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SYLLABUS
THE COURSE OF LECTURES
MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACY,
DELIVERED in
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.






             _*.■.>       '&
                       O
            CO ' r f > '. T*V »

BY GEORGE B. WOOD, M.D.
              PHILADELPHIA:


PRINTED BY LYDIA R. BAILEY, NO. 26 NORTH FIFTH STREET.


                  1844. 
Wills
    Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1836,
                  BY GEORGE B. WOOD, M. D.,

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States in and
           for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 
PREFACE.
  The following Syllabus was prepared with the exclusive view of faci-
litating the studies of those who attend the Lectures on Materia Medica
and Pharmacy, delivered in the University of Pennsylvania.  It can be
understood and appreciated only in connexion with these lectures; and
the author, therefore, deprecates any judgment upon its merits as an inde-
pendent essay.  One of his objects in publishing it is to supply the defi-
ciencies of the work which he  has adopted as the Text Book of his lec-
tures.  In the Dispensatory of the United States, many points are omitted
which are deemed essential in  a course  of instruction upon Materia
Medica, and the arrangement of its parts is not such as is best adapt-
ed for the convenient study of the science.  But by taking  the Syllabus
as a guide, following the course which it  indicates, committing to me-
mory the  facts which it presents, and,  on the points which are merely
hinted at,  referring for information to the Dispensatory,  in the order
pointed out in the pamphlet, the student will be enabled, in connexion
with the lectures,  to obtain  all the elementary knowledge on Materia
Medica and Pharmacy which can be deemed  essential.   The  author,
however,  does not wish to be  understood  as recommending his pupils
to confine their reading within these narrow limits.  On  the contrary,
he strongly urges  on them the propriety,  after having prosecuted the
course of  elementary study  above referred to,  of perusing all  the re-
spectable treatises on these branches of medical science which may be
within their reach, not neglecting those of the French  and German
writers.  They will thus be enabled to form a  more enlightened judg-
ment in relation to the accuracy of the facts and the correctness of the
opinions which they may have been taught, and will  at the same time
acquire a  stock of additional  knowledge, which  cannot  fail to prove
useful in the practical pursuit of their profession. 
 
 
 
Syllabus   of  lectures.
                         PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.

   Materia Medica is the science which treats of medicines; Pharmacy, the  art of pre-
 paring them for use.  Both are subjects of the present course of lectures; but the latter,
 belonging properly to a distinct profession, is considered of secondary importance, and
 treated of incidentally, and as subsidiary to the former.
   Medicines are substances capable of producing, as an ordinary result, and by their oWn
 inherent power, certain modifications of the vital functions, which render them applicable
 to the cure of disease.
   The proper mode of studying medicines considered.  The objects of attention in rela-
 tion to them are their origin; their modes of collection and preparation for market; their
 commercial history; their sensible properties, and chemical composition and relations; their
 physiological action or influence upon the bodily functions in  a state of health, and, in
 connexion with this, their toxicological history;  their effects in morbid states  of the sys-
 tem, and the general indications they are calculated to answer in the treatment ot disease;
 their particular applications in cases which do not fall within any general rule; and finally,
 their dose, their mode of administration, and the extemporaneous or officinal preparation to
 which they may be subjected.
   Observations in relation to Pharmacopoeias,  or q^es published by authoritative  bodies
 for the recognition of standard  remedies, and the regulation of the modes of preparing
 them for use.
   The study of Botany recommended as preliminary to that of Materia Medica; and some
 acquaintance  with Chemistry, Anatomy, and  Physiology considered essential to  a  tho-
 rough understanding of the subject in all its relations.
   An accurate knowledge of the standard weights and measures employed in the purchase
 and sale, as well as m the preparation and prescription of medicines, insisted on as a ne-
 cessary accomplishment of the student of Materia Medica.
   These weights and' measures  explained.  (See U. S. Dispensatory.)
   Modus operandi of medicines.  The operation of medicines considered as primary or secon-
 dary, the former being their immediate action upon the system, the latter that which follows'
 their original and characteristic impression, in consequence of certain physiological laws.

