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            THOUGHTS       yd~~Z\'
                          vff-
                ON THE       / A .' '}-, . \. t ■ '.
        POLICY OF ESTABLISHING ,  v  f
&  a^UKDDHi © u  si ib id a ® a sr ib
           LOUISVILLE,

TOGETHER WITH 4 SKETCH OF THE PRESENT CONDITION
          AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
TRANSYLVANIA UNIVERSITY.
*<
JAMES CONQUEST CROSS, M. D.
\ITOR IN ADVERSUM.
i<\fiK
     LEXINGTON:
PRINTED BY N. L. FINNELL
       1834. 
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DEDICATION
                         TO THE

      CITIZENS  OP  LOUISVILLE,
                        AND THE

PEOPLE OF  THE WESTERN AND SOUTHERN STATES,
  A dedication thus wide and comprehensive, it is needless to
remark, is made more for the purpose, if possible, of obtaining
a fair and  unprejudiced hearing than  to natter or eulogize.
The former, justice gives me authority to demand, while the
circumstances of the case, would  render the latter nugatory
and idle.
  No step momentous in its nature should ever be taken, but
from deep, deliberate and dispassionate reflection.  Conduct.
rash or precipitate,  is so frequently and  surely  followed by
the condignest  retribution  that he, who would unnecessarily
expose himself to the  risk of incurring  it, must either  be so
incurably stupid,  as  to  be unable to foresee the most obvi-
ous consequences,  or  so.obdurate as  to  be insensible to  the
severest and justest reproach. Fully sensible of this, we would
not insolently obtrude ou r  strictures  and reflections, on  the
attention of the public.   Our pretensions are humble, we frank-
ly confess, and on this account, we feel the deeper humiliation.
Insignificant, however,  as I may be, I  cannot  be frightened
into the belief that, when  the causes, which have provoked
me to  make this publication, are fully understood a gener-
ous public will pronounce me guilty of an act of unauthorized
violence, or torpidly insensible to the haughty insult and arro-
gant contumely,  which  a  distinguished  individual has  con-
descended to heap upon me.
   My success, as a Medical Essayist has been much more flat-
tering than 1 had any reason to expect, or indeed, than I could
 have averted any just claims to.  Honour and respectability. 
rv
 have always proved highly grateful, to the feelings of the old-
 est, the wi-esl, and the most profoundly learned members oi the
 medical profession:—that they should prove flattering to the
 pride, and inspiring to the hopes of a youthful physician 'still
 in the crudeness of early manhood,' is not matter of surprise.
 An event so unlooked for, if it had not been the cause of un-
 reasonable presumption, could not easily have avoided inspir-
 ing some degree of confidence.
   Without, at this time, referring particularly to other circum-
 stances, my success, as a medical writer, induced me to believe,
 that,  if placed  upon  a  broader theatre, my exertions would
 prove, not only  more  useful to the public, but also to myself.
 Under this impression, in conjunction with another individual,
 application was made  to the Honourable  Board of  Trustees of
 Centre College, to create a Medical Department in that insti-
 tution.  With a magnanimity  and liberality highly creditable
 to them, as patrons of science, and friends to the cause of  suf-
 fering humanity, our petition was patiently listened  to,  and
 after  due deliberation it was granted.   In consequence of  this
 act, a Medical  Faculty was immediately elected; and although
 every precaution was observed, to avoid giving publicity to
 what  had been done, until we should nscertain if the co-opera-
 tion of competent teachers could be procured, it reached, in
 despite of every effort to the contrary, the public ear.
  The,moment it was made known, that Centre College  had
 created a Medical Department, it became a popular subject of
 conversation.  It seemed, at once, to inspire a degree of gen-
 eral interest altogether unlooked for, unexpected and perfectly
 unaccountable.  By the friends of Transylvania, it  was instan-
 taneously  denounced  in  terms  of unmeasured reprobation,
while the projectors and abettors of the enterprise,  were  abus-
 ed in  a strain of the most intemperate vituperation.  All that
 hatred could conceive, malice  invent, or the unbridled tongue
 of slander propagate, was despitefully  levelled at  them, with
 a hand unsparing and  unrelenting.  The meekness of a Mo-
 ses and the indignation of a Paul, would have been  put to  the
severest test: still, however, we observed  the strictest  silence. 
V
  But this would not suflice.   We had been rained on by but
lets, and  now they determined to ride  us down with cavalry.
The University organ opened its  batteries, and ever since it
has kept up a hot, steady and determined lire.  In that print
the establishment of a  new medical school in this  State was
deprecated, and  its  failure  confidently prophesied.  To  re-
main  silent  any longer, was impossible.  The article alluded
to, must either be answered and its arguments refuted, or  the
enterprise must  be  abandoned  as hopeless and absurd.   To
■embrace the latter alternative, was not only foreign from our
purpose, but it would  have been preposterous, pusillanimous
and disgraceful.
   Through  the medium  of  the Lexington  Observer  and
Reporter, this unpleasant task I undertook to  perform,  and
in the  estimation of every impartial  judge, it was accom-
plished  in  a way  fair,  temperate  and  gentlemanly   Its
tone  and temper, however,  failed to impart  to  it a single
redeeming  trait.  On all  sides it was assailed  in  a  strain
of gross, vulgar   and  profligate  malevolence,  not only  dis-
graceful to  those who conceived  it,  but to those myrmidons
b
also, by whom the crusade was carried on.   My motives were
impugned, and my conduct ascribed to causes the  mi^t profli-
gate and abandoned.   Without the shadow of an  excuse, my
communication to the Lexington Observer and Reporter, war. per-
versely interpreted into an open and unprincipled assault, upon
the character and  standing  of the  Medical Department  of
Transylvania University.  No more humble object stimulated
my ambition, than the destruction of that  institution.—Than
this, no accusation could have been more untrue, or unfonnded.
Not tbe least stain did  I attempt to east on it, and  yet to me is
gratuitously ascribed the  ambitious  purpose of endeavourn j;
to blast  its character, paralyze its energies, and prostrate it
in the dust.   Mistaken as they have been, in regard to my ob-
ject;  unintentional as was my design to inspire  such fears;  and
unworthy as I am of  the dignity, which their interpretation
has imparted to my efforts, my enemies and defamcrs could not
have r.aid me a higher compliment, or have prono inced  a more
acceptable eulogy upon my humble abilities. 
VI
   What had been done hitherto, was the work of minions and
 tools.   It had been  idle and bloodless skirmishing, or rather
 holiday-sports, and idle recreation in comparison to the fierce
 and bitter aspect,  which  the controversy has  now  assumed.
 The whole  force of the enemy has been drawn out in battle
 array, and we are threatened with a  Waterloo defeat.   We
 have stifled  the barking of their curs, but now upon our trail,
 we hear the deafening and petrifying cry of their unkennelled
 bloodchound, who is to hunt us down, and achieve our destruc-
 tion.  But to speak less figuratively, Dr. Caldwell, the cham-
 pion of the  Transylvania  Medical School, has  come out in a
 pamphlet, of between thirty and forty pages, filled with abuse,
 which  in malice, hatred, virulence and vindictiveness, has nev-
 er been surpassed.
   Against whom are the shafts of his vengeance hurled?   One
 by whom he has never been unjustly provoked or insulted ;one by
 whom  his intolerant  and illiberal persecution has never  been
 resented;  one by whom his arrogance, impertinence and inso-
 lence of power has never been opposed; one who  has become
 obnoxious to his aversion because nature never made him for a
 minion or a tool; one who has dared, unaided and unsupported,
 unpatronized and unbefriended,  to force his way  over every ob-
stacle to respectability and usefulness.   This is my crime, and
for this-1 am to be sacrificed on the altar of his vengeance.
   He has  thrown down the gauntlet, and  I dare to take it up.
He has declared war against me, and he wages it in a spirit of
extermination.   We asked for peace and wre have been treated
with insult:  we begged for a truce, but still the arrows of bis
fury flew the more thickly around us, and were we now to cry
for quarters,  we  should  receive such quarters as are granted
on the edge of the tomahawk and the scalping knife.  Fight,
therefore, we must,  with the mad  desperation of the pfrate,
whom even mercy cannot rescue  from the gibbet or the gallows.
   Such being the case, like Scipio, the war shall be carried not
only into Africa, but to (the very gates of Carthage.  To this
unutterably  painful alternative no trifling consideration could
ever have  provoked  us to retort.  We had no  desire to molest 
VII
the peace of Transylvania.   Foreign was it from our wishes t»
attempt  to  blast her future prospects.   If.she has conferred
blessings on the community, it was our earnest desire to follow
her example, and endeavor to do so likewise.  Instead of frus-
trating and crippling her efforts, we did believe a spirited rival-
ry would serve to further and render them more useful.   To
promote  the cause of letters; to elevate the standard of  the
profession, and to render more efficient  the springs of human
happiness, she will not co-operate with Centre Medical College,
but has pronounced her endeavors to subserve the best interests
of medical education, as intrusive and presumptive.  But we
deny her jurisdiction as a judge.
   A discussion of the policy or expediency of multiplying med-
ical schools in the West did  not necessarily involve a consider-
ation of the merits of the Transvlvania Medical Faculty, or of
my capacity to teach medicine.   This  was imparting to the
question a personal character which did not belong to it,  and
which  should not have been foisted iu but from  other  and
higher motives than  the gratification of individual, selfish  and
malevolent  feelings.  In this dispute, therefore, the onus pro-
bandi has devolved upon us.  If the circumstances by which
we have been surrounded  without our consent,  have con-
strained  us  to reveal truths which, for the reputation of the
Transylvania Medical School, had better have  been buried in
oblivion, the coadjutors of Dr. Caldwell must blame him and
not the humble individual whose  destruction they seek with a
spirit not less fiendish than diabolical.
   In the justice and impartiality  of the decision of the people
of the West and South in regard to my conduct as pourtrayed in
this publication, I repose a confidence the most perfect and  pro-
found.   Without attempting in the least  to forestall public
opinion, the course which I  have pursued must  be viewed  in a
light  not only justifiable,  but imperious and unavoidable.
Considerations less weighty and binding than those springing
from the publication of Dr. Caldwell could not have forced
me fro m  my retirement or have provoked from rae. this re-
sponse. 
'VIII
  In concluding these exegetical  rather  than dedicatory rc<
marks, I must ask Jhe indulgence of the public on account of
the loose, diffuse and unpolished style of  this  composition.
For particular reasons its publication at as  early a period as
possible, was indispensably necessary.  Twelve days only have
elapsed since  its composition commenced,  and much of that
time has been engrossed by the duties of a heavy and onerous
practice.
                        JAMES CONQUEST CROSS.
  February 10, 1834. 
:rnone;uts, &c
  Notoriety, however ardently desired, that of the Ephesian
incendiary cannot awaken emotions of pleasure in a  bosom
which burns with a noble and virtuous ambition.   Nor does the
heart of the  patriot palpitate with joy even at the attainment
of a celebrity that has sprung from actions of equivocal inter-
pretation.   The  most scrupulous will not therefore suppose
that we have derived much satisfaction from the light in which
the conduct of those engaged in the establishment of a medical
school in Louisville has been exhibited, and their motives tra-
vestied in  a  work entitled "Thoughts on the impolicy of -multi*
plying schools of medicine, by Charles Caldwell, M. D."
   With  the  claims of Dr. Caldwell as a man of line talents,
an elegant and  diversified  if not a profound scholar, on the
 respect and consideration of the community, we are not unfa-
 miliar; nor  are  We insensible to therm  Circumstances  have
made us assume towards each  Other an  attitude of zealous
hostility; yetl should fall in my own estimation were I capable
of doing him or  any other man the slightest injustice.   His in-
 quisitorial persecution shall not  force me to conceal any ex-
 cellence of which I may know he is in possession, nor shall  it
 induce me to magnify his faults or misrepresent his conduct.
   Notwithstanding the rancorous animosity with which I  have
 been pursued for the last two years, and the unfriendly feelings
 such conduct is calculated to arouse in a breast the mostimper*
 turbable, no circumstance occurred calculated  in the least  to
 impair the respect I have always had for his understanding, un-
 til the appearance  of  the publication just alluded to, and  of
 which he  has delivered himself with a truly obstetrical expres-
 sion of countenance.  His personal friends and those partial  to
 the advancement of the Transylvania Medical  School, cannot
 but lament that  he has permitted himself to be guilty of an act
 of such unprovoked violence, and one too so perfectly suicidal
 in jt= cliaracter.  Though  we  have had to bear the force  of
                             R 
10
 his vindictiveness, the appearance of his pamphlet would cause
 us to rejoice, could the sight of human degradation awaken in
 our bosom any such emotion.   We have too much  respect for
 the  species to see its dignity wantonly prostituted without ex-
 periencing feelings of indignant distress.
   In his publication. Dr. Caldwell has given utterance to sen-
 timents mortifying  to the pride  of the understanding and be-
 traved feelings of malignity that would be  disgraceful to  the
 most savage heart.  In every page the most  dull of compre-
 hension can discover that over his  thoughts, sentiments and af-
 fections, an insatiable love of money exerts despotic and undis-
 puted sway.   We instinctively call to mind in the perusal of his
■'Yho'ighlsf <yv. the  remarkable language  of the  celebrated
 Locke:—'Let never so much probability hang on one side of a
 covetous man's reasoning and money  on the other, it is easy to
 foresee which  will outweigh.'  His soul, like that of Garcias,
 appears to be always in his leather bag with his ducats.
   He asserts with the most imperturbable sang froid, that we
 are '•working'' for our 'own benefit,' and that all that has yet ap-
 peared, 'has a leaning towards self and yet he  has the reckless
 effrontery to maintain almost in  the same breath, ''that nothing
great and  useful can be done, on  the score of instruction, without
money.''  Though he would have us  actuated  by motives the
mast disinterested  and  ennobling, he has the hardihood to
make the  infamous  avowal that it is not from a love of honor-
 ably acquired fame;  from a desire to alleviate the pangs of hu-
man infirmity;  from the benefits conferred upon the public at
large; from the lustre shed by his labors upon letters, or from the
glory and  renown reflected upon  the character of his country,
by his achievements in  science,  that he is actuated.  Objects
of this kind never  stimulated his ambition  to exertion.   His
cold  and flinty breast knows no such generous emotion.  Gold
or a ragged bank note is the talisman.   Their Pygmalion touch
alone can  warm him into life.   While he lives a monument of
the inconceivable  mercy of the Almighty, mammon will always
have a votary.
         'A sordid god; down from his hoary chin
         A length of beard descends, uncomb'd, unclean.' 
n
   'We feel, even now,' says Dr. Caldwell, *more or less of
 the influence of the schools of Greece.'  Of the truth of this,
 no acquaintance of his will deny.   His avowed opinions are an
 exemplification of it.   Isocrates  received  for  one  coui>e of
 lectures what is equal in our money to #10,000: this, says Plu-
 tarch, was his Didactron, or usual price of teaching.  Some
 faint notion of the extent of the fees of Gorgias may be formed
 when he could present to the temple of Delphi his own statue
 in solid gold.   Plato informs  us that the style of living of Hip-
 pias and Protagoras was splendid, even to ostentation, and that
 of himself was magnificent.  The profits of teaching at Athens
 were so extravagant that even Aristotle, after having received
 the most munificent presents from  Philip and his son Alexander,
 resumed the practice of giving instruction.  Could such days
 be again revived, what ecstacy  would it create  in a certain
 quarter?   A class like  that of Isocrates, of one hundred pupils,
 each paying one hundred dollars, would be to Dr. Caldwell a
 real el dorado.
  'It is to be lamented,' says Dr. Caldwell, 'that boys are too
 solicitous to attain the standing and  privileges of men.'   We
 might  here remind him of the ineffectual  struggles of thirty
 years of his early life.   Such reminescences would only awaken
 the most bitter feelings and open  afresh the almost obliterated
 wounds of his hear!.   He, too, had youthful aspirations,  but
 by the frowns of an ungenerous public they were disappointed.
 Thirty years of unwearied, unshrinking effort, and of the most
 ostentatious pretension, failed to compass the object of his am-
 bition.  He toiled through nights  of study and laborious days,
 until hoary age had shed its snows upon his sterile brow, be-
 fore the object which dazzled his  sight and inveigled his affec-
 tions was fairly within his grasp.   His lot was singular and per-
haps hard; he should not, therefore, insist upon others having
to pass through the same painful and protracted period of pro-
bation.  He should recollect that  many have numbered the ac-
quisition of a  Professorship among the early achievements of
vigorous  manhood.   They, unlike himself, were  not sickened
by the  repeated prorogation of hope.  The names of Beer- 
V2
 haave,  Haller,  Hoffman,  Horstius, Gaubius, Garnet,  J no.
 Gregory, and last, and doubtless the least, the illustrious Yan*
 dell, should be fresh in his recollection.   Before their 27th, se-
 veral of them, and before their thirty-third year, all of them
 had reached the dignity of a Professorship.
   Such illustrious examples are not adduced in justification of
 the lofty aspirations of the author.  They are mentioned sinv
 ply with the view to exemplify the fact that decrepit  age has
 not always been regarded as essential  in  the character of a
 teacher of medicine.   If the crusade which Dr. Caldwell is
 now carrying on against youth, and energy and intellectual en-
 terprise had been the doctrine of former ages, the Universities
 of Leyden,  Vienna, Gottengen and  Halle would never have
 shown with the lustre that has given them celebrity throughout
 all Europe.   At the  age of thirty-one the illustrious  Bichat
 bequeathed to posterity a reputation which a  Hunter might
 have envied or a Haller been proud.   Dupuytren, the Prince of
 French  Surgeons, when yet a bo*yr held offices of the hfghest
 distinction and emolument.
   Hoary age may rail at the aspirations of youth and the early
 efforts of genius until it wake the very dead, and yet the ever-
 lasting  truth that  every splendid  revolution or reformation
 which has checkered the eventful history of medicine, has been
 nobly achieved by the undaunted exertions of physicians 'still
 in the crudeness of early manhood,' will never change.   It is,
 moreover, equally true, that  the more  youthful have  always
 made more zealous, efficient and useful teachers of medicine
 than the older members of the profession.
   But let us hear the sentiments of Dr. Caldwell on this sub
ject when the  claims  of his  minion were under discussion.
 Perhaps the reader will have some reason to admire  the versa-
 tility of his opinions.   'Will it  be said,' he asks, 'that Dr. Yan-
 dell  is young?   So much the better.  A young man of tal-
 ents,  attainments and ambition, is always  found to  be one of
 the most useful members of a  school of medicine.  He gives
 to the institution, when associated with bis elders, a freshness
 elasticity, and warmth, which  are peculiarly favorable to  it! 
                            IS
Besides, he is growing daily older, and has every incentive, a?
well as opportunity, to make his improvement keep  pace with
his years.  History tells us  that the most distinguished medi
cal teachers that have appeared, have begun their career at an
early period of life; a  period  even earlier than that  of Dr.
Yandcll.'
   We arc not only 'still in the crudeness of early manhood,' but
the 'boldness and pertinacity'  with which we have urged our
claims are, in the estimation of Dr. Caldwell, highly criminal.
Where or when was this done?   On what occasion was  it that
1 ever dared to speak of my humble powers of mind or  limited
attainments in the profession?  Not a single syllable has ever
escaped me  eulogistic of my efforts.  I defy him to designate
the newspaper or book in justification of his  slanderous ex-
pressions.  But suppose the  'boldness and pertinacity' as as-
cribed to me had a proper foundation in truth, is Dr. Cald-
well the individual by whom such a charge should have been
preferred ?  Those who know him will answer in the negative.
   Few truths are more firmly established, than that the spirit
of a teacher, if he be able, zealous  and efficient will  be to a
greater or less extent,  infused into his pupils.  If, therefore,
more 'boldness and pertinacity'  have been exhibited  in my
conduct, than is  becoming in the character of a modest man,
the source from which they have been  derived, need  not  be
particularly designated.  The  history of literature, does not
furnish a single instance of the  barefaced assurance and profli-
oate impudence daily portrayed,in the conduct of  Dr. Cald-
well. In this respect, he is  without a parallel; a real Phoenix:
a  rara avis in tcrris.  If one were to believe  a tithe of what
he has the hardihood to assert  in his lectures, or the unblush-
 ing effrontery to maintain his writings, no  doubt could be en-
tertained, that his claims upon the admiration  of the present,
and all future generations are infinitely superior to those of all
the worthies of this or any other age.
   No man in the  United States has been so frequently or justly
charged,  with being a wild and visionary speculatist  as Dr.
Calpweli .   Still he has his consolation.   The cry of  specula- 
14
 lion he tells  us, 'is  the barren cuckoo note of the dullard, or
 the war-whoop of the  knave, uttered against the reputation of
 the gifted and the enterprizing.'   Without ever having heard,
 that Dr. Caldwell entertained  any peculiar views on the sub-
 ject of miracles, the moment Dr. Brown's  work is  published,
 he informs us that he is not a little gratified to find that his sen-
 timents on this subject, agree precisely with those of the late
 Dr. Brown, of Edinburg, the most rational, and therefore, the
 ablest expounder and defender of miracles that has ever written.'
   Dr. Caldwell has given in his lectures,  a synopsis of the
 labours and  achievements of Bichat; he has eulogized them,
 as the foundation of the brilliant revolution, which has  since
 taken place in medicine; he  has consecrated his name to im-
 mortal remembrance; he has, indeed, almost consummated his
 apotheosis, and then with perfect  sangfroid, and without a blush
 mantling in his cheek,  he has asserted, that in the city of  Phil-
 adelphia,  more than thirty ago (this  was in the year 1825, and
 Bince too, perhaps) he  taught and inculcated all the  great im-
 provements of the celebrated Bichat.
   The principles of Broussais have pervaded the whole of Eu-
 rope, and now constitute the popular faith in the United States;
 principles which have  shed a brilliant and unsullied lustre up-
 on his  character;  principles  that will  cause his name to be
 held in grateful remembrance, by an admiring posterity;  prin-
 ciples that have  erected a monument to his fame, far more in-
 destructible than marble or bronze; and principles too, which
 Dr. Caldwell informs us, he had 'entertained,' and  under the
 charge of undue devotedness to "professional speculation,'' often
 contended for their truth, long before Broussais was known in
 this country as a writer.'   Besides these a hundred other illus-
 trations might be appealed to, in proof of the fact, that the
 'boldness and pertinacity'  of the pupil does not equal that of
 the preceptor.  But we would say to him in language, not un-
 like that which he has addressed to us, that  even were his  re-
 clamations as true as they are utterly false, with no  other evi-
 dence to sustain  him than his  simple ipse dixit, his 'self-respect
and consciousness of meriting' them  'should forbid' him from 
15
 urging them with such 'boldness and pertinacity.'—'The do
 portmentof the deserving is modest and dignified.'
   Afer  carefully perusing the  'Thoughts, fyc.' of Dr.  Cald^
 well,—
                      "WojU you not swear,
            All you that see her, that she were a maid,
            By these exterior shows?  But she is more,
            Her blush is guiltiness, not modesty.'
   We are attempting to found a  Medical School in the city of
 Louisville.  For this, we  have been pronounced selfish, pre-
 sumptuous, bold, pertinacious, immodest, undignified, and dis-
 honourable, together with many other  ugly and unbecoming
 epithets, to use which a man  of Dr. Caldwell's age, wisdom
 and acquirements should have been ashamed.   But let us hear
 what he  said on a former  occasion of himself and coadjutors,
 when engaged in an  enterprise  of precisely the same kind.
 He remarks that, 'To become the fathers and founders of such
 a school, towers  above it (being mere members of a distinguish-
 ed school of medicine reared  to maturity by the labours of a
 line of illustrious  predecessors.) to an  immeasurable height.
 and is worthy the loftiest ambition of man.'—'Humanly speak-
 ing, they (the founders) are the sole architects of their own
 fortunes, the real authors of their own fame, and,  like an elec-
 tron per se, dispense a light from their inherent radiance.  And
 this exalted lot will be ours, if fortune smile on our glorious
 enterprize.   To  us will then belong some portion  of the re-
 fulgent renown  of a Bcerhaave, a Haller, and  the  Monros of
 Edinburg;  and we may even claim as our own, the proud mot-
to of the house of Stuart, 'Non nos regibus, sed regis nobis editi—■
 Kings are our descendants, not our progenitors.'  The individ-
 ual who  can talk thus differently about conduct of the same
 identical character, commits an act  of perfidious  baseness,
which no language can too severely rebuke.
   Unworthy as such conduct  must appear in a man  of Dr.
 Caldwell's age and standing, he has  condescended to assail
my intellectual character, and by a most unmanly effort to rob
me of that little professional reputation, which God knows I 
iG
 have dearly earned by a familiarity 'with nights of study and
 laborious days.'  Not satisfied with closing the doors of the
 Transylvania Medical School against me, he seems determined
 if possible to blast all my future prospects in every other quar-
 ter.   Though I have not spoken of  myself, in any former pub-
 lication,  the  cruel  and unprovoked  persecution of Dr. Cald-
 well, reduces me now to this  disagreeable necessity.   This is
 a  subject  upon which no man can  speak with safety or suc-
 cess.  We shall therefore, touch upon it as softly and tenderly
 as possible.   We would, if possible  avoid being ranked with
 that 'tribe of egotists, for whom,' as Addison remarks 'I  have
 always had a mortal aversion, are  the  authors of memoirs,
 who are never mentioned in any works but their own.'
   Though it may appear a little  ungenerous, we cannot  deny
 ourselves the  pleasure, as well as the advantage of contrasting
 the opinion, which he now pretends to entertain of the author,
 with sentiments  formerly expressed by himself and his coad-
jutors of the same individual.   Dr. Caldwell not only at one
 time took a pleasure in speaking favourably of my abilities,
 but he went so far as to quote my writings in a strain of com-
 pliment, so decided as to satisfy the  most overweening  vanity.
 Nor has he failed to boast of my humble  efforts, as highly cred-
 itable to the Institution in which  I received my medical educa-
 tion.  In a communication which  appeared in the Lexington
 Observer, in the year 1831, he says that 'within the last few
 years its officers and pupils (those of the Transylvania Medical
 School) have  been  the most  successful w liters on Prize qucs.
 tions, in the country.'   After mentioning the success of Profes-
 sor Cook and  Dr. Cartwright, he says, 'In 1827, J. C. Cross,
 M. D. a graduate of Transylvania, won a prize offered in Phila-
 delphia for the best Essay on Dropsy.  la  1831, the same gentle-
 man had awarded to him the prize offered by the Medical So-
 ciety, of the State of New York, for the best Essay on Delir-
 ium Tremens.  He then records with  his usual modesty, his
 own triumphs concluding the  communication with the follow-
 ing remarks:   'The prizes were offend rublicly and  liberally
 to all Physicians, who might choose to becomeeornpetitors, and 
                            n
the fact thai the  members of the Transylvania School, have
been  so  uniformly successful,  reflects much credit upon the
character of the Institution.'  In the Prospectus of the Transyl-
vania Journal of Medicine and  the Associate Sciences, it is re-
marked, 'To  the  alumni of the school,  now scattered over
every portion of the Mississippi valley,  several of whom  have.
successfully contended with the best writers of the Eastern States,
they confidently apply, not only for support in the way of sub-
scription, but for the more valuable contribution of their pens.
The several alumni to whom allusion is here  made, 1 have no
hesitation in declaring, are no other individuals than Dr. Cart-
wright and myself.   This conclusion I deduce from two indis-
putable facts.  In the first place, we are  the only  graduates  of
Transylvania, to whom Medical Prizes have been awarded; and
secondly, we  are the only alumni of that Institution^ by whom
a single line has been published in an Eastern Journal.   Not-
withstanding  all this, 1 am now denounced as an ignorant pre-
 sumptuous pretender.  Such  a sentiment to be  uttered  by
 such a man as Dr. Caldwell, is alike unbecoming, illiberal and
 vindictive, and exhibits too clearly the spirit of embittered
 animosity and rancorous hatred, with which he has pursued the
 unoffending object of his aversion.
   The evidence furnished in the late publication of Dr.  Cald-
 well, though sufficiently conclusive, is but an imperfect sketch
 of the  bitter hostility, with which I have been persecuted  by
 himself, as well as by his intriguing coadjutors.   That our mo-
 tives may  not be exposed tb  the danger of misinterpretation,
 we deem it obligatory on us to give a brief exposition of their
  conduct towards  us.
   My debut as a Medical Essayist  was made in  the  American
  Medical Recorder, in the year 1827.  This periodical was pub-
  lished  in  Philadelphia,  and conducted, at that time, by some of
 the ablest and most enterprising Physicians of that city.  In
  proof of the standing, and character, which the Medical Recor-
  der ably sustained with the professional public in  the United
  States, I may safely assert, without exposing myself to the risk
  5f contradiction, that its circulation was at least double that of
                              C 
                            18

