all directions. * ****** In the hot climates in which it occurs, the natives of cities, subject to its invasion, enjoy the privilege of exemption from its attack. In the West Indies and New Orleans, this immu- nity is perfect; in Charleston, nearly so. In colder climates and northern cities, the case is far otherwise; all are alike and equally liable to it. The following suggestion is offered to explain this circumstance. The influence of climatic heat and cold are opposed or contrasted in their effect on the human constitution. The southerner retains from summer to summer the habitudes generated by the agencies of heat, as his winters are neither intense nor permanent enough to alter these habitudes. The northern man, on the other hand, is continually undergoing the alternate affections of two cli- mates ; his summers, though shorter, being as hot as they are in low latitudes, and his winters colder and much longer.* Professor Geddings, in his reply to the queries of the Augusta committee in 1S39, says: "In the whole course of my observations, in several epidemic visitations of yellow or strangers' fever, in this city, I have not witnessed a single fact favorable to the doctrine of contagion. On the contrary, facts without number, have fallen under my observation, all pro- ducing the fullest conviction in my mind that the disease is not contagious. "Again, that I never witnessed a single fact calculated to favor the belief that the disease can be rendered epidemic in a city by the introduction of cases from other cities. Such an # Syllabus of course of Lectures, edt. 1850, p. 58, 59. 36 effect I hold to be impossible in any other way, than by the agency of either common causes, or contagion. Believing, therefore, that contagion does not exist, my conviction is, that when the disease prevails as an epidemic it owes this charac- ter entirely to common causes operating through the medium of the atmosphere of the place. A ship arriving in port, hav- ing yellow fever on board, may impart that disease to persons exposed to its atmosphere; but the disease produced under such circumstances will never spread through the community, or, in other words, assume the form of an epidemic." "Again, I have never, either in the epidemic of the past summer,(l839)orof those which preceded it, observed a single fact or circumstance favorable to the belief in any contagious property. On the contrary, I have witnessed the most free and unlimited intercourse between the sick and those who might be considered subjects for the disease without the latter being attacked."* Charleston, February 3rd, 1859. To Alderman Robert Lebby, M. D. Dear Sir: Your communication dated December 29th, 1858, has been in my possession for a long time, but circumstances beyond my control have prevented me from giving an earlier answer. Even now I shall be compelled to confine myself within limits far too narrow. The want of time will render it necessary for me to pass over entirely, or with but brief notice, the reasons which have brought me to the conclusions I have reached. To the first question, "do you consider the fever termed yellow fever, or formerly strangers' fever, which has prevailed in this city, since you have been in practice, a contagious or imported disease ?'' I answer that if by the word " conta- gious'' you mean to indicate such a disease as may transmit itself directly from individual to individual by a quality of communicability similar to that by which smallpox is passed from person to person, I do not consider it of that nature. With reference to its being an " imported" disease, I answer that if the gist of the question is as to the necessity of the *Am. Med. Journal, vol. 29, p. 3S6. 37 disease being always brought from abroad when it becomes an epidemic among us, I do not think it is of that nature. But if, on the other hand, it is intended to ask whether I believe that an arrival of yellow fever from abroad at a time when the local circumstances about us are such as would favor the existence of an epidemic could give a commence- ment to it, I answer that I think it could. The importation acting only as the exciting cause: the local condition being the predisposing cause. In reply to your second question, " do you believe that a state of the atmosphere can be produced, from local causes, or otherwise, capable of rendering the disease epidemic in a city, by the simple introduction of cases from abroad ?" I would say that I believe it can. To the third question, " do you believe the disease, as it prevailed in this city the past and former summers, to have exhibited, in any degree, a contagious nature, or was it of local origin, dependant upon local causes ?" I answer by no means contagious in the sense referred to above. That is, I do not believe yellow fever propagates itself as small pox, syphilis, itch and some other diseases do, which require to have the sick placed in direct, and more or less immediate contact with the well. And further, I do not believe that this contact can propagate it if the local circumstances are not such as favor the spread of the disease. Contagious diseases spread by means of contact more or less immediate or direct. I believe that yellow fever spreads by means of atmospheric conditions, dependent on causes most of which are independent of the sick. I say most, because I also believe that when an atmos- phere has been deteriorated by heat, moisture and decomposi- tion, a further amount of deterioration is produced in it by such human agencies as are well known to cause unwhole- some changes in the air. And these human agencies, which work such unfavorable changes, even without the existence of disease among the population, will doubtless do so to a still greater extent when disease is present. And hence the pre- sence of the sick may, and probably does, in so far as this 38 influence goes, have its effect upon the propagation of an epi- demic of yellow fever. But no further. With such views of the nature of yellow fever, I say without reserve, that I believe it to be of local origin in Charleston, dependent upon local causes. This is not a proper place to go into the consideration of the subject of the origin of yellow fever. Such an investi- gation would lead into prolixity and be misplaced. The ques- tions you propound seem to call only for an expression of opinion as to which of the two categories yellow fever stands in importation or local origin. Having answered explicitly on that point, I will, in conclu- sion, refer as briefly as I can to some facts in the history of the disease as I have observed it during my professional life, illustrating the truth of my opinion. In 1833, when I commenced my professional career in Charleston, I found the yellow fever localized and bounded by lines which, although they may have been overstepped? in some points, at times, were nevertheless tolerable accu- rate limits to the infected district. The South-Eastern part of Old Charleston was the doomed territory, and Water-street on the South, King-street on the West, a line somewhat be- low Calhoun-street on the North, with Cooper river on the East formed its boundaries. In those days the house I now occupy at the West end of Broad-street was considered safe All that part of the city, known, in old times, as Harleston's Green, lying west of Rutledge, and north of Beau fain-streets, was still more exempt. Cannonsborough, still further North, was a safe resort for strangers, provided they did not go far enough up on the Neck to incur risk from country fever. The same may be said of Mazyckborough, Wraggborough, and Hampstead on the East of the city, and also of the inter- mediate central ridge from the Citadel and St. Paul's Church, upwards until the region of country fever was reached. As late as 1838, it was deemed perfectly safe for strangers to re main in the city in yellow fever seasons, provided they did not go below Calhoun (then Boundary-street.) 