                           Primary operation of Medicines.
   In the primary operation of medicines, they  may, first, extend their influence over the
 system or to distant parts by means of nervous communication, or, secondly, they may enter'
 the blood-vessels and act through the medium of the circulation, or, thirdly, tliBy may act
 exclusively in the neighbourhood of their application.
   1. The mode of operation by means of nervals communication explained and illustrated.
 This communication effected either by the propagation of the  original impression to the
 brain, and its transmission thence to the part or parts operated" upon,'or directly through
 the medium of nerves connecting the part receiving the  impression  of the medicine with
 the seat of its  characteristic action.
   2. The operation of medicines through the route of the circulation proved by their ex-
 istence in the secretions, and still more satisfactorily by their detection in the blood vessels,
 after having been taken  into the stomach, or applied to various other parts of the body.
 The idea advanced that some  medicines probably act in both ways, viz. by nervous com-
 munication or sympathy, and by absorption into the blood-vessels and circulation with the
 blood.   Facts stated to show that medicines may be absorbed not from the alimentary ca-
nal only, but also from the bronchial mucous membrane, the serous  surfaces, the cellular
tissue, and  from the skin, especially when deprived of its cuticle.  The rapidity of the ab-
sorption is often very great, but various according to the part to  which the  medicine is ap-
plied, the state of the system at the time, and the nature of the medicine itself.  Said to be
greatest from the air cells of the  lungs, to be inversely proportionate to the quantity of cir-'
                    1 
(   2   )
 culating fluid, and to be favoured by the solubility, miscibility with the blood, and  free-
 dom from corrosive properties of the substance absorbed.  Some observations in relation to
 the mode in which absorption is  effected.                                      ,
   3. The exclusively local action of certain medicines, or of substances applied  in a cer-
 tain manner, alluded to, and illustrated.
   In their primary action, medicines stated to differ greatly as to the parts which they af-
 fect; each particular medicine or  class  of medicines having a tendency to act on some one
 portion of the system, some  one organ  or set of organs, more than upon others.  This ten-
 dency often independent of the part of the body to which  the medicine is applied.  Ex-
 plained by the possession  of different susceptibilities by  different components of the frame,
 in consequence of which one portion receives impressions from the contact of a medicine,
 while another is wholly impassive to its action.   In this tendency to particular parts,  a
 ground of distinction between medicines pointed out.  Certain substances act especially on
 some one of the minor systems of the body, as the circulatory, nervous, or absorbent; and
 as these pervade the whole frame, and are so interwoven in their sympathies as well as
 position, that one cannot be  deeply affected without some participation of the others,  such
 substances may l>e  considered as  general in their action.  Others have an especial affinity
 for some one of the organs, as the  stomach, bowels, skin, kidneys, or lungs; and as these
 organs  are distinct  in situation, the  medicines  affecting them  may be said to  be local in
 their primary action.  Both the general and local remedies may be subdivided, according
 as they operate on some one of the systems or organs in preference to the others.
   The  opinion maintained, that medicines differ not only as to the part which they are dis-
 posed to affect, but  also in the nature of their primary action upon the same part.  Another
 ground of classification thus afforded.  But notwithstanding this difference  in the essential
 nature  of their action, medicines  almost universally, in their primary operation, either pro-
 duce an excitement of the system, or somef>ortion of it, above the healthy standard, or oc-
 casion a depression of action below  that  standard; in other words, are  stimulant or seda-
 tive.  The great majority of them are stimulant, and perhaps all may be so applied as to
 produce a  direct excitement of some part or organ of the body.   But  it is not deducible
 from  this  fact  that there are no direct sedatives.   It is a mistake to  consider medicines
 essentially stimulant  or essentially sedative under  all circumstances.  Medicines produce
 peculiar effects not  only from their own peculiar  nature, but in consequence  also  of the
 peculiar susceptibilities of the body  orits organs.  Now  these susceptibilities are not the
 same in different parts of the frame  irThealth, nor even in the same part in different states
 of health, or under different  circumstances of situation.   A necessary inference  is, that the
 same medicine must operate differently in different parts of the body having these differ-
 ent susceptibilities,  and even that  its operation upon the same part may vary with the sus-
 ceptibility  of the part. There can be no difficulty, therefore, in understanding that a medi-
 cine may  be either stimulant or sedative, according to the part on which it  acts,  or to the
 condition of the system or some one of its organs at the time of its action.  Instances illus-
 trative of these statements adduced.
   It is important to be acquainted with the various influences, which, by affecting the sys-
 tem, may modify the action  of medicines.  These influences treated  of under the heads of
 I. disease, 2. climate, 3. modes of living, 4. habit, 5. age, 6. sex, 7. temperament, 8. idio-
 syncrasies, and 9. mental operations.   (See U. S. Dispensatory—Appendix.)

                            Secondary Effects  of Medicines.