 any of its cotemporaries.  Of its distinguished merits, it would
 be impossible to appeal to testimony more indisputable or com
 elusive.   Simply to be admitted into the pages of such a quar-
 terly, was indeed a compliment.  But to be placed in it, conspic-
 uously before the eyes of the public, was sufficient to flatter the
 pride of the most ambitious.   Unworthy as I am, and humble
 as are my pretensions, this unmerited favour was conferred
 upon every production  of the author.  To those ambitious of
 distinction in a-periodical journal, this circumstance will never
 be regarded as slight, or inconsiderable; nor will it ever be in-
 terpreted in any other light, than as furnishing proof of the
 falsehood of the charge, that I am an ignorant and presnmp-
 tuous pretender.
   With a view to promote the cause of Medical Science in the
 United States, the generous  Editors of the Medical Recorder,
 offered a Prize for the best Essay on Dropsy.  This prize, it wras
 my fortune to win.  Nor is this the only  instance, as the rea-
 der has been already informed, in which my efforts have prov-
 ed  triumphant.   The  opinion  which Dr. Caldwell  at one
 lime expressed, as well as that of the  Editors of the Transylva-
 nia Journal of Medicine, fyc. of such achievements has already-
 been  particularly alluded  to.   Assailed as I have been  with
 such  u. principled violence,  and on  a  point  which  I  hold
 more dear and sacred than the blood  which gurgles through
 the arteries of my heart, I may be permitted to remark, under
 circamsta: cesof such peculiar aggravation, that the author is
 the only  Physician in the United States, who  had, before the
 completion of his twenty ninth year,  borne offin triumph two
 Mrdical  Prizes.  Are  such honours, I ask  those by whom 1
 I have been denounced  and persecuted,  the  usual  fruits of
 ignorant  and presumptuous pretension?
  At the time when the author was regarded, as a regular con-
 tributor to the Medical Recorder, the Transylvania Journal of
 Medicine was  started.   Residing at that  time in the  South,
we were  written to, on the subject of transferring our efforts
 from the former to the latter periodical.  Such reasons were
assigned for the policy and expediency of this transfer, as were 
19
not easily to be resisted.   1 acted in obedience to the  sugges-
tions that had been made, after which I did not publish a single
article in the Medical Recorder.   For the space of three years,
I laboured with unremitting industry, as far as my 'ignorant and
presumptuous pretensions' could contribute thereto, to raise tiie
character of, and confer standing upon the Transylvcni Jour-
nal, <y-c.   That my exertions were not altogether unavailing, I
had some reason to believe, not only  from the letters  which I
received  from  several  of the  members of the  Transylvania
Medical Faculty, but also from several respectable Physicians,
both in the West and South.  Certainly from all that I could
 see or hear, I had no particular reason to be dissatisfied with
 my success.
   In the winter of 1830-31, however, things began to assume a
 different aspect.  The firmament which had till then, presented
 nothing but the clear blue haze of an autumnal sky, began to
 look dark, and threatning with the gathering of lowering clouds.
 In the winter of 1829-'30, I informed Dr. Short, one of the
 Editors, that 1 had written an Essay which was so long that it
 could not be published  in all probability in less than five or six
 numbers of the Journal, and that unless I received some assur-
 ance that I would be permitted to complete it, I  would decline
 its publication for  the present.   He requested a consultation
 o-n the subject with his  coadjutor Dr. Cooke.  When I saw
 him a  few days afterwards, without saying any thing of the
 result  of his  interview with Dr. Cooke, he asked me for the
 manuscript.  Four parts  of the Essay were published without
 interruption or any indication of dissatisfaction.  A few days
 after the fifth part had  been handed to him for publication, he
 informed me that it must be divided, or it could not appear in
 the Journal.   I examined the manuscript to ascertain if division
 were  possible  without  doing the subject treated injustice,  or
 inflicting injury upon myself. This I discovered  to be impracti-
 cable, and informed Dr. Short of it, to which he positively de-
 murred.   I thus discovered my situation to be unpleasant and
 hazardous.  Such illiberality I  believed, could spring from no
 other motive than a wish to injure me, by abruptly and unexpec- 
M)
   i^edlly discontinuing the publication of the Essay, before it was-
   completed.  Inconsequence of treatment, which I,  and every
   other man, must regard  as unfair and disingenuous, I declared
   to  Dr. Short  that I would  never again write  a line for his
   Journal.  His answer was  clearly interpretable into a desire,
   that such a course on my part was an object, the consummation
   of which he devoutly  wished.
    A brief statement of the  unpleasant  situation, in which 1
   had been involved by the unkind and unfriendly conduct of the
   Editors of the Transylvania Journal, &c. will place  in its true
  light, the causes of my complaint.  As is usual in such cases,  at
   the end of every part as published, was appended 'To be contin-
   ued.'  Here was a positive pledge, that the Essay had not been
   completed.  To close his intercourse with the public in a man-
  ner thus abrupt, could not be desired by  any author, who had
  a proper regard for his standing. This obvious objection to the
  course which tbe Editors had, no doubt predetermined to pur-
  sue, was suggested unavailingly.  If their unwillingness to pro-
  ceed with the publication had been mentioned to me, before the
   appearance of the fourth part, with some inconvenience, I could
  have drawn it to a close in such a manner, as not materially  to
  have impaired the value of  the Essay.   Had they desired,  as
  they were in duty bound, not to inflict unnecessary and unmer-
  ited injury upon my character as a medical writer, they would
  have permitted me even at considerable sacrifice to close the
  fifth part in such a way,  as  to deceive  the public into a belief
  that I had written as much on the subject, as was originally
  contemplated.   But this poor boon was insultingly denied me j
  and for what?   For no other reason than the discovery made
  by Drs. Caldwell  and Cooke, that  if I was permitted to perse-
  vere in the train of investigation, in which I had for some time
  been engaged, that my views would run foul of the lawless con-
  jectures of the  former, and  the dotard theories of the latter.
  Thus I was violently excluded  from a periodical, into which 1
  had been pres*ingly invited, because 1 would  not subscribe  to
^ the  gross absurdities of the one, and the drivelling nonsense  of
  the  other. 
•ii
  This is an unexaggerated statement of the treatment which
i received for dissolving my connection  with the Medical Re-
corder;  and may this be the reward of  every man, who aban-
dons a Journal so rcspec'uble, for one so utterly contemptible.
I relinquished  my place in a quarterly, that was read not  only
in every nook and corner of the United States, but also through-
out the most of lettered Europe, for a place in a work circum-
scribed  in  the sphere of its circulation to a limited portion of
the valley of the Mississippi; a work,the existence of which is
unknown  to hundreds of Physicians  in the  United Slates; a
work, the quarterly reception of which is barely acknowledged
 by the Atlantic periodicals; a work rarely ever critically noticed,
 and when noticed, almost always in such a manner as clearly
 to indicate the contempt in which it is held; a work that has
 never augmented the  reputation  of a single contributor, but
 has often detracted from that previously earned; a work that
 has never been quoted by an author, and never will be by one
 who has any respect for himself; a work, in fine,  whose windings
 sheet has been made—whose grave has been dug—and whose
 funeral dirge  its  prurient Editor already  hears tolling in  his
 ears.
   In the spring of 1831,  Dr. Yandsll was elected Professor of
 Chemistry and Pharmacy.   This  was a darling object of Dr.
 Caldwell's ambition.  Of this appointment I  have never had
 but one opinion, and that opinion I made no effort to conceal.
 It was the result of a thorough knowledge of the man, and of
 his attainments.   That the interests of the school were prosti-
 tuted,  when  he was  offered the  Chemical Chair, to subserve
 the base purposes of an interested and  selfish system of favour-
 itism, I then  believed and  still  unflinchingly maintain.   But
 more of this hereafter.  The feelings of friendship which Dr.
  Caldwell had previously manifested  towards me, now  began
  sensibly to cool.   The  change was perceived, but its effects
  upon my deportment were not noticeable.   From my knowl-
  edge of  Dr.  Caldwell, I did  not believe  that my opposition
  town's favourite would  be pardoned.  I determined, however,
  that if a rupture took place it should be without just cause, and 
•22
  •consequently continued to treat him with my usual urbanity*
  and courtesy, as long as he would permit it.
    In the autumn of 1831, Professor Richardson, unsolicited
  and unexpectedly offered to have me appointed Adjunct Pro-
 fessor of Obstetrics, <yr.  To this proposition, after some hesita-
  tion, I agreed, but remarked to him at the time, that I did not
  believe he would be able to prevail on the reigning junto to
  make my nomination to the Board of  Trustees.   Numerous
  reasons prevailed on me to believe that I had  been proscribed
 by a faction in the Transylvania Medical Faculty.   More, there-
 fore, with the view of putting my mind to rest on  this subject
 than from an expectation that I would receive the Adjunctship,
 I agreed to permit the effort to be made.   That nothing might
 be wanting on my part to ensure success^ I went so far, notwith-
 standing the daily increasing coldness of Dr. Caldwell's  con-
 duct towards me, to speak to him on the subject.  My object in
 doing this was to conciliate him,  if possible; but this I found
 unnecessary.  With more duplicity than I at that time thought
 him capable of, he expressed himself well pleased with the re-
 solution  of Dr.  Richardson, and promised his  earnest support
 to  the measure.  'Of one circumstance, however,'  said he, 'I
 must advise  you;  there  are some members  of  the Faculty
 who labor under the impression  that you have a temper  not
 easy  to manage, and  if your nomination fails to be made, it
 will arise from that cause.'  I responded  that  my temper  was
 only, a pretext for their hostility towards me,  and that if the
 nomination  was refused, I should  regard  it as  conclusively
 proving that the  doors of  the University  were forever closed
 against me.  After a pause sufficiently significant,  he replied,
 'Sir, you will have good reason to think so.'   Notwithstanding'
 the promised aid of Dr. Caldwell, I had sagacity  enough to
 discover that the  nomination  would never  be  made, and  my
 convictions on this subject were communicated to Dr. Richard-
 son.   Subsequent events only served to prove  that my antici-
 pations were but too well founded.
  Had I  received the  Adjunctship  alluded to, no  additional
expense would have been incurred   by the student.   The 
23
amount of the fees received by the obstetrical chair would uqx
have been increased one cent, while, without exposing myself
to the charge of vanity or presumption, I think I may say the
interests of the department would have been considerably en-
hanced.  This I predicate,  not upon any superior attractions
that I might have presented, but from the simple fact, which
carries with it its own commentary, that the class would thus
have enjoyed the advantages arising from the  talents, attain-
ments and experience of two individuals instead of one.  But to
strengthen a department, and to render it more useful to those
who receive instruction, are considerations secondary in impor-
tance and interest to the gratification of a grovelling and ignoble
hostility.   Believing this to be true, can an enlightened public
regard the following language of Dr. Caldwell in any other
light than  a mean Michaevilean hoax, designed to deceive the
community and calculated to attach to us the odium of an un-
worthy and restless impatience?  'Would it not be much more
to  their credit,' says Dr. Caldwell, 'as  well as ultimately to
their benefit, to devote their time to increasing their stores of
knowledge, and accomplishing themselves in the modes of com-
 municating it, that they  might become well  qualified to fill the
 vacancies that time must necessarily create in the school?'
   In regard to our particular case, we have only to  say, if our
 knowledge has not kept pace with the restlessness  of our as-
 pirations, it has arisen only from a too advantageous compari-
 son of  it, with that of those who, with  scarcely  a  tithe of it
 have easily  compassed the object of  their  wishes.  If our
 'modes of communicating' knowledge are not enriched by gra-
 ces as  numerous and as attractive as we could wish, we aspire
 'to the responsible office  of publicly  imparting instruction to
 others,' because we see it in the keeping of  those to whom it
 would be impossible for the commonest minds and the most or-
 dinary attainments, to be inferior.
    Proscribed  as 1  had been for several  months, and knowing
 well what construction  would be  put on the rejection of my
  nomination by my few  friends,  the Medical Faculty hastened
  ns speedily as possible,  to give  publicity to my denunciation, 
24
Concealment of their nefarious act they knew to be impracti-
 cable, and therefore, from motives of the bitterest aversion, as
 well as t6 impart some justifiableness to their conduct, I was
 assailed in frequent, reiterated and loud denunciation.   Their
object was now not to conciliate, but to exterminate.  I had
 dared to pronounce the appointment  of Dr. Yandell a shame-
 less prostitution of the  honors of the Transylvania  Medical
 School, and  for this my punishment could not be too condign or
 severe.  Previously to my rejection by the Faculty, the friend
 of  defamation lurked in  ambush, preserved a cautious but
 meaning silence, or poured forth the venom of his bloodless
 heart in weak but wicked whispers.   Since that time, however,
 I have  been pursued in open day-light, and in the  face of the
 world, with  the most envenomed rancour and animosity.
   Nor did Dr. Caldwell suffer the first slight pretext to escape;
 the first opportunity  that presented, he did not  fail  to de-
 nounce me,  in the public prints, as ignorant of  my profession
 and so stupid as to be incapable of reasoning on a medical sub-
ject.  Hear the provocation.  In the summer of 1832, after
 it became generally known that the Cholera  was in Montreal
 and Quebec, and in those  places committing dreadful ravages;
 and when, too, the public  mind was in a state of the greatest
 ferment and excitement, with a view  to suppress this, and with-
 out the most distant expectation of being involved  by it in an
 unpleasant controversy, I  caused a short communication to be
 published in the  Lexington Observer 8f Reporter.   But I was
(sadly disappointed.  After being informed that  I was the au*
 thor, Dr. Caldwell assailed it in terms of bitter  invective, and
 virulent abuse, which I was not prepared, even from  him, to ex-
 pect.   The  part I was made to play  in his response was truly
 ludicrous, as well as unenviable. I flatter myself, however, he
 had ultimately abundant reason to regret his mad procedure.
   The  next occasion, when I was made  to pay  dearly for the
 whistle, was after it had been made known that the  Trustees of
 Centre College had created a Medical Department in that in-
 stitution. Up  to  the present  moment  the reader has been
 made acquainted with the course of conduct which  has been 
                           V5

pursued towards me, in consequence of the part T took in that
transaction.  From this brief sketch,  no one, however preju-
diced, can do otherwise than conclude  that I continued to look
up to my Alma Muter, so long as hope  shed one solitary cheer-
ing ray; I clung to her with apparently increasing fondness,
although I saw her loftiest honors borne off in triumph by the
obscure and unknown  upstart and witling; my ardour did not
cool, though the sycophant and courtier wormed his devious but
successful  way up the heights of distinction;  though I discov-
ered that the road which, in the Transylvania  Medical De; art-
ment leads to a professorial chair,  is  the  high-way to a mon-
arch's affections, I disdained to follow  it, but I did not despair;
though  I saw the sacred temple of science polluted by the un-
hallowed  footsteps of  daring and  mercenary  intruders, I still
believed a day of  retribution would come, when 'the tables of
the money-changers' would be  overthrown; and though neg-
lected, despised and oppressed,  the accents of complaint never
passed my lips until I was driven from  her presence With the
insolent spurn of contempt, and  the doors of the University in-
sultingly closed in my  face.
   Under  circumstances of such accumulated  oppression,  as
well as  of  insult, the most aggravated and embittered, to have
made an immediate appeal to the public would have been the
course that most men would have adopted.  But it  was not my
desire to disturb the peace of society by my complaints.  I did
not wish to purchase the sympathies of the public at a price so
dear as I knew it must cost  my Alma Mater.   A course more
dignified and honorable, as well as more  worthy a noble and
generous ambition, presented itself to my view.  I resolved to
permit  the 'dog to turn to his own vomit,' and the  sow 'to her wal-
lowing in the mire' and build up a new school of medicine up-
on a new, a different  and better foundation.   To  the  City of
Louisville, my attention was naturally directed.   In that place
I fancied  I saw all those natural and artificial advantages which
are known to be well calculated to impart energy and efficiency
to such an enterprise.   There I believed a Medical School
 roul.d be established, whioh, if  conducted on proper pri*H ipics
                            D 
m
 could bo made.to spread throughout the territory of the  ims
 mense Mississippi Valley, all the comforts and blessings of  the
 Art of Healing.
   In  the City of Louisville,  it is our unwavering purpose, if
 difficulties insuperable in their nature  are  not thrown in  the
 way, to devote our feeble energies to the building up of a
 school of medicine in which the Professorships can only be won?,
 by those in the possession of sound science, varied knowledge
 and unquestionable abilities, and not through the blasting  do-
 minion of favoritism, or the paralyzing, ties of legal consanguin-
 ity—in which domestic industry will be encouraged and domes-
 tic talent fairly and justly appreciated, and not a market for
 the sale of foreign baubles, gewgaws and toys;—in which real
 merit will be promoted and emboldened to put forth fresh and
 renewed exertion; and not, through the insolence and arrogance
 of those in power, be forced to retire into the solitude of hope-
 less, succourless and pennyless obscurity, and there to perish
 unheard  of and unknown;—in which  a laudable and high-
 minded ambition will be cheered on to future conquests in sci-
 ence,  by the unstifled acclamations of official approbation, and
 not crippled  and  emasculated by  the  savage war-whoop of
 official persecution and hatred;—in which the glory, and hon-
 our, and  renown of her  teachers will consist, not in the num-
 ber, but in, the soundness, variedness and  proficiency of the
 professional knowledge of their graduates—and in which, to
 confer a diploma,  will be to Ticense an able and accomplished
 physician, and  not  ,tq'license an unfeeling and unprincipled
ejuack.
  These are some  of the objects, the accomplishment of which,
 stimulate the.  friends of Centre Medical College to the  most
 strenuous exertion.  Are they such as to retard the advance
ment  of science,  or to circumscribe the diffusion of human
happiness?  No one will answer in the affirmative.  Then, 1
ask what crime have we committed  that Dr. Caldwell should
4are to assail us with such brutal and deadly violence?  For
this, am I to be hunted down like a wild beast-to be broken  on
the wheel like a malefactor—or, like Melius, to be torn limb' 
Ti
from limb by wild horses?  Hyena-like, he has dragged me be-
fore the public, and there gluts upon my mangled and quiver
ing members.
  Tiie petty warfare which Dr. Caldwell has been prosecuting
with activity and energy against an humble, nnbefriended and
unpatronized individual,will not satisfy the base purposes of a
truly malignant ambition.   Tie now wages war in earnest, and
it is to be a-war of extermination.  Much  as  I deprecate it,
and anxiously as I would avoid it, retreat'is now impossible.
He has taken the  field!  'The  war  is inevitable—and let  it
come!!   I repeat it, let it come!!!'
  Schools of Medicine, we are  informed  by Dr. Caldwell,
'should be erected only after mature deliberation, and from
public motives; and those motives should be broad nrccsiify,  or
a fair prospect of correcting faults, and effecting improvements.'
With these  sentiments we most  perfectly  agree.  They are
such as no one can safely or successfully impugn.  We admit
their truth,  and still undertake,  in  accordance with  them,  to
defend  the  course of conduct  which  has  been observed In
Centre College.   There is nothing in them at all calculated
to embarrass us in  this enterprise.
  We  undertake  to' show  that there are faults in existence
which require, and may  be easily corrected.   If we succeed
in this, the  necessity  for another  Medical School in the State
of Kentucky, must follow as an  unavoidable' corollary.   The
improvements which may  thus be accomplished, will appear to
be numerous and manifest.  In  the  discussion, therefore,  of
the faults that exist, and which require correction, every thing
may be fairly embraced that is necessary to be said in relation
to the causes that should authorize the erection of a Medical
School.                                    ,            i
   It is a glaring and  inexcusable  fault to elect to a Professor-
ship, in a respectable Medical School, an incompetent teacher.
How is  the competency  of  a candidate to' be determined?
That we may not commit any blunder on this subject, and that
we may not be  thought to exact too much, we shall permit Dr.
Caldwell to have exclusive jurisdiction on this point.  Frorn 
&8
 his decision, his coadjutors will not dare to appeal.  His judg-
 ment must be final and irreversible.   We learn from him that
 Professors should be 'men, who are not only rich in their pos-
 session  of the proper kind of knowledge, but  happy  in their
 m'ode of imparting it, both orally and in writing.'
   How are we to ascertain  whether a candidate for a Profes^
 sorship  is in possession of the requirements designated by Dr.
 Caldwell?  By concours, as is the custom in France?   No, cer-
 tainly.   That would be  too severe an  ordeal for  most .of
 the Professors in the United States.   Indeed, this is so true,
 that there  are teachers of medicine, and  such  examples arc
 not unfamiliar to us,  upon  whom the Parisian Medical Faculty
 would not confer, either for love or money, the  honors of the
 doctorate.
   To what standard  then are we  to appeal?  Organized as is
 the profession in the  United States, I know of no other proba-
ble criterion by which to come to a determination on this pointy
than the success of a physician  as an author or a private lec-
 turer.   The latter, I presume, most will be inclined to regard
as the most infallible standard.  To its  general correctness, I
 shall not pretend to demur, though I  have no doubt occasional
 exceptions  have been found to exist.  If due attention had
 always been paid to  such considerations, few would now have
 reason to complain;  nor would  there be many or conspicuous
 faults that would require  correction.   Such tests would uni-
 formly exclude the incompetent and  utterly blast the  hopes of
 unfounded pretension.  In no other than one of  the two ways
 suggested, unless the concours of the  French be  adopted,  can
 we possibly ascertain that a candidate is 'rich in the posses-
 sion of the proper  kind of  knowledge.'
   We hesitate not to assert that, in the School of Medicine of
 Transylvania, there  are several Professors who, previous to
 their appointment, never gave any public indication  or proof
 of 'their possession  of the proper kind of knowledge.'   As au-
 thors or lecturers, they had obtained no repatation, or mani-
 fested any ability.   Nor had they  ever written a line for the
 public,  delivered a single  lecture, or participated in a single 
29
debate.  Unknown to the profession, and even undistinguished
in the  particular precinct in which they resided, they were all
at once, and  apparently  through the agency of enchantment,
dragged from the direst obscurity and placed in offices of the
highest distinction and most abundant emolument.  Are they
individuals  who have evinced 'cither  great depth  of research,
strength of thought,  variety  and richness of attainment, a wide
compass of mind, or  high powers of combination and arrange-
ment?'  If they arc, I ask where is the evidence of it?  Does
the preparation of 'an .able course of medical lectures' consist in
reading  lectures throughout  the whole session, stolen from
books  the most common and most familiar to the humblest
tyrocs in  the profession?  Does the transcription of lectures
from the commonest 'Text Books,' evince 'strength  of thought j
variety and richness of attainment, a wide compass of mind, or
high powers of combination and arrangement?'   Propound the
question to the  students of medicine that come to Transylva-
nia for instruction, and  they will give you an indignant nega-
tive;  such a ncg.itive as must  convince those susceptible of
conviction,  that they consider themselves not  only ill-treated
and imposed upon,  but absolutely  swindled.  Is  it honest,  1
ask, to exact annually the enormous sum of four thousand dol-
lars for reading a book to the Medical Class which can be pur-
chased in any of the book stores for five?  To do this,  will it
'require the steady labor of twenty years?'   Fudge!  Forty phy-
sicians, at least, are graduated every spring in Transylvania
who, as teachers of  medicine, would not be constrained to re-
sort to an alternative so disreputable and dishonorable.   To
speak of such conduct in terms the  most mild and militating,
we must use the language of Falstaff, who, in regard to steal-
ing, said, 'call it conveying, Hal.'
   Does  it  evince  a happy  talent for the commumcatiop  of
knowledge in writing to plagiarize a whole course of medical
lectures?  Though  we  do not  prefer this charge against Dr.
 Caldwell as a lecturer, he may perhaps, for personal  reasons,
 be inclined to excuse such conduct, or even go so far as to give
to this question a flat affirmative.   Is it to murder the King"? 
30
"English, or to read from a manuscript in a drawling, stammer-
 ing, muttering and mumbling manner, stolen language io tar-
 nish indisputable evidence  of a  'happy oral communication of
 knowledge ?   As my ideas on this sabject may not be considered
 orthodox, I appeal to Dr. Caldwell for a response  to this inqui-
 ry.  That he may have to encounter on this subject no diffi-
 culties we gratuitously furnish him with the sentiments of one
 of the  most iiervous and polished writers,  as well as eloquent
 teeturers in the United States.   Hear Dr.  Drake:—'A  dull
 lecture is a great evil.   Politeness may reconcile the majority
 of a class to such  a lecture,  but it falls dead-born  from the lip
 of the professor.   To listen, day after day, for several hours,
 through four months, even to animated speakers,  is  a serious
►undertaking; but to sit, from hour to hour, beneath those who,
        'Through the long, heavy, painful page, drawl on,'
 is intolerable to alf, who have not a facility in resorting to  early
 and  sound sleep; the usual and best  resource, under such a
 calamity.'   Again he says:—'There  is an eloquence  of the lec-
ture room, as well as of the Bar, and Pulptt,  which every professor
should attain, or feel himself in duty bound to resign, so as not to
exclude  a competent man.   A commanding  knowledge of the
subject, is ah indispensable prerequisite;  but earnestness and
animation of manner, are  of equal  importance; for without
them, the profoundest learning and the acutest logic, are of no
avail.   At first, they may fix the attention, but unaided by the
arts of oratory, their power is soon lost, even upon the inquisi-
tive and the resolute; while the remainder,pars major, neither
hear nor think.'
   If wrhat has been urged against' several of the members of
the Transylvania Medical  Faculty, as a fault which requires
immediate correction, be undeniably true, and we boldly'chal-
lenge contradiction; and if, also, it be true that Dr. Drake is
not too exacting in his requirements  of those, who aspire to,
nr who are  now  teaching  medicine, I ask, will Dr. Caldwell
have the reckless effrontery to maintain, that  more than one
third of the  Factlky, of which he is a'rhembcr,are 'rich in their
possession of the proper kind of knowledge' or 'happy in  their' 
                            31