39 What is the state of things now ? There is not a spot below Magnolia Cemetery, including that beautiful field of rest, that is free from danger in yellow fever seasons. Nay more! The suburbs of the city do not limit the aggressive movements of the disease. Mount Pleasant, Sullivan's Island, Potters Mill, all have shared in the ravages of the destroyer, and it may truly now be said that he walks a conquerer over the fallen ramparts of every one of these once guarded asylums. What changes in the local conditions of these places have been brought about. The disease, in former times entered the city, or sprang up in it, but did not intrude upon these secret retreats till 1838, when, for the first time, the spell was broken and safety was no longer to be counted on in one, at least of the favored precincts. A friend and patient of mine, who had married a Northern lady, and brought up his chil- dren, to that time, with estranged constitutions, being desirous of acclimating them, was advised to commence by spending the first summer in a house at the corner of Elizabeth and Judith streets. The season proved to be a yellow fever one, and he was ill of the disease. On the opposite corner a boar- ding school was kept by the Misses Blamyer, and a young lady from Georgetown, who had been allowed to remain by advice of Dr. B. B. Simons, and who had been kept strictly con- fined within the house for three months, was taken ill and died a most virulent caes of yellow fever. Other cases occurred in this neighborhood this year for the first time. Let us look around and see if any local changes in the region about the houses may have had an influence in pro- ducing them. A year or two before Mr. John Robinson had commenced the improvement of his lots fronting on Judith street, and in the square bounded by Elizabeth street on the west, and Alexander on the east, these lots were low, and were near the mouth or outfall of a long narrow marsh flat, which, com- mencing here, ran for an eighth of a mile westward, a far ass King street. The natural effect of the filling up of these lots was to injure the drainage of all that part of the marsh flat 40 lying west. So completely was this effect produced, that fre- quent inspections were held yearly for the purpose of reme- dying the nuisance, but in vain, since the stoppage of the natural drainage could only be compensated by artificial drains of sufficient size and depth to take off water, while at the same time provision should be made for the improve- ment of the low ground above. But as there was no authority or means to carry this into operation, the nuisance became more and more intolerable from year to year. . For the improvement of his lots, Mr. Robinson had used wood and other destructible material to a considerable extent, and had also transferred, by means of a temporary rail road, the whole of the mound of earth (a remnant of the old lines) which formerly stood at the corner of Meeting and Mary streets. From this time the exemption previously enjoyed by this region of the neck from epidemic disease vanished. Since then, we have not only seen yellow fever claiming its victims there, but typhus, scarlet, and other epidemic fevers have, from time to time, severely scourged it. About the time of which I am speaking, the eastern end of Calhoun street was in the enjoyment of a reputation for health not inferior to any other portion of the neck. I well remem- ber, that in 1836, when the cholera made its visitation to Charleston, I only saw a single case in that part of the street where the free ebb and flow of the tide over the low grounds kept them clear of decomposable deposits. Within the last ten years, the street has been made up with wood and the low lots filled with chaff, saw dust, and such destructible material, and now the neighborhood has lost its reputation for health. Within the last twenty years, during which time the work of filling up low places with garbage, saw dust, chaff, &c, has been going on on Gadsden's wharf, that place has been steadily becoming more and more unhealthy, till last summer the work of death was so actively carried on that the population was almost decimated. Since the filling up of White Point Garden, with the same destructible materials, yellow fever has got a foothold along 41 the formerly healthy region of South Bay, and in 1854 cases were seen from Capt. Welsman's to the westernend of that street. The same observation holds good of all the shore line of the Ashley, and, accordingly, we see victims of the disease in Legare, Gibbes, Tradd streets, &c.; and when you reach the low grounds extending from Tradd street on the south, to Beaufain on the north, and from Franklin on the east, to the river on the west, you come to one of the most infected of all the districts of the city. Let us pause here for one moment, to enquire what has taken place in this neighborhood likely to account for this change in its healthfulness. You will remember that this very spot was referred to above as one of those in which even the stranger felt secure in former times from yellow fever. The change that has taken place is its conversion from a marsh overflowed twice in twenty-four hours by pure sea water, into a porous putrifying, undrained soil, composed almost entirely of the offal of the city. Let me refer to one single fact in the history of this district, before I pass on to other places, illus- trative of the effect produced by the changes 1 am referring to. The Jail and Marine Hospital have occupied their rela- tive situations for fifty years. During the whole of this long period, the Hospital has received and treated yellow fever patients. While I was a student, I have taken my first les- sons in the disease at the bed side of patients who might have almost jumped from their beds into the enclosure of the Jail; but never was the yellow fever known to have entered that building till 1852; since then it goes into it as regularly as into the houses of Elliott street. How does it get there? In virtue of its contagious properties, say the contagionists. If that be so, I ask why it did not go in before 1852, since it was frequently in the Hospital previous to that year. If itj the disease, is contagious now, it must have been contagious then. If it goes into the Jail by contagious properties inhe- rent in it now, it should have gone in formerly, in virtue of the same contagious properties. But we know, from the records of the institution, that it did not. 42 Can we think of any other way of accounting for this change ? Let us turn to the condition of things in the neigh- borhood, and we will find just such a change as has been shown to have been the precursor of the introduction of yellow fever into all the other locations referred to above. And the remarks made in reference to the jail hold good with regard to the private residences around these buildings. The offal of the city makes the soil all around. But I must hasten on to other sections. It has been stated above that the once healthy region known as Harleston's Green, is no longer exempt from epidemics of yellow fever. The same local changes have taken place there. Low places have been filled up with the usual mixture of animal and vegetable compost, and while the pure tide water of the ocean has been excluded, its healthful presence has been replaced by filth, corruption and putrefactive decay. Further north, on the same shore line, we find all along the indentations of Bennett's mill pond, the same changes, followed by the same results; while along the river margin, the same state of things has been brought about. Hence, we now see the once safe resort in Cannonsborough converted into one of the earliest scenes of epidemic invasion. Not a spot in that formerly favored region is now safe; for the low grounds in all the numerous creeks and marshes, which then cut up this whole district, are now hot beds of fermentation, and give out their deadly gases in sufficient quantities to infest the entire district. But perhaps the most remarkable of all these changes is that which has so recently been effected