 „B7 th?uer.m are  me^t thc chan£es  which take  place in any portion  of the body, not
 produced by the immediate operation of the medicine, but dependent upon  certain laws of
 tne system, which determine peculiar actions or conditions as the consequence  of antece-
 dent actions or conditions.  Arranged  under the following heads:-
   1. A state of depression following excitement;
   j. Sympathetic excitement arising from local inflammation;
   J. Hemoval of local irritations or  inflammations on the principle of revulsion?
   4. Cessation of diseased action  in consequence of the removal of the cause;

 lion ofScTnaeftoythrbody;° **** ** '^ "**"* ™ Conse1—  °f ** ^™'

   AdmTniS^„ligfy im.P°rtant  in the treatment of disease.  Explained and  illustrated.
 tr^TaKrjJ/""^  lne8 m-\ considcrcd' including,/™*, the forms in which  they
 of flyingthem!    *    ^ *Ml which ,hey aIe brouSht into contact' and the  ,nodcs

                         Farms in which  Medicines are used.

 iU^te"J£J^^^'l\^.^  6tate' in the sh*Pe ot powders, pills, troches,
££XhSSSSr/       ?  JTu State' in the 8haPe of mixtures ™d *0l»ti0n8-
•fSfeS  " arc included the officinal preparations designated by the  names
«* »!/*.«»,, decoctions, wtne^ tinctures, vinegar*, syrups, honeys, and oxymeh.  Medicines 
 
 
(   3   )
are also used in the form of liniments, cerates, ointments, plasters, and cataplasms.  Each
of these forms of preparation commented on.   For all essential information in relation to
them, the student is referred  to the U. S. Dispensatory, the Index of which will point out
the place where he may find them treated of.  Besides the forms above mentioned, medi-
cines are sometimes applied in the state of vapour.

            Parts to which Medicines are applied, and modes of applying them.
   1.  The stomach; but on this it  is not requisite to enlarge.
   2.  The rectum.   To this part medicines are applied with two objects—-first, to produce
alvine  evacuation, secondly,  to obtain their  peculiar impression upon the  system.   In
the latter case, as it is desirable that the medicine should remain  in the bowels, it should
generally be given  in  a small bulk, and may often be  advantageously  combined with
opium, to prevent irritation and consequent purging.  In  both cases, the  first impulse to
evacuate the bowels should be resisted; and  the  operator should assist the efforts of the
patient, when requisite, by pressing a warm folded towel against the part.
   The  quantity of medicines administered by the rectum, with a view to their peculiar ac-
tion, is, as a general rule, about three times their ordinary dose; but as the  relative suscep-
tibility of the rectum and stomach is not always the same, it is best to begin with less than
this proportion, when the medicine is very active.  It is possible, moreover, that, while the
susceptibility of the stomach is diminished by the frequent use of any particular medicine,
that of the rectum  may remain comparatively unimpaired; so that  in  cases where very
 large doses of an active medicine  are habitually swallowed, it would not be proper to hazard
the administration of a triple quantity per anum.
   Medicines introduced into the rectum in the solid state  are called suppositories—in  the
liquid,  clysters, injections, or enemata.  The mode of applying suppositories requires  no
comment.  Enemata are either fluid, or composed of solid matter diffused in  a liquid vehicle.
 In the  latter case, it is important that the medicine, especially when irritating, should  be
equally diffused.  Water is generally used as the vehicle.   If an insoluble substance is to
be suspended in it, some mucilaginous, saccharine, or other viscid body should be added.
The quantity of the vehicle should vary with  the nature of the medicine and the effects to
be produced.  If the enema is to be retained, the quantity should be as small as is com-
patible with convenient administration.   If intended to operate upon the bowels, the bulk
 should be larger.  One or two fluidounces in the former case, and a pint in the latter, are
about the proper mean proportions for an adult.
   3.  The skin.   The modes of application are numerous.  As regards the skin itself, the
cuticle may be retained or removed; as regards the medicine, it may be used in the form
of vapour, that of liquid, or that of a soft solid, and may come in contact with the whole
surface of the body  or only a part.
   Modes of applying vapour described.
   Liquids are applied by lotion, bath, semicupium, or pediluvium.  Observations on each
of these modes.
   Solids are applied by simple contact, in the form of cataplasms, ointments, cerates, and
plasters; or by the aid of friction, in a soft or semifluid stale; or to the surface deprived of
the cuticle.  The  last is the most efficient mode of affecting the system through the surface.
Almost all remedies which act in  small doses, and are not very irritating or corrosive, may
be used in this way. The circumstances under which it is proper to resort  to the endermic
method of administering a medicine, are, 1. an unwillingness of the patient to swallow or
inability to retain it, 2. the liability to an injurious degree of irritation from its  internal
use, 3. the loss of the susceptibility of the stomach to its  action from frequent repetition,
4. the necessity in which we may be placed  of endeavouring to introduce it  into the sys-
tem by every accessible passage, and 5. the existence of violent or obstinate local affections,
in which it  is desirable to apply  the medicine as near to the seat of disease as possible.
The cuticle may be most conveniently removed by means of a blister, which may be from
two to  four inches square.  The best positions are in general the epigastrium, or the inner
parts of the extremities.  Sometimes the immediate vicinity of the disease  may be prefera-
ble; and sometimes a position over the course of the absorbents which run into the part
affected.  The medicine may be sprinkled on the denuded surface in the form of powder,
either undiluted, or, if  of an irritating nature, mixed with  wheat flour or  arrow-root.  It
may also be applied in  the form of ointment, or, if in the liquid state, by means of pledgets
of lint   The dose should  be  twice or three  times that which would be requisite by the
mouth.
  4. Bronchial tubes and pulmonary air-cells.   Substances applied to these parts are usually
in the form of gas or vapour.  Fine powders have been  thrown into the lungs by being
mixed with the inspired air; but this plan is not recommended.
  Inhalation is effected either by diffusing the gas or vapour through the air respired by the
patient, or by confining it in a bag furnished  with a suitable tube through which the pa-
tient may breathe, or by means of an instrument called  an inhaler. 
(   4   )
  Instruments for facilitating inhalation exhibited and described.
  5. Nostrils and adjoining cavities.   Medicines applied to this surface probably act in
general by the strong sympathies which connect the organ of smell with other parts of the
system.  Two purposes are answered—1. a powerful excitement of the brain in cases of in-
sensibility from want of cerebral action; 2. a strong revulsion from neighbouring parts.
  The inside of the mouth is sometimes  selected as a position for the application of reme-
dies;  but this is in reference chiefly to their local irritant action.
  Attempts have been  made to produce impressions upon  the system through the blood.
vessels.  This plan not recommended.