mode of imparting it, both orally and in writing.'   Will he da fie.
maintain, and agree to deduce his arguments from prenises of
even plausible veracity, that they are not teachers stamped in-
delibly with the seal of Charlatanism'  If he will, with him I
willingly agree to  join issue, and undertake to prove that he
is the advocate of a cause,  not only indefensible, but of one
already in articulo mortis.
   The. course adopted, in the -Medical Department of TransylvaHia
University,  to get rid of a professor,  who happens to become obnox-
ious to the ignoble hostility of  the dominant junto, is faulty in the.
extreme and calls for immediate correction.   Among other illus-
trations of the truth of this allegation, I appeal to the manner
in which Dr. Blythe was persecuted.   To this instance  I do
not refer, because it was connected with circumstances of ngi
gravation peculiarly  shocking and repulsive, but because it is
comparatively recent  and fresh in our recollection.  To tell
the  citizens of Lexington or the people in this region of Ken-
tucky that,  Dr. Blythe is  a profound classical  and scientific
scholar, and a pious and eloquent  preacher  of the  Gospel.
would be to promulgate stale and familiar  truths. Indeed, with
such facts, a large portion  of the most distinguished men in
this State are well acquainted; for they were educated by him.
   What were his claims upon the consideration of  the public,
us a teacher of the science of Chemistry?   Of  these, from long
and familiar acquaintance, 1 claim  some knowledge.  We  do*
 him nothing more than justice when we  assert that, his deep,
 various and thorough knowledge of the science no one compe-
 tent to judge, could honestly question.  His manner as a lec-
 turer was peculiarly  dignified and imposing;  his  language
 dear, chaste and classical; and if, as a manipulator, he was
 not the most dexterous and  rapid, he rarely  failed in his ex-
 periments: and when such  events did take  place,   they  were
 generally  ascribable to the imperfection of his instruments, or
 the unfavourable condition of the atmosphere.
   If the statement here given be true, and 1  presume no one
 will  venture to impugn it, the reader will naturally inquire,
 upon what  ground  was his  competency arraigned, and what 
32
 were the reasons that induced him to resign?   To this question
 it is perfectly in my power  to  render a response  satisfactory
 and conclusive.  All those who have the honor of Dr. Blythe s
 acquaintance know, that he is a cautious, wary  matter-of-fact
 philosopher,  and to those who know Dr. Caldwell, it is useless
 to say  that  he is a visionary,  speculating,  slippery sophist.
 While  the former is  a stern, uncompromising believer in the
 Christian  religion, the latter is a thorough-paced, wide-mouth-
 ed, babbling infidel, or  what is precisely the same thing, an
 ultra-deistical philosophist.   To expect,  therefore, that Dr.
 Caldwell would or could tolerate, in the same school with him-
self, such a man as Dr.  Blythe, would be not less  absurd and
ridiculous, than to expect a reversal of the everlasting decrees
 of gravitation.  Oil and water would  sooner unite than that
harmony could prevail between men whose principles so perfect-
ly antagonized.   Dr. Blythe, dared to impugn the  infallibility
of Dr.  Caldwell, and thus incurred a hatred that never  dies,
and exposed himself to a persecution, which  without pause or
hindrance, like  the fabled vulture-of ancient mythology, that
continued to pursue its cruel task from day to day, never cea-
ses  until its deadly purpose is accomplished.
  The sins of Dr. Blythe were, in the estimation of Dr. Cald-
 well irremissible.  His sacrifice, therefore, was determined on.
 The fiat of Dr.  Caldwell went forth, and all  that was amiable
in virtue,  sincere in  piety  and sound  in philosophy, shrunk
from its blasting and withering presence.   What fiendish en-
gine was set to  work,  to achieve his diabolical purpose?   No
other than the denunciation of the science of Chemistry.   He
maintained that in the education of  a physician, it was scarcely
essential.  In an article published  by  him  he  asserts,   that
"Chemistry forms no part of medical science, except in its con-
nexion  with Materia Medicae.'  Than this, no opinion can be
 more false and unfounded, and the enunciation of no one much
 more prejudicial  in its  practical  consequences.   Nor did it
 spring  from  ignorance;  on  this account, its expression  was
 the more culpable in its author.
  Preposterous and absurd as were the sentiments of Dr. Cald- 
33
well he did not despair of throwing around it all the plausibilities
of ingenious sophistry, and thus be enabled to accomplish his
nefarious  object.  Nor was he  disappointed.   The crusade,
which he at that time prosecuted with an  ardour and vehe-
mence, not less  notorious than unprincipled, was but too suc-
cessful.  The students of medicine soon  ceased  to take any
very deep interest in the study of Chemistry.  Indeed, although
redolent of the  most envenomed  animosity, the sentiments of
Dr. Caldwell  ultimately obtained such vogue, and such ascen-
dency over the rninds of the students, that many of them boldly
maintained, that to reject a candidate, on account of his ignor-
ance of the science he taught, was more than Dr. Blythe would
dare  to do.  If, in  consequence  of this course of conduct on
the part of his  unrelenting foe, the victim  of his vengeance
failed to infuse a  love of Chemistry  into but comparatively
few of his class, Dr. Caldwell was not unsuccessful in engen-
dering in their minds a most indomitable hatred.   Thus every
possible means were resorted to, in order to detach the students
from  Dr. Blythe, and when Dr. Caldwell had succeeded in ren-
dering it impossible for him or any other man in similarily un-
propitious circumstances to command the attention of the stu-
dents, he was pronounced incompetent to discharge the duties
of  his department.
   When this had been accomplished, the attention of the H n-
orable Chairman and Board of Trustees of Transylvania University
were called to the  necessity of furnishing Dr. Blythe with an
adjunct.  To this  measure, 1 do not  know that Dr. Blythe
would have had any serious objection, had it not have been con-
nected with circumstances so  unprincipled, that it was, impos-
sible  for him to remain unapprehensive  and blind as to the
object, his enemies had in view.  He could not but discover
that their  ultimate purpose was to  eject him altogether from
office, and thus, if possible, sink  him into  contempt and  cover
him with disgrace.
   To pronounce  Dr. Blythe  incompetent,  and at the  same
 time to recommend an auxiliary, who was utterly and noto-
rioush* ignorant of all practical knowledge  of the  science oi
                             F 
34
 Chemistry, was a fact too plain and preposterous not to be cor-
 rectly interpreted by the sagacious old man.  He saw clearly
 their design was to oblige him to teach Dr. Caldwell's wheed-
 ling, cringing, parasitical favourite,  the science of Chemistry,
 and afterwards to be supplanted and disgraced by bim. Depend-
 ent as was his large and helpless family  upon his intellectual
 exertions for  food and raiment, he preferred  retiring from a
 station, in which he found he could no longer be useful; he pre-
 ferred to sunder those endearing ties which forty  years of un-
 broken friendship had knit  between him and  the citizens of
 Lexington, and seek in a distant  land, far from  all the objects.
 of early  association,  sustenance  for his  family and  a  refuge
 from the persecutions of his enemies, rather than submit to such
 foul, cruel and atrocious injustice.
  Thus was unfeelingly sacrificed, a scholar, a gentleman and a
 Christian, whose only crime consisted in an independent, fear-
less and unshrinking defence of his religious principles against
 the fierce and  infamous assaults of a veteran infidel.  A man,
 who suffered not with impunity, the religion of the poor despis-
 ed Nazarine to  be aspersed; a man who could not  patiently
 stand by and see the moral principles of the youths, confided to
his care,  utterly  and irrecoverably eradicated, without making
 some effort to  save them from ruin;  a  man who, reckless of
every consequence, with ruthless band tore the  mask from the
face of infidel  philosophy, and exposed to view the loathsome
and disgusting  carcass putrifying within.   Those familiar with
these demonstrable facts must laugh, were laughing admissible
on such a subject, to hear the mouthing of Dr. Caldwell, about
the pains that are now taken to keep the morals of the  young
men,  who resort to Lexington for  medical instruction, under
the strictest surveillance.   His cry upon this subject, is a mere
tinkling cymbal and can deceive no one   Highly as  I respect
the  talents  and attainments of  the Rev. Mr. Davidson, and
praiseworthy as are the efforts which he is now making for the
moral regeneration of the Transylvania Medical School, 1 must
frankly tell him, that  the influence of Dr. Caldwell's  incen-
diary philosophy will counteract the  best directed exertions of 
35
a score of the ablest preachers.  Shocking must have  been
the profanity  of that discourse,  when a  reverend minister of
the Gospel was unable, with all his  christian  forbearance, to
remain under  the sound  of his  blasphemous voice,  but rose
from his seat and left  the hall,  his  bosom bursting with the
mingled emotions of contempt, insult,indignation and scorn.
   // is a fault  to elect an individual to  a Professorship, in a respec-
table School of Medicine, who finds it necessary to  qualify himself
to discharge its duties, after having received his appointment.  This
blunder has  been committed in the  Transylvania  Medical
School, and it should be immediately corrected.  Among sev-
eral other instances,  we, for the present, would direct public
attention to the glaringly inexcusable conduct  of those  who
participated in the elevation of Dr.  Yandell  to the Professor-
ship of Chemistry and  Pharmacy.  A more flagrant violation
of the  plainest principles of justice never was committed in
any other scientific institution on earth.   It is utterly destitute
of a parallel in the history of Medical Schools.  Individuals.
through the agency of intrigue and management, have been on
former occasions, I know, elevated  to  official stations, which
they  did  not   merit, but still, there was some appearance of
plausibility in their pretensions.  In the case  of Dr. Yandell
however, his  qualifications were not even alleged, as a pretext.
He had no claims, and consequently they could  not be urged.
His acquaintance with theoretical chemistry, was not greater
than that of every diplomatized physician, while of practical
chemistry, he was as utterly ignorant, as he is at this moment,
of the Egyptian process of embalming.
   The assertions above made, we  shall maintain, upon ground
of direct and  indisputable probation.   What evidence,  I ask,
had he furnished of his fitness for the station, to which he has
been, so undeservingly elevated.  None certainly  tangible or
 cognizable to  any of the senses.   Had he previously, or has he
since,  made  anv publication evincive  of his quahhcat.ons to
 teach chemistry?   Had he ever taught the science in a private
 canacitv, and in that way exhibited a proficient knowledge of
 fho «-imVct»   Was be known to the  medical public of the Mis- 
36
sissippi valley  as a chemist?  Was he, as such, known in the
extremely circumscribed field of his practice?  To these ques-
tions, from Lake Michigan to the gulph of Mexico, the vexed
welkin will ring with one terrific and soul-appalling negative.
   On this subject, we must go into details more  minute and
circumstantial.  The grounds  upon which we  maintain his
incompetency, are numerous and diversified, but they all  con-
cur in sustaining  the truth  of our postulate.  The incompe-
tency of Dr. Yandell is incontestibly proved by the secret and
fraudulent measures to  which his friends found it necessary to
have recourse in order  to foist him into office:—friends, who
discovered more zeal for the personal aggrandizement of their
favourite  than  for the advancement of medical science, or for
the reputation of an institution which a too confiding public has
consigned to their base and perfidious keeping.
   At the time when it was urged that Dr. Blythe was incapa-
ble of discharging the duties of his department,  to the satis-
faction of the medical class, without the aid of  an auxiliary,
it was not expected, nor was it desired, that this should drive
him to a resignation. They earnestly wished that before he
4ooka step so precipitate, he would be so obliging as toindoc
trinate their  minion,  at least  into the  elements  of practical
chemistry.  Seeing what machinery they had at work,—know-
ing its power, and justly appreciating the danger ahead, he de-
termined to balk and defeat their abominable purpose by  a re-
signation.  This occurrence placed the advocates of Dr.  Yan-
dell in an awkward, and rather unenviable predicament.  They
saw plainly, that they must either succeed in having him elect-
ed immediately, or perhaps be defeated altogether.  The second
day therefore, incredible as  the assertion  may seem, after the
resignation  of Dr. Blythe, a quorum of the Trustees were as-
sembled, Dr. Yandell was nominated, and  Dr. Yandell was elect-
ed.  Veni,vidi, vici.   Was  ever there a more gross  and  fraudu-
lent stratagem played off, upon any community? A finesse
that should cover with infamy the  most  unprincipled blackleg
in Christendom.  Well  they knew, that if the vacant  chair
was not filled untU it became generally known throughout the 
37
United States, other candidates of stronger and more imposing
pretensions would  make application for the  vacant  professor-
ship, and the prurient hopes of their parasite and minion would
be blasted and perhaps forever.
  The fraudulent system of puffing, which it was found neces-
sary to adopt, in order to sustain the pseudo-pretensions of Dr.
Yandell, indisputably demonstrates  his  utter  incompetency.
The course which  was pursued in order to reconcile the citizens
of Lexington to the appointment, in trickery  and knavery, is
altogether without a parallel in the dark and disgraceful  re-
cords of human deception.  Will it be believed that, in the
city of Lexington, and by  no less  a personage than Dr. Cald-
well himself, an article was written eulogizing, in  terms the
most fuhome and  extravagant,  the talents and attainments  of
Dr. Yandell.  This article was signed 'A Western  Citizen,' and
published in the Nashville Herald; and that  the people of Lex-
ington might see in what light he was held in his native State, it
was re-published in the Kentucky Reporter.  Here was proof 'as
strong as holy writ' of the qualifications of Dr. Yandell; and as
such^ Dr. Caldwell had the hardihood  to appeal to it, although,
at the time,  every individual, whom I heard speak on the sub-
 ject, was positively certain, as to its authorship.  It is a little re-
 markable, however, that with all his  effrontery, Dr. Caldwell
 would not venture a flourish or two in praise of his chemical
 information.  On this  subject  he is cautiously  silent,  but
 speaks in terms of merited praise, of the chemicel knowledge
 of Mr. Eaton,  the assistant of Dr. Yandell.   I cannot refrain
 from giving the reader a quotation  from this odd production.
 He tells us that, 'In most Medical Schools in the United States,
 the chvmical assistant  is a learner.   Dr. Yandell's assistant is
 4i. thorough-bred chymist.'   He might have continued, in  Tran-
 sylvania, however, we have determined to  reverse the anceint
 order on this subject;  for while our chemical  assistant  is a
 thorough-bred chymist our chymical Professor is a learner.
    The incompetency of- Dr. Yandell is conclusively proved In
  the fact, that without the aid of a 'thorovgh-brcd chymical assis-
  tant,' such  as Mr Eaton undoubtedly  was,  he never could have 
3H
 discharged the duties of the department that had been, for his
 sake,  disgracefully prostituted.  The pretended inability  of
 Dr. Blythe to give satisfaction to the medical class, was the os-
 tensible reason assigned why he should receive the assistance of
 an auxiliary.   Is it not  strange,  therefore, as  well  as  unac-
 countable, if, for another and a different reason,  they  gave Dr.
 Yandell an adjunct?   Thus, before the present  incumbent of
 the chemical chair had passed the threshold of the  University,
 he suffered himself to be grossly and indecently insulted, when
 he permitted an assistant to be appointed:  nor did his friends
 appear aware of the palpable inconsistency of their  own con-
 duct—for, though they urged an assistant upon Dr. Blythe. on
 account of his pretended incompetency, they, within the
 course of forty-eight hours, caused an individual to be elected
 who was notoriously incapable of performing the duties of the
 department.  They thus gave  the  most  conclusive  proof  of
 their profound  regard for  the  interests  of the  student.   In
justice to Drs. Dudley and Richardson, it should  be stated that,
 so far as I can learn, they had no participation in this disgrace-
 ful transaction.   The  former was probably in Europe, and the
 latter opposed it with all the vehemence  in his power; for
 which,  but for the interposing influence of Dr.  Dudley, mag-
 nanimously exerted in his behalf,  he would have been turned
out of the school, overwhelmed with  infamy and disgrace.
 But the conduct of Dr.  Yandell was not less culpable than
 that of  those to whom he was indebted for his  appointment.
They, it is true, were guilty of an act of self-abasement to per-
mit a professorship  to go into the hands of an individual, the
ignorance and unfounded pretensions of  whom,  both friends
and foes conspired to acknowledge:  but he would never, had
he been in possession of a proper degree of sensibility, honest
pride or independence of principle, have received a monarch's
throne, coupled  with a condition so perfectly humiliating and
degrading.  No,—from the  proffered boon he would  have in-
stinctively shrunk, as from,the poisoned chalice.
  Furthermore,  we infer the  incompetency  of Dr.  Yandell
from the revolution  which the conduct of Dr. Caldwell indi- 
39
cated, had  taken place in his sentiments in regard to the sci-
ence of chemistry.  The chemical chair, from having been, in
the estimation of Dr.  Caldwell, the humblest and most con-
temptible in the school, all at once, and immediately after the
inauguration of the present incumbent, assumed, not  only  a
commanding attitude,  but became one of the most dignified,
interesting and important.  This  was so much the case  indeed,
that he  attended the lectures of Dr. Yandell as regularly as
the most attentive and indefatigable student.  But this did not
arise from the discovery of any  new beauties in the science, or
its charms being presented to»him in a more attractive or fas-
cinating form  than usual.  His  deportment admitted of a
much more satisfactory explanation.   Reasons of a really sub-
stantial nature  operated to  produce the deep interest  with
which he seemed  to be so suddenly inspired.   Notwithstand-
ing the  eulogy  he  had written on Dr. Yandell, and to which
he often appealed with  so  much confidence, the citizens of
Lexington, and particularly the resident students of medicine,
were not as perfectly reconciled to the appointment as he could
have wished.  Nor did he derive much  satisfaction from the
condemnatory rumors  that were,  during  the  summer  and au-
tumn succeeding the election of Dr. Yandell, afloat in Lexing-
ton.  He,  therefore, justly felt much solicitude for the result
of  the debut of his young friend.
  The  object, therefore, of Dr. Caldwell,  in professing  so
much and  so sudden  a partiality for chemistry, was, that he
might, by his august presence, awe the class into a respectful
attention to their teacher;—to applaud and encourage, by the
smile of approbation, the most  trifling success;—to explain, by
his eloquence, the pretended causes of his numerous and inex-
cusable failures, and to prove to the students, by his sophistry.
that to be splendid, which in  the hands of Dr. Blythe, would
have procured  him disgrace.                             h
   The  attempt lately  made by Dr. Yrandell to galvanize the
body of a negro that had just been executed, was a perfect
farce, and affords demonstrative evidence, if proof were want-
ing that he is  not 'rich'  in  'the possession of  the proper kind of 
40
knowledge,' that tits a man for a professorship.   So much dii-
ficulty was met with in procuring  the  corpse, and so anxious
was Dr. Yandell to experiment upon it, that application was
made to the Governor of the  State for an edict commanding
the Sheriff to deliver it into his hands.   But in this he was dis-
appointed.  Through the kindness of Dr. McDowell however,
he was permitted to attempt his experiments.
  Much expectation was raised, and numerous individuals as-
sembled to witness the  wonderful phenomena that were to be
exhibited.  Of the many individuals congregated,  Dr. Cald-
well stood conspicuous, and in the midst.
  With great formality an incision was made in the neck, and
the phrenic nerve, as was stated, but with what truth will soon
be seen, was exposed.   Below the ensiform cartilage another
wound was  made,  to permit the battery to play upon the dia-
phragm.   The  preliminaries  of the  experiment having all
been duly arranged, Dr. Caldwell stepped forward with un-
wonted majesty, and pathetically exhorted  the gaping and
almost bewildered spectators,  not to  be alarmed, for although
the lungs  would be  made  to act,  and the negro be made to
breathe; although  the  muscles  of his face would  be thrown
into the most  horrible  contortions, and his arms and legs be
made to fly about in the wildest and most frightful manner, they
need be under no apprehension that he would  never again at-
tempt to tread this  'dry and sterile earth.'
  When the courage of the spectators had  been screwed up to
the sticking point by this most seasonable and appropriate ad-
dress, the  galvanic fluid was let loose, when it began to work
marvels.   Instead,  however, of the  wonderful phenomena
which the  glowing picture of Dr. Caldwell  had prepared all to
expect, nothing  more, in despite of  every  effort,  could  be
achieved,  than to make the negro 'grin a  ghastly smile,' and
to cause a few feeble contractions of the pectoralis major mus-
cle.   In despite, however, of disappointed expectation and the
the deep and unconcealed humiliation of Dr. Yandell. Dr. Cald-
well persisted in declaring, though the students could scarcely 
41
 abstain from laughing in his face,  that it was  'Very fine—very
fine—-fine exhibition.'
   Bat the most marvellous and discreditable part of the story
 remains yet to be told.   Did  Dr.  Yandell  in truth expose the
 phrenic nerve?  No indeed!  He got hold of a branch (and
 strange to tell, he did not know it,) of the great axillary dexus
 which is spent upon the  pectoralts major muscle.  Nor is this
 all.   The pole of the battery, instead  of  operating upon the
 diaphragm, was thrust  into the left lobe  of the liver.   The
 truth of this was satisfactorily verified by subsequent  dissec-
 tion, made in the presence of numerous witnesses.  That such
 atrocious blunders should be committed, by a Professor in such
 a Mjdical School as that of Transylvania, and in the presence
 of such a man as Dr. Caldwell, is altogether incredible.
   Tiie preceding are  a  few of the reasons  which induce us to
 believe that Dr. Yandell is not qualified to discharge the duties
 of his department,  either creditably to himself or usefully to
 the institution.  We have also furnished some facts  which go
 directly to demonstrate the circumstances of deep and abiding
 mortification and disgrace  under which his professorship  was
 tendered  and accepted.  Much more might  be said  on this
 subject, but our limits will not permit us to indulge in  further
 detail.   Enough has been urged,  I  feel persuaded, to  sustain
 the truth of my allegation: enough, certainly, to satisfy the
 most fastidious German.
   A > it was not chemical knowledge that procured the eleva-
 tion of Dr. Yandell, perhaps  some  of my  readers may feel a
lauJible curiosity to be made acquainted  with the singular
 merit that obtained for him such sudden, unexpected and rapid
promotion.  We shall remove  the seal from the arcana imperii,
that the inquisitive may obtain satisfaction on this interesting
point.
   We learn from Dr. Caldwell, that Dr. Yandell 'is a  native
of the  West, and a pupil of the Medical"School of Transylva-
nia; he has already distinguished  himself.'  In  this  short ex-
tract there are no less than two most  barefaced attempts at de-
ception.   Dr. Yandell 'a pupil of the Medical  School of Tran-
                            F 
i'2
sylvania!'   It is true, he attended one course of lectures in that-
School, but lie is an alumnus of the Ballimore School of  Med-
icine.  That it was Dr. Caldwell's purpose to deceive the pub-
lic into a  belief that he is a graduate of Transylvania, and
that its alumni are treated with particular liberality, will ful-
ly appear from the  following quotation:  He says—'In  elect-
ing him (Dr. Y.) as professor,  the Trustees have manifested a
confidence in  the ability with which their  school  is adminis-
tered.  An  institution which makes elegant writers and able
teachers,  must itself teach well.   Its product is the best evi-
dence of its merit.'  What must the  public think of the con-
duct of Dr. Caldwell, when he unhesitatingly uses such lan-
guage in relation to Dr. Yandell, whom he knows to be  a gra-
duate of the Baltimore Medical School, of  1824?
  If Dr. Yandell is such an honor to the Transylvania  Medi-
cal  School as Dr. Caldwell  would have  us believe, where, I
ask, was this 'elegant writer and able teacher  when he was boast-
ing  of the achievements of its professors and pupils?  Certain-
ly to have omitted the mention of  his triumphs when the honors
won by an  ignorant and  presumptuous  boy were  arrogantly
blazoned  forth, was to do him the greatest  injustice.
   But 1 ask, where is the evidence that Dr. Yandell 'has al-
 ready distinguished himself?'  I flatter myself no one is ignorant
 of  t'ie  appropriate  answer  to this question.  He is,  be it
 known to all whom it may concern,  Dr.  Caldwell's standing
 panegyrist; he is the reviewer of all his books; he never fails
 to pour forth in his praise a flood of the most arrant and ridicu-
 lous fustian.  Hear the verdict of a celebrated  Eastern Quar-
 terly on this subject:—'Certainly,'  says the Editor, 'this could
 not have been better done, if Dr. Caldwell bad been L. P. Y.—
 or had written it himself.  As a tout ensemble, this review  is a
 choice specimen of inflated bombast,  and  a better one of the
 "puff direct," wc have never seen.'
    Dr. Yandell, on all occasions, follows, like his shadow, his
  Magnus Apollo 'per fas  el nefas; he even dares to defend  him
 against the charge of infidelity, though  volumes of proof  ren-
 der his  efforts unavailing; and lastly, though far from being 
43
the least of his recommendations in the opinion of Dr. Cald-
well, he is a firm  believer and a zealous  defender  of the false
and preposterous  system of Phrenology.   Such are the achieve-
ments, and such only, by  which Dr. Yandell 'has already dis-
tinguished himself;' such are the rait* merits which promoted
an alumnus of the Baltimore Medical School to a professorship
in that of Transylvania, in preference to a hundred of her own
alumni, who are  abler men and better  qualified to teach.  It
was to reward this low, cringing, parasitical spaniel, that the
claims of her own most  distinguished graduates were over-
looked and forgotten.  While an obscure and contemptible rep-
tile has been permitted to crawl to the summit of distinction,
and there fatten  on the honors  fairly won by others, her own
children have been unfeelingly denounced as ignorant and pre-
sumptuous  pretenders, and by every dishonorable  stratagam
attempts are made to blast all their brightest hopes and to ruin
all their prospects of future usefulness.
   It is a fault of the first  magnitude, to suffer the professorship of
the Theory and Practice  of Physic  to be held by an  individual,
icho is the author of a  doctrine that all enlightened and disinter-
ested  men pronounce to  be false and untenable,  and  leads to the
adoption of a system of practice which alt experienced physicians
unite in denoimcing as fearfully prejudicial in the whole vast ex-
lent of its  awful  consequences.  The public at large, I am per-
suaded, can scarcely be  prepared to appreciate  the practical
 influence of the  teacher of the Theory and Practice over  the
 condition of medical science  throughout this  vast Mississippi
 Valley.  There is not a point of this beautiful and magnifi-
 cent country but what  furnishes pupils to the Trans) Ivania
 Medical School, or in which its graduates do not reside.   To
 him a majority of the physicians who have commenced practice
 in this country within the last seven or eight years, are indebted
 for their pathological principles, and who observe in their man-
 agement of 'liscase. bis rules of practice.   Of what a solemn-
 ly responsible office is he the incumbent!   What a subject of
 deep and engrossing thought!  There  is scarcely one  on earth
 comparable to it. cither in  its magnitude and importance, or in 
14
 the wide sphere of its practical bearings.  When we consider*
 that under the omnipotent control of the teacher of the Prac-
 tice of Physic, the  treatment of disease in all the Protean pha-
 ses which it is known to present throughout the  great  v alley
 of the  Mississippi, is regulated: to believe  that  reasonable
 doubts exist in  regard to the truth of his principles of prac-
 tice, is to occasion actual  pain  in the breast  of every  indivi-
 dual who thinks he may possibly fall into the hands of his  infatu-
 ated disciples.  But what a rush of solemn thought  must it oc-
 casion in the mind of the reader when he hears the terrific dis-
 closure, that the students who resort to the Transylvania Med-
 ical School for instruction, are indoctrinated into a  knowledge
 of pathological principles and rules of practice, which all well
 informed and  unprejudiced physicians concur in regarding as
 utterly destitute of the  least foundation in truth, or even in
 plausibility.
   To  make an  allegation  of such serious and solemn import,
 but  from mature reflection and a  thorough conviction of its
 truth, would be to inflict  upon the amiable but deluded incum-
 bent, a positive  and perhaps unmerited injury,  and also wan-
 tonly to obstruct the advancement of science.   While no feel-
 ings of petty spitefulness could induce us to commit an act so
 infamous as the  former, no earthly  consideration could pre-
 vail  upon us to cancel the obligations we are under to science,
 by an act of such turpitude as the latter.   Though such senti-
 ments are expressed from motives the most sincere, it must ap-
pear perfectly manifest, from  the  nature of this publication
and the length  to  which it is  rapidly growing, that an elaborate
 argument in support of the truth of the allegation above  made,
 is  inadmissible.  At the  risk, however, of proving tedious to
 our readers, we  must claim their indulgence while a few gen-
eral reflections are made;  that  our conduct may not appear
altogether gratuitous and unfounded.  Moreover, that we may
not be suspected  of acting under the influence of personal an-
 imosity, we shall avail ourselves of a few extracts from a very
able, philosophical and eloquent review  of Dr. Cooke's Pa-
 thology and Therapeutics, to be found in  the 8th Vol. of the 
   .lmir.cmi Journal of the Medical Scuncc*, at present, perhaps
   the foremost uudieal periodical in the United States.
     In  regard  to  the pathology of  Dr. Cooke  the  reviewer
   remarks:—-A  more  untenable theory, or  one  leading  to
   more erroneous principles of treatment, we have not of late
  met with; but the time has gone by when such views can  exert
  much influence over the.minds  of practical physicians, and v.e
  may safely turn it over to the fostering care  of the  author and
  his disciples.'   Again:—'Such are the  therapeutical principles.
  and if the pathological views are, as we have deemed them,
  hypothetical, the consequences of these practical precepts will
  be found we fear, to be something  more than imaginary.  ThN
  constant resort to reiterated purgation, not to  be restrained ev en
  after it has indued blooiy discharges, cannot be otherwise than
  disastrous; so:n :i.im .:.-; iinaiediately so,-by aggravating the.ajrcady
  irritated stale of the primm vice; and in  other instances laying the
 foundation of future ailments,  by the production of chronic de-
 rangements.   This purging is quite a pussion with our author.
 and employed on nearly all occasioas,  and t;> answer opposite.
 and  contrary  indications.'   Again:—'The  infatuation  with
 which the use  of pills  of aloes, jalap and calomel, is persisted in
 day after day, till the patient has  taken in a case of dyspepsia,
 not grains, but ounces, and we might almost say,pounds, is really
 incrcliblc and consternating.'  'Well, may the author  observe
 that his treatment is, as far as he knows, new!  Hamilton, and
 even every writer with whom  we an1 acquainted, are mere  slop
 doctors, compared to him.  Even the famous Lcroy,  of purging
 memory,  (see his Medicine  curalif,) must quail before him, and
 wonder how the stomach and intestines  of our  western brethren
 can withstands?*^ rough treatment.'   Again:—'The science of
 medicine has within the last twenty years undergone great  and
 salutary changes.  Hypothetical  reasonings have given place
 to facts, rigidly  deduced  from experiments and observation;
 but this charge,  seems not to have affected  in any degree the work
before us. which is essentially ^production of the  last century; with
 the same proUeness to theorize, and to rest, for the support of
particular views, o-\ the authority of great names.  whi< h char- 
1(3
acterize the productions  of those times."  Finally:—'In clos-
ing our observation we  must be permitted to remark, that we
have never performed  our critical labours with greater reluc-
tance than on the present occasion.   Wc have found so much
to dissent from and to censure, that we have some times feared
that it might bethought that we were rather impelled by per-
sonal pique than a proper regard for tbe interests  of science;
and yet  the author is personally unknown to us, and we have
only been led, if wc know ourselves, to deal thus  freely with
his opinions, because wc apprehend that his talents, his learn-
ing, and the eminent station he occupies, were  calculated to
disseminate  his  unsound doctrines  over a  widely  extended
country.'
  One insuperable and indeed utterly inexcusable  fault in the
lectures and books of Dr. Cooke consists, in bis apparent ignor-
ance of  the  reformation which has  been going triumphantly
forward for the last thirty years:—a period more  eventful or
interesting is not to be found  in the history of the art.  W ithin
that time Pathology, a department of science which seems to
have engaged Dr. Cooke's particular attention, has been placed
upon a new and more lasting foundation  than at any former pe-
riod. The researches that have  led to this grand result have not
only produced a reformation in Pathology,but have also impart-
ed a new aspect to the whole face of medical science.   Impossi-
ble, however, as it is for us to pretend with any confidence, to
an acquaintance with the present condition of medical science
without an intimate knowledge of  the progress of those re-
searches, which have proved directly instrumental  in bringing
about these interesting and important results, Dr. Cooke ap-
pears to be shrowded in as complete darkness on this subject,
as if he had flourished in the  middle of tbe last century
  To talk at the present day about Pathology, and  noi know
what the French pathologists have done, is to speak a language
less intelligible than are the  hyeroglyphics  of Egypt  or the
idle ravings  of a maddened  Pylhoras.  What enlightened
physician  will dare style himself a pathologist, in  the modern
w of the term, and at the same time avow his ignorance of 
47
the works of Broussais,  Andral, Gendrin, Bayle, Billard, ROa'
tan, Tacheron, Series, Olivier, Laennec, Dupuytren, Brcschct.
Berlin, Georget, Lobstein, Cruvelhier, Brctonneau, Abercrom-
bie, Bright, Farre, Johnson, Hodgson and Armstrong.  Strange,
however, as it may  seem,  although Dr. Cooke has written a
work on Pathology, and is a lecturer on Pathology in  a School
of  Medicine, if one may form a judgement on this subject from
his writings and his  lectures, he could not be more ignorant of
the authors above mentioned, had they written in the Chinese
 language.
    This being the case, will any one pretend that tbe students.
 who resort to the Transylvania School of Medine for instruc-
 tion, acquire a know ledge  (so far at least, as Dr. Cooke con-
 tributes thereto) of the state of medical science, as it is taught
 at the present time in every medical school in Europe, as well
 ns in every other medical school in the  United Slates?   The
 science in Transylvania is at least fifty years in the rear of  the
 science anv  where  else.   Her  graduates, unless they avail
 th*iiv*elvcs" of some less  ancient  source  of information than
  that furnished bv Dr. Cooke, instead of returning to their re-
  spective  homes'qualified  to shed  the  lights reflected  by the
  present bViilv improved condition of medical science, will be
  found groping their way under the obscure twilight glimmer-
   ings of obsolete science.
     Belonging to the system of  practice of Dr. Cooke, there is
   an attribute characteristically conspicuous,  which will  ever
   render it in an eminent  degree,  obnoxious to the aversion ot
   the regular bred practitioner.  We allude, if we may be al-
   lowed the  use  of the expression, to its panaceal  character.
    The  universal application of his system of ultra-purgation.
    will ever be strenuously  and obstinately opposed by  the en-
    lightened practical  physician.  A know ledge ^oft he fate of
    all such remedies, ought to have convinced Dr. Cooke  that be
    was treading upon tender and untenable ground.  So totall)
    ■aTwari« all history with the course which he has pursued, that
    we cannot believe L hopes looked forward to high an  perma-
    nent distinction.   A short-lived  and momentary but. bnlhan 
18
   existence, was  all to which his most cherished  expectations
   ispired.
     In but one respect does the purgative  treatment so univer-
  sally recommended  by him differ from the most popular patent
  medicines of the day.  Swaim's Panacea, Potter's Catholicon.
  and Cooke's Cava Pills will,  wc  are informed, to an almost in-
  fallible certainty, cure tbe long and dark catalogue of diseases
  to which  humanity is heir.  'Cur moriatur homo buisalvia crescil
  in hortoP
    The frankness of  Dr. Cooke  is doubtless  in a high degree
  commendable.   He  affects no concealment  qii the subject of
  [lis nostrum, and in  this respect  he differs from  Swaim, Pot-
  ter, &c.  But permit me to say, I am aware of no reason which
  will authorize me to believe that his 'Cava Pills' are the more
  sovereign  on  that account.  It  is of little  consequence to the
  patient, whether he  understand the different ingredients  of a
  recipe or not,  so he be cured.   If a  man is to be poisoned, it is
  little matter to him, whether it  be done by  arsenic or  prussic
  acid.   They are equally fatal.
   The remarkable simplicity  of Dr. Cooke's pathological hy-
 pothesis and the  uniform sameness  of his practice, are calcu-
 lated in an eminent degree, and  for  an obvious reason to  ren-
 der them popular with students  of  medicine.  Much studious
 labour is saved, and much deep reflection is rendered unneces-
 sary.  Qualities certain to  be  fascinating  to those  not too apt
 to overwork the  intellectual powers.  To   be thoroughly  ac-
 quainted with the diagnosis  of disease,  is  not a species of
 knowledge that ranks very  high  in the halls of  Transylvania.
 To confound one  disease with another, is a  matter of  but little
 consequence: the  sovereign virtues  of the  'Cava  Pills' wi]l
 speedily counteract all the evils of erroneous judgement.
   But his theories are delusive, and three years of  a practical
 acquaintance with disease, if not a much less, time, will surely
 remove it.  The author speaks from actual  experience.  He
knows  from personal observation  that  the  disciples of Dr,
Cooke will, to  an infallible certainty, fiad, in a very few years,
that they must cither  abandon his  principles  or relinquish alb 
                              49