in the neighborhood of the new bridge. Here the sale of lands on the Gadsden property brought into use for building purposes, large numbers of low as well as high lots. The high were cut down to fill up the low and the usual amount of offal, chaff, saw-dust, &c, was used in addition. Much of this disturbance of the sur- face was carried on during the summer, and all who had occasion to pass that way must have noticed that the face of nature was completely metamorphosed and fictitious compost substituted for virgin soil. But this was not enough. The 43 entire offal of the city was transported to this ill-fated neigh- borhood and deposited along President street. This street runs through the marsh, so that at every high tide the whole of this sweltering mass was saturated with water and its putrescence dissolved, or suspended, so that when the tide receded, the foul matter was spread over the whole surface of the marsh, where it was left to be acted upon by the summer sun. The result may be easily imagined. But those who realized the actual condition of things from personal observa- tion cannot easily forget the disgusting sight and smell. This region, previous to the changes I have been tracing, was a country fever district. It at once became the nidus of yellow fever. I have thus traced the introduction of yellow fever into the formerly exempted portions of Charleston, in every instance, around the entire circumference of the city, following the faulty method of reclaiming low grounds, and the criminal negligence of all the precautions which the experience of every country in every climate teaches us to consider as indis- pensable. How far this sequence is to be looked upon as an example of cause and effect, or how much of it is mere coin- cidence, I will not attempt to determine. But even if we take the latter alternative and decide for the simple coinci- dence, it would seem to be part of the most reasonable pru- dence to put a stop at once and forever to such unwelcome conjunctions. Will our city authorities have the courage to face the responsibilities of their situation and give us the advantage of our own bought experience. In corroboration of the truth of the influences I am com- pelled to draw from the hasty historical sketch of the incroach- ments of yellow fever on once healthy districts, just given, I may recall to your recollection how often epidemics have followed upon the heels of desolating fires, when large sur- faces of damp soil have been suddenly laid open to the action of the air, when moist cellars and foul privy vaults have had their covering removed, and the surface of the earth has 44 been broken up and opened, both by the destruction of the consumed building and for the erection of new ones. I might refer to the deleterious consequences which have, on several occasions, followed the digging down of high places and the strewing of the material thus obtained over low surfaces. We all remember how the removal of the old shanties once occupying the ground now used as the Citadel Square, and the leveling of that irregular surface made the neighborhood sickly for several years. How the raising of certain parts of King street, in more recent times, was followed by fearful mortality from yellow fever the ensuing fall. How the horribly filthy condition of Reid street, when the yellow fever desolated the surrouuding district, together with the ill-ventilated and crowded condition of the population, in houses badly constructed, generated an atmosphere which inflicted disease and death, not only on those upon the spot, but throughout the entire neighborhood, so that within a circle of which that point was the centre, and with a radius of about four hundred yards, the entire population, susceptible to the disease (including one of the most brilliant and prom- ising men of the State) suffered from the infliction. Attempts have been made to connect this epidemic with an imported case; that of Hughs. I will only say that Hughs' case was pronounced not to be yellow fever by one of his fellow pas- sengers, whose opinion is entitled to as full confidence as that of any man: I m an Dr. Wurdemann; and that he went through his rather mild attack of fever and left the neighbor- hood between six weeks and two months before the first case of yellow fever occurred, no suspicion having, up to that time, been entertained of his disease being yellow fever. I may further add, in reference to this now celebrated case, that it was not called yellow fever by any one conversant with its history, till of late years, when it stood in the way of those who deny that we may abuse our situation and circumstances so much as to make yellow fever originate in the city; and who contend that it can only come from abroad. By these persons, Hughs' case has been claimed as yellow fever, though 45 they never saw it, in the teeth of Dr.Wurdemann, who did see it, and who unfortunately for truth (and I may add for his profession, which lost him too early,) is now out of the way of setting things right. The train of thought which has led me into a notice of this error, in the statement of those persons who are opposed to the idea of local origin, under any circumstances for real yellow fever, if indulged, would lead me much further in the same direction ; but I must end this already protracted letter. In conclusion, let me call your attention to the well authenticat- ed fact, that an unhealthy district abounds in all epidemic diseases. In the language of another," the locations in which cholera is found to be most prevalent, are those in which all other epidemics prevail"—yellow fever, typhus, scarlet fever, measels; even influenza abound in undrained and filthy low places. Let us shut the door against one disease, and we exclude them all equally. Very respectfully, I remain yours, &c, WM. T. WRAGG. The conclusions to be deduced from the foregoing facts are, that if yellow fever is introduced by importation, it cannot become epidemic, except by common causes; i. e. the atmos- phere of Charleston must be in the same condition as the atmosphere of Havana, (or elsewhere) from local causes, to produce or favor an epidemic; and if not in this like condi- tion, no epidemic can possibly result from such importation. Charleston, ana other cities of the United States, charge Havana with inflicting this terrible disease upon them, and Havana, on the other hand, attributes the sin of yellow fever to Siam—that it never existed there until it was imported into that city from Siam. Be this true or not, it is very certain that it existed in Greece ; and the very same dis- ease that now prevails in the West Indies, Charleston, and other cities on the Atlantic coast, was known and described by Hippocrates.* #Died 361 years B. C, aged 99 years. 46 ♦"This illustrious Greek viewed the disease he so well describes in the mild climate of his native soil, almost in the parallel,of latitude in which we live. He speaks a language without disguise, susceptible of but one interpretation. " The tout ensemble of his faithful picture, portrays the disease in colors as glowing as those of Chisolm Rush," Geddings or Dickson. " He enumerates the more prominent symptoms, under the following appellations : Kautfoj, (causos) a burning nded with excessive thirst." " Tu 77! 3S 27 47 25 19 20 20 21 151 41 41 385, 43 ■675': 26 246 46 773 Top lii 22 257 13 436 10 150 19 403 144 5 58 5 192 1 1 2 1 1 10 1 42 1 18 1 74 31 2943 4702 2728 25 4 4 1 2 4 4 2 8 7 7 4 5 7 17 Males. J-emales. 10 5 3 1 7 2 7 3 5 5 .\'at; ,\s . Natives .Foreign- Cm. I j'nU. States era. 258 | 187 1 3 6 1 6 1 i 5 6 i 7 4 2 1 3 1 i 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 5 4 ! 1 1 6 2 ! 3 1 4 4 1 2 3 3 5 3 12 8 172 137 &4 59 2ol 56 39 127 45 101 7y 62 68 4lt 200, 27 47 26 19 20' 20' 21 151 41 41 385 43i C7o 261 24C 46' 773i 25 16 13 47 20 10 27 13 6 12 11 8 10 19 15 14 6 30 20 10 4 4 3 4 6 9 7 10 20 13 53 5 12 1 2 4 3 2u 2 6 40 2 120 1 36 8 127 Natives i Natives Foreign- Charle'u U.Si.ii.