                                    Classification.
  Advantages of classification stated.
  Different plans recommended, according to the object proposed.  That believed to be best
adapted to the wants of the  medical student and practitioner, is founded on the relations
which medicines bear to the human system in  the healthy state.  Reasons for this belief
stated.  The following plan, founded on this basis, is adopted in the present course of lectures.
  Substances used remedially act either  on the living body, or on extraneous matters
contained within the body, and serving as a source of disease.   The former constitute the
great mass of medicines, and it is to these alone, according to the definition before given,
that the term medicine is  strictly applicable.   The latter, however, for the sake of conve-
nience, may be considered as medicines, and are here ranked  in a distinct group.   The
first division, therefore, is  into medicines which act upon the living body, and those which
act upon foreign matters contained  within the body.
  Of the medicines acting on the Jiving body, there are two divisions; viz. general remedies,
which operate on some one or more of  the systems pervading the whole body, and local
remedies, acting especially on particular organs.
  The general remedies are  divided into two sets, one having a stimulant or excitant, the
other a sedative influence.  The former are called stimulants} the latter sedatives.
  Stimulants differ in the rapidity and duration of their action, some being slow and  last-
ing, others rapid  and transient.  The former  are called permanent, the latter  diffusible
stimulants.
  Permanent stimulants are found to  differ in  one important point, some producing a  con-
stringing or contracting effect wherever they act, others exercising their permanently sti-
mulant influence without  this effect.  Hence  the division into  the two classes of astrin-
gents and tonics.
  Of the diffusible stimulants some act more  especially on the  heart and arteries, with
little comparative influence on the brain and nerves, while others, together with  their in-
fluence on the  circulation, conjoin a decided operation  upon the cerebro-spinal system.
Hence the division into arterial stimulants and cerebro-ncrvous stimulants.
  The latter of these classes may be separated into two subdivisions, founded upon the  fact,
that some of them produce a decided impression upon the proper cerebral functions, while
others appear to act upon the nervous system at large, without special tendency to the brain.
These subdivisions may be named cerebral stimulants or stimulant narcotics, and nervous
stimulants, identical with  those usually  denominated antispasmodics.
  Sedatives  are divided into those which affect the heart  and arteries exclusively,  and
those  which also operate  upon the  nervous  system.  Hence the classes of arterial seda-
tives or refrigerants, and nervous sedatives or sedative narcotics.
  Local remedies are divided into those  which affect the functions, those which affect  the
organization, and those which are mechanical in their action.
  The medicines affecting the function  of a part, are 1. Emetics, acting on the  stomach;
2. Cathartics, acting on the bowels; 3. Diuretics, acting on the kidneys; 4.  Diaphoretics
acting on the skin; 5. Expectorants,  acting on the  lungs;  6. Emmenagogues,  acting on
the uterus; 7. Sialagogues, acting on  the  salivary glands;  and 8. Errhines, acting on the
nostrils.                                                                      °
  Medicines which affect the organization  of a  part are divided into 1. Rubefacients, which
produce inflammation; 2.  Epispastics, which excite vesication; and 3. Escharotics, which
destroy the lite of the part, and occasion a slough.
  Medicines operating mechanically include 1. Demulcents, which  protect surfaces from
the action of irritants or mixing with these, obtund their acrimony; 2. Emollients, which
soften and relax the skin; and 3. Diluents, which act  by diluting the fluids of the body.
  Besides the remedies included in the above classes, there are some, belonging to the first
fhT f lV1Tn' S° Pf C"i,ar  m ■fieir rt,0n'that they cannot be conveniently classified, and
tZtl'ZTJint ^ C°nSldered "^^  ThGSe  ^  «**• "UX "' a-nic,
  Medicines acting on foreign substances contained within  the body, are included in the