hope of attaining respectability  in the profession.   In proof of
this, 1 appeal to  the history of his practical career, since wis
residence in the city of Lexington.  No physician ever settled
in Lexington under circumstances so propitious to the acquire-
ment of extensive business in the profession, as Dr.Cooke;  nor
did any man ever obtained in so short a time,  so large a prac-
tice.  But what was the result?  Did he retain it?  No, indeed:
and for years, his practice has been circumscribed witliin con-
siderably more  narrow limits than that of any  physician in
Lexington, if we except several of his brother Professors.  What
 can be more conclusive''   Are  his disciples so unreasonable as
 to suppose, that they can sustain  themselves in the daily pros-
 ecution of a system of treatment, which has utterly and irre-
 coverably prostrated its author?*
   Without prosecuting the discussion of this topic any further,
though it is far from being exhausted, being one opulent in the
materials  of a much more protracted investigation, 1  flatter
 myself that I have succeeded In proving to the satisfaction of
 every individual who may honour these pages with a perusal,
 that numerous faults have been committed, and that their rep-
 etition is still encouraged, and  which require immediate and
 radical correction.  This being a fact, utterly inomtestible, the
 necessity for the establishment  of another and a better School
 of Medicine in the State of Kentucky, than the one in Lexing-
 ton, must be regarded, by every impartial judge, as a postulate
 no longer open to controversy.  If, therefore, those who engage
 in this enterprise  determine to avoid the commission of those

   ♦Convinced that the impolitic and insulting pamphlet of Dr. Caldwell,
 would raise a tempest, which would blow with great violence  against
 certain members of the Transylvania Medical Faculty, and heannjj;tle
 thunder already roaring awfully in the distant cTcrnds, they determined to
 erect a Franklin-rod to protect Dr. Cooke from be.ng scathed by the
 licrhtninff.—Since this publication has been in the press, a medal  was vo-
 ted Dr. Cooke by the med.cal class, for the  able and satisfactory  manner
  n which he had discharged  the duties of his department.  The resolu-
  ?orT tendering the medal passed against the efforts of a large and respec-
 Jab"e dissentif nt minority.  Strange to tell however, the medal was noth-
  nff more than an Indian gift; for the next day, the resolut.on was recon-
  Kd and rescinded.  Instead of the medal, a vote of thanks was given
 A rather undesirable and  unflattering exchange I presume.
                                C 
50
 faults  already  designated, and others  more  numerous  and
 equally palpable, improvements must be effected in medical
 education of the greatest possible magnitude and importance.
 Improvements that will raise the standard of the profession;
 that will brighten the prospects of the  aspiring and eminent
 physicians of the  Western and Southern States; and complete-
 ly revolutionize the charlatan treatment of disease, now  too
 prevalent in the valley of the  Mississippi.
  Glaring and conspicuous as  are the  faults which I have enu-
 merated, and absurd and ridiculous as it would be to suppose
 they were unknown4o Dr. Caldwell, he still, with an assurance
the most undaunted, asserts, that the competency of the Tran-
sylvania Medical  Faculty, as  a body, has never been called in
question.  This  assertion he  has admitted to be gratuitous;
and, in a spirit of the  utmost illiberality,  he  has denounced
those who have done it, to be raggamuffins and fools.  At every
risk, I have reiterated the charge, and have  sustained it too,
upon a cloud of facts, as immutable and indestructible as  the
everlasting pillars of creation.
  From fhe foundation  of the School of  Medicine in Transyl-
vania up to *he present moment, 1 have had a  rather intimate
intercourse with almost every class that  has assembled in its
halls.  My opportunities  of  observation, therefore have, in
some measure, qualified me to speak with some confidence, of
fhe estimation in which  its Medical Faculty, as a body, has been
held.  From the organization of the  school in the year 1819,
 up  to the spring of 1825, when Dr. Brown resigned, but little
complaint was heard.   An event took place in the summer of
 1825, the evil effects of which, were sensibly experienced  the
 ensuing winter.  The complaints of the class became frequent,
 clamerous and indignant.   Such conduct could not be misin-
 terpreted: nor was the cause  of it at all a matter of secrecy.
 Measures, extraordinaiy  in their nature, but required by the
 occasion, were taken to produce tranquility.  The influence of
 a distinguished Professor, for  whom  the students have never
 failed to manifest  the most profound respect, succeeded in ren-
 dering those complaints, which had  previously produced  dis-. 
                           51

turbance in the class, less frequent, and less loud, but to stifle
them altogether was impossible.
  In the spring of 1827, Dr. Drake resigned his Professorship.
When this happened, the Medical School received a stroke,
from the evil effects of which, it has  never recovered.   The
loss of such a man viewed in any light, was a severe calamity:
and to replace him by such a man, as the present incumbent
was  to render the evils growing out of it tenfold more aggra-
vated.  From the moment of Dr. Drake's resignation up to the
present time, tbe medical  class has not'ceased to pour forth
one  uninterrupted burst of indignant disapprobation.  Nor
did a recent appointment serve in  the least to ameliorate the
condition of things.   From the day on which Dr. Brown ceas-
ed to be a professor in the Transylvania Medical School, up
to the present moment,  the disease has been  growing daily
more and more exasperated, until it  is now regarded  by all
beyond the reach of  any remedy.  The loss of such men as
Drs. Brown,  Drake and Blythe was under any, even the most
propitious circumstances, a  calamity truly disastrous: but to at-
tempt to remedy the evil by the appointment of such  men as
have succeeded them, was  not less nugatory and idle than it
was ridiculous and absurd.
   From the  foundation of the Transylvania Medical School,
up to the time when Dr. Brown resigned, it continued progres-
sively and perseveringly to increase in dignity, respectability
and usefulness with a  momentum perfectly unheard of and
unparallelled.  From the resignation of Dr. Brown, up to the
present moment, (if  we except the ensuing winter, when the
manner in  which' the successor  of Dr. Drake, for the latter
was removed to the  Chair vacated by Dr. Brown, would dis-
charge the duties of  his department was not known) the intel-
lectual and professional decadency of the Medical Faculty has
been rapid and frightful.   The moment the blighting influence
of favouritism was felt, or the ties of legal consanguinity, were
regarded as recommendations in  a Professor, that moment the
charge of incompetency was heard to  ring through the Halls
of Transylvania.   The charge was made in accents so loud. 
5HJ
and audible, as even to reach the startled cars of the frightened
dignitaries themselves.
   But am I asked, against whom is the charge at this time pre-
ferred?  I answer against every member of the Faculty, with
the exception of Dr. Dudley.   In proof of this, 1 must remark,
that it has been repeatedly and independently asserted, for the
last four years by scores of students, that they would prefer
giving Professor Dudley the whole  fee of $100 to  hear him
lecture in all the departments  than  to the six professors.  Is
not this intelligible—does it require any interpretation?  This
was an extravagant declaration,  but it came warm and fresh
from the heart, and was sincere.  While it speaks volumes in
praise of Dr. Dudley, it embraces a whole  encyclopedia  to the
shame,  confusion and disgrace of his coadjutors.  Notwith-
standing all this, we are gravely and confidently told that the
competency  of the Transylvania  Medical 'Faculty, as a body1
'has never been questioned'—then Professor Dudley is that 'body.'
   Am I told  that Dr. Caldwell, at  least, is a  fraction of that
'body?'  To the truth of such  intelligence I unhesitatingly de-
mur.   The time has been when he was considered the Magnus
Apollo of the Transylvania School of Medicine.  His dogma-
tism was esteemed the soundest logic; his sophistry  sense; his
speculations philosophy; and his  visions of fancy the revela^-  : J
tions of an oracle.  But that day has passed and  gone,  never
more to return.  His pupils,  the public,  and the press have
indelibly stamped him with the character of  a wild  philoso-
phist  and an incredible romancer.
   Some men live before their time; such were Harvey,  Co-
pernicus and Gallileo, while  others live after it; such were
Lavater, Camper and Gall.  It is to the latter class Dr. Cald-
well belongs:  for having been  cradled, as it were, in the wild
and  disorganizing skepticism  of  the  French  revolution, his
early impressions will never be erased  from his mind,  or en-
tirely forgotten.  The doctrines, and most of the advocates of
them of that  period, have long since been buried in oblivion:
still, however, Dr. Caldwell lingers amongst us, an illustrious
jr-xample  of human infatuation.   The doctrine of solidism, to    , 
53
establish which, his labors  in early life contributed largely,
is fast giving way to the progress  of improvement;  and now,
although few physkaans in the vigour of manhood avow or de-
fend it, he still, as it fast sinks into oblivion, adheres to it with
a more firm and uncompromising pertinacity.  It is his stern
devotion to the speculations of other days that destroys his use-
fulness as a public teacher.
  To the obstinacy with  which he clings, and the vehemence
with which he still defends, obsolete and visionary hypotheses.
is to be ascribed the impatience with which he is listened to as
a lecturer.  Nor is this impatience evinced by groans and mur-
murs, or the imperfectly stifled whisper.  In  loud and audible
accents it has, with obstreperous violence, more than once sha-
ken  his hall.   Few  other individuals have  been obliged to
threaten the interposition of the civil authority to secure atten-
tion or command respect.  The difficulties with which he has
daily to contend, in the defence of opinions  which long since
(mould have been forgotten, or mentioned only in the eventful
records of human imbecility, I allude to more in  a spirit of
deep and sincere sorrow, than from motives of rancour or per-
sonal animosity.  WThiIe it affords me pleasure  to contemplate
and admire the glorious achievements of a great and a power-
ful  mind, my humiliation and regret are profound and abidjng
when I see its noble faculties wasted in the pursuit of objects
visionary and* unprofitable.
  In further  proof of the  allegation  which I have;brought
against the Transylvania Medical Faculty, a sentiment, which
is not only prevalent among the people at large, at  leasf those
who have reflected  on the  subject, but universal among stu-
dents of  medicine, should be particularly referred to.   For the
last four years, with the exception of the last few months, dur-
ing which time efforts have been making in behalf of Centre
Medical College, no one hesitated to say that it was Dr. Dud-
ley, and Dr. Dudley alone, who sustained the school.  It  was
the  universal belief that his resignation or death would, to an
infallible certainty, bring upon it immediate and irrecoverable
ruin.  Nor is this opinion gratuitous or unfounded.  The ere** 
                             54

 tion of a rival institution is altogether unnecessary to achieve
 the destruction  of  the  Transylvania Medical School.  Not
 more  fatal was the strength of Sampson to ihe Philistines, than
 would the resignation or death of Dr. Dudley be to the pros-
 pects  of the 'body' of that Faculty, the competency of which,
 Dr. Caldwell informs us, has never been questioned.   The as-
 sembling of the very next class, after the occurrence of either
 of those events,  would fully verify the most dire vaticination.
 From  about two  hundred and fifty pupils, the succeeding win-
 ter the class  would not number at the utmost, more than one
 hundred; and this would cause the halls of the Ohio Medical
 School to be crowded to overflowing.
   The death  or resignation of Dr. Dudley,  would so cripple
 the energies of Transylvania, that she would be unable any
 longer to compete successfully with her Ohio rival.   In truth,
 there  would be no competition, so decidedly would the scalel
 preponderate in  favor of the Ohio Medical Professors, as welfl
 on account of 'their possession of the proper kind of knowledge,
 ; s in regard  to the  superiority  of 'their  mode  of imparting it,
 both orally and in writing.'   The  talents and  attainments,  as
 well as the professional efficiency of Professor  Dudley, consti-
 tute the charm which renders the Medical School of Transyl-
 vania  so fascinating, to students of medicine.   To  him they*
2«^|for instruction, and to him alone, like the mariner's nee-
 dle, t|eir hearts tremble as to their cynosure.  •
   After such  developements, who will dare maintain the com-
 petency of the Transylvania Medical 'Faculty, as a  body ?  A
 Faculty, whose strength and respectability are centred in one
 individual, and whose hopes of prosperity and future  useful-
 ness depend  upon the  precarious  and brittle tenure  of one
 man's  life.   Long may he live an oranment  to his profession,^
 an honour to his  species, and a blessing to mankind;  but die
 he must, and when he does, the sun of Transylvania's prosperi-
 ty will set, and set forever.
   'But it is believed,' says Dr. Caldwell,' 'that a brief recital
 of what the School of Transylvania has  done,  will be at once
 its ju.sb-.st and highest encomium.'  To  this, we offer no ob- 
55
 jection.  No appeal can be made which will contribute so much
 to establish the truth of the allegation  we have  ventured to
 make.   Before we enter into details  on  this subject,  the re-
. markable discrepancy of opinion which obtains between  Dr.
 Caldw.dl and President Peers, in regard to the inference dedu-
 cible from the length of a catalogue, should not go unnoticed.
 The latter justly observes,  -Lei us  never consent to have out-
 prosperity measured by so precarious and fluctuating a criteri-
on as the  length of a catalogue.'   It  is a criterion^ however,
, wliich, to  Dr. Caldwell,  is in.sistibly fascinating:  a long cata-
 logue  and a long purse, are  phrases obviously correlative.
   The success of the Transylvania Medical School, during the
 first seven years from its foundation,  was perfectly unexam-
 pled.   Tae cause of this is manifest and  undeniable.  It had,
 during that period, and particularly after the election of Dr.
, Drake to the Professorship of Mtteria Medico, and Medical Bota-
 ny, not only  an able Faculty, but one that could have fearless-
 ly challenged a comparison with  that of any other School of
^Medicine in  the United States.  Such men as Dudley, Drake,
 Brown, and what Dr. Caldwell was during that period, are not
soften met with; and to see such a bright galaxy of intellect and
( learning shedding lustre  upon one school of medicine,  is still
'more rare.   Nor was there, during that period, such competi-
 tion as to create the least apprehension.  The existence of  the
 Ohio Medical School was feeble, rickety and unencouraging,
 while  that of South Carolina had  not yet commenced opera-
 tions.   To the  united agency of the  causes just designated,
 mast the brilliant success of the Transylvania Medical School,
, up to the epoch just alluded to, be unavoidably ascribed.
   For  the last eight years its success has been fluctuating:
 never has  it, within that time, been  so  triumphant as in the
j winter of  1825 '26.  The class of that session numbered  up-
 wards  280 students.  In the short  space, however,  of two
 years, the  class fell from 281 to 152—thus retrograding with
 almost the same unexampled rapidity as  it  had formerly  ad-
 vanced.  Drs.  Drake and Browm were now no longer in  the
 school.  Competition had now sprang up nnd it assumed a most 
                            56

 threatening aspect.  In the winter of 182? '28, when the nun^
 ber of students of medicine in Lexington was  reduced to 15-,
 in Cincinnati  and Charleston there  were highly respectable
 classes.  From this, it is manifest, that with her feeble Facul-
 ty, Transylvania was unable to maintain her ground against the
 efforts of zealous competition.
   From  the operation of local causes altogether, the spirit of
 competition became comparatively pining and feeble, both in
 Cincinnati  and Charleston.   Disagreement among the profes-
 sors, if 1 have been correctly informed, ceased  to enable the
 schools, and particularly that of Charleston, to present their
 usual powers of attraction.  From the winter  of 1827 '28 the
 strength of the Medical Classes in Transylvania have been un-
 certain and fluctuating, sometimes on the increase and some-
 times the reverse.   The  present session mustering the unusual
 number of  262 students.   In corres pondence with the increase
 of the classes in Transylvania, has competition diminished:  this
 is particularly the case with Charleston, where, at present, there]
 is no opposition made.   Four of the chairs in that school are now
 vacant, and its concerns, if 1 have been correctly informed, are
 in a state of  tbe greatest imaginable disorder and confusion. \
 The recent success of Transylvania, therefore, is entirely owing
 to the disturbed state of the two rival schools.  The evil influ-
 ence which has presided over  the affairs of those establish,;
 ments, is what has saved her from destruction.   Had a differ-
ent system of  medical politics been adopted; had unity of sen-
timent characterized their  official  proceedings,  and friendly j
 feelings pervaded the private intercourse of the professors,  the
Transylvania  Medical  School would now, to a certainty, be in I
 a feeble,  sickly, if not dying state.   Sufficient, however,  has
 been seen to prove that, if it should ever be her misfortune to
 have to contend openly, hand to hand, in the arena of competi-
 tion, against a zealous, vigorous and able rival, her defeat and
disgrace it would require no (Edipus to foretell.
  With such  a Faculty  however, as she had in the winter of
 1824-25, and  eventhen, it might have been amended, she might J
now laugh defiance in the face of the fiercest opposition.  She 1 
61
 Nvoold not now quail, as she does at the  bare idea of another
 school of medicine.  Such an enterprise  would be a subject of
 mirth rather than of grave reflection and rebuke.
   If  I have proved that in  the administration of the concerns
 of the  Transylvania Medical School, faults have been com-
 mitted of the first magnitude, which imperiously call for  imme-
 diate and radical correction; and if the Honourable Board of
 Trustees of Transylvania University,  are   deterrnined to make
 no effort to cleanse  the Augean stable, the propriety of answer-
 ing the following question of Dr. Caldwell:—■'Does the public
 interest call for  another school of medicine in the State of
 Kentucky?'in the affirmative, cannot  for a moment be doubted-
  if it be the interest of the public to have the science of med-
 icine  taught by the  ablest men in the land; if it be their interest
 to have it taught soundly,  thoroughly  *and  completely and
 not superficially  and imperfectly; if it be  their interest to have
 the doors of the  temple of science barred against the daring,
 mercenary and  presttmp'tuous intruder;  if it be their interest
 to prevent the ignorant, grovelling and cringing upstart from
 grasping with dilacerating  hands and  Gothic violence, the
 highest honours in the  gift  of our scientific institutions, then
 every man not  pledged by the ties of personal friendship or
 individual interest to sustain Transylvania's tottering cause, is
 bound to say, there should be in the State of Kentucky,  anoth-
 er and a better school of medicine.
  To enable him to answer  negatively the question which has
just been propounded, Dr. Caldwell  asks again:—'Is it alleged
 that the erection of a rival school, would render the Professors
 of Transylvania more faithful and strenuous, in the discharge
 of -their duties?   To make the most of this, it is but a conjec-
 ture; and. it is believed to be a mistaken one.  On this point we
hesitate not to differ with him, while it affords us much plea-
 sure  to find, that our sentiments accord  most perfectly with
 those  espoused by him on a former occasion.  With character-
 istic consistency, he uses the following language, in allusion to
the Ohio  Medical School.  'The existence of such a  rival
school in our neighbourhood may do us much good, for it is un-
                             H 
3d
 doubtedly calculated to call out our efforts, and to make our own He-
 sitation more efficient  and valuable.'   Have these sentiments
 been recanted—has he sung their palinode?  No, his obstinacy
 and pertinacity  sternly repudiate a  change of opinion:  all
 therefore, that has been urged by him in his last publication,
 against the beneficial influence of competition is 'mere cant.'
   But we learn from this time serving disputant that, all that
 has been said and written about monopolies in teaching medi-
 cine, is mere cant.  All  that he has said and written, in defence
 of monopolies  is not only cant, but ridiculous humbug.   We
 know that for the encouragement and protection of genius mo-
 nopolies are allowable.  But such monopolies are temporary in
 their nature; and of this kind, are all the illustrations appealed
 to by Dr. Caldwell. In political economy, no such thing is known
 as a perpetual  monopoly.  Of  what service then, I ask, would
 a temporary monopoly be to a school of medicine.  All expe-
 rience proves, that the longer it has been enjoyed the greater
 is the necessity for it.  The school, of which Dr. Caldwell is
 the advocate, is a conclusive illustration of the  truth of this
 It has now been in existence fifteen years, and at this moment
 it stands  more  in need  of the unjust privileges  of monopoly
 than it did eight years ago.   The fact, therefore, that all mo-
 nopolies are temporary in their nature, and as a temporary mo-
nopoly would be of mt,e? jf any benefit to & med.ca] g  '   ^
 follows that the illustrations adduced by  Dr. Caldwell to sup
 port his argument, are not in point, and were only brought for-
 ward to deceive.                                    &
  If a  perpetual monopoly however, were allowable in any
 case ,t would be odious, unjust and oppressive to grant it to a
 medrcal school   The natural and unavoidable result of such
a grant would be to encourage and foster that system of favour-
 tism, which already operates like a blight on the prosperity of
too many scientic instutions.  Give  to any establishment"the
exclusive right of teaching medicine, and what motive will be