-b era. 16 25 15 75 14 12 41 25 6 14 l 13 | 4 11 1 23 I 15 I 9 10 86 56 20 13 I *1 death, 22d December—717. 13 20 14 137 5 11 41 34 1 28 11 7 10 38 29 9 33 255 87 24 2 2 6 6 3 110 16 18 294 11 473 10 181 16 485 24 17 16 20 17 5 17 14 16 24 18 IS 12 19 16 29 18 42 37 23 9 21 25 12 6 7 11 15 7 23 15 14 8 9 15 25 2465 48 1821. 'C a. < >> CD c 3 >-> 3 "bo 3 < CD a, CD CO I* "o u o S-c "> o "3 o Fever, Catarrhal, - - - 4 3 3 2 1 2 0 3 18 " Bilious, ... - 0 2 1 15 7 4 3 1 33 " Country,- - - - 0 0 2 2 4 5 7 1 21 " Remittent, - - - 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 " Typhus, - - - 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 4 Totals,..... 4 5 6 20 14 13 11 5 78 Nativity. IWhiteslColoredl I Whitesl Colored Charleston, - - 25 24 Adult Males, - 31 7 United States, - 16 00 Adult Females, 11 2 Foreigners, - - 13 00 Children, Males 6 10 Children, Females, 6 5 1822. *j CD c !-<' < >> CD C 3 be 3 < a. CD o o > o O Fever, Catarrhal, - - - 1 2 2 i 0 0 0 4 10 '' Bilious, - - - - 0 1 4 4 2 13 7 9 40 " Country, ... 0 1 6 8 2 7 6 1 31 " Yellow, - - - - 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 " Remittent, - - - 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Totals, 1 4 13 14 5 20 13 14 84 Nativity. Whites Colored| | Whites Colored Charleston, - -United States, -Foreigners, - - 16 25 26 17 Adult Males, -0 Adult Females, 0 | Children, Male, jjChildren Female, 57 7 3 0 6 7 3 1 1823. s- «-> CD «H fc. Apri May CD 3 3 *—> 3 be 3 <5 CD O o o o o t-1 Fever Catarrhal, 2 0 0 0 1 3 3 2 11 " Bilious, 0 1 5 4 6 3 3 3 25 " Country, 0 2 1 2 12 17 4 8 2 2 o 2 23 Total, - - - 9 8 6 r 59 Nativity. IWhiteslColoredl; (Whites | Colored Charleston, - United States, Foreigners, - 13 15 14 16 1 0 Adult Males, - Adult Females, Children, Male, Children, Female, 29 6 5 2 8 7 5 2 • 49 1824. o. v >»l be o ►51 ^ I <\ CO £ Fever Catarrhal, " Bilious, " Country, " Typhus, " Yellow, Total, - - 36 135 1 5 13 471143 59! 13 281 0 3 I 0 55 6 1 3 0 0 9 235 28 10 Nativity. 1 Whites Colored || 1 Whites Colored Charleston, - - 47 20 liAdult Males, 171 8 United States, - - 75 2 J Adult Females, 37 4 Foreigners, - - 137 0 (Children, Male, 26 7 ||Children, Female, 25 3 1825. „j ►* -*-" ^ . Q-< >> 33 CD c 3 "3 be 3 c Oi CO .O CD O c 5 Fever, Catarrhal, 0 0 2 1 0 1 1 0 5 " Intermittent, - 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 5 " Country, 0 0 7 5 3 2 0 6 23 " Bilious, 0 1 2 2 5 5 3 3 21 " Yellow, 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 Total, o 1 11 8 9 10 6 11 56 Nativity. Charleston, United States, Foreigners, - Whites Colored 11 20 17 1 14 0 5 0 Adult Males, Adult Females, Children, Male, Children, Female, | Whiles | Colored 3 27 3 5 5 1826. Fever, Country, '* Bilious, Total, 0 x I C 3 0 < 2 2 .- c -1 .0 > 1 \ CJ CO 0 £ 1 4 2 l()| 4 2 2 8 0 23 16 Nativity. I Whites.Colored Charleston, United States, Foreigners, - 10 5 1 12 1 11 0 Adult Males, Adult Females, Children, Male. Children Female. 12| 39 W hues ^Colored 3~ 22 8 2 1 t 50 1827. • _; Ph >> 33 CD P 3 1-4 3 I—» "be 3 < CD o o C o "3 o E- Fever, Catarrhal - 2 0 0 0 1 0! 0 2 5 " Bilious - - - - o 4 1 2 14 11 5 1 38 " Intermittent 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 " Remittent - 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 u Country - 0 4 1 5 1 4 3 0 18 " Yellow --- - 0 0 0 0 21 27 14 2 64 Totals, - - - - 3 8 2 8 37 42 22 5 127 Nativity. Whites [Coloredj | Whites ; Colored Charleston, - - 27 171 Adult Males, - - 76 3 United States, - 41 1| Adult Females, - 11 3 Foreigners, - - 41 0! Children, Males, - 15 9 | Children, Females, 6 3 1828. < >> 33 CD p 3 1—» "3 "bo 3 -Oh CD GO O 6 "> 0 0 33 0 Fever, Catarrhal - 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 " Bilious - - 3 0 5 4 4 3 3 1 23 " Country - - 0 0 1 4 4 2 6 1 18 " Typhus - - - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 " Dengue - - - - 0 0 0 9 3 0 0 0 12 " Yellow --- - 0 0 0 0 13 13 0 0 26 Totals, ----- 3 0 6 17 24 18 15 3 86 Nativity. Charleston, - United States, Foreigners, - Whites Colored| 13 14 25 0 34 0 IWhitesiColored Adult Males, - - Adult Females, - Children, Males - Children, Females, 4 51 Fever, Catarrhal " Bilious - " Country " Remittent " Typhus Totals, - 1829. -------1 *- 1 . 1 . . 1 « 1 .*> \ t- Fh ^ 1 v I 1 c 1 1 1 1 £\ s 1 H-> 1 hoi £1 o o o ° ^ 1 o 2 2 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 3 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 0| 2 3| 7| 6 2 10 7 5 1 6 Nativity. Whites Colored | IWhitesjColored Charleston, - -United States, -Foreigners, - - 6 6 1 16 0 0 Adult Males, - -Adult Females, -Children, Males -Children, Females, 6 5 1 1 5 4 2 5 1830. f- _~ .*j j- f-H • a. 33 CD P 3 0 "3 0 be 3 < CD ro 0 0 O O S3 O H Fever, Catarrhal, . - - 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 " Bilious, - - - - 0 1 1 0 3 9 7 1 22 " Country,- ... 0 0 4 2 4 2 4 1 17 " Remittent, - - - 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 " Intermittent, - - 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 " Typhus, .... 0 1 2 0 0 1 1 0 5 " Yellow, ---. 0 0 0 0 0 15 14 1 30 0 4 7 2 7 29 26 3 78 Nativity. | Whites |Col< jred| n Vhite slCn Charleston, - United State, Foreigners, - 12 14 28 24 00 00 Adult Males, - Adult Females, Children, Males Children, Females, 41 3 5 5 52 1831. ' Oh < >, 33 CD p 3 l 1 _j "be 3 1-CD 1 CO 0 O >4 0 33 0 EH Fever, Catarrhal, - - - 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 " Bilious, - - - - 0 0 3 3 6 5 3 3 23 '< Country, - - -" Intermittent, - - 0 1 0 0 1 0 4 0 3 0 5 0 2 0 2 0 17 1 " Typhus,- - - - 1 1 1 0 0 0 4 4 11 Total, .... - 4 1 5 7 10 10 9 9 55 Nativity. WhiteslColored| 1 1 Whites Colored Charleston, - - 11 18 Adult Males, : 1 26 7 United States, - 13 2 Adult Females, 6 5 Foreigners, - - 11 0 Children, Males, 2 3 Children, Females 1 5 1832. Fever, Catarrhal, " Bilious, - " Country, - " Typhus, - Totals, - - ^j (H S-4 (-1 Q. S3 CD p 3 "3 be 3 CD CO O O O 1 O 0 0 E-" 1 0 0 1 3 1 7 1 0 2 2 2 5 6 2 20 0 0 0 3 0 2 2 0 7 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 4 2 0 2 6 6 10 10 2 38 Nativity. Charleston, - United States,' Foreigners, - Whites|Colored ~ "18" Adult, Males, Adult, Females, Children, Males, Children, Females Whites | Colored 10" 53 1833. ----- — ■■-" ^--=- ~-~ ------ 1 " ■■• -- CD ** c . a. < 33 CD P 3 i—» 0 3 —> 1 be 3 < Sept' Octo > o sj O Fever, Catarrhal, . 0 0 0 1 1 2 b " Bilious, . 0 2 1 3 4 3 8 1 22 " Country, . 0 0 7 0 4 0 1 0 12 " Remittent, . . . 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 3 *' Intermitten t. - - 0 0 0 0 0 t) 1 0 1 " Typhus, 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 Totals, - - 1 2 8 4 8 6 13 3 45 Nativity. Whites Colored 11 ales Whites | Colored Charleston, - - 10 12 Adult M > 23 5 United States, - 11 2 Adult Females, 5 1 Foreigners, - - 10 0 Children , Males, 1 4 Children , Females, 2 4 1834. >> 33 cu p 3 >—> 0 *-> 0 "be 3 Sept'er Octo'r. V o 13 o Eh Fever, Catarrhal, - . . 0 2 5 1 0 3 11 " Bilious, . . . 0 1 2 5 9 2 5 4 28 " Country, . . . 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 7 " Intermittent, - - 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 " Remittent, . . . 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 1 " Typhus, - . . . 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 4 " Yellow, - - - - 0 0 0 0 1 2 9 20 0 49 Totals, - - o 5 3 6 18 3 4| 26 9 101 Nativity. | Whites | Colored || White s| Colored Charleston, - - 19 19 Adult M ales 53 5 United States, - 23 2 Adult F erna es, 18 3 Foreigners, - - 38 0 Childrer i, M ales 5 5 1 Childrer i, Fe mal es, 4 8 54 1835. ■ < S3 CD P 3 i—> 3 "be 3 < a. CD CO t-H o O o "si o Eh Fever, Catarrhal, - - - 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 6 " Bilious, - - - 0 1 2 2 5 20 10 0 40 " Country, ... 0 0 o 6 0 0 0 0 6 " Typhus, - - - 0 0! 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 " Yellow, - - - - 0 0 0 0 3 22 0 0 25 Totals,..... 1 3l 2 8 9 45 10 1 79 Nativity. < Charleston - United States, Foreigners - Whites|Colered ~ 15 |Whites|Colored 15 29 16 I Adult Males, Adult Females, Children, Males, Children, Females, 43 5 8 4 5 6 3 5 1836. Oh < 33 CD p 3 1—> "3 1-4 "be 3 &, CD CO |M U O "> 0 S3 O Fever, Catarrhal, - - - 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 " Bilious, - - - 0 1 2 2 3 13 9 4 34 " Country, ... 