pTex^or™.          "WhlCh neUtra,IZe adds; and 2"  An^-tics, which destroy^ 
 
 
(   5   )
                 TABULAR VIEW OF  THE  CLASSIFICATION.

Substances which act on the living body.
       General remedies.
             Stimulants.
                    Permanent stimulants.
                          Astringents.
                          Tonics.
                    Diffusible stimulants.
                          Arterial stimulants.
                          Cerebro-nervous stimulants.
                                 Nervous stimulants, commonly called antispasmodics.
                                 Cerebral stimulants, or stimulant narcotics.
              Sedatives.
                    Arterial sedatives, or  refrigerants.
                    Nervous sedatives, or  sedative narcotics.
       Local remedies.
              Affecting the functions.
                    Emetics.
                    Cathartics.
                    Diuretics.
                    Diaphoretics.
                    Expectorants.
                    Emmenagogues.
                    Sialagogues.
                    Errhines.
              Affecting the organization.
                    Rubefacients.
                    Epispastics.
                    Escharotics.
              Operating mechanically.
                    Demulcents.
                    Emollients.
                    Diluents.
       Medicines insusceptible of classification with others.
              Ergot.
              Nux vomica.                              4
              Arsenic.
              Mercury.
              Iodine.
 Substances which act on foreign matters contained within the body.
       Antacids.
       Anthelmintics. 
(   6   )
                                CLASS   I.


                               ASTRINGENTS.


                             General  Observations.

  Defined to be medicines which produce  contraction of the living tissues.
  Their action explained.  Every living tissue is possessed of contractility which requires
only the appropriate stimulus to call it into action. This is afforded by astringents.  Their
operation is entirely vital, and independent of chemical or mechanical laws.
  Their effect in parts to which they may be directly applied is obvious.   Their  action
may extend also over  the system, but is then less evident.
  General effects from astringents—greater firmness of muscle; diminished calibre and
greater rigidity of blood-vessels and absorbents, and  consequently a harder and  more con-
tracted pulse; diminution or closure of secreting orifices,  and consequently diminution of
secretion.   Some assert that they render the blood thicker and its coagulum firmer.
  They produce moderate and permanent excitement of the organic life, but have little in-
fluence over the nervous system, or  the functions of  animal life.
  Indicated in unhealthy discharges from the blood-vessels, whether hemorrhagic or by
secretion, and in cases generally which depend on relaxation of the tissues.
  1. Unhealthy discharges.
  Here they operate by closing the  secreting or bleeding orifices.  They are not, however,
applicable to all cases indiscriminately—only to those in which  the discharge depends on
weakness of the blood-vessels, or in  which it is merely local or sustained by habit after
the disappearance of the original cause, or when it is so profuse as to render its suppression
desirable at the risk of aggravating  the morbid condition  in which  it had its origin.
  Contra-indicated by the existence of any morbid  condition of which the  discharge is  a
mere effect, and which it is calculated to relieve, and by the existence of any considerable
local or general excitement.
  In cases of excitement, if it be desirable to suppress a discharge, the use  of astringents
should, as a general rule, be preceded by bleeding or other depleting measures.
  The particular complaints to which astringents are applicable, under this indication, are
diarrhoea, chronic dysentery, diabetes, catarrh of the  bladder, excessive  sweating, some-
times, perhaps, dropsical swellings depending on relaxation, and all the hemorrhages.  In
all these cases, however, it is necessary to bear in mind the contra-indicating circumstances
already mentioned.
  Explanatory remarks.
  2. Disorders connected with relaxation of the tissues.
  These often consist in morbid discharges, in which case they fall under the preceding
head.  Sometimes, however, the system  is left after  acute  diseases  in a state of relaxation,
in which astringents are useful, particularly in combination  with tonics, even when no
unhealthy discharge exists.
  In chronic complaints such a condition also occasionally exists, either original or in-
duced—as in scrofula and rickets.
  The external use of astringents is governed by the same rules with some modification.
  Applicable in cases of increased  mucous secretions, after the subsidence of inflamma-
tory action, as from the urethra, vagina, rectum, and nostrils—of excessive perspiration—
of hemorrhages from parts within reach—and in cases of local  relaxation,  as  in  various
venous distensions, prolapsed anus,  uterus, and uvula, and flabby ulcers.
  Their local application is admissible  under  circumstances in which their internal use
would not be justifiable; as, in the  former mode, more of their  proper astringent  effect is
obtained, with much less of their general stimulation.
  Locally used, astringents are sometimes beneficial even in cases  of actual inflammation.
They probably do  good by producing contraction of the capillaries, and thus expelling the
blood.   But for this purpose, as a general  rule, they are applicable only in the commence-
ment of the inflammation, before the excitability has been much increased, or in the latter
stages after it has  become in some measure exhausted.
  Astringents may be divided into two sections—the vegetable and mineral, the former
having a certain identity of character  depending on similarity of composition, the latter
agreeing only in the possession of the common property of astringency. 
 