 Cc  ur° S e7bv hTfT ^ ^ ^ Ule VaCant ^airjs they
occur, filed  by  able and competent teachers.  Under no an
prehension of being surpassed  by a more vigorous LnZ 
59
tution, their  passions and prejudices and partialities will be
consulted in the election of teachers, much more than  the
cause of justice, the interests of science, or the claims of hu-
man affliction.
  Once the  professorships in a  medical school, get into the
hands of inferior  teachers, it will be almost impossible  for a
man of first  rale abilities to procure an appointment.   This
arisesafrom an  obvious  and natural cause.  Such Charlatan
teachers conscious of their inferiority, will ever be disinclined
to permit their insignificance to be "rendered the more conspic-
uous, by being contrasted with the enlarged powers and exten-
sive attainments of a really  great man.  Thus  genius is ex-
cluded from all opportunity of distinguishing itself, while stu-
pidity  is  raised  to  the highest honours in  the  profession.
 While the former lives  and dies in pining beggary,, the latter
 are permitted to enjoy the most extravagant emoluments.
   The evil, of which we have complained.,, gave rise to the fol-
 lowing appropriate remarks of  Dr. Caldwell.  He informs us,
 'professors are usually the creatures of accident;  or, what  is
 less creditable, of management  and intrigue; and are often sup-
 ported by the reputation, and irradiated by the  lustre, of those they
 succeed.'   Those   who hold professorships  at present in Tran-
 sylvania, too forcibly and conclusively teach us the undeniable
 truth of this allegation.  A distinguished teacher remarked to
 Professor Pattison, KIJ, sir, we were to elect cork professors  to
 fill the vacant chairs  in-------, if would  not  diminish the
 number of our pupils;  she has gained a reputed ion, and this will
 Jill her theatres with students.' This is so like him, and so graphi-
  cally pourtrays the character of a certain Faculty, that I have
  yet to be convinced that this information was  not derived from
 Dr. Caldwell.
    For any  scientific institution to set up a claim to the exclu-
  sive right of teaching any particular branch of learning, virtu-
  ally makes a tacit, but  unequivocal avowal that its professors
  are unable to give instruction either ably or successfully.  The
  really  qualified would blush  to ask for a privilege so palpably
  vinjust, while if  unsolicited, it were proffered to the highmirxb 
w
  ei, honourable and able, it would be indignantly rejected aaf
  at once insulting and disgraceful.  No power should have the
  right to confer such privileges and advantages other than that,
  which flows legitimately from the possession  of zeal, talents
  atid attainments.  A  monopoly  which such qualities  as  are
  here enumerated will bestow, it would be fair and honourable
  to receive.  To expect  or desire patronage, and respect, on
  any other ground is base, preposterous and absurd.
    What has been the conduct of the London University' on
  this subject?   Has it made application for any  exclusive  or
  odious privileges?  No.  Organized under the auspices of some
  of the greatest men of the age, it was contended that talents
  and knowledge, could alone  confer permanent renown upon
  any school of  medicine: they, therefore, absolutely  declined
  taking out a regal charter.  What has shed such lustre upon
  the character  of the  Edinburgh School of Medicine?   Any
 of the unhallowed prerogatives of monopoly?  The school that
 can look back upon a long and  illustrious line of teachers, such
 as the  Monros, the Duncans,  the Gregorys,  the Hamiltons,
 EOack and  Cullen, would be  insulted at the question.   Nor,
 need we look farther for the cause of the superior  splendour
 and celebrity of the Pennsylvania School of Medicine, than to.
 tbe  names  of Wistar,  Barton, Rush, Physick, Chapman, and
 numerous others but little less distinguished.  The school that
 cannot sustain itself independently  of any  assistance derived
 from exclusive privilege, is utterly unworthy the patronage of
 the public, and  the sooner it ceases to  exist, the better for the
 cause of honesty and the  interests of medical science.
   The spirit of monopoly is  utterly repugnant to  the spirit of
 our free institutions, and  should be at once  stifled  and exter-
 minated.  Will our Legislators dare grant such odious  privi-
 leges to any corporate body as must disfranchise any of her free
 and respectable citizens? Will they dare deny any  man the
 right to make the most profitable use of his  talents and attain-
ments?  Will they say, if you would seek fame or fortune, in
the State of Kentucky; if you  would be extensively useful to
Your fellow-citizens, yog must do it in the halls of Transylva- 
                             61

 uia, or abandon the land of your nativity and seek  the objects
 of your ambition, as an  exile and a wanderer amongst  aliens,
 and strangers to the nature of your feelings, and perhaps, not
 less deadly enemies to your rising hopes and fondest expecta-
 tions.  Language, or sentiments so detestible and tyrannical, no
 Legislature in the United States, would dare to utter.   More
 than this the great Russian Autocrat could not do.
   After supposing he had demonstrated 'that the public  in-
 terest does  not require another school  of medicine  in  the
 State of Kentucky,' he  asks, 'Is it consistent with  good faith
 and sound policy,  in the Legislature, to authorize the  estab-
 lishment of one?'   That such a measure would be inconsistent
 'with good faith,' he deduces from the fact, that three  of the
 professors came from  distant States, and one 'from a remote
 part of the State of Kentucky'—'on  the invitation  of the
 State, and, as they firmly  believed, on its virtually pledged
faith, that as'long as they  should continue to perform their du-
 ties, as teachers, to public satisfaction, nothing would be unne-
 cessarily done  by legislative authority, to injure the  institution,
 and perhaps ruin them.'
   That no such  pledge as is here mentioned, was either ex-
 pressed or implied by the  Trustees of Transylvania  University,
 or by the State from which they derive their authority in the
 invitation given to the individuals alluded to, is a truth clearly
 and  conclusively illustrated and enforced  by the policy  ob-
 served by  other States on the same subject.  In all instances,
 precedents exert a more or less binding influence, and  in re-
 gard to medical schools, we look upon them as being particu-
 larly obligatory.   For the  last thirty  years there has been a
 Medical School in the City of Baltimore;  yet,'when applica-
 tion was made by the Washington Medical College  to the Le-
 gislature of Maryland, the members of that body did not con-
 sider the faith  of the State pledged to her old and celebrated
 school of medicine not to grant an act of incorporation, which
 empowers  the  Faculty,  in conjunction with a Board of Visi-
 ters, to confer  degrees in medicine under the authority of the
 Stale.  It should be remarked, also, that Washington Medical 
<$
 College had previously acted under the charter of Washing-
 ton College, in the State of Pennsylvania, and was, moreover,
 located in the same city where a celebrated medical school
 had for years flourished.   To  neither* of these  objections,  if
 indeed they are such, is  Centre Medical College obnoxious.
 She acts under the charter of a College in the State, and is to
 be located in a city eighty miles from Lexington.
   A similar act of incorporation was granted to Jefferson
 Medical College, by the Legislature of Pennsylvania.   In this
 instance, the College under whose charter it had previously
 acted, is two hundred and fifty miles  from Philadelphia, where
 it was located, and along side  also of a State Medical School.
 Acts of incorporation of a similar kind,  have been passed by
 other Legislatures.  Thus,  in the State of New  York there
 are two schools of medicine, both of which are connected with
 the State University.  One is located in the City of New York,
 and the other in Fairfield,  in the Western  District.  In the
 State  of Vermont, there is,  besides  the  Vermont Medical
 School, a medical institution in Castleton.   In  the State of
 Massachusetts,  there is,  besides a Massachusetts Medical
 School, a school of medicine in Pittsfield.  The Harvard Med-
 ical School  is located in Boston, although Harvard University
 is in  Cambridge.  Other illustrations might be adduced to
 prove that all that has been written about a 'virtually pledged
faith,'  is mere cant.
   But for argument sake, let  us admit that the faith of the
 State of Kentucky was  pledged  to  those individuals invited
 from abroad.   What does it prove?  Have they continued to
 perform  their duties as teachers, to  public satisfaction?   We
 have already furnished the reader with a prompt and sufficient
 answer to this question/  If they have not, the State  is ab-
 solved from  all  obligation  to  them.   If any such  obligation
 ever did exist, it has been by their own, but I admit unavoid-
 able conduct, utterly and forever cancelled.   They have for-
 feited their  fabulous privileges,  and  deserve countenance and
 support no longer.  They should be forced to retire from sta-
 ins for which  „ature never  designed them, that competent 
63
men may  receive such honors as have been  fairly  won, but
from the enjoymeht of which they "have been  excluded by the
basest intrigue and the most profligate collusion.
  It is perfectly absurd to suppose that any State Legislature
in this  great and free confederacy of equal  rights and. unfet-
tered privileges, has any constitutional power to legislate any
citizen out of the  fair and honorable  proceeds of his physical
or intellectual industry.   The policy of the  age in which we
live,  independently of the character of our republican institu-
 tions, is averse to the exercise of any such despotic authority.
 We,  therefore, hold it to be true, that in the invitation which
 was  given to those individuals who came from other States to
 join  their fortunes with those of Transylvania, no other guar-
 antee was either expressed or implied than what all men emu-
 lous  of fame can secure, by the indefatigable exertion of high
 intellectual powers, and the display of extensive and profound
 knowledge.
   If the sacrifices of fortune and reputation, which have been
 with such immodest ostentation and parade pompously blazoned
 forth,  are to. have any influence  in the decision of  the point
 now under discussion, Jet us  enquire into the probable  extent
 to which they have  been made.  To what  serious inconveni-
 ence has Dr.  Cooke been subjected?  Had he reputation to sa-
 crifice?   He had;—he was favorably known for the first time
 in the year 1824, by an able Prize Essay on Epidemic  Fevers.
 Could a removal  to Lexington rifle  him of  the honor won by
  this achievement ? No one will affirm it.   The laurels gathered
  on that occasion  could only be made  to fade and  wither? by
  subsequent ill-advised efforts.  This has too fatally happened.
    Nor could a removal  to Lexington, under circumstances so
  anspicious to success, have tended to curtail his pecuniary re-
  sources.  He exchanged  a  town which numbers only thirty-
  five hundred people for a city that contains a population of up-
  wards of six thousand.   Here was consequently presented a
  field for the display of skill, and the acquirement of business,
  nearly twice as large as that from which he removed.  When
  we add to this the .size  of the  classes which had assembled in 
04
   the halls of Transylvania for several years previous to his ap-
   pointment, wc may say he had an almost certain guarantee of a
   salary of three thousand dollar's.  Such sacrifices, therefore, as
   were made by Dr. Cooke, do not often produce professional or
   pecuniary bankruptcy.
    Pray, what heart-rending sacrifices were made by the Tcn-
   nesseean?  Had he reputation to  lose?  If we except the dis-
   tinction which he obtained on account of his hyperbolical puffs
  and eulogistic reviews of the writings of Caldwell and Cooke,
  which never would  have been admitted into apy other jour-
  nal  on the  American  continent but that of Transylvania,  it
  must be confessed that he had  not.  In regard to pecuniary
  matters what sacrifices did he make?   From the time he gra-
  duated in Baltimore, up to the present moment, his annual re-
  ceipts, if we have been correetby informed, have never amount-
  ed to one thousand dollars.   This  I  admit he has lost, and,
 while he remains amongst the enlightened people of Lexing-
 ton, I presume it will  never be regained.  But this he does not
 regret, for the receipts of the chemical chair border on four
 thousand dollars.   Moreover, he has  eight months in  every
 year of olium cum dignitate, as a  perfectsinecure.
   The KentUckian who removed from a  remote part of the
 State sacrificed,  I know,  a respectable practice, and for this
 the people of Lexington have never indemnified him.   He re-
 ceives annually a bonus,  however, of four thousand  dollars,
 which has served no doubt  to  cicatrize  many  wounds occa-
 sioned by mortification and disappointment.   We cannot be-
 lieve, therefore, that any complaint will be made  by him on the
 score of pecuniary loss, in serious earnest.  Nor will he boast
 of the sacrifice of reputation.  Though respectable as a prac-
 titioner, beyond the circumscribed limits-of a village business
 he was unknown in the profession, except to a few. personal
 friends, previous to his election to a professorship in Transyl-
 vania..                                                     '
   To establish another school of medicine, and thus curtail his ;
profits, would be, in the case of the Pennsylvania*, particularly j
hard and  oppressive.  'He joined his  colleagues, and  com- 
                             05

menced his labors, with a very small class, and corresponding
profits.'   The class, it is true, was small, but it is false to assert
that the profits were also.  For several years after the founda-
tion of the school, Dr. Caldwell was guarantied by the citizens
of Lexington, an annual salary of two thousand dollars.   This
sum he not only received the first year, but the additional sum
of seven hundred and fifty dollars from the students.*  'Had
they' (the Professors,) says Dr. Caldwell, 'been salary officers,
whose pay would continue, though  the  school might dwindle,
the  whole complexion and  nature  of their engagement  with
the  State, and their relation to it, would have been different.'
In the event, therefore, of the establishment of another medi-
cal  school, Dr. Caldwell will not have, according to his own
logic, the shadow of a pretext to complain.
   Uninfluenced as he would have us believe, by pecuniary con-
siderations, the generous behaviour of Dr. Caldwell is forcibly
illustrated by the fact, that 'He  resorted to it (the Transylva-
nia School of Medicine,) on an experiment deemed by every one,
uncertain and hazardous.  The current of opinion was decidedly
 against the probability of success."  If such in truth  were  the
 fact at the time alluded to, the conduct of Dr. Caldwell  could
 not be exhibited in a light too commendable  or flattering;  but
 let us hear from his own lips what was then in fact the state of
 feeling.   In his 'Inaugural  Address,' after descanting on  the
 inconveniences of a visit to any of the Atlantic schools of med-
 icine by the  Western  student, we  are informed that 'It hasj
 accordingly, for many years, been sincerely lamented by the peo-
ple  of the West, in whispers first, in murmurs afterwards, And ulti-
 mately in  complaints emphatical  and loud.  In active, and strong
 collision with their sentiments and sympathies, no less tkan their in-

   ♦Moreover, since writing the above, we have learned from a source of
 unimpeachable veracity, that the fees of tuition were to have been de-
 ducted from the sum guarantied ,and  the deficit only, whatever it might
 be, was to be paid by the citizens of Lexington. By this distinct under-
 standing Dr. Caldwsll would not abide.  He not only pocketed the fees,
 but he demanded and received $6000 besides. Thus, for three courses
 of lectures, he received  $11,685, which if $5685 more  than he  bar~
 gained for.
                               I 
 ierests, it has caoakened in them a general and increasing desire*
 that measures should be adopted to bring it to a close'
   But 'another medical school' would, we  are told, lower the
 tone of medical education.   This objection we have redargued
 by the quoted sentiments of Dr. Caldwell, in reference to the
 benefits which certainly result from competition.   It is  refuted
 also by the high standard  of the profession in New England,
 where there are  numerous medical  schools and  the most ac-
 tive and zealous competition; by its condition in Philadelphia
 and Baltimore, in both of which cities there are two schools of
 medicine; by its  condition  in London and Paris, where every
 hospital is a school of medicine; by  its condition in  Scotland,
 where a population of a little more than two millions support
 four medical schools, and one of them amongst the most celebra-
 ted in the world.
   The erection of another  medical school  in the  Valley of
 the Mississippi, will, we are well convinced, curtail the profits
 of teaching  in Transylvania.  But this is a minor considera-
 tion, when we  recollect by whom it is done.   With one or two
 exceptions, their  emoluments far exceed  their merits.  But
 were we to admit them to be able and meritorious, would this
 prove that they have a right  to engross the teaching of medi-
 cine, to the exclusion  of men equally  able  and meritorious?
 The pecuniary emoluments of a professor of medicine should
 not be looked upon as the chief consideration with him.  His
 exertions should spring from a holier cause, and his  hopes
 should be inspired by a higher and nobler ambition.  Fame,
 because of the  blessings  which it enables  him to confer on
 mankind, should stimulate him to  the active discharge of his
 duties more  than  the prospect  of fortune.   Nor do  1 believe
 that, in the breast of a truly  great man, motives so diametri-
 cally opposite, will equilibrate for a moment.   The former will
 assert its power and shed its bewildering ascendancy over him.
 So true is this, that I do not believe in the annals of letters
can be found a more base and unprincipled libel upon human  ,
nature than  is couched in the following language:—'Talk as
we may of disinterested beoevolence, patriotism, philanthropy. ^ 
                            67

and an abstract love of science, it is only talk:  On this sub-
ject  Mr.  Burke remarks, and  I imagine his sentiments will
have as much weight with most persons as the hypothetical
views of Dr. Caldwell:—'Money is made for the comfort  and
convenience of animal life.  It cannot be a reward for what mere
animal life must indeed sustain, but never can inspire.'
   History abounds with illustrious exemplifications  of  the
truth of the  sentiment uttered  by Mr. Burke.   Individuals in
any number may be there found, whose  conduct it would be
unfair and ungenerous to ascribe to motives exclusively selfish
or mercenary.   Was it from motives of a selfish nature that in-
duced Luther, Calvin, Huss,  Wickliffe and a  thousand other
christians, to brave the fury of an enraged multitude?  What
sordid motive inspired  the muse of  Milton,  Tasso,  Butler,
Thomson, Savage and a hundred other poets, who perished in
a  state of  absolute  beggary?  Was it  a  love  of self  that
caused  Socrates to drink the hemlock; Pythagoras  to be ban-
ished from Athens; Aristides to be  ostracised; Gallileo tore-
tract upon his knees and in prison, those splendid truths which
have rendered his name immortal; and Columbus to be loaded
with chains and pine in a dungeon?
   Though a few singular and celebrated examples to the con-
trary may be adduced, even physicians have loftier  motives to
animate and encourage them than such as are exclusively mer-
cenary.   Was it selfishness that induced  Harvey to publish his
discovery of the circulation of  the blood, and thus expose him-
self  to the most malignant abuse and unrelenting persecution?
Was it a love of money that operated upon Darwin, Akenside
and  Armstrong, when they published their poems, at the sacri-
fice of a business both extensive and lucrative?  Had Hodges
been mercenary would he have died a bankrupt and in prison?
Did  Mercurialili consult his personal interest, when in the six-
teenth century, he ventured to deny the contagiousness  of
plague, and thus brought upon himself the intolerance of the
priesthood and the denunciation? of his brethren?  Would Dr.
Caldwell, like Dr. Mead, have procured the liberation of his
friend and  competitor, Dr. Friend, and thm have presented 
68
 him with a considerable sum of money received from his pa-
 tients during his  imprisonment  in the tower?   Was it from a
 motive sordid in its nature, that induced Dr. Rush to incur the
 displeasure of the people and the  persecution of his brethren,
 by declaring, in the year 1793, the existence of Yellow Fever
 in the City of Philadelphia?  Is he not one amongst a  hun-
 dred physicians who have been either imprisoned,  otherwise
 ill-treated, and  even put to death,  for similar acts of noble dis-
 interestedness?  I leave it to the generosity of Dr. Caldwell to
 respond to these inquiries.
  'To learn to teach medicine perfectly,' we are told that 'far
 from being, as  some seem  to think it, the pastime of a few
 years spent lightly, or in the bustle of  business, is the  work of
 a life time devoted to study.'  In the truth of this assertion we
 have the utmost faith, and we regret to see that it has had so lit-
 tle practical influence over the appointments which have  been
 made in  the  Transylvania School of Medicine.   We  also re-
 gret to have again to remark the  inconsistency of Dr. Cald-
 well.  When it is his  object to render the  'crudeness  of  early
 manhood' odious and disreputable, to 'learn to teach' medicine
 'is the work of a life time,' but when he  undertakes to defend
 or rather  to apologise for  the  shameful  appointment of his
puffer and reviewer, he asks, 'Will it be said that Dr. Yandell
is young?'  He answers with ridiculous effrontery, 'So muck
 the better.'
  It is takenproconfesso by Dr. Caldwell, that  the erection of
 another school of medicine in  Kentucky  would render the
 schools so small that  the receipts from teaching would be in-
 sufficient  to support a family in comfort.   Let us investigate
 the truth of this assertion.   There are at this time in atten-
 dance on medical lectures in the cities of Cincinnati and  Lex-
ington three hundred and eighty students.  Divide this num-
ber by three, as this would be the  number in the event of the
 estabhshment of  another medical  school,  and  each of  them
 wou|d have to suppose an equal distribution to take place from
 25 to 130 pupils   This would yield, at the present price of
 teachrng, each professor from eighteen hundred to  two thoq- 
                           69