0 0 1 4 5 7 2 0 19 " Typhus, --- - 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 0 5 Totals,..... 1 1 4 7 8 21 13 7 62 Nativity. IWhiteslColoredl I Whites | Colored Charleston, - - 14 29 Adult Males 21 11 United States, - 9 1 Adult Females, 5 15 Foreigners, - - 9 0 Children, Males, 3 2 Children, Females, 3 2 55 1837. ■ .- _ -..--- ----- .-z- --:— --- ►- . .aJ CD c ,_; °E ft < S3 " 0 CD P 3 2 'a >—> be 3 < ft CD CO o o O > o s3 O Fever, Catarrhal, - - - I 0 0 1 0 0 4 " Bilious, ... 1 2 1 2 10 16 11 12 55 " Intermittent, - - 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 " Country, - - - o 0 0 0 0 o ,2 0 2 « Typhus, - - - - 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 Totals,..... 3 4 3 2 10 20 14 12 68 Whites | Colored 1838. Fever, Catarrhal, " Bilious, - - " Intermittent, " Country, " Typhus, - - Yellow, - - Totals, Nativity IWhites I Colored I S3 1 1 0 0 0 0 ^J CD * *i . CD P "3 be 3 < ft CD o 1 ■> o 2 o 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 6 14 9 1 1 37 1 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 1 1 2 3 0 7 1 3 5 4 3 0 16 0 0 54 214 78 5 351 6 10 75 229 86 61416 Charleston, - - United States, - Foreigners, - - |Whites|Colored 30 42 l 86 3 255 0 i| Adult Males, I 308 Adult Females, 36 Children, Males, | 19 [Children, Females,| 8 14 14 10 7 56 1839. ft < 33 CD p . 3 "be 3 CO O O V 0 ~2 0 Eh Fever, Catarrhal, - - - 1 0 3 0 2 4 1 1 12 " Bilious, - - - - 1 0 4 4 6 5 6 4 30 " Country, - - - - 0 0 1 0 0 4 2 0 7 " Typhus, ----" Yellow, .... 0 0 1 0 2 3 1 25 6 65 2 36 3 5 2 17 0, 134 Totals,..... 2 1 13] 30 79 51 17 7j 200 Nativity. IWhiteslColoredl |Whitest Colored Charleston, - - 20 37 Adult Males, - 134 13 United States, - 56 0 Adult Temales, 17 6 Foreigners, - - 87 0 Children, Males, 8 9 Children,Females, 4 9 1840. "E ft < 33 CD P 3 H-5 "3 *—> "bo 3 < CD CO "0 O 0 0 Eh Fever, Catarrhal, - - - 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 1 " Bilious, ... - 1 2 3 2 5 12 5 5 35 " Intermittent, - - 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 « Typhus, --- -'' Country, - - - - I 2 0 3 0 4 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 14 0 " Yellow, - - - - 0 0 0 0 1 15 6 0 22 Totals, - - . - - 3 4 6 7 8 28 14 7 77 Nativity. Whites | Colored || Whites Colored Charleston, - - 10 23 Adult Males, - 46 l 9 United States, - - 20 0 Adult Females, 5 ! 5 Foreigners, - - - 24 0 Children, Males, 1 3 Child ren,Fema!es 2 6 57 1841. Total, Fever, Catarrhal, *' Bilious, - - " Country, - - " Congestive, - " Typhus, - - < 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 be 3 < 2 1 0 0 2 ft o CD I 2 C0j_O 0 2 5 1 0 S3 O 0 0 5 0 1 7 5 0 12 1 0 2 3 2 12 9 3 38 Nativity. Whites|Coloredl| Whites ~ 20 4 2 0 | Colore Charleston, - -United States, -Foreigners, - - 4 13 9 9 1 3 0 Adult Males, -Adult Females, Children, Males, Children,Females, 4 1 6 1 1842. ft 1 (4 •J> ^ 1 "bo 0 "> 33 "3 —4 1 3 < CD CO 1 0 0 0 &! O Eh Fever Catarrhal - - - 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 3 " Bilious, - - - - 0 1 2 0 2 0 1 0 6 " Cosgestive, - - 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 3 " Remittent,- - - 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 " Typhus, - - - 2 3 1 2 1 1 3 1 14 Totals,..... 2 4 3 3 4 3 7 1 27 Nativity. Charleston, - - United States, - Foreigners, - - |Whites|Colored| 21 11Adult Males, 0 (Adult Females, 0 j Children, Males, N'Children, Females, |Whites|Colored "3 j" 4~ 2 6 1 5 0 6 58 1843. < S3 CD P 3 »-> 3 •-> -"be 3 < CD CO o o C c o S3 O H Fever Catarrhal, - - - 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 1 7 " Bilious, - - - - 0 0 0 3 2 3 8 5 21 " Congestive, - - 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 '' Intermittent, - - 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 1 " Yellow,- - - - 0 ,0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 " Typhus, - - - 1 2 2 0 2 1 1 6 15 Totals,..... 1 2 2 4 5 5 14 14 47 Nativity. IWhiteslColoredl | '[Whites I Colored Charleston, - United States, Foreigners, - 25 jjAdult Males, 1 j|Adult Females, 0 NChildren, Males, I jChildren, Females, 11 5 4 2 10 4 7 4 1844. ^J ii ^ 1 i-* i-ft S3 CD P 3 I—i 3 be 3 a. CD co Octo Nov' 2 o Fever, Catarrhal, - - - 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 '' Bilious, - - - - 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 4 " Country, - - - 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 2 7 " Congestive, - - 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 " Typhus, - - - 3 3 1 1 1 o 1 0 10 Totals,'..... 3 3 1 1 6 4 3 4 25 Nativity. I Whites! Colored j Whites | Colored Charleston, - - United States, - Foreigners, - - 5 12 4 2 2 0 Adult Males, Adult Females, Children, Males, Children,Females, 6 5 5 6 0 2 0 1 59 1845. Fever,jCatarrahal,- " Bilious, - - " Country, " Congestive, " Typhus, - Totals, ft _~.\ "he O V si 3 i-5 CD CO CJ o z, o 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 1 2 0 4 0 o o 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 9 3 1 4 3 1 19 Whites|Colored Charleston, - United States, Foreigners, - 8 8 0 1 2 0 Adult Males, | 5 | 2 Adult Females, | 3 | 4 Children, Males, | 0 | 0 Children, Females,! 2 I 3 1846. ft < S3 CD P 3 to 3 ft CD CO "o o o o z, 2 o Fever, Catarrhal, - - -" Bilious, - - - -11 Congestive, - -" Typhus, - - - 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 6 10 1 3 Totals,..... 3 4 0 3 2 3 4 1 20 Nativity. |Whites|C olore dll iWr titesl Colored Charleston, - United States, Foreigners, - 8 11Adult Males, | 7 | 4 1 ||Adult Females, | 0 | 4 0 | jChildren, Males, I 0 | 2 | |ChiIdren, Females,] 2 I 1 60 1847. ft < >-> S3 CD p 3 1—> "3 "ho p ft CD CO "b o O "> o 2 o Fever, Catarrhal, - - - 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 3 9 " Remittent,- - - 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 6 " Congestive, - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 " Typhus, - - - 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 4 Totals,..... 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 8 20 Nativity. Charleston, - United States, Foreigners, - iWhites|Colored| 4 6 4 1 5 6 Adult Males, Adult Females, Childen, Males, | Children, Females,' I Whites I Colored 5~ 1 0 1 1848. 'E ft < >> S3 CD p 3 "3 >—> "ho 3 < ft CD CO "b o o >-< "> o 33 O Fever, Catarrhal, - - - 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 3 il Bilous, - - - - 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 '< Country, - - - - 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 4 " Intemittent, - - - 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 3 " Congestion, - - - o 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 " Typhus, ---. 0 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 7 Totals,..... 0 2 2 4 1 7 3 2 21 Nativity, IWhiteslColoredl | Whites I Colored Charleston, - United States, Foreigners, - 6 7 3 2 3 0 Adult Males Adult Females, Children, Males, Children, Females, 61 1849. ft < S3 0 0 2 CD P 3 1 0 1 3 ►-> 1 4 1 "ho 3 < 0 2 1 ft CD CO 3 1 1 "o u O 1 2 4 ■"> o ^i 0 0 1 o Fever, Intermittent, " Remittent, - - -" Typhus, - - - - 0 0 0 b 9 11 " Yellow, - - - - 0 0 0 0 3 38 79 5 125 Totals,..... 0 2 2 6 6 43 86 6 151 Nativity. Charleston, United States, Foreigners, - 1 Whites Colored 9 11 20 1 110 0 Adult Males, - Adult Females, Children, Males, Children, Females, I Whites ~109 28 2 1 Colored | 4 4 1 I 2 1850. ft < 0 s? 1 "3 i—» "bo 3 < 03 CO "o o O >4 "> o Is o Fever, Imtermittent, - - 0 1! 1 0 0 0 0 2 " Brake Bone, 0 0 0 0 7 5 7 0 19 " Typhus, - - - - 3 3 2 2 2 4 2 2 20 Totals,..... 3 3 3| 3 ,9 -- 9 -- 9 2 41 Nativity. Charleston, - United States, Foreigners, - I Whites | Colored|| I Whites | Colored Adult Males, - Adult Females, Children, Males, Children, Females 16 3 8 4 1 5 0 4 62 1851. ft 33 03 P "3 >-> "be 3 < ^CD ft CD m "o o O "V o "3 o Eh Fever, Intermittent, 0 I 0 1 2 3 3 3 13 " Typhus, --- - 4 3 3 5 1 4 4 4 28 Totals,..... 