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(   7   )
  The vegetable astringents owe their  peculiar properties to a proximate principle called
tannin or tannic acid, which is found in all of them.  They differ only in the proportion of
this principle, and in the character of the other ingredients with which it is associated.
  The sensible and chemical properties of tannic acid, its relations with other medicinal
substances, and its medical properties and applications described.  Dose, 3 grains every 3
or 4 hours.
  In relation to mineral astringents, as they have nothing in common which does not be-
long to the whole class, each being distinguished by peculiar properties, no general  obser-
vations are required.


                            1.  Vegetable  Astringents.

                  WHITE-OAK BARK.—QUERCUS  ALBA.  U. S.
               BLACK-OAK BARK.—QUERCUS TINCTORIA.  U. S.

   Oak bark derived from different species of Quercus.   Quercus  alba or  white oak, and
 Q. tinctoria or black-oak, the  species ofhcinally recognised in this country.
   Description of white-oak bark. Its sensible properties and relations to water and alcohol.
   Chief ingredient, tannic acid, which  is most abundant in the  inner  bark, and in that
 gathered in spring.
   Description of black-oak bark. Its sensible properties and relations to water and alcohol.
   Chief ingredients, tannic acid and a colouring principle called quercitrin.
   Medical properties and internal use.
   Black-oak bark less disposed to occasion constipation than white-oak bark.  Sometimes
 even laxative.  Both more used externally than internally.
   Particular applications as external remedies.
   Used  in powder, decoction, and extract   Dose of the powder, 30 grains; of the decoc-
 tion, f^ij.,' of the extract, 20 grains.
   Other parts of the oak possessed of similar properties; but more feeble. The leaves and
 acorn cups may be substituted for the bark.
   Acorn highly astringent, but also more bitter.  Uses, and mode of preparation.


                               GALLS.—GALLA.  U.S.

   Excrescences on the young branches of Quercus infectoria and other species.
   Locality and description of the tree.
   Mode in which the gall is produced.
   Brought from the Levant and the East Indies.
   General characters, including size, shape, and nature of surface.
   Two varieties—blue galls and white galls.   Difference between them.
   Sensible properties, and relations to water and alcohol.
   Most interesting ingredients, tannic and gallic acids. Virtues depend chiefly on the former.
   Substances with which galls afford precipitates,  and  with which they are incompatible
 in prescriptions.
   Medical properties and uses.  Chiefly employed externally.
   Used  in powder, infusion, decoction, or tincture.  Dose of the powder, 10  to 20 grains;
 of the infusion, made in the proportion of half an ounce to a pint, f^ij; of the tincture,
 from f£j.  to fgiij.  The tincture more used as a test than as a medicine.


                                    KINO.  U.S.

   Varieties.—1. African kino; 2.  Jamaica kino;  3.  Botany Bay kino;  4. East India, or
 Amboyna  kino.
   Supposed source of each variety.
   The East  India kino most  used—probably an extract.
   General characters of kino, including shape and size of the fragments, nature of the sur-
 face, colour of the powder, &c.—sensible properties—relations to water  and alcohol.
   Interesting ingredients, tannic acid and extractive.  Virtues  depend on the tannic acid,-
 which is of the variety that affords a dark  greenish precipitate  with sulphate of iron.
   Incompatibles same as those  with galls.
   Medical properties and uses.  One of the vegetable astringents best  adapted for inters
1131 USG    "
   Used in powder, infusion, and tincture.  Dose of the  powder, 10  to  30 grains—of th*
infusion, made in  the proportion of 2 drachms to 6 fluidounces,  from f|ss. to fgiss.
   Objection to the tincture. 
(   8   )
                                CATECHU. U.S.
  Extract of the wood of Acacia Catechu—perhaps also from other sources.
  Locality and description of A. Catechu.
  Mode of preparing catechu, its aspect, colour, odour, taste, fracture, and other physical
properties—the colour of its powder, and its relations to water and alcohol.
  Impurities.
  Chief ingredient, tannic acid like that of kino, with a little extractive.
  Chemical  relations the same  as those of kino.
  Dark coloured catechu said to contain most tannic acid.
  Medical properties and uses.
  Kino preferable for internal use, as purer.
  Used in powder, infusion, and tincture.   Dose the same as  that of kino.   Dose of the
tincture from f^ss. to fgiij.