sand dollars for every course of medical lectures.   From the
unparalleled rapidity with which the Valley of the Mississippi
is filling up  with population, and the daily  increasing demand
for  physicians,  we may reasonably conclude  that in the year
1844 there will be nearer six hundred and fifty than four hun-
dred students requiring instruction.
  But let  us compare the salary which evey teacher  in the
three medical schools, would receive at this time with the
compensation of most of our government officers.  Our  Cir-
cuit Judges, who are generally men of liberal education, tine
talents and  much experience, receive an annual salary of one
thousand dollars.  For this inconsiderable sum, they are en-
gaged with few and short intermissions the whole year;  they
are much of their time from home, and they submit to heavy-
 sacrifices of both feeling  and money.  Our  Judges of the
 Court of Appeals, who are usually selected on account of the
 splendour of their talents, and the profundity  of their  legal
 knowledge, receive  annually, only  fifteen hundred  dollars.
 Our Governor on account of the large concourse of persons,
 who visit the seat of Government is  obliged to submit to the
 heaviest expenditures,  receives but two thousand dollars.   If
 such men as have been alluded to, are willing, for such salaries
 as have been mentioned, to give their whole time, throughout
 the whole  year,  and at the same time suffer numerous, priva-
 tions, what right have inferior men, put to but comparatively
 little trouble, to exact a large sum for only four months.
    When we reflect that such men as  Webster,  Clay, Calhoun
 and McDuffie, willingly relinquish the profits of an honourable
 and lucrative profession, travel hundreds of miles, remain sev-
 eral months  from  home, exiled from all  the connubial en-
 dearments of domestic  life, for a much less sum of money, we
 can form some idea of the unreasonable demands of our teach-
  ers of medicine. When we call to mind the sacrifices to which
  the officers of  the Executive  Departments of the National
  Government arc subjected, in accepting office; the  nature of
  the duties they  have to perform; the heavy expenses to which
  they have to submit, and the precarious and uncertain tenure 
70
  of office and compare them with the salaries received by medi-
  cal professors, we shall be still farther satisfied of the absurdity
  of Dr.  Caldwell's argument.
    In addition  to the fees of teaching, the Professor, from  the
  dignity of his  station, will, if he have talents and be known for"
  his attainments, be able to command a large and lucrative prac-
  tice.  With too such ample pecuniary resourses under his con-
  trol, he  should be able, not only to support a family  comforta^
 T)ly, but to live like a Nabob.
    But it will be said that the duties of a teacher of medicine
 are such, as not to permit him to attend to practice.  Then I
 say, he is not fit for  a Professor.   The reason assigned, is so-
 phistical and like most of those urged by Dr. Caldwell, it has a
 direct leaning  towards self.  On this very account, we main-
 tain that the salary of a Professor should not be exorbitant.
 It should never be so  large as to make him independent of the
 proceeds of his practice.  A principal duty of a teacher of med-
 icine, is  to protect the student from the adoption of error, and
 from being imposed on by misrepresentation.   This can never
 be successfully accomplished, but by the eminently practical
 physician.   To whom will the student appeal to have a doubt-
 ful pathological principle settled ?   To the man who reasons al-
 together from books?   No, certainly: but to the physician who,
 with the  scalpel in his hand, is in the daily habit of making pa-
 thological researches.  To whom will he go for the solution of a
 practical problem?  To the book-worm?  As well  might yoa
 expect the student who had read  a work on navigation to steer
 a vessel upon the stormy deep.  You must go to the physician
 in  actual practice.   Hypotheses may  deceive—observation
 rarely ever will.  The rapid advances which are daily making
 in pathology, and the numerous changes which are constantly
being introduced into the  treatment of  disease, render this in-
dispensable.
  But the honours of a school so  small, as not to number more
than one hundred and twenty-five  or thirty pupils,'will not sat-
isfy the ambition of a high-minded, and well qualified Profes-
 sor, who is conscious of his powers,' or rather  the cupidity of 
71
a grovelling, mercenary intruder, inordinately greedy of pecu-
niary gain.  If honours are to be estimated by the length of a
catalogue, or the weight of a purse,  1 admit the truth of the
declaration of Dr. Caldwell; but if they are to be determined
by the faithfulness, with which a teacher discharges his duties;
by the improvements which he effects in the profession; by his
achievements in science, or by  the accomplishments of those
he graduates; by the ardour with which they cultivate medi-
cine in after life, or by the conquests they obtain over disease,-
then I deny the infallibility  of his standard.   The physician,
who is prompted to the discharge of his duties by no other more
noble motive than pecuniary gain, will never become able in his
profession.—Nor will the Professor whose object is, in assem-
bling a  large class, exclusively  mercenary, ever bequeath a
lasting name to an admiring posterity.
  Is it paltry  gain which induces our Senators and Congress-
men, to relinquish the profits of a lucrative profession, to  fore-
go  the pleasures of domestic life, and to submit to great bodi-
ly and intellectual toil?  Propound the question  to a Clay, a
Webster, or a Calhoun and it would be answered in language
loudly expressive, of indignant  insult.   To classes as small,
and even smaller have Hosack, Godman, Post, Pattison, Potter
and Gibson  lectured.  Nor did they regard the field  too cir-
cumscribed for the display of  their powerful minds, or the ob-
jects to be obtained too lowly and humble to awaken the high-
est efforts of ambition.
  If the field for distinction, such as I have designated be too
small for the exertion of talent, or to arouse ambition let them
demonstrate it, and  they will not go unrewarded.   Let the
broad pinions of rumour waft their names across the great Al-
legany—let their fame echo and re-echo along the shores of
the Atlantic, and there  their claims will be recognized and ap-
preciated.  Such has already  been the case.  Drake from the
banks of the Ohio, and Dudley from the interior of Kentucky
have been invited to schools of medicine in the Eastern States.
Then I would say do not despair—the day may yet come, whe"n.
such distinction may be that of Dr. CaldwelL 
72
  The competition between rival schools in the same  city, it is
said, has never proved  wholesome in its results.  Though we
are not  an advocate  of the establishment  of more  than one
school in a city, the  assertion of Dr. Caldwell is a gratuitous
conjecture.  In the city of Paris, there is an ancient and cele-
brated school of medicine, while every Hospital in that noble
city, is a school for medical instruction.  In the latter lectures
are delivered as regularly as in the University.  The zeal and
ardour,  with which  medical science  is there cultivated, are
worthy of the highest admiration, while the spirit and activity,
with  which competition is prosecuted by those  emulous  of
fame, are not surpassed in any other city on the globe.  Where
such a constellation of talent is collected to attract attention
and command  respect, the lecturer must exhibit  peculiar ex-
cellence indeed.  What has been  the  result?  Physiology has
been enriched by numerous discoveries; pathology has been
reformed;  surgery  has been  simplified  and improved; and
chemistry  has been made  to assume the character  of a digni-
fied and comprehensive science.
  Nor has a spirited rivalry failed to  shed its beneficent influ-
ence over  the condition of the profession in London.  In that
city, medical science has for years flourished in a very high
degree and its condition is daily improving.  Besides her Uni-
versity,  her numerous hospitals are so many schools  of medi-
cine.
  In Edinburgh  the standard of the profession is higher than
in any other part of Scotland, and perhaps as high as in any
city in Great Britain.   There the struggle bctw een the public
and private lecturers cannot be surpassed in zeal, energy and
enterprise.  For supremacy each lecturer eontends, and it has
been productive  of results of the greatest moment and impor-
tance.  Were I to allude to Dublin, it would be but to repeat
what has been said of the cities of London and Edinburgh.
  Does Philadelphia offer an argument hostile to the opinion,
we have avowed?  Dr. Caldwell has answered in the affirma-
tive.  A sketch of the history of the Pennsylvania  University
will decide this mooted point.  Wre are  told  that this institu- 
73
lion existed  for more 'than half a century without a rival.'
This is a mistake.   Within forty years, she had two zealous
and respectable  competitors.  During this forty years of un-
disputed  sway, what did she accomplish?  Her strongest class
did not exceed two hundred pupils.   Patronized by a popula-
tion of nearly seven millions, she scarcely affected the deep
and broad current, that sat  towards the European Schools.
Her teachers were able, but money could not stimulate  them
to exertion.  They were at the head of the profession in the
United States, and consequently had no aspirant to overtake or
rival to surpass them.
   But what did not the Pennsylvania University achieve, after
medical schools  had been established, in both New York and
Baltimore.  Did her classes dwindle—did the honours and the
profits  of the school become too small to 'satisfy the ambition
of high-minded and well qualified* teachers, conscious of their
powers?   No  one will assert it.   She had the materials, and
they only wanted igniting.   She had a faculty  opulent in tal-
ent and magnificent in attainment.  Men who only needed to
feel the stimulus of necessity.  They saw rival institutions ris-
ing on each side of  them.   Did they shrink from the contest?
Did they pusillanimously quail before the fierce frown of oppo-
sition?  Did they cravenly prate about narrow, selfish,  corpo-
ration privileges.  No, indeed.  They arose in the majesty of
^cnius, and in the overwhelming power of knowledge.  What
was the result?  In less  than twelve years, her halls contained
five hundred pupils.  The tide which had before flowed in so
broad a current towards Europe, almost ceased.   Thus we see,
that though forty years of unmolested monopoly could not
bring more than two hundred students to  Philadelphia, less
than twelve of active rivalry crowded her halls with not less
than five hundred.
   The appeal  of Dr. Caldwell to  New England, in proof of
his allegation, that competition has not proved beneficial  to 'the
science, or the profession,' is unavailing.  It has a population of
lr<=s than two million? and a half, and yet it  sustains no le*s
                             J 
74
 than six medical schools, containing upwards of live, hundred
 students.   Has the standard of the profession been lowered in
 consequence of it.  An  affirmative response would be  false
 and slanderous.   In no portion of the Union, the physicians are
 take them as a body, so able as scholars, or so extensively and
 thoroughly acquainted with the profession.   How can this  be—
 the fees of the professors are less than they are in any other
 part of the Union, and the classes smaller?   The reason of this
 is obvious.  There, more effort has been made to raise the stan-
 dard of the profession, than any where  else  in the  United
 States.  A solemn compact  was entered into by the Medical
 Schools of New England, not to graduate  any candidate who
might be defective in either  elementary, or classical learning.
This is the cause of the high standard of the profession in that
enlightened portion of the  Union.   What high salaries and
large classes have failed to do,  has been accomplished  in  New
England by a proper regard to scholastic education.
  Dr. Caldwell has argued that the multiplication of medical
schools  will prove prejudicial in the  United States, because
fewer have  been established in Europe, in proportion to the
population.   This argument is fallacious, as investigation will
prove.   In Great Britain, instead of four there are six medical
schools, while in addition medicine is taught at Oxford and Cam-
bridge, as well as in all the hospitals; in France, instead of three
there are nine, and formerly as many as eighteen; and in Ger-
many no less than twenty-five  flourish, and in no country in
the world is the standard of the profession higher.
  But there are causes in Europe to prevent the multiplication
of medical schools, that do not exist in the U. States.   While
education in the former is not so general as in the  latter, the
honours of Hie doctorate are conferred  upon those in the latter,
who never receive them in the former.  In Europe, and particu-
larly in France and Germany the candidate must be  a scholar,
but in the United States this is considered  in a great measure
superfluous.  On this account the ranks of the profession in
the latter are crowded by individuals, who never  would be
 admitted  to a degree in the former.   This causes students a< 
75
well as medical schools to be more  numerous in  the United
States than in Europe.
  The demand for physicians in the United States, in  propor-
tion to the population is  greater than in Europe.  Our popu-
lation is more scattered, and a great portion of it is to be found
in new countries, scarcely yet redeemed from the  wilderness.
Like all other unopened  countries,  the  diseases of the  new
States and Territories,  are more  prevalent and more violent
than in those that are older.  From  these causes the same
number of physicians are not able to attend to, as many patients
in the  United States as in Europe.
  The population to the square mile in Great Britain, is one
hundred and eighty; in France one hundred and forty nine; in
Germany  one hundred:  while in the United States, but three
of the States exceed forty-one, and no fewer than thirteen have
less than twenty to the square mile.  Thus we  see, that just in
proportion to the decrease in the density of population, are
medical schools multiplied in  Europe.   We also see,  that  in
Great  Britain one physician can do as much practice as  four
or five; in France, as  much as three or four; and in Germany,
as much as two or  three can do in the  United States.   It is
therefore, clearly established, that we require at least three
times as many physicians, and three times as many medical
schools, in proportion  to the population in the United States as
they do in Europe.
  We  learn from  Dr.  Caldwell,  that the reason  why  'the
standard  of the  profession  is so high'  in  Great Britain  and
France,' is 'because the teachers are able, well paid, and highly
honoured.'  We admit the ability with which European teach-
ers discharge their duties, and it will be clearly  seen that the
standard of the profession in the different parts of Europe, is
in perfect correspondence  with the degree of ability displayed
in teaching, and not in a ratio corresponding with  their pecu-
niary profits.  Thus Great Britain is the only country in  Eu-
rope, in which  the  professors, according to the  ideas  of  Dr.
Caldwell, are 'paid well.'  But is  the standard of the profes-
sion  higher there,  than in other  European countries?  No: 
76
 And  no one conversant with the subject will  affirm it.  It is
 decidedly lower than in either France or Germany.  So true
 is this, that crowds of students leave Great Britain, to be edu-i
 cated in the continental schools of medicine.
   In France the professors are badly paid, if we compare the
 salaries they receive, with what is paid to teachers of medicine
 in Great  Britain, and  in the United States.   In the Parisian
 School  of Medicine, the salary for each professor is fixed by
 government, at  three  thousand francs, and  the perquisites,
 which are inconsiderable.  In Germany it is still less.   We are,
 therefore, driven to the unavoidable conclusion, that the emol-
 uments of teaching have had no influence in giving the profes-
 sion in  France or Germany, an  ascendancy so decided, and
 obvious, over what it is in Great Britain.
  We agree with Dr. Caldwell, that the honours conferred on
 medical men in Europe, are a powerful incentive to exertion:
 they arc such, as are unknown to the profession in the United
 States.  An 'ordinnance' recently appeared, conferring the dec-
oration of the Legion of Honour, on M. M. Rostan, Biett, Lalle-
 mand, Andral  fils, Chomel and Barruel.  Not many months
previously, several physicians of Paris, were created Barons.
The document above mentioned, is followed by a report from
 fhe Minister of the Interior to  the King, from which the fol-
 lowing is extracted.  'Medicine is at once the noblest  of the
 sciences, and the most  useful of professions—nevertheless, it
 offers  but few resources to those who practice, or to those who
 teach  it.   By the very nature of their pursuits, physicians seem
Jo he in some degree, excluded from the  ordinary  paths of am-
hi ton.  It is therefore  just, that government  should bestow
upon them a large share of the  honours, awarded  to merit.'
Wfile we  regret, that we  have not such powerful motives to
c xertion, as are enjoyed by the physicians of Europe, we should
 rot permit the unpropitiousness  of our circumstances,  to en-
 gender  an apathetic indifference, on the subject of medical
 education, or induce  us to become enslaved  to that cold and
 alculating policy, which considers money as the only satisfac-
 ■>ry reward of  ambitious, intellectual exertion.   Let the orna. 
Ti
ments and  benefactors of the profession look for justice, and
rcnumeration to an impartial and generous posterity.
  In order to swell the importance  and make it appear that
the influence of Transylvania has been felt beyond the legiti-
mate boundaries of the Valley of the Mississippi, we are pom-
pously told that one  fourth of her pupils are drawn from the
Atlantic States.  This is  true, but it would be well to desig
nate which of those States in particular.   These will be found
to be Virginia, South and North Carolina,  and Georgia.  If
Dr. Caldwell will take a survey of a map, he will at once dis-
cover  that from all the points in  those Slates from which stu-
dents come to Transylvania, the journey is not, on an average,
more than half the distance that it  is either to Philadelphia,
Baltimore  or New York.  Nor is travelling to, or a residence in
Lexington, much more  than half as expensive as in either of
the cities  alluded to.   Such considerations, with  others that
should  not be  named,  are sufficiently satisfactory to explain
why  students come to the latter  in preference to going to the
former, without resolving it into the  dull, glimmering light re-
flected by the Transylvania Medical  School.
   The multiplication of medical schools will render them all
such  dwarfish establishments as to induce the  young men to
treat them 'with scorn and neglect, and go elsewhere for instruc-
tion.'  We hold this  to be pure  humbug.  The high-minded
and ambitious  student, not prevented by restricted pecuniary
circumstances,  will resort to the school most celebrated'for the
thoroughness and profundity of the course of instruction given,
without a  special  reference to the size of the  classes, or  the
pecuniary  emoluments of the teachers.   Of the truth of this,
New  England furnishes the most conclusive proof.  There are
in those States, containing a population a little upwards of two
millions, no less than  six, and, I believe, eight medical schools.
But two of them number as  many as one hundred pupils.  In
those schools there are no less than five hundred pupils.  So
far, indeed, from having gone  'elsewhere for instruction,' but
a few scattering New England  names can be found on the cata-
logues of other schools, while from the surrounding States they 
                            78

 receive a very respectable support.  We discover, therefore,
 that Dr. Caldwell's argument is a most superficial cor jecture:
 so much so, in fact, that  it is  the reverse of the  truth pre-
 cisely.
   The multiplication of medical institutions will so reduce the :
 profits of teaching as to cause it to 'be surrendered to incompe-
 tent men, and the profession will lose cast.'  We again appeal to
 New England.  But two  of  its six schools, we repeat, have
 ever numbered as many as one hundred pupils;  nor does a full
 course of lectures in any of them cost more than half the fee
 in Transylvania.  Has teaching in  New England  been 'sur-
 rendered to incompetent men?'  Or,  has it  there lost 'cast?'
 On these points the  reader has already received satisfaction.
  The Transylvania Medical Professors  receive  more than
 four times as much as any teacher of medicine in either France
 or Germany.   Has medical education in those countries been
 'surrendered to incompetent men?' or has it, in either of them,
 lost 'cast?'
  It is indeed  humiliating to see a man of Dr. Caldwell's  tal-
 ents and  acquirements; a man whose thoughts should  soar to
 a sightless distance above such  grovelling considerations, and
 whose affections should be fixed upon more noble and enduring
 objects, so exclusively mercenary.  With him money is the all
 powerful, soul-moving  lever of Archimides.  'To talk' about
 any other motive animating to  intellectual exertion, is  mere
 'talk.'  This spirit has been derived from our British progeni-
 tors.  It  is the principal cause why the  standard of the pro-
 fession in England, Ireland and Scotland, is so much lower than
 it is in France and Germany.  Nor need we seek for any  other
 cause of  its comparitively  degraded condition in the  United
 States.
  Before  any  thing  great can be  done on a  large scale, this
 prejudicial spirit must be  quenched.  We have no  honors to
reward us or to stimulate us to exertion: such, at least, as they
have in Europe.  Let us then be animated to a zealous  culti-
vation of the science, by that  most.powerful of all stimuli   <n
 inextinguishable love of fame.  There  are those, doubtless, 
79
actuated by  other and meaner motive^,  but to bequeath a
name  to posterity is  the  all engrossing theme of the  truly
great man's  thoughts.  Let  its acquirement be rendered as
difficult  as possible by the  multiplication of candidates, all
anxiously emulous of distinction, and let those know who bear-
off the prize, that they have triumphed over industry,  zeal,
talents  and knowledge.  This, powerful competition will ac-
complish.  If it fails to elevate us to a level with our brethren
of Europe, we are destined by the irreversible decrees of fate
forever to trudge on sluggishly in the subaltern walks of the
profession.
   Let fame and not fortune be the hallowed  object of a medi-
cal teacher's  ambition, and  the aspect of the profession will
soon discover the traces of  its beneficent influence.  Were this
 the case to  the  honor of a professorship,  the incompetent
 would  not  aspire.  Brought  into collision with  able men,
 fame they could not win,  nor in a  medical school would they
 look for fortune.  The mercenary intruder would be banished
 the haunts of science.  To bring such a man into the society
 of men ennobled by an abstract love of reputation, would be
 like the attempt of Milton's  Satan to introduce into the pure
 region of Heaven, 'strange fire, his own invented torment.'
   Dr. Caldwell,  after having abortively  attempted to demon-
 strate that the establishment of another medical school in Ken-
 tucky would be impolitic, undertakes to prove  that the local
 advantages  of Lexington  are superior to those of Louisville.
 In prosecution of this idle and absurd enterprise, he ventures
 to deny the  assertion  that Louisville is more accessible to stu-
 dents of medicine than Lexington.,  This he denies, upon the
 ground that  'the low  stage of water in the  Ohio, and the dif-
 ficulty and comparative danger of navigating it in autumn, the
 time at which the classes  assemble,'  renders the latter 'easier
 of  access' than the former.   Let us hear what the same author,
 so  remarkable for the consistency of his opinions, said on near-
 ly  the same  subject on a former occasion.   When it  was his
 purpose to  prove 'that between  the maritime district of this
 great central region,  and  the Atlantic schools, the intercourse 
                            80

 Is at easy as  between the same district and Trasylvania Uni-
 versity, he asks—'Who does  not  know that a voyage by sea,
 from New Orleans to New York, Philadelphia,  or Baltimore,
 in which ihe navigation in the autumn and spring is peculiarly  ■
 difficult  as well as hazardous, is much more arduous, expen-
 sive and forbidding, than a  passage from the same port to Lou-
 isville, in a  well prepared  steam boat? while the descent of
 the Mississippi, in return, is  but  an excursion of pleasure, the
 return coastwise from the Atlantic schools being  equally ardu-
 ous with the voyage to them.'  In 1819,  a voyage by sea was
 'much more arduous, expensive and forbidding than a passage to
 Louisville 'in  a well prepared steam  boat:  in 1834 a passage to
 Louisville 'in  a well prepared steam boat,'  is much more tedious,
 less  'comfortable' and  more expensive than  trudging  three or
 four hundred  miles on horseback,  through mud  often knee
 deep.  Mirabile dictu!  This the candid  Professor would per-
 suade students of medicine to believe, 'is but an  excursion of
pleasure.'  What  a prodigal expenditure of money!   What a
 useless waste  of time!  All those great  works of internal im-
 provement already achieved, or now in the progress of rapid
 accomplishment, designed  to increase the  facilities of inter-
 course between the various portions of the Union, will now be-
 come useless.   A sapient Professor has discovered that to tra-
 vel on horse-back is speedier, more comfortable and less ex-
 pensive, than any other mode of conveyance.  To what a deal o«f
 trouble have the public been put, toby such visionary schemers
 as the Clintons, the Fultons, and the Rail-Way men!
  But 'the geography and  bearings  of the States  which send
 medical pupils to the  Western schools,'  prove that access to
 Lexington is easier than  to Louisville.  What these newly dis-
covered bearings are, we shall permit the sagacity of Dr. Cald-
well to point out, as we do not wish to deprive him of the glory
of their origination.   We  must remark,  however, that  from
a careful survey of the geography of the Mississippi Valley,
as well as of the different facilities employed at present in tra-
velling, that at least  one hundred and  fifty  of the  students
educated in  the West and South, will find access to Louisville 
81
Easier, cheaper, and more comfortable, than to Lexington.  Nov
 sho.ild it be forgotten taat a passage home in the spring is infi-
 nitely preferable to a journey by land.  Perhaps  it is  not
 knowa to tiiose who have never visited Lexington, that to tra-
 vel in Lie spring in Kentucky, and particularly in the neigh-
 borhood of t.ie City just  msntioned,  is almost impracticable.
 Iniecd,  duriag trie greater part of that season, horses, like at
 least  four teachers of medicine whom I could mention, enjoy
 an almost perfect sinecure.   So deep and heavy are the roads,
 that from twenty to twenty-five miles is regarded as a laborious
 day's journeys
   That the  'actual expense'  of a_ journey by land  to Lexington
 is less than a passage to Louisville in a  steam boat from any
 point on the  Mississippi, or its numerous tributaries, no one
 would assert, whose object is  not ad captandum  vulgus.  For
 less than forty dollars those students who come from the farthest
 parts of the Mississippi  Valley, cannot defray  the expenses of
 a journey by land to Lexington.   For a considerably less sum,
 an individual can procure a passage in a steam boat to Louis-
 ville  from the most remote  point on the Mississippi  or  any of
 its navigable tributaries.  A passage in a steam boat will prove
 advantageous to the student in another important particular.
 Those who come by land must either feed their horses all win-
 ter or sell them.  The expense of keeping a horse all winter
 in the vicinity of  Lexington, is from twenty-five  to thirty dol-
 lars.   This  expense,  by going to Louisville, they may avoid;
  If, however, there are those who would prefer  travelling by
 land, either from  taste or convenience, in tbe vicinity of Lou-
  isville their horses can be kept as cheaply as in Lexington, and
  if they wish to sell them, they will there find  a  readier and a
  better market.   Facts such as these, will not appear unworthy
  the  serious consideration of those in restricted circumstances.
    Viewing the subject a little more in detail  than  we did on
  a former occasion, we are still constrained to believe that  stu-
  dents of medicine, coming from Virginia, Ohio, Illinois,  Mis-
  souri,  Arkansas Territory,  Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee,
  and  a  great portion of Kentucky,  will  find Louisville much 
82
  ieasier of access than Lexington, and much to their advantage
  in other respects.
    We mentioned in a former publication, that students of med-
  icine could enjoy advantages of Clinical Instruction in Louis-
  ville, which in Lexington they could not.  On this subject Dr.
  Caldwell remarks—'In whatever light it may be viewed, hos-
  pital practice, held out as a lure to attract a large winter class,
  is a dishonorable hoax,  to  gratify the cupidity  of those who
 practice  it.'   Dishonorable, however, as the course  we have
 pursued may appear in the  estimation of Dr. Caldwell, we do
 not despair of demonstrating  from his own lips, that the senti-
 ment just quoted  is knavish  in  the  extreme.  The tirade of
 abuse in  which he has condescended to indulge against clini-
 cal instruction, proceeds, as in  fact the whole of his conduct
 does, from motives that are purely selfish and mercenary.  To
 teach it, the  Transylvania Medical Faculty, if they were even
 qualified, have  not at  command the slenderest  means.  In-
 stead, therefore, of endeavoring to remedy the evil, Dr. Cald-
 well  undertakes to  prove,  that  to  the student  of medicine,
 clinical instruction is of no importance.
   In his recent publication, our author has argued one side of
 the question;  we will now endeavor to show  the  reader with
 what success, in his former publications, he has argued the other.
 He remarks—'A mere medical school,  where only lectures are
 delivered,  but  which is destitute of certain requisite appendages,
 can scarcely flourish in a high degree.   It resembles  too much
 a soldier in battle without his equipments.   Of these appendages,
 the most important are a public hospital,' <yc.  He afterwards ex-
 presses the confident conviction that our 'enlightened Legisla-
 ture will liberally appropriate  a reasonble portion of the funds
 of the State'  to build a public  hospital.  As our 'enlightened' !
 Legislature,'  however, has proved to be less  liberal than  he
 expected, he  turns on his heel and swears hospital practice is
 not worth a button.
  On another occasion the singularly consistent Dr. Caldwell  '
informs us-'That hospital practice is of great value, as relates
 to surgery and morbid anatomy, (pathological anatomy,) will 
83
not be denied.   Under no other auspices can those two branches be
so profitably cultivated:  But, as respects  the practice of medi-
cine, considerations of much w eight forbid us to make the same
concession.'  In the preceding quotation we learn that patho-
logical anatomy can be no where learned so well as in a hospi-
tal, but that hospital practice is not of such importance in fa-
cilitating the attainment of a practical acquaintance with  dis-
ease.  But  observe what  he says on still another occasion:—
'Another chapter of great value, is that whose subject is Patho-
logical Anatomy.   An intimate acquaintance with the seat, appear-
ance, and nature of the loesions that constitute the immediate cause
of disease, rs essential  to him who aspires to be a philo-
sophical PHVSICIAN,  AND  A  SUCCESSFUL  PRACTITIONER.  It is
that which  forms  one of the broadest  lines  of distinction be-
tween scientific and empirical medicine.'   Thus we  learn that
pathological anatomy can  no where be  cultivated so profitably
as in a public hospital; we learn also, that pathological anato-
my 'is essential to him who aspires to be a philosophical physician,
and a successful practitioner,'  and yet Dr. Caldwell, informs us.
that 'considerations of much weight forbid'  him 'to concede
that hospital practice' is of great value 'as respects the prac-
tice of medicine.'  From the writings of Dr. Caldwell, there-
fore, we have, as we pledged  to do, proved  the inestimable
value of clinical instruction  to the student of medicine..
   But let  us favor Dr. Caldwell with the opinions of some
other distinguished authorities on  this  subject.   It is one of
sufficient importance to  render  a more circumstantial detail of
opinions and  facts excusable.  Dr.  Gordon,  of the London.
Hospital, a most zealous and talented physician, in an Introduc-
tory Lecture to  his Course of Clinical Instruction, after exposing
the fatal errors of wild hypothesis, remarks:—'Let  us now re-
verse the picture, and if 1 have spoken with some  severity of
mere hypothesis, how much more  keenly might  we depict
'practice without principles?'—How should we catch the ever
varying  lineaments of the many headed monster empiricism,'
in all its shades and gradations  from  the man, not of one idea,
but of ONE DRUG, up to the respectable and regular prac- 
84
  iitioner, who has a particular remedy for each and every (lis*
  ease, without knowing what the disease really is, or in what or-
  gan of the body it is seated ?—the empirical knowledge preached ,!
  and acted upon by nurses and Lady Bouniifuls, and by practi-
  tioners who deserve to be ranked witk them, confounding in thfir
 frighfful confidence one disease zoith another, treating cholic for in-
  terites, and rheumatism of the  intercostals  for pneumonia.   The
  correction of both these errors is  the great object of a clinical course,
  in which the attention of the student is directed to disease as it real-
  ty exists; and thus supposing him to be, as he really ought, ac-
  quainted with  the principles of his  profession, theory and
 practice are made mutually to  aid and  correct each  other.'
 Disagreeable as it is for him to hear honorable mention made
 of the celebrated Dr. James Johnson, and much as we dislike
 being the cause of pain to any one, we cannot deny ourselves
 the pleasure of referring Dr. Caldwell to the following quota-
 tion:—'Of the advantages to be derived from good clinical lecturesr
 there never has been, and tfiere never  can be,  any question; nay,
 more, wherever and  whenever good ones are delivered, there
 will always  be a  disposition  evinced by the pupils to attend
 them.'
   Opinion on the subject of clinical instruction, is settled in
 Europe.  The advantages of which it is opulently productive,
 are no longer questioned.  Nearly all the medical schools of
 continental Europe require of  the graduate after obtaining his
 degree, before he can enter upon the practice of his profession,
 to pass a considerable time either in an hospital, or with some
 practical physician.  After this-, period of probation  has ex-
 pired, he again undergoes an examination, as to the progress
 he has made in practical medicine, before  he can be admitted
 to the Libra Praxis of his profession.  When we compare this
 with what obtains in almost every medical school in the United
 States, we should blush for the profession.
  In Edinburgh, and  in most of the other British Schools  of
Medicine, six months attendance on a clinical course is ren-
dered necessary, and the Same length of time in ajry respecta-
ble hosnilaL  In the United States a degree is obtained in anp 
«5
  medical school, with the exception of the University of Penn-
  sylvania, without ever having heard a clinical lecture,or with-
t out ever having seen the inside of a hospital.
    The  character of the profession in  Europe, has become
  strikingly practical in  its nature.  Medical men of the first
  distinction  have become completely disenamoured of wild and
  visionary hypotheses.  By the sound thinker and close reason-
  er, the hypothetical speculations of Paracelsus, Darwin, Bed-
  does and Brown, are entirely forgotten.   They have been for-
  ever buried in oblivion.  Universal consent would have consign-
  ed the theoretical opinions of Hippocrates and Sydenham, to
  the  same fate, but for  the mass of redeeming practical facts,
  with which they  are  interwoven.   The acurate  descriptions
  of disease left us  by Celsus and Aretaeus, have been  faithfully
  recollected, while their  theories have been forgotten.   To the
  same cause, is Cullen indebted  for his present standing with
  the profession.
    In Europe, a taste for  facts has superseded the once popular
  taste for idle and  unprofitable speculation. But here its benign
  influence has still to be  felt.  The science still groans under
  the yoke of hypothetical reasoning.   What has been the cause
  of so remarkable, as  well as valuable a  change in the charac-
  ter of the profession in  Europe?  The answer is  obvious and
  indisputable.  To clinical researches, prosecuted on a large
  scale  in public infirmaries,  we, without  hesitation, respond.
  From such resources, have issued all  the most popular "Text
  Books' of the age. In public hospitals, Broussais, Andral, Louis
  and a hundred others, collected the materials, from which were
  constructed those works that have given them celebrity, and
  reformed the science.  By the labours of such  men has the
  hideous rabble of shallow hypotheses been routed, and the
  profession based upon a  foundation, which enables it to defy
  all the trickery of the sophist or chicanery of the theorist.
    Pathological Anatomy, is the only true and infallible basis of
  practical medicine.  The former, we agree with Dr. Caldwell
  cannot be studied with so much advantage any where else, as
  in a public  hospital.   In euch institutions, the students will 
                             86