4 4 3 6 3 7 7 7 41 "Nativity. I Whites I Colored || I Whites I Colored Charleston, - - 10 7 'Adult Males, - 22 3 United States, - 6 0 Adult Females, 7 2 Foreigners, - - 18 0 Children, Males, 1 1 Children, Females 4 1 1852. Fever, Intermittent, " Typhus, " Yellow, Totals, - - - Nativity. I WhiteslColored|| I Whites I Colored Charleston, - - 20 23 Adult Males, - 257 18 United States, - * 40 8 Adult Females, 72 8 Foreigners, - - 294 0 Children, Males, 10 6 • 1 Children, Females 12 2 ft 1 3 1 (-, 1 03 P >> "bo ft ~ 1 "a3 <—t ' 3 3 < o> CO o 1 Ol £ O Eh 1 121 311128 121 45 30 162 21 310 179! 31 385 63 1853. Fever, Remittent, " Typhus, - Totals, Nativity. Charleston, - United States, Foreigners, 0 2 33 >-<. . t_ "he ® ^O ^03 *> ~sj P o O O < M 1 O £ H 6 1 5 3 2 23 3 3 1 3 1 20 9 7 6 6 3 43 TWhites I Colored l| 13 15 2 2 11 0 Adult Males, - Adult Females, "jChildren, Males, Children, Females I Whites|Colored 13 9 Fever, Intermittent, " Remittent, - " Typhus, " Yellow, Totals, 1854. ft < he 3 o7 « ° M I O | S 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 3 10 2 2 3 1 4 4 5 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 46 407 152 22 4 1 7 7 55 421 155 25 2 o Eh 3 22 23 627 Nativity. I Whites I Colored I Whites I Colored Charleston, - United States, Foreigners, - 53 4 120 15 473 00 Adult Males, - Adult Females, Children, Males, Children, Females 436 11 144 7 42 4 27 4 64 1855. _ * .j ^< m Sh ft < S3 p 3 "3 he 3 < o. 03 M o o o > O 2 S3 O Fever, Typhus, - - - - 2 0 2 0 1 2 4 2 13 " Remittent, • - - 0 2 0 0 1 3 2 2 1 6 3 0 13 Totals,..... 2 8 7 2 26 Nativity. IWhiteslColoredll Whites'Colored Charleston, - United States, Foreigners, - 5 8 1 2 10 0 Adult Males, Adult Females, Children, Males, Children, Females, 10 5 1 0 1856. ft < S3 03 P 3 i—j "3 "bo 3 ft CD M "o o o > o 2 •3 o Eh Fever, Remittent, - - -" Typhus, - - - -11 Yellow, - - - - 1 2 0 0 1 0 3 2 0 1 3 0 3 0 17 8 1 95 2 4 86 1 3 13 19 16 211 Totals, ... - 3 1 5 4 20 104 92 17 246 Nativity. IWhitesTColoredll IWhites Colored Charleston, - v- 12 9 I Adult Males, 150 6 United States, - 36 8 i Adult Females, 58 5 Foreigners, - - 181 0 Children, Males, 18 3 1 Children, Females, 3 3 65 1857. 'tH May. June. 1 1 . 1 ^ I "he li i-| (J "> 13 ft < 3 1 l—> 0 1 < 0 03 1 M 0 o o o Eh Fever, Intermittent, - - 0 Oj 1 0 1 0 ! 1 " Remittent, - - - 0 0 0 1 2 3 5 1 12 " Typhus, ---- 4 1 0 2 3 5 3 2 20 " Yellow, --- - 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 3 13 Totals,..... 4 1 1 3 5 9 17 6 46 Nativity. Charleston, - United States, Foreigners, - IWhiteslColoredll 1 15 1 8 6 16 . °i Adult Males, Adult Females, Children, Males, Children, Females, I Whites i Colored 6~ 7 5 3 19 5 1 0 1858. Fever, Congestive, " Remittent, " Intermittent, '* Bilious, " Catarrhal, " Tpphoid, - '• Yellow, - Totals, Nativity, Charleston, . - United States, - Foreigners, - - 37 lAdult Females, 00 | Children, Males, |Children, Females, 19 I Whites i Colored" 403~ 192 74 42 25 17 12 8 o. Annual Report of the Port Physician of Charleston. CHARLESTON, December 7, 1858. To the Honorable the Mayor and Council of the City of Charleston : Gpnti fmr —I respectfully submit herewith a Report of Vessels at Quarantine in this Harbor, between the 1st November, 1857, and the'lst November, 1858;|SLtfr^ This The Lazaretto was under my charge until the 1st of Augus,*hf" }£ J' X ?*c°lte L^-etto claims attention: it results from circumstances which .ome,iTe,bee„c„nS™abycic=^^^ ' Respectfully, your obedient servant, 1 J J WM. C. RAVENEL, Port Physician. DATE. NAME OF VESSEL. March.......25|Schr. Henry Nutt............... May........... 2|Bark Ottawa....................... May........... 2 Schr. A. Canale.................. May........... 2 Schr. Dew Drop.................. May........... 3Brig lza............................. May........... 3[Schr. Thomas Dennison...... May........... 5!Polacre Dulcinea.............. ... May........... 6 j Polacre Neptuno................. May........... 6 Ship Kichard Alsop............. May........... 71 Bark Palma........................ Zl^'J.;.:':...... SBrig Coreo do Cuba.............. May........... 9|Ship Leopoldo.................... May...........12! Steamship Isabel................. May...........15 Brig Comercio.................... May...........15 Brig Athens....................... ¥iJj».,.-.,.-.-~lS]-BsJ^' Nuoyj;- Basali*.........■- May...........ISiSchr. Effort....................... May...........19 j Schr. Virginia............."•...... May...........19 Bark Cherokee................... May..........20 Schr. Sea Hanger............... May...........21 Brig Pastorcita.................. May...........25(Schr. Frederick Lawrence... May...........251 Brig Uncas........................ May...........26JBrig Paula................*......... May...........27 Steamship Isabel................ May...........28 Ship Hampden................... May...........31 Schr. James Kosc............... CAPTAI.V. 11 Brig John Balch. 3'Brig Bella Mina................. 4'Brig Seguin....................... 5|Brig Emma Kger............... 5 Brig Daria........................ 5 Brig George K. Prescott...... 6 Steamer Atlantic. 6 Schr. Col. Lester............. 6 Schr. Justina Bandel...... ..... 6 Bark Christina.............. ..... 6JBark Celestina............... ..... slSchr. Argus................... ..... gjBrigMontiquita............., ,.....10 Schr. Dew Drop............. ......13:Steamship Isabel........... ......14! Brig Eliza..................... ......16! Steamer Gordon............. ......18!Bark Antoinetta............ ......18 Polacre Concha............. ......18 Baric Polar. June June..... June..... June..... June..... June..... June..... June..... June..... June..... June..... June..... June..... June..... June June June ... June... June ... June... June... June... June... June... June .. June... Juno ... July — July- July... July... July.......... 91 Ship Ztihe............... July..........10 Brig Soberano.......... July..........10 Polacre Rosa............ July..........10 Polacre Constanza.... July..........12 Steamship Isabel...... July..........141 Polacre Numautina. July..........16 j Schr. Ursula........... July..........17 Brig Maria Antonia. July..........18JSe.hr. Smithsonian... July..........18iSchr. James Rose— ...18 ...18 ...18 ...22 ...25 ,...28 ,...30 Polacre Atalyador............. Polacre Manuela................ Polacre Encantaudora........ Polacre Antonieta............. Brig Heyward................... .Steamer Catawba.............. 'Bark General Greene......... 2!Sloop L. Burrows.............. 6| Polacre Chauito............... 9 Brig Pepi......................- 9 Schr. Anna Martin........... ...13 ...17 ...21 ...21 July..........19 July..........19 July..........19 July..........23 July,... July,- July....... Ang-nst.. August.. August.. August.. August.. August.. August.. Augnst......23 August......28 August......28 August......31 Septeml>er..l3 September. .12 September. .19 September..23 September..29 September..29 October..... 1 October...... 2 October...... 4 October .....10 October......11 October......13 October......13 October......25 October......27 October.....29 Polacre Cecelia.................... Brig Paquete do Tarragona. Polacre Ermecinda.............. __Brig Eduardo...................... ...24iBrig Columbus..,..............~~ ...271Steamship Isabel................. ...31 Steamship Catawba............ ..,. 1 Bark Ppnelone. Williams......... Simms............. Swieten............ Kuland........... Williams......... Story .............. I'ajes.............. Uieomo........... jWatlington..... | Granada.......... IRoig...........'■■■■ Mauterola....... Kollins........... 'Gari............... I Swap.............. [Dunning......... Higby............. Stein.............. Baldwin.......... Marti............. Mitchell.......... Trolle............, Marizany....... Kollins.......... Buttmau........ Adams........... Eddy............. Casales.......... Nelson........... Kelly............ I'ajes............. Gilkey.......... Talbot........... Delanois......... Peterson....... Roig ............ Estope........... TucUerman .., Pares........... Kuland......... Rollins......... Lovet........... Barden......... Sola.............. Prates........... Poch.......;-..... Payes........... Ramentol..... Pla.............. Oliver........... Sheer........... Hawes......... Hedlund..... Benson........ Jelpe.......... Beitrand...... Pennington.. Colome........ Maristan...... Vsei.-a........ Tittle.......... Millet......... Breganti...... Iluan......... Van Brunt. Adams........ Careras ...... Guardiola ... Torres....... Gelpi.......... Salva.......... Tittle ......... Hawes........ Sonrpa —„_ FROM . iTBrigantine Kosita... .1.3!Steamer Catawba—. October......29 Brig A del a.. Schr. Zephyr................ Brig Eidswold............. Brig Heyward.............. Brig J. W. Rowland..... Brig Echo................... Steamer Catawba......... Brig Ida Raynes.......... Steamer Catawba......... Bark Twee Alidas........ Schr. Zavalla............... Bark Carolina.............. Steamer Catawba......... Bark Cherokee............. Bark Norma................ Schr. Zephyr.............. Brig Heyward............. Bars C. Thomson........ Brig Eliza................... Brig Adela................. Schr. Pilot's Bride ...... Brig Galena................ Steamship Isabel........ Brig Kensington......... Schr. Equator............. ...|Marcaro...... ... Hawes........ ... Byers......... ... Gage ......... Sheer........ Rowland..... Bradford..... Blackham... Hammond.. Blackham.. Vissen...... Parker...... Grindla..... Blackham.. Stein......... Norman..... Gage......... Soubiates .. Linnscoe.... Nelson....... Byers........ Dagget...... Kossiter..... Rollins .... McDougal. Albury..... New York................ Matanzas.................. Nassau.................... Ruatan..................... Saguala Grande........ New Orleans............. Montevideo.............. Barcelona................. Cadiz....................... [Havana................... Matanzas.................. Havana................... Havana.................. Barcelona................ Matanzas................ New Orleans............ Cienfuegos.............. New Orleans............ Cardenas.,............... Porto Rico............... St. Marks................ Rio de Janeiro......... Rio de Janeiro......... Havana..............-••■ Cadiz ..................... Matanzas................. Havana................... Havana................... Aspinwall...... ....... Matanzas................ Havana................. [Cardenas................ | Key West................ New Orleans........... Porto Rico.............. Montevideo............. Montevideo............. Matanzas................ Havana................. Huatan................... Havana................. Matanzas................ Indian River........;.. Havana................ Porto Rico............. Havana................ Havana................ Pernambuco.......... Pernambuco.......... Havana................ [Matanzas............... Havana................ Havana................ Key West...........•■ Cienfuegos............. Matanzas............... New Orleans.......... Martinique...........• Havana............... St. Jago de Cuba... .---Havana.............. 234 Havana............... Porto Rico............ Porto Hico............ Matanzas.............. New York............ Matanzas.............. Matanzas............. Barcelona............ Havana............... Trinidad de Cuba... i«, . Trinidad de Cuba... 3/2 Havana............... 10 ".Savannah ........... .11... |MltflTI7,l'S ..-----— 'Havana.............. Havana.............. Matanzas............. Havana.............. Havana.............. Porto Rico........... Key West............ Africa................ Havana.............. Havana............. Havana.............. Bermuda............ Riode la Hache.T. Turks Island...... Havana............. New Orleans....... Havana............. Matanzas............ Cardeuas............ St. Thomas......... St. Jago de Cuba. Cardenas............ Jamaica............. .« Turks Island....... 2/^:IIavana............. 14 Matanzas............ 13 Nassau.............. 4 7 6 12 12 21 18 10 18 44 14 10 18 PASSEN- GERS. 48 103 1 4 HEALTH OR SICKNESS, Sickness... All well..., All well— All well... Sickness * All well... All well... All well... All well... All well... Alt wett... All well .. All well... All well- All well- clsfliaa*. 7 9 11 9 4 "3H hi 12 29 *2 4 25 17 18 14 7 15 10 6 5 11 6 10 4 8 12 44 16 7 7 9 7 9 11 5 20 ' 6 6 13 12 6 10 5 44 6 27 18 9 13 12 10 11 11 6 25 6 5 11 13 7 13 T5 8 ' 10 43 8 7 11 7 6 11 12 11 11 13 45 22 0 ll 22 5 5 4 7 7 19 25 9 25 10 6 9 20 9 10 5 0 15 44 6 7 106 1 1 106 1 117 1 10 All well All well........ All well........ All well........ All well........ All well........ All well........ All well........ All well........ AU well....... All well........ Allwell....... All well....... Allwell....... All well....... Allwell....... Allwell....... All well....... All well....... I All well....... Allwell....... Allwell....... Allwell....... Allwell....... Allwell....... All well....... All well....... Allwell....... Allwell........ Allwell....... All well... v. All well...... All well...... All well...... Sickness..... All well...... All well...... All well...... Allwell...... All well...... Allwell...... All well..... Sickness.... All WEtt—.., All well...... Allwell..... ■Ail wei! — Allwell..... All well..... All well .... Sickness f.. Allwell..... Allwell..... All well..... All well..... All well..... All well..... Allwell..... Sickness.... Sickness.... All well..... Sickness... All well...., Ml well.... Sickness ... Allwell.... All well— Sickness J. Allwell — Sickness... All well — All well- All well ... All well — Allwell..., All well... Sickness.. All well... All well- All well... All well- Sickness .. All well- Sickness . All well- All well.., AU well.. CARGO, Guano .................... Sugar..................... Assorted................. Fruit....................... Sugar and Molasses.. Assorted................. Ballast.................... Ballast................... Salt........................ Ballast.............. Sugar ............... Assorted.............. Fruit and Segal's...... Ballast ... Ballast... p. phtsictax's * DECISION. -/" Issofted..................... Assorted..................... Assorted.................... Molasses..................... Sugar and Coffee......... Ballast...................... Coffee....................... Ballast..................... Fruit and Segars........ Ballast....................• Molasses................... Molasses................... Ballast..................... Ballast..................... Molasses.................. Ballast..................... Molasses.................... Assorted.................... Molasses.................... Ballast..................... Ballast..................... Ballast..................... Molasses.................... Fruit ....................... Fruit and Segars........ Molasses.................... Ballast.................... Molasses and Sugar— Ballast.................... Ballast.................... Ballast.................... Ballast.................... Ballast.................... Sugar...................... Fruit and Segars....... Hum....................... Ballast................... Ballast................... Assorted.................. Ballast................... Ballast —.v.............. Ballast................... Ballast................... Fruit and Segars—... Molasses............ — ••-■ Molasses and Sugar.. Ballast................... Iron and Hay........... Fruit and Sugar....... Ballast................... Ballast.................. Ballast.................. Ballast.................. Ballast......._™~ Quarantined. Discharged. Discharged. Discharged. Discharged. Discharged. Discharged. Discharged. wischargeu. . Discharged. .-Discharged. MolnsseS^..^., ..^u^. Ballast.................... Fruit and Segars....... Sugar...................... Molasses................... Molasses................... Molasses and Sugar- Ballast.................... Segars...................... Molasses and Sugar.. ?egars..................... Ballast........'