                        RHATANY.—KRAMERIA. V. S.
  Root of Kramerid triandra.
  Character of the plant and place of its growth.
  Form of the root—sensible properties—difference between the cortical and ligneous por-
tions—colour of the powder—relations to water and alcohol, and the colour imparted by it
to these liquids.
  Active ingredient,  tannic acid resembling that of kino.
  Medical properties and uses essentially the same as those of kino and catechu.  Much
used, particularly in uterine hemorrhage.
  Used in powder, infusion or decoction, tincture, and extract.  Dose of the powder, 20 to
30 grains—of the decoction or infusion, made in the proportion  of an ounce to a pint of
water,  from f^j. to  f^ij.—of  the tincture, from fgj. to  f^ij—of the extract, 10 or 15
grains.  The extract injured by much heat in its preparation.

                      LOGWOOD—HjEMATOXYLON. U. S.
  Wood of Hamatoxylon Campechiattum.
  Character of this tree and place of its growth.
  State of the wood as imported, and as kept in the shops.
  Sensible properties of logwood, and relations to water and alcohol.   Effect  of exposure
on the  colour.
  Characteristic ingredient, a peculiar colouring principle called hematin.
  Medical properties and uses.
  Employed in decoction and extract.   Dose of the decoction f^ij.—of the  extract 10 to'
30 grains.
                       CRANESBILL.—GERANIUM.  U. S.
  Root of Geranium maculatum—an indigenous perennial  herbaceous plant, growing in
woods.
  Shape and general aspect of the root, its sensible properties, and relations to water and
alcohol.
  Active ingredient, tannic acid.
  Medical properties and uses.
  Given in powder and decoction.  Dose of the powder 20 to 30 grains—of the decoction
made by boiling one ounce in a pint and a half of water to a pint, from f Jj. to f^ij.  Some-
times boiled- in milk.

                BLACKBERRY-ROOT—RUBUS VILLOSUS. U. S.
                 DEWBERRY-ROOT.—RUBUS TRIVIALIS. U. S.
  Roots of Rubus villosus  and  R. trivialis—similar in medical preperties.
  Both plants indigenous—fdrmer an erect prickly shrub—latter a creeping briar.
  Shape and aspect of the roots.  Virtues chiefly in the cortical part.  Smallest roots, there-
fore, best.  Sensible properties  and relations to water and alcohol.
  Active ingredient, tannic acid.
  Medical properties and uses.
  Usually given in decoction—made by boiling one ounce  in a pint  and a half of water
to a pint.  Dose f^j. to fgij.  Dose of the powder 20 or 30 grains.

                                UVA URSI. U. S.
  Leaves of Arbutus  Uva  Ursi or bear-berry, a small,  trailing, evergreen  shrub, indige-
nous in the northern parts of the old and new continents, and growing in the  United States
n* far  south as New Jersey.
  Distinguishing characters of the dried leaves—colour,  smell, and  taste—colour of the
powder—-relations to water and alcohol. 
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(   9   )
   Active ingredients, tannic acid and bitter extractive.
   Medical properties, those of an astringent and mild tonic, with a tendency to act espe-
 cially on the urinary organs, but without materially increasing the secretion.
   .Particular applications in disease.
 *.IS a P°,wderrand/ecoc^°.n-  D°*e °f the powder, from gr. xx. to £j., 3 or 4 times a
 day—of the  decoction from fgj. to f^ij. at the same intervals.

                        PIPSISSEWA.-CHIMAPHILA.  U. S.
   Leaves and stem of Chimaphila umbellata or wintergreen—a small, indigenous, ever-
 green plant,  growing in the north of Europe, Asia,  and America, and abundant in the
 United states—inhabiting the woods.
   Distinguishing characters of the leaves—colour, smell, and taste—relations to water and
 alcohol.
   Active ingredients, tannic acid and bitter extractive.
   Medical properties, those of a gentle astringent and tonic, with a direction to the urinary
 organs, upon which it sometimes acts as a diuretic.  Therapeutical applications.
   Given in decoction, made by  boiling two ounces in three pints to two.  Dose, a small
 teacupful 3 or 4 times a day.
   An extract may be given in the dose of 20 or 30 grains four times a day.