  have daily opportunities of examining the bodies  of those,,
  who  die therein.  He will learn  to  detect and  distinguish
  physiological  from pathological appearances.   Nor  will the
  repeated dissection  of human  bodies, enable him to do this
  with any degree'of scientific accuracy, unless he has been ed-
  ucated under the quick and sagacious eye of an experienced
  teacher.   To distinguish morbid from healthy parts, can only
  be done  by the physician, who by practice has made himself
  perfectly familiar with the characteristic properties of each of
  them.  As well might you expect a Hottentot to appreciate
  the excellencies of a  painting,  like  that  of Guido's  Aurora^
 Raphael's Cartoons, or Rambrandt's Descent from the Cross, as to
 expect a  physician unfamiliar with pathological researches to
 point out what has been the result of disease, what of accident,
 what the effect of position, what the consequence of dissolu-
 tion, and  what parts still retain their natural appearance.  At
 the former, the Hottentot would gaze  with quite as much in-
 telligence, as the physician would at the latter.
   By such a physician, would you expect to see disease treated
 on pathological principles, or by his blind, blundering dissec-
 tions, would it be rational to expect medical science to be ben-
 efitted?   If you were, you  would certainly be disappointed.
 Nor is it uncommon, for physicians to labour under so material
 and  inexcusable  a deficiency.   Hundreds annually  in the
 United States,  have the honours of the doctorate conferred
 upon them, who never dissected a human body.  This is the
 reason why, in the estimation  of all Europe, we are considered
 the poorest pathologists in the world.  This is  what still ren-
 ders us wild hypothesists, while  tbe medical men in Germa-
 ny, France and Great Britain  are  content, cautiously and
 logically to deduce conclusions from  unimpeachable premises.
  How is pathological anatomy  taught  in  the Transylvania
Medical School?  Is it taught there at all?  We  shall run no
risk in answering this in the  negative.  Who has  ever seen a
human body opened before the medical class, for pathological
purposes?  Which of  her numerous alumni  ever made, a pa-
thological dissection under the eyes of one her teachers'  Of
  -
J 
87
that individual we confes-, we are just as ignorant as we are of
the  inhabitants  of the moon, or of those of Georgium Sidus.
Who is not startled at this disclosure, when he hears such lan-
guage as the following, uttered by Dr. Caldwell.  He informs
us, that a knowledge  of pithr'ogicd  anatomy  'is  essential to
him, who aspires to  be a philosophical physican, and a successful
practitioner.   IT IS  THAT  WHICH FORMS  ONE  OF
THE   BROADEST  -LStfSS  OF   DISTINCTION,  BE-
TWEEN SCIENTIFIC AND  EMPIRICAL  MEDICINE.'
What  is  the  usual  complimentary cognomen of those  who
practice empirically?  What is the sentence  pronounced in
the extract just made from Dr. Caldwell, against those to whose
diplomas, he willingly places his signature?   To Dr. Caldwell,
we  appeal  for a response  to these enquiries, or to Dryden if
 the reader  prefers it:
          «Th' illit'rate writer, emp'rick-like, appliec
          To each disease unsafe, chance remedies;
          The learn'd in school, when science first began,
          Studies with care th' anatomy of man:
   Little as the alumni of Transylvania (among whom my name
 is to be found,) know of real pathology, and vehemently as Dr,
 Caldwell may rave at hospital practice or clinical instruction,
1 cannot be persuaded from believing, or  frightened from de-
 claring, that it  is  from such  sources alone, that the student of
 medicine can ever acquire an  accurate knowledge of the na-
 ture of disease, or learn the proper  application of practical
 principles.   In regard to the treatment, the vacant bed will be a
 telling fact, which the most dull of apprehension cannot misin-
 terpret, while from the post mortem dissection, he will learn
 the accuracy of the previous diagnosis, as well  as the sound-
 ness of the pathological principles.  Such knowledge from any
 other source, it will be impossible for him to acquire.  Through
 a whole library he may read, and store  his memory with all the
 researches  and investigations that have been  prosecuted from
 the creation of the  world to the present  moment;  he may
 know Double's voluminous Symptomatology by heart; he may
 Sleep  with  Good's Study of Medicine,  under his head; he  may 
88
 keep Cooks' Pathology and  Therapeutics, as his  pocket com*
 panion, and still he will be a mere book man.  Before he can
 become a skillful practical physician, he must learn at tbe bed-
 side of the patient, and  on the 'dead house' table, how to bring
 this vast store of knowledge to bear.   There he will learn, and
 no where else, how to apply all his pathological deductions and
 rules of practice to the ever  varying circumstances of partic-
 ular cases.  Hear the emphatical and  decided sentiments of
 the  illustrious Tiedemann on this all important subject.   He
 informs us, that the 'most important attribute in the character
 of a physician, and indeed of every  man,  who is engaged in
 the active and practical employment of life, is after the acqui-
 sition of sound theoretical knowledge, the power or faculty of
 distinctly and correctly perceiving the leading phenomena of
 the  case  before him,  of tracing the relations  of causes and
 their effects, of reasoning upon them, and of applying the de-
 ductions to the remedial treatment.  There are many physi-
 cians, who are excellent  theorisers, but  who never  become
 skillful practitioners; for with all their accumulated informa-
 tion, they know not how to recognize the  individualities  of a
 case, nor  to reduce the symptoms to any  general rule:—suck
 are all, merely book-men, who have acquired no skill in the sick
 room:
   But the authority  of Dr.  Drake, is  adduced  against  us.
 Than this, nothing could have  been more unfair or uncandid.
 Dr. Caldwell knows perfectly well, that Dr. Drake has never
 attempted to depreciate clinical instruction.  On the contrary,
 in a recent work on Medical Education, he says:—'The subject
 of hospital practice, must not  be passed over in silence.  That
 it  might be made a source of great improvement to students, no
 one can deny.'
   The language of the author just quoted, on the occasion re-
 ferred to by Dr. Caldwell,  had allusion exclusively  to the  ex-
tremely embarrassed circumstances, in which he was  placed.
 His words are:—'The wards of the Hospital were too  small
to admit the entire class, and its Trustee*-,  uneducated and su-
perstitious men, instead of promotingpos* mortem exami nations, 
                            89

sought rather to prevent them.'   Since the time to which Dr.
Drake aJverts  the Hospital has  been consideraoly enlarged,
and had other useful additions made, and vet in the 'Report of
the Committee appointed to visit the Medical College at Cincinnati,'
it is stated that, 'From remarks already  made  it will be seen,
that both from (Hospital) structure and condition, it in no re-
spect, organized or adopted to promote the science of medi-
cine or aid in the objects of usefulness of the Medical College.'
   We agree most perfectly with Dr. Caldwell, that clinical
medicine, as it is taught in the United States, is  more an entire
scene of farce, than any thing else.  But this need not be so,
and he should have had  the cafirJour to confess it.  Tnis is the
more inexcusable in him, as his observation on the subject ha9
not been confined  to the United  States.   He has been in Eu-
rope, and there he should have learned better.   Had he done
this, and had his efforts been directed to the reformation of clin-
ical teaching in the United  States, he would have been much
more usefully, as well as more profitably employed than in rail-
ing against clinical lectures, or than in exciting the ridicule and
contempt of society by his preposterous phrenological lucubra-
tions. The hurry, bustle, scuffling and Babel of confused sounds
of v! 1 ir11 he so  justly complains, are not absolutely unavoida-
ble, but result obviously from the  vicious  system of clinical in-
struction adopted.
   To derive such advantage from clinical instruction, as will
mike the student  a practical physician, the svstem pursued
ma^t  be entirely cnanged.   Nor is the change alluded to, diffi-
cult   to  accomplish.  Such judicious  arrangements  mav  be
made, as will effectually remedy aitTfie evils complained of, and
that too, without much trouble or pecuniarv expense.
   To render clinical  instruction as beneficial as possible, the
winter session in all schools of medicine, should  be six instead
of four months.  This would enable the student to see a much
greater number of patients; he would be much better qualified
to appreciate the  relative  success  of the remedial measures
adopted  bv the different clinical teachers: and   hi« opportuni-
ties of acquiring a competent knowledge of pathological anat-
                            L 
                                90

    omy will be enlarged  and rendered ample.  To remedy  the
    hurry and bustle, too often witnessed to the disgrace of those
    who have the management of our infirmaries, instead of a sep-
    erate and distinct Clinical Professorship, it should be made a
    part of the duty of every member of a Medical  Faculty, to
    give clinical instruction.   The  class,  however large, might
    be divided among the different professors, so as to accommodate
    the number attending eaeh teacher to the capacity of most hos-
    pital wards.  Every student would in this way be  enabled, to
    hear and see all that he could wish.  The plan here suggested,
    and every one can see that it is perfectly practicable, is not ma-  .
    terially  unlike the  system purs*Q^cTTrT marty of the medical ^
    schools of continental Europe.
      To the Medical Clinic of the Parisian School of Medicine,
    is attached four professors; to the surgical clinic, three  profes-
    sors; while that of accouchmens is entrusted  to  one professor
    only.  It is perfectly easy to perceive that a somewhat similar
    system could be adopted  in the United States, with compara-
    tively little difficulty.   When we reflect that proper clinical
    instruction  is amongst the most  important  items  in medical
    education,  inasmuch as upon it   in a great measure depends
    the future success and reputation  of the practitioner, it cannot
    occasion surprise, that something  of the kind has not been al-
    ready done.
      There should be not only a plurality of clinical teachers, but
    but should  be men of knowledge and talents, and also patient
    and enduring.  The latter qualities are perhaps, more requi-
f.   site in a clinical teacher than the former.   At every  visit he
    should spend'two or three hoilfsVand eVen longer if necessary.
    The student must be taught the 'use of his eyes, his ears and his
    hands.'  The instructor should converse  familiarly with  his
    pupils on every interesting case: their attention should be par-
    ticularly directed to the  countenance of the patient  the  ex-
    pression and hue of which, are often  sufficient to indicate  the
    changes  which have taken place  since a previous visit: atten-
    tion should be directed to the tongue, and every student should
    be made to feel the pulse.  Every pupil should be presented  ; 
91
    with a stethoscope (but I believe it is an instrument, the use of
    which is not known to the Transylvania Medical Faculty,) who
    has not one, and the professor should patiently stand by the bed-
    side while he is listening,  giving him directions, in regard to
    the proper use of it.   When the patient has been examined by
    every student until he is satisfied, the professor should announce
    to them the nature of the disease under which he labours, and
    explain the diagnostic  ev idence upon which he has founded his
    opinion.  He should now  prescribe and make known all the
    elements of his recipe.   But this is not all.  The anticipated
^   results of the recipe in the aggregate, must not only be clearly
    developed, but the reason and object of every one of its in-
    gredients must  be exhibited.   This is the plan upon  which
    clinical instruction is  conduced by Dr. Elliotson, of  London,
    and it has been attended  with the most satisfactory success.  In
    proof of this,, his v?ards are always crowded  by eager and at-
    tentive auditors.
     Notwithstanding the ease with  which  a very  large  class
    might be accomai^dated  on the plan above suggested, in the
    wards of most infirmaries, Dr. Caldwell remarks:—'we are still
    assured that hospital practice is of great importance to a w in-
   ter class.'   To this opinion, we unshrinkingly adhere.   'But,
    by whom is tbe assurance given? by physicians of responsibili-
    ty, who have themselves witnessed it?  No, truly;  but by those
   who are totally ignorant of it—who, we believe, never visited the
   wards of a  hospital.'  Truly, we never  did visit a Lexington
   Hospital; nor, if such  visits were  now practicable, would we
   there find a teacher capable of giving clinical instruction.   But
   this we regret more than do those, whose business it should be
   to give a satisfactory course of medical  instruction.   We re-
   gret  it,  because we know from repeated and mortifying expe-
   rience, the difficulties with which  the young physician has to
   contend, and the perils  to which his too  confiding patients are
   often exposed when he is obliged to commence his professional
   career, altogether ignorant of clinical medicine.  Rather than
   insultingly remind an alumnus of the deficiencies of his early
   professional education, the conscience of Dr. Caldwell should 
                            93

 severely reproach him for having sent him forth into the com-
 munity a diplomatized physician, without a  competent knowl-
 edge of his duties.
   It was urged by us, that Louisville, on account of being more
 populous by about ten thousand people than Lexington, was a
 more eligible site for a medical school.  This conclusion, we
 deduced from the fact, that in the former, anatomical research-
 es could be prosecuted  with more success  than in the latter.
 *This assertion'  we are  told by Dr. Caldwell, 'is  unfounded,
 and betrays, in those who make it, an entire ignorance  of the
 past history, and  actual  condition of medical schools.'   Our
 ignorance,  the reader has doubtless discovered before this, has
 become a proverb in the mouth  of the consistent Dr. Caldwell.
 By a reference, however, to 'the history, and  actual condition
 of medical schools,' the reader will soon  be enabled to dtter-
 miae whether my ignorance, or his duplicity is the more con-
 spicuous and blameable.
  Dr. Caldwell adverts, in support of his position to several
 comparatively small towns, in which medical schools have been
 more prosperous than in others, that are more populous.   In the
 same page, however, with most inexcusable hardihood,he makes
 the fatal admission that the 'advantages' which cities offer for
 the study of anatomy, 'depend chiefly on the liberality of the senti-
 ments and usages that prevail in them.'  One grand discovery.
 Who is so simple as not to know  that the ignorant and supersti-
 tious will throw every obstacle in the way of the study ofanat-
 amy?   Who, moreover, is so stupidly credulous, as to believe
 that liberal sentiments and usages are more prevalent in small
 towns (and  yet his whole argument rests on  this idle supposi-
tion,) than in large cities.   The  reverse precisely of his hy-
pothesis universally obtains.  Other things therefore, being
equal, I still hold it to be a self-evident truth, that a large city
is decidedly more favourable to anatomical researches than a
small town, and that Louisville consequently presents stronger
attractions to students of medicine than Lexington.
  We did not assert 'that a large school of medicine can be
sunned only in a large city,'  but we now affirm, on the  au- 
93
thority of unquestionable data, that other things being equal,
a large city will prove much more conducive to the prosperity of
a medical school, than a small one.   It would be preposterous
to contend that any medical school can permanently flourish, in
which anatomical science is not zealously cultivated.  Nor is
it possible for this to be done, where the supply of  subjects is
sparing and insufficient.   This must ever be the case in small
towns, from the  comparative infrequency of deaths, however
enlightened may be the  view taken by its inhabitants on the
subject.
   In proof of this, no instance of a medical school  flourishing
in a high degree in a small town can be designated, unless sub*
jects  for dissection were  procured  from abroad.   Indeed, to
contend that the subjects used by a medical school located in
a small town, are furnished by the town itself, or the country in
its immediate vicinity, would be  preposterous and absurd.
Such, at its very presentation, must it  appear to every intelli-
gent  and reflecting individual.   Without supposing the exis-
tence of any illiberal prejudices  against the  cultivation of
anatomy, the practice of using  every precaution  to prevent
 exhumation  of  their deceased friends or relatives,  becomes
 fashionable.  This spirit descends to  the most  obsequious
 walks of life, thus forcing the teacher  of anatomy to resort to
 some foreign source.  When this .is the case, is it not evident
 that those who would in such places prosecute  anatomical stu-
 dies will have to submit to inconveniences and  expend an
 amount of money scarcely known, and if known, but imperfect-
 ly felt, in a large city.
   The truth of what we allege  is  illustrated and enforced by
 what  every winter obtains in Lexington.   For the last eight
 years, but  few of the bodies dissected, in its  amphitheatres
 have been procured either in the town, or within forty miles of
 it.  They have been brought  chiefly from Louisville.   The
 few thus furnished, however, are  far  from being sufficient to
 afford such facilities to the study  of anatomy  as should be at
 the command of every  medical  school.  la proof of this, but
 verv few of the students have any opportunity to acquire  a 
91
 knowledge of anatomy, besides what is presented in the public
 demonstrations.  Will tliis enable any m.1,1 to become an .anato-
 mist?  Horner  and Pattison  would answer, No.  Is  this the
 way to make surgeons?  Duputren and  Cooper would laugh
 at the suggestion.   Nevertheless, hundreds are graduated w ho
 never dissected a human body.   Of the use of the scalpel they
 are as ignorant as  they are of a Greenlander's harpoon.  In
 their hands  the one would be wielded with as much dexterity
 and judgment as the other.   In making these unwelcome dis-
 closures, it is foreign from the author's purpose to reflect upon
 the distinguished incumbent of the Anatomical and  Surgical
 Chair.  They spring from causes  over which human wisdom
 can exert no control.
   At  one  time the Transylvania Medical School stood deeply
 indebted to Cincinnati.  Numerous subjects were furnished by
 that city  for several winters, in succession.  This resource,
 however, has been long since dried up, by those who under-
 stand their own interest.  Louisville, almost exclusively, fur-
 nishes the present  meagre supply.  Will this continue  to be
 the case?  The  truthful will answer in the negative.  Next
 winter she will have to furnish her own  medical school with
 subjects.  To Transylvania,  then, will  some terra incognita
 have to give  up its dead.
   When Louisville  refuses her annual supply of subjects, will
 Dr. Dudley  be able, with all his powers of  fascination, to sus-
 tain the Anatomical and Surgical  Chair?  Without  subjects
 could he even attract crowds of students to Transylvania?   But
 one answer to these questions can be given, and  that is a posi-
 tive negative.
   While such circumstances as have been just alluded to, will
 ever be felt by Transylvania, and will ultimately and not very
 remotely,  (should Centre  Medical College  get  under way,)
achieve her destruction, they are such as the students who may
resort  to Louisville will ever be strangers to.   In  a city con-
taining a population of but little less than  twenty thousand
people, and increasing with unprecedented rapidity, they will 
95
always have at hand  the amplest  means of becoming good
praciic.il anatomists and skuilul operative surgeons.
   But to return to tne question under discussion.   Public in-
firmaries abound to a mucn greater extent in  large  than  in
small cities.   Tliis being the case,  we have the most  decided
reasons wny the former should be preferred to  the latter.   In
hospitals,  clinical  instruction  can  be  obtained; descriptive,
genei.il and pathological anatomy  can be  studied.  In towns
like Lexington, where no such establishments are to be found,
sucn information must be either altogether neglected, or very
imperfectly furnished.
   Tne standard of professional excellence is generally much
higher in a large than in a small town.  On this account, the  lo-
cation of a medical school in  the former, should be preferred.
The higher standard of the profession in large cities  arises in
part, from the fact, that physicians, ambitious of fame and for-
tune, as they acquire reputation, leave small towns to congre-
gate in them.  In proportion to the  magnitude of the city,
will be the difficulty in acquiring business.   If success, there-
fore, would be commanded, the physician must be able and ac-
complished.   The contemplation of exalted professional worth
cannot fail to exert the  most favorable influence on the mind of
the student.   If  he be emulous of  fame, he  will be more
 powerfully stimulated  to exertion than if he were confined in
 the sphere of his  observation  to  the herd  of physicians to  be
 found in the smaller towns.
   In large cities where a  number of able  physicians  are con-
 gregated together, many, if not all of them, are private lectu-
 rers.  This enkindles a spirit  of active rivalry in the breasts of
all classes of teachers.   Each individual  struggles manfully for
supremacy.   The student must be dull and inanimate indeed,
if a portion of this spirit is not infused into him.  He  will thus
acquire a  habit of study, and imbibe a desire  of  distinction,
 which cannot fail to be of the utmost benefit  to him  in the
 prosecution of his profession.
   Numerous other advantages of a large city as the site  of a med-
 ical school over those of a small one, might be enumerated. 
                           96