........... Woods..................... Salt....................... Segars and Fruit...... Assorted.................. Ballast................... Ballast................... Sugar and Molasses.. Ballast................... Sugar..................... Molasses.................. Assorted................. Salt........................ Fruit and Segars..... Ballast.................. Fruit..................... Discharged. Discharged. Discharged. Discharged. Discharged. Discharged. Discharged. Discharged. Discharged. Discharged. Discharged. Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Discharged. Quarantined. Quarantined. Discharged. Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Qv.&rantlt!'*.— Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined, Quarantined, Quarantined. yuiiTantf."' Quarantine,, Quarantined. Discharged. Quarantined. [Quarantined, Discharged." I Quarantined, Quarantined. Qjinf antinedr----- Quarantined. Quarantined, Qnaraiitined-^ Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined, Quarantined. Discharged, Quarantined, Quarantined, Quarantined. Quarantined, Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Quarantined. Discharged. Discharged. Discharged. Discharged. Quarantined. Discharged. Quarantined. Discharged, Discharged. Discharged. * Erysipelas. f Intermittent Fever. Sick Sent to the iLazaretto, &c. March ......25 July..........11 July,.. July- July... July- July... July- July— July....... July....... July....... August... August... August......12 August......13 •August......13 August......21 August......21 AugusL»«,,.27 September 2 September 18 October.....13 October.....25 October.....25 ,11 ....14 ....18 ...,17 ....17 ....17 ....17 ....22 .....31 ....31 1 1 NAMES. Capt. J. Williams. F, Scharwachter... Emilo Blase........ F. Madda........... E. Johnson......... T. Moran............. R. Ward............. T. Morgan........... C. Nicholas......... H. Toll.............. J. Sheridan.......... M. Williams........ H. Hennesy........ F, Mullhall.......... P. Cahill............. E, Eastman........ W. Gait.............. A. Koschior........ M, Hahn............ Wv Gillighan .... [F. Buothuen....... One Sailor......... J. Potter............ Capt. Rossiter.... One Sailor......... DISEASE, DISCHARGED. Small Pox......... Yellow Fever...... Yellow Fever---- Yellow Fever...... Yellow Fever...... Yellow Fever...... Yellow Fever...... Yellow Fever...... Yellow Feuer...... Yellow Fever...... Yellow Fever...... Debility............. Intermit't Fever. Yellow Fever..... Catarrhal Fever.., Yellow Fever..... Syphilis............. Yellow Fever..... Catarrhal Fever- Yellow Fever..... Catarrhal Fever.. Yellow Fever..... Yellow Fever..... Typhoid Fever— Intermit't Fever. Recovered... Recovered... Recovered.. Recovered.. Recovered .. Discharged.. Recovered.. Recovered.. Recovered.. March,.. I July..... IJuly..... , July".'.'- '. j'uiy".'.'."; • IJuly..... July..... July..... August. August.. August.. August. September, October—. October...., ..15 VESSEL SENT FROM. PORT. Schr. Henry Nutt..., Steamer Catawba... Bark Gen. Greene... Brig Pepi.............. Steamer Catawba— Ship Swallow, off bar Ship Swallow............ Ship Swallow............ Ship Swallow............ Steamer Catawba...... Steamer Catawba...... Bark Gen. Greene...... iBark Penelope........... Bark Penelope........... Guard Boat............... ;teamer Catawba...... Steamer Catawba...... Brig Eidswold........... Schr. Zephyr............ Brig J. W. Rowland.., Brig~ jyidswolu...; —vr. Steamer Catawba..... Brig Adela................ Brig Galena.............. Recovered — ~~$ Dysentery. Recapitulation! New York... Havana........ Havana........ Matanzas..... Havana........ Havana........ Havana........ Havana......., Havana....... Havana....... Havana....... Havana....... Matanzas ... Matanzas... Havana....... Havana...... Havana....... Havana....... Key West... Havana.'.......j| I Cardenas......il Turks Island Numfer of Arrivals.....................•••........ Number of Patients sent to Lazaretto....... ..........103 .......... 25 With the following diseases, viz : Small Pox................ Yellow Fever........— Intermittent Fever— Catarrhal Fever........ Typhoid Fever.......... Debility................... Syphilis................... Cases. Died. '"-i6-!--13-- .,,...25...........15...... Recovered. .. 1 .. 1 Total.....................•••2o Number of Patients treated aboard vessels.. With the following diseases, viz : _..._-____________________^^_ _™^_J2ases__ .......10 .........s Sick Treated on Board of Vessels at Quarantine. May..........18J June..........22 June..........22 July .... July.........10 July ........12 August......31 October...... 1 NAME. One Sailor........... One Sailor........... One Sailor.....i..... One Sailor........... One Sailor........... One Sailor.......... Capt. Hammond... Capt. Normann—. DISEASE. Yellow Fever...... Remittent Fever.. Remittent Fever.. Intermit't Fever.. Intermit't Fever.. Intermit't Fever.. Yellow Fever..;... Yellow Fever...... DISCHARGED. Recovered..... Recovered..... Recovered..... Recovered..... Recovered..... Recovered...., Recovered...., Recovered.... VESSEL SENT FROM. Bark Nueva Rosalia... Polacre Atalyador..... Polacre Antonieta— Ship Zelie................. Ship Zelie................. Ship Zelie................. Brig Ida Raynes........ Bark Norma.............. PORT. St.J. deCubi Havana....... Havana....... Martinique.. Martinique.. Martinique.. Havana....... Havana....... Yellow Fever.................................3- Remittent Fever..............................j- Intermittent Fever..........................<*• .........:s ...........2 Total. Two cases of Sudden Death occurred at Quarantine- one a passenger on the Isabel, July 13, of Apoplexy; the other a tailor on the Brig Pepi, July 14, cause of death not known. [No vessel came up to the wharves from 7th June to October.] R. L. D. Table exhibiting the Deaths in each year, from 1817 to 1S5S, by Yellow Fever. 1 1 August. Sept'er. October. Novm'r. Decem'r Total. 272 ! 1 Whites. Col ored. Natives under IS years. Non- Year. June. July Adults, Males. Adults, Females 56 Adults, Males. Adults. Females under IS years. 1817 1813 1819 ...... 3 SO 149 31 7 104 14 5 33 55 1 3(3 1 21 13 97 25 177 2 235 2 64 26 30 49 25 351 134 22 1 125 310 G?7 211 13 717 | 130 2 150 2 42 22 25 35 15 292 111 20 1 97 221 21 3 2 IS 18'2 1 1S24 135 1 27 13 15 28 22 214 30 15 55 9 30 2 ........ 36 17 1S25 l 1827 14 2 6 4 ] 12 5 35 13 2 10 6 1S2S 1830 14 20 1 1 2 4 10 7 3 183-1 1 3 54 65 1 1835 1 1818 78 5 G 5 .....i" 1 7 1839 3 25 o 1S40 1843 1 1819 3 G 4G 17 33 121 407 95 1 417 79 102 152 SO o 1G1 5 21 22 13 3 10 *1 2G 1 5 39 8 1 1852 1 7 2 2 12 2 1 18 1854 4 05 1 -l-l 40 lb.r)tj 1 135 9 j 3S0 4* 2 177 17 1857 1858 " ......I 11 111 3 88 75 * A child on 22d Dec. 68 E. Hie persons admitted into the Roper Hospital tvere natives of the following places: Adults. Children. a to tu "ca E d fa Males. Females Ireland......... Germany....... England........ Scotland........ France......... Poland.......... Russia......... Prussia........ Norway........ Quebec, Canada. New York...... Pennsylvania... New Jersey..... Virginia........ North Carolina.. South Carolina.. 23 1 21 73 8 0 0 50 5 0 0 15 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 I 1 0 12 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 4 39 3 2 172 Number of deaths, 101. Recovered, 71...............................172 Of these 172 admissions, there were froni- Tradd Street........ Church Street....... Queen Street........ Whims' Court....... Meeting Street...... East Bay Street..... Elliott Street........ King Street......... Fraser's Wharf...... Linguard Street..... Cumberland Street... Friend Street....... Gadsden Wharf. Marsh and Vernon .. Shepherd and King. ■ Laurens Street...... Anson and Pinckney Market Street....... Mazyck and Queen. Longitude Lane.... Roper Hospital*... Line Street........ Jail............... Trapman Street.... Hayne Street.. Bedon's Alley 4iSava