But space is not allowed us.  We must respond  to the ques-
tions propound::.! by Dr. Caldwell.  We are asked, 'Why have
the schools of Lev den, GoUingen and Halle been always lar-
ger and more, celebrated than  those  of Vienna, Amsterdam*
or Berlin?'  With  the  exception of Amsterdam, we answer
they are not.   Nor should this city have been mentioned with
those above alluded to.   Its University, for the last  half cen-
tury, has not been one of those circumstances which have given
to it  notoriety.   It is so perfectly insignificant, that in a very
full catalogue of the European Universities 1  have had an op-
portunity to coasult, it is not to he found.  Nor is it mentioned
in the article 'Amsterdam,' in the Eucyclopoedia Americana.
If the University of Amsterdam ever  deserved to  rank with
the more  respectable Universities in  Europe, the disastrous
history  of that city for tiie last fifty years, furnishes abundant
reason why it has not continued to flourish.
   The Berlin U liversity, though comparatively  very young,
having only been founded in the year  1809, is at this time re-
garded as  amongst  the foremost in Europe.  In 1826, its clas-
ses numbered no less than 1640 students.  The University of
Vienna  has long been  celebrated for  the  study  of medicine,
and although it is yielding the ascendancy to  Berlin in conse-
quence of a more scientific spirit existing there than is to be
found in Austria, the  number of its students is still not much
inferior  to that of the latter.
   Let us now ascertain  the actual  condition of those schools,
which, according to Dr. Caldwell, have always  been larger
and more celebrated than Berlin and  Vienna.  Although the
University of Leyden is one of the most ancient in Europe, it
has at present but 323 students.  The University of Halle, in
which Meckel,  K'eil, Wolff, Pfaff,  &c. taught, or now teach,
never had  more than  four  hundred students until  the year
1815, when the University of Wittemberg was united with it,
and then even, it  never exceeded  1385 students, a number
much less  than that of either Berlin or Vienna.  The Univer-
sity of Gottengen, although it has numbered  amongst its pro-
fessors Haller, Blumenback, Eichhorn, Gauss,  &c, and ah 
97
though every native of Brunswick and Nassau must study, for
a certain time, at Gottengen, if he wishes any employment in
the gift of either government, it had, in  the year 1829, but
1264 students.   It is, therefore, distinctly ascertained, contra-
ry to the confident assertion of Dr. Caldwell, that the Univer-
sities  of Berlin and Vienna are larger  and in a  much  more
flourishing condition than those of either Leyden, Halle, or
Gottengen.
   We  are  asked 'Why, until the present century, have the
schools of Montpeller and Edinburgh been larger than those of
Paris and London?'   If he is acquainted with the causes why
they  are now  smaller, he cannot be ignorant of the reasons
which formerly rendered them larger.  During  the  two pe-
riods to which Dr. Caldwell alludes, the relative population of
those cities has not materially changed.
   Why 'is the school of Boston sometimes inferior in numbers
to that of New Haven, and those of other small New England
towns?'  It is not true, that the Boston school is inferior to that
of New Haven.  While the former has commonly about eigh-
ty, the latter rarely has more than seventy pupils. Nor is the
Boston school inferior to all the others of New England.  But
three of them surpass it in the number of their pupils, while
 all the rest are considerably inferior to it.   For the superiority
 of those three, there is an obvious reason.  Between  the com-
 petition with which Boston has to contend, and that  of those
 which have  larger classes, there is no comparison.  Within a
 short distance of Boston, there are no less than three medical
 schools; one within thirty, a second  within one hundred, and a
 third within one hundred and twenty miles, while one of those
 by which it has been surpassed in the number of its pupils, has
 but one rival  within one  hundred miles;  the second, but one
 within one hundred and thirty  miles, and the third has not a
 rival within much less than three hundred miles.
    But we are again asked 'Why has the school of Transylvania
 been the second in size, in the United States?'   For two obvi-
 ous reasons.  It has  been sustained by a population of five mil-
                             M 
98
 lions of people, and until the year 1826, competition could not
 be said fairly to have existed.
    We have now, in a much more detailed and circumstantial
 manner than they actually deserved, responded to the ques-
 tions which wrere propounded to us by Dr. Caldwell;  in like
 manner his gratuitous statements have been passed through the
 ordeal of a rigid investigation.  While we flatter ourselves
 that  our answers to  the former  will be  considered conclusive
 and  satisfactory, the nature of the latter  will be regarded in
 the light of false and untenable assumption.-.  After  this la-
 bored and not altogether unperplexed discussion, we venture
 the belief that every reader  will perfectly  unite  with us  in
 opinion, other things being equal,  that  large cities or towns
 will always prove more conducive to the interests and celebri-
 ty of a school of medicine, than those that are smaller  and
 comparatively insignificant.  The questions which have been
 asked by Dr. Caldwell,  betray  so  much  duplicity, and the
 statements he has made, discover so great a contempt for truth
 or so much ignorance, that we venture to recommend  to  his
 most  deliberate consideration,  the very same advice which he '
 so unceremoniously gave to us.   If, therefore, he cannot main-
 tain the strnd he has taken, we advise him, in credit to himself, \
 to abandon his ground, by an acknowledgment of his duplicity, his
 ignorance and his inexcusable contempt of truth—or, at least her-
 metically, to seal his lips, and expose himself no further, by writing
 or talking on matters of which  he  is uninformed, or in regard to
 which his want of ingenuousness will not permit him to speak with
 candor.
   In  furtherance of the disreputable  purpose which he has
 avowed it  his object  to accomplish, Dr. Caldwell informs us
 that 'pupils can live in Lexington at half the cost of similar
 fare and accommodations' in  Louisville,  This assertion is in  l
 perfect  keeping  with the numerous other false statements with
 which his publication abounds.  We admit that in the public
houses of Louisville, boarding is a trifle higher than in similar
houses in Lexington.   Not so, however, with the private board-
ing establishments.   We  assert, upon authority the truth of 
99
  which we arc not at liberty to doubt, that they furnish board-
  ing on terms quite as moderate as  similar house* do in Lex-
  ington.
    The reason of this is manifest.   The price of fuel in Lex-
  ington in the winter, is always very high.   When the roads be-
  come bad, and this very  frequently happens, it cannot be pro-
  cured but at prices the most exorbitant and oppressive.  Nor
  is this all.   The supply is far from being abundant, particular-
  ly at those  periods of intense  cold, when it is most needed.
  To the student of medicine this must prove peculiarly unpleas-
  ant; to those, especially, who come from more southern lati-
 tudes, and whose constitutions are illy qualified to stand the ri-
 gor of our climate.  Comfortable and hot fires are, to such in-
 dividuals, indispensable, although in Lexington they are known
 to be characteristically scanty.   Often have 1 seen Southerners
 muffled  up, as if equipped for a Russian campaign, shivering
 over a few  smouldering embers.  The  reverse of this unem-
 bcllished statement universally obtains in Louisville.   Situated
 on the Ohio, that river furnishes it with fuel in  the greatest
 abundance, and  on at least thirty per centum more moderate
 terms than it can be procured for in Lexington.  Nor does the
 price fluctuate as it does in  this city, the supply being steady
 and uniform.
   In regard  to the quality of the boarding to which Dr. Cald-
 well has made allusion between Louisville  and Lexington,
 there can be no  comparison instituted.  The  market of the
 former, on the score of abundance, variety, and the excellence
 of  the articles, is not equalled  in the Western country: nor
 is it believed that it is surpassed by any other in the United
 States,  if we  except that of Philadelphia.  To those who
 have visited her private boarding establishments, it is  needless
to say that the abundance, variety and delicacy of their tables,
prove that they are not insensible to, or ignorant of their ad-
 vantages.
   But it matters not how cheaply a student  may be accommo-
dated with boarding of the first quality in Louisville, it will
never do to send him there, as hi* character will be exposed to 
100
the greatest  n«k of moral deterioration.   Nothing could  be
more imprudent.  No judicious parent would think of risking
his son, of from twenty to twenty-five years of age, on the pave'
of that corrupt commercial thorough-fare,  without a guardian
to protect him.  The dangers to which he would be  exposed,
are  incalculable.  Peradventure  he might be  allured  to his
ruin by some warbling syren, or  transformed  into  a hog by
some enchanting Circe,—or, what is far more likely,  he  might
be McAdamized while crossing some public street in his way
from one lecture-room to another.
  To speak seriously on this subject, we cannot but express
surprise that  Dr. Caldwell should argue the superior moral pu-
rity of Lexington over  that of Louisville, when  a recent event
of a character so discouraging  is fresh in the  recollection.
Nor will  Transylvania fail to feel  the evil  consequences  of it.
Already has public attention been awakened, and already has
public disapprobation been indignantly manifested. Already is
Tennessee aroused.  This assertion I do not make upon the au-
thority of my own surmises, but from information communica-
ted to the author by a pious and  highly respectable preacher
of the Gospel, who has just returned from a tour through that
State. The determination of Fathers and Mothers is deci-
ded and universal, not to send their sons in future to  Transyl-
vania. Nor is  this determination unwise, or its declaration
precipitate.
  In every city of sufficient magnitude to authorize the estab-
lisr.meni of a  medical school in it, there never will be wanting
the amplest me ,ns of gratifying the vicious and  rebellious in-
clinations of the idle a,,t the dilute.   The haunts  of  wick-
ed- ss will be iou-.d to flourish in all their plenitude in  every
city in Me Unlfcd States, of the siz> even of Lexington.   It is
not necos,;Ty  to visit a large city, to see such places  of utter
and irreclaimable abomination throned by the  votaries of ev-
ery vice and the perpetrators of every crime.
  In large citks there is exerted,  I am persuaded a restraining
influence, especially  over the  medical §tudent, which  is not
found to exist to the same extent in those that are comparative- 
101
!y small.  I allude to the literary and scientific spirit, as well
as the zealous competition to be found in the former, but rare-
ly  to be met with in the latter.  He will  there  be called to
witness an indomitable ardour, in the  cultivation of medical
science, and  the unprescient results  of zealous rivalry,  to
wliich he would have been forever a perfect stranger  in most
cities of the size of Lexington.  This  will inspire  him with
thoughts of future  greatness, and of extensive usefulness in his
profession, which he never would have conceived in the  nar-
row, dull and monotonous circle of professional  indifference,
too  characteristic of small cities and  towns.  He  will  thus
have infused into him an ardent or of study, and  a zealous de-
sire to  acquire  reputation  in his profession.  He will not be
satisfied to  measure his attainments with that'fat  stupidity and
gross ignorance,' with which too many are but too familiar dur-
ing the years of early pupilage.   When once  he is  brought
 under  the influence here alluded to, his moral character will
 be protected from the seductive blandishments of temptation,
 or the specious  allurements of vice by an impenetrable aegis.
 It will  weaken his  sensual, while it will strengthen  his intellec-
 tual character.
   But the  demoralizing tendency of Louisville, is not the only
 serious charge preferred against it by  Dr. Caldwell.   In that
 unfortunate city it has been discovered that it is 'impossible to
 be a student.'  Prodigious! wdiat wonder the discoverer did  not
 like the  philosopher  of  Syracuse in  his transport, run start-
 naked  through  the  streets of Louisville.   The authority of
 Dr. Caldwell, could not have given a more substantial or  ac-
 ceptable explanation  of his ignorance.   However  ingenious
 this may have  been in  the former, we cannot  with  all  our
 knowledge of the extreme credulity of the latter, but express
 the utmost astonishment that he should have been imposed on
 bv such arrant flummery.
    WTe speak advisedly and from personal observation, when we
 maintain that a habit of study is more easily acquired and perse-
 vered in, in large cities and towns, than in those  that are small.
  So true is, this  that to study a profession  in  a village with ar- 
102
  dour or success is almost impossible.   The scenes daily witnes-
  sed in the office of a village Lawyer or village Pnysician,  are
  conclusive proof of this.   There you will sec one heterogenous
  and villainous compound of pettifoggers,physicians, merchants,
  clerks, store and  shop-boys, and  mechanics discoursing,  no
  doubt, like Milton's  Angels on high doctrinal points.   Village
  scandal is not more common or proverbial than village loung-
  ing.  Nor is the one more disgraceful and deleterious than the
  other.
   It cannot, moreover, be denied that almost every physician
 who  has  distinguished himself, and been  regarded  as  an
 honour and ornament to his  profession has received his medi-
 cal  education in a large city.   Nor is it the less true, that those
 physicians whom I  have observed to be the most indefatigable
 students have been educated in such  places.   There they im-
 bibed  a spirit during their medical  pupilage, which seemed
 to exert over them  its benign influence throughout the whole
 of after life.
   Commercial communities, we are informed, are unpropitious
 to literary  and scientific pursuits.   This  opinion  is not less
 false than it is popular, and  this I imagine is a principal rea-
 son  why it enjoys the benefit of Dr. Caldwells  support.   It
 has  obtained vogue, I presume, either from a too superficial
 view of the subject, or what is still more probable, from having
 been deduced from a few  insulated and in reality anomalous
 facts.  A  wider and more comprehensive view of the subject
 would, I am persuaded, have led to a different conclusion.
  Thus, Glasgow in Scotland, which has been long distinguish-
 ed for its extensive commerce  and manufactures, has a Univer-
 sity  containing no less than  1400 students.  In a  literary  and
 commercial  connexion there is not in Europe, of  its size or
 population, a city so important as Leipsic.   It is the centre of
 European  trade with the interior of Germany,  and the place
 of deposit for  Foreign and  Saxon goods, it has three fairs to
 which  merchants resort from all  parts of Europe, and  from-
Asia, and its commerce, though not now so great  as formerly.
still employs, directly or indirectly, the majority of the inhab- 
103
limits.  In such a place Dr. Ccildwell would suppose, that to;
science and literature to flourish, would be impossible.   In its
University, however, some of the most famous scholars of Ger-
many have taught, and  it now numbers 1300 students and 70
professors.  Breslau the capital  of Silesia, carries  on a very
extensive  commerce, and has a University which contains more
than 853 students. Prague, the centre of Bohemian commerce,
and of a considerable transit trade has a University containing
150J students and 44 professors.   Pesth is the most populous
and commercial town in Hungary, and has a University con-
taining 1000 students and 43 professors.   Louvain was former-
ly a place of great commercial and manufacturing importance,
and its University in the sixteenth century contained 6000 stu-
dents.   Vienna, the store-house of the inland trade of all Aus-
tria, has quite an extensive commerce with England,  the Neth-
erlands, and France, and important dealings with Italy, Hun-
gar,  Poland  and Turkey, and contains one of the most cele-
brated Universities in Europe.   In Switzerland four of her
five principal commercial cities, contain four of her most famed
Universities.   Boston and Philadelphia are cities,  in  which
prevail a very high literary and scientific spirit, and yet few
cities  in the United States, are to a greater extent involved in
commerce.  Numerous other illustrations might be adduced to
prove, that commerce and science may flourish together.  In-
deed were space allowed me,  it would not be difficult to dem-
onstrate that  they might be  made to exert a mutualy benefi-
cial influence.   On  the present occasion, however, we must
rest satisfied with having proved  that there is nothing in a com-
mercial city, hostile  to  the best  interests of science.  Louis-
ville need not therefore, be under any apprehension that her
commercial character will constitute a re mora to the rapid ad-
vancement of her  medical school.
   Dr. Caldwell  closes his singular pamphlet, with a most pa-
thetic appeal 'to the grateful  and high-minded sons of Tran-
sylvanin, who are scattered throughout the Mississippi valley
to make common cause with their Alma Mater.  Enlightened
as they are, they have not now to learn, that whatever injures 
104
 the standing of the  mother, falls  like a blight on  that  of her
 children.'   In other words:—'Gentlemen the old  Hulk is sink-
 ing, but for heavens sake do not desert her; stick to her  like
 true-hearts for your lives depenl 01 it: because, if she goes
 down you must go with her.  Though 1 plead earnestly, if you
 refuse, you will do it at yoar peril: for recollect 'that the fault-
finders are usually among the least intellectual and respectable mem-
 bers of the  School.  If they murmur or condemn, on account of
 not receiving knowledge, the defect is in themselves—their zca,nt of
 capacity  or want of industry, or  both.   Thus, Gentlemen, you
 hear your doom!   Tremble before it, as did Belteshazzar,when
 he saw his fate written on the wall!  Dare to refuse the 'collar'
 or to become the indentured slaves of Transylvania, and you
 are immediately pronounced to be ragamuffins and  fools.'
   We must now close our intercourse with Dr. Caldwell, and
 may it be forever.  But before we part, an humble individual,
 'still in the crudeness of early manhood,' would speak a work in
 the private ear of one, whose locks have been bleached by the
 frosts of  nearly seventy revolving winters.  Were you to write
 with the  elegance of  a  Plato, the  majesty of a Virgil, and the
 profundity  of an Aristotle, unless you  discover more candour
 and consistency in the  opinions you express  and publish, than
 are observable in your last publication, all your just claims to
 consideration and respect, will be utterly forgotten in the  de-
 rision, hatred and scorn, which all mankind must feel for your
 mercenary and  time-saving duplicity.
 CITIZENS OF LOUISVILLE,
                  You now see the vantage  ground, on which
 you are placed.   Your city is the one destined by the everlast-
 ing decrees of  nature, and  the  cumulative energies of art
 to be the seat  of the  GREAT SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
 of the valley of the Mississippi.  This assertion is not made rari-
 ty or precipitately.  We have examined the subject deliberate-
 ly, impartially and thoroughly.  We have looked at it in every
 light in which it  could be exhibited.  Our judgment has not
 been warped by partiality, biassed by  personal rancour, or un-
 duly influenced by ambitious motives.   We therefore maintain. 
105
that in the whole wide compass of the beautiful and truly mag-
nificent region of country embraced in what  is denominated
the valley of the Mississippi, is there to be found a single spot
so eligible for the site of a School of Medicine as the city of
Louisville.  In most other places, success, if obtained  at  all,
must be forced, and then it is feeble and  fluctuating; but in
Louisville a Medical School founded on a proper basis, and
governed by proper principles, would spontaneously bound for-
ward in the rapid and vigorous career of extensive usefulness,
unsullied honour and fairly won fame.
   The developemcnts made, and the details in  which we have
freely indulged  in the preceding pages, conclusively illustrate
the object we have in view.  A School  of Medicine  of infe-
rior cast,—in which inferior men are to teach, or in which in-
ferior instruction is to be given, is not contemplated.   Merely
to be a professor in a medical school, regardless of its  charac-
ter, of the merits of his associates, or of the motives by which
they are inspired, has never yet created in the author a single
emotion of pride, or enkindled in his breast a single ambitious
desire.  Though abused and villified, as I have been; my feel-
ings assailed with the most vindictive  and unprincipled vio-
lence, and my conduct ascribed to motives the most humiliating
and disreputable, I am,  not capable, humble as I am and few as
are my just  pretensions, of aspiring to a distinction so unenvia-
ble,  But to be  a professor in a school of medicine, whose ca-
reer is onward; whose destiny  is bright and refulgent with
glory; whose  teachers are  able,  and who  struggle with
unfaultering zeal for fame and its honours, would be a distinc-
tion, which, I confess, would create in any bosom unaffected de-
light, and for the attainment of which, ambition would kindle
into a vivid flame all its hallowed fire, and reanimate to incon-
ceivable exertion every undying energy.  Nothing less than this
is the object of the present enterprise, and nothing less is  ca-
pable of imparting to our efforts energy, zeal, and indomitable
resolution.
   But do you inquire how  an undertaking of such magnitude
and unspeakable importance is to be accomplished?  The mean?
                             N 
100
 to be used are of easy conception, but they are of such a charac-
 ter that to command success, they  must be wielded by an arm
 strung with nerves of adamant.   The first important step is the
 organization  of a suitable  Medical  Faculty: a Faculty not in
 name only, but in reality 'rich in their possession of the proper kind
 of knowledge, and happy in their  mode of imparting it,  both orally
 and in writing.'  To think of a Faculty of any other kind, would
 be supremely ridiculous and manifestly absurd.  To those who
 would give it a moments serious consideration, it would prove
 certainly  suicidal in its tendency.  Defeat  and discomfiture,
 mortification and insult, would be their infallible reward.  Nor
 if retreat were desirably, or  could it be  made  practicable,
 would it be glorious  and  triumphant, like that of Xenophon.
 Into the  opprobrious haunts of  obscurity, would they be pur-
 sued by public obliquy, and into their hearts would be poured
 the concentrated bitterness of hatred, indignation and scorn.
  Can a Medical Faculty  of the kind, to which allusion has
 been made, be organized in Louisville?   To the uninformed,
 or to those who have not particularly directed their attention
 to the subject, this  question would prove embarrassing.   To
 those, however, who have made  it a theme of study and reflec-
 tion, and to whom it has been one of deep  and engrossing in-
 terest, but one answer can present itself.  We respond there-
 fore, that it is practicable.  Let Louisville command and there
 are those who will see  her mandates obeyed.   But  her will
 must be expressed in tones clear and distinct, as well as in lan-
 guage emphatical and loud.  Disunion must  not distract her
 councils.  Discord is death.  This the enemies of  Louisville
 know: nor will they hesitate to  use any means however, base
 and detestable that may be calculated to enkindle the sparks of
 disaffection into a fierce and consuming flame.  This is not the
 random ebullition of a heated or excited imagination.  Both
 experience and observation prove  it to be true.  The  vulgar
 and vituperative  abuse, with which the public  prints teem
 prove it; the  slanderous  manevolence of active and collared
partisans  prove it; the assault  of a reckless, mercenary and
 infuriated pamphletteer, prove it, and it  is proved by the vin- 
107
dictive rage of those, whose ignorance and unfounded preten-
sions, we have dared to expose.
  It is useless to remark that no allusion is here made to the
friends of the Louisville Institute.  Towards tho*se individuals,
we  have had  reason to experience no other feelings than those
of perfect friendship.  We "regret, however, that  strenuous
efforts have recently been made in its behalf.  This we lament
more on account of the embarrassment, which may  be caused
to Centre Medical College, than because we  deprecate its suc-
cess.   Those who would  ascribe to me  any such sentiments,
would do  me great injustice.  If the cause of medical science
is to be  subserved, and  those objects of proud and compre-
hensive ambition, which should stimulate Louisville to exertion,
are to be attained by it, then would we be among the foremost
to rejoice at its success.   While we speak only such sentiments,
as are deeply and sincerely felt,  permit us to remark, that ac-
cording to the opinion entertained by  us on the subject, we do
not regard the  course of policy which has been adopted, the
best calculated to secure  the attainment of those ends.
  To guarantee success, the Medical Faculty must not only be
the ablest that can be procured, but  its  members must be se-
lected from the most conspicuous points of the Mississippi Val-
ley.  This consideration is scarcely  inferior  in importance to
any other.  It is one that will directly contribute to the accom-
plishment of the end in view.  A reference to the Centre Med-
ical College Faculty, will show that this  was a leading argu-
ment with the Board of Trustees in its organization.   To have
acted otherwise,  would  have been injudicious and  impolitic.
Notwithstanding the deservedly high professional  standing of
the physicians of  Louisville, to have selected their first Medical
Faculty from among them, would have been  unwise in the ex-
treme.  Nor would it have been much less indiscreet, to have
distributed the Professorships amongst  the most conspicuous
physicians in the State of Kentucky.  Either plan would make
the school local in its nature; local in its reputation, and conse-
 quently local, and comparatively insignificant in  its results. 
108
 Tbe certain defeat of such an enterprise, would  tread  closely
 on the heels of its conception.
   If the motives which have actuated, and the  course which
 has been pursued by the Board of Trustees of Centre College,
 are calmly weighed and impartially sifted, the citizens  of Lou- '
 isville  cannot but see that with  their co-operation, success  is
 firmly and infallibly guarantied.  As we would not, however,
 have you  to embark in an enterprise visionary  or unprofitable,
 and as we have given some of the  reasons which induce us to
 entertain the most substantial hopes of success,  let us  inquire
 what are the  reasons which should persuade you to pledge your
 co-operation ?
   The first conspicuous advantage which Louisville would de-
 rive from a Medical School, flourishing within its borders, wrould
 consist in  an  increased elevation of the professional standard
 amongst its physicians.   Though at this  time, as  respectable
 and intelligent as the physicians of any  other community in the
 valley of the Mississippi, under the arousing and reinvigorating
 influence of a prosperous School of Medicine, they would be-
 come more so.  This will arise from the awakening and quick-
ening of their dormant,  and hitherto  insufficiently employed
powers.   The cause of this, would  consist in the rivalry, which
always spring up between the Professors and  the physicians:
and it may be honourable, zealous and productive of the best
results.   If the former are as they should be, able, industrious
and li beral, these traits of character would be surely propagated
among the physicians.  They are not less contagious than the
itch or small-pox.   Rather than be  surpassed by  the  official
 lecturers, the private teachers as well as the  mere practitioner
of medicine, would be stimulated to the most powerful and profit-
able intellectual  exertion.
   That such  will be the influence exerted by a respectable
Medical School, we are authorized to assert,  from what has re-
sulted from such  institutions in other considerable cities.  We
restrict this assertion to cities considerable in point of size.
In those that  are small  and inconsiderable, a medical  school
has rarely tbe effect to raise the standard of  the  profession. 
109
 The  professors have it too much in their power to put dowii
 exertion  ny intolerance  and persecution.  By oppression and<
 illiberality they paralyze industry, extinguish zeal, and by eve-
 ry base and contemptible means, they endeavor to exterminate
 ambition.  Tnis is iacoatestibly proved by the notorious facts
 that  in hiii'I towns  the practitioners of  medicine complain
 much more loudly and bitterly against the professors than they
 do in those that are larger.
   TV? qualifications of the practising physicians  of a  town
 never can be  a  matter of indifference to its citizens.   If they
 are of a high order, they will  receive the benefit, and if the
 reverse, their lives will be exposed to the greater danger.   In
 proof of the advantages dsrivable to the physicians of a city,
 from the existence of  a medical school in it, we appeal to Edin-
 burgh and Glasgow,  in  Scotland; London, in England;  Dub-
 Jin, in Ireland;  Paris and Montpellier, in France;  Leyden, in
 the Netherlands; Vienna, in Austria; Berlin, in Prussia, and
 Philadelphia, New York and Baltimore, in the  United Slates.
• In no other cities in the countries just mentioned, is the profes-
 sion  on a footing so respectable; nor do the practising physi-
 cians of other places prosecute the study of  medicine with the
 same ardor or success.
   The location of a medical school  in Louisville will impart
 to it a literary and scientific  character, in a high degree ele-
 gant and refined.  Wherever a medical school has flourished,
 if the professors of it have been actuated by high-minded and
 honorable motives, this has been the uniform result.  Of the
 truth of this assertion, the most abundant proof might be ad-
 duced.   With  but two rather striking  illustrations, however,
 shall we trouble the  reader.   In the beautiful city of Berlin
 an University was founded in the year 1809.  Though pre-
 viously a rather rude and uncultivated people, by means of its
 University and other literary institutions, a scientific spirit was
 enkindled, and they now rank with the most scientific, elegant
 and  refined people in Europe.   The comparatively small town
 of New Haven has, on account of its numerous literary insti-
 tutions, acquired a standing for science and other elegant ac- 
110
 «omplishments, so high and distinguished, as to  have excited
 the envy and jealousy of much larger and more populous
 cities.
   The honor and glory of having among them the great Medi-
 cal, School of the Mississippi Valley, should flatter the pride of
 and arouse  to exertion the citizens of Louisville.  Nor will
 such honor and  glory prove unprofitable.  Independently  of
 those  who will resort to her literary institutions for instruction^
 crowds of strangers of a different class, and actuated by dif-
 ferent motives, will  be attracted to it.  The  society of such
 persons will powerfully tend to soften, refine and  establish the
 intercourse of social life, while it will serve to deepen and wi-
 den the stream of pecuniary profit, which will be made to
 flow through every channel of the community.
   To boarding-houses, the benefits of a medical school would
 be incalculable.   The  individuals  by whom such establish-
 ments  are kept, are usually in indigent circumstances, and who
 resort  to it as the only means of procuring a comfortable sub-
 sistence.  Many of whom are poor widows, and other respec-
 table people, whom  misfortune  has  reduced to poverty, and
 who deserve and  should receive in the most substantial form,
 the sympathy and support of the public.  To distribute among
 such persons every winter from 150 to  200 students, and a
 much less though still highly respectable  number every sum-
 mer, would lay them  under obligations of gratitude  so deep
 and  abiding, as not easily to be forgotten.  Therefore, to op-
 pose or to give but a feeble and  inefficient support to the es-
 tablishment of a medical school in Louisville, is not only to de-
 ny yourselves the pleasure of conferring favors, but to  with-
 hold from your indigent  and dependent fellow-citizens the
 means  of  living comfortably.  That such  cold and unsympa-
 thising feelings will be betrayed in your conduct, my knowl-
 edge of your character forbids me from believing
                                            fa"
   To the, Printer and vender of books of all kinds, but espe-
cially of medical  books,  the  enterprise in which we  are en
gaged,  should be  peculiarly attractive.   In  Lexington  the 
Ill
Book-Stores  do not derive much  benefit from the medical
school.   The reason of this is obvious.   Its inland  situation
precludes the student from  the purchase  of books.  To have
them carried to their respective houses, they know to be impos-
sible.  This is a circumstance which they deeply lament, for it
often obliges them to commence the practice of medicine with-
out even the ordinary Text Books.   Nor is this in convenience
always temporary  in its nature.  Many of them live in places
so remote from direct intercourse with the commercial world,
that to accumulate even a  moderate sized library after they
leave the University, is  almost quite as impossible.  In Louis-
ville, this inconvenience they  will not have to regret.  The
Mississippi river and its navigable tributaries, either flows dt
rectly  by the doors or within a  few miles of the residence of a
large majority of those who attend  medical lectures in the
Valley of the  Mississippi.   This being the case, it is perfectly
evident that the largest library  maybe transported to their re-
spective homes with no risk, and almost with as  little expense.
With less than one hundred dollars worth of medical books, it
is impossible for the young physician to  commence practice,
either with satisfaction to himself, or his patients.  Suppose
the medical class assembled in Louisville to be from 150 to 200
students, and in a few years this will certainly be the case, one
hundred  of them will immediately become  practitioners.
Thus, it is not rash to conclude that, in the course  of a very
few years, at least ten thousand dollars worth of medical
books  would be sold in Louisville every spring.
   Nor will the pecuniary  advantages of a medical school to
the  Book-merchant be greater than those  to  the  Druggist.
With less than one hundred dollars the physician cannot fur-
nish himself with medicines, surgical instruments,  and shop
furniture.   Thus, into the hands of the druggist, would neces-
sarily fall the sum of ten thousand dollars.  Nor would this be
all.   The physician just commencing business, would not only
become in all probability a permaneut customer himself, but
through him a correspondence might be established with his
preceptor and other professional friends.  To estimate the  ad- 
112
 vantages which might thus be made to accrue to the Druggist,
 would be almost impossible.
   The merchant and mechanic will find it to their interest to
 encourage and foster the enterprise.  Of the truth of this, he
 will  be convinced, when he reflects upon the number, variety
 and  quality of the articles which must be purchased by from
 )t 50 to 200 young men.   Think also of the number of mechan-
 ics through whose hands they must pass, before  they can be
 used.  The merchant,  the hat-manufacturer, the boot  and
 shoe-maker, the tailor, the tanner, and in  fact a large majority
 of those engaged in the mechanical arts, are deeply interested.
 Nor should they  fail to reflect on  the numerous  connexions
 Which would thus be formed with the merchants  in the West
 and South.  The pecuniary advantages thus presented, are of
 such  a character and must prove of such  magnitude, as to  ad-
 mit of no specific calculation.
  But let us make a calculation of what  would be  the actual
expenditures of 150 students of medicine, during a  winter  re-
 sidence  in Louisville.  The student  would be very economical
 if it should cost him less than $400.: Boarding, clothing, tui-
 tion, books, medicines, surgical instruments and shop-furniture
could not fall short of the sum here supposed.  In  Louisville,
 therefore, would be expended the sum of $60,000.   Nor is this
all.   The estimate above made only includes what  may be  re-
garded as indispensable.  We know that  the dispensable  ex-
penses of students amount to a very considerable sum.
  But the pecuniary advantages which would be conferred up-
on Louisville by a medical school, would not be limited to the
winter season.  Place the public infirmaries upon a  proper
footing; let such measures  be adopted as are calculated  to
make them yield all the benefits of which  they can be ren-
dered capable, and crowds of medical students will  be seen in )
Louisville during the whole summer.
  Can it be possible that you  are insensible to advantages of I
such  magnitude?   Are you willing with  cold and impertur-
bable indifference, to see them ministering to the wealth and
respectability of a neighboring city  which cannot  present to \ 
113
students of medicine attractions half so powerful as those ol
Louisville?  Will you be alarmed by idle fears; depressed by
unreasonable forebodings; driven from  the accomplishment of
a noble and glorious object by  the insinuations of pretended
friends, or the  denunciations  of open and  avowed enemies?
No; I cannot and will not believe it.  The thought shall not
be cherished or fostered for a moment.  Those of yOu who are
friendly to the interests  of Louisville, and would promote the
cause of medical science, will  know well how to interpret the
motives of those who, by assuming airs of priggish importance,
would produce disaffection; or, by encouraging rival interests,
would occasion  discord; or, by the croakings of interested and
designing schemers, would evershadow the enterprise with the
dark and heavy clouds of apathy and indifference.
                          NOTE.
  The Exhortafory Address of Dr. Caldwell, alluded to at page
10, was not made then, but a few hours before on the same day, as
we have since understood.
                      ERRATA.
Page 6, bottom line, for retort, read resort.
 "  24, 9th line from top, for friend, read fiend.
 "  41, 6th  "   "   "   for dexus, read plexus.
 "  55, 10th  "   "    "  for insistibly, read irresistibly.
 "  67, 6th  "   "  bottom, for Mercurialili, read Mercuriati;
 "  70, 9th  "   "    "  for hypotheses, read hypothesis.
 "  90, 12th "   "    "  for but, read they.
 '•'  19, 14th"   "   top, for conduced, read conducted.
 •' 101, 12th "   "    "  for or, read love.
 •' 103, 7th  "   "  bottom, for re mora, read remora. 
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