   The following vegetable  astringents also spoken of.
   Rind of the Pomegranate—Granati Fructus Cortex. U. S.
   Unexpanded petals of the red rose—Rosa  Gallica,  U. S.—with its preparations—the
 confection of roses (Confectio Rosa,  U. S.), and the compound infusion of roses (Infusum
 Rosa Compositum, U. S.).
   Incidental remarks on Rosa centifolia, or hundred leaved rose, and its  distilled  water,
 called rose-water (Aqua Rosas,  U. S.), with the  Unguentum Aqua Rosa, U. S.,  prepared
 from it.
   Bark and unripe fruit of the Persimmon—Diospyrus  Virginiana.
   Tormentil—root of Tormentilla erecta.
   Bistort—root of Polygonum Bistorta.


                             2.  Mineral Astringents.

                              ALUM.—ALUMEN.  U.S.
   Chemically, a sulphate of alumina and potassa.
   Salts essentially similar in medical properties are formed with sulphate  of alumina by
 ammonia and soda.
 .  Sometimes native—more frequently prepared from ores, or  by a direct combination of
 its constituents.
   Shape of crystal—effect of exposure—colour and  taste—solubility  in water—effects  of
 heat—chemical incompatibles.
   Effects on the system, and therapeutical application both internally and externally.
   Alum curd as a local application.
   A solution containing from 15 to 20 grains to  the fluidounce of water, used as a gargle.
   Given internally in powder, pill, or solution.
   Dose 5 to  15  grains every three or four hours, or less frequently.
   Alum whey as a form for internal use.
   Dried alum an escharotic.

                                 LEAD.—PLUMBUM.
   Metallic lead probably inert.
   General effects of its preparations considered under  the two heads—1st, of their local
 Irritant action—2d, of their peculiar specific action.
   The two in some degree incompatible;  as, when lead is applied so as to occasion much
 irritation, its absorption is impeded, and its peculiar influence on the system thus prevented.
   The  preparations  of lead characterized by the  union of astringency  with a  sedative
 power.
   Description of its effects.
   Poisonous  action of lead.   Fatal consequences  may  result both  from the irritant action
 of the preparations of lead, and from its peculiar  influence upon the system.   The former
 event is more likely to ensue from large quantities taken at once—the latter from smaller
 quantities gradually insinuated into the system, and applied for a considerable time.
  The only preparation not poisonous is probably the sulphate,  which is thought  to ba
inert from its great insolubility.
                     2 
(   io   )
  Treatment in cases of poisoning by preparations of lead.  The sulphate of soda or sul-
phate of magnesia is the best antidote.
  Preparations of lead employed—1. semivitrified oxide  or litharge, 2. carbonate, 3, ace.

  LITHARGE.—PLUMBI OXIDUM SEMIVITREUM.  U. S.—Preparation—aspect-
colour—smell and  taste—solubility—chemical nature—impurities.  Not  used internally.
Chiefly employed in the preparation of the lead plaster (Emplastrum Plumbi, U. S.)
  Preparation of the lead plaster.  Explanation of the chemical agencies  concerned.  De-
scription.   Uses.
  CARBONATE  OF LEAD.—PLUMBI CARBONAS. U S.—Also called white lead,
formerly cerusse. Preparation—general aspect—sensible properties—solubility. One of the
most poisonous salts of lead.   Most common source of painters' colic.  Seldom or never
used internally.  External employment.   Modes of application.
  ACETATE OF LEAD.—PLUMBI ACETAS.  U. S.—Called  also sugar of lead or
taccharum saturni.   Preparation—chemical composition—shape and  appearance  of crys-
tals—effects of exposure—sensible properties—solubility in water and  alcohol—appearance
upon solution in common water, its cause, and mode of prevention.
  Incompatible substances numerous—the most important, sulphuric, muriatic, and phos-
phoric acids and their soluble salts, the soluble carbonates, the alkalies, lime-water, vege-
table astringents, and certain mucilages.
  May be given safely in moderate doses not too long continued.  In large quantities it is
an irritative poison;  in smaller, too long persevered  in, it produces  the peculiar poisonous
effects of lead.
  Diseases in which it is most useful, hemorrhage from  the lungs and uterus, diarrhoea
and dysentery. An advantage, that it is at the same time astringent and sedative.  Hence
given in the early stages.  Usefully  combined  with  opium.  Dose, half a grain to three
grains every  hour,  two, or three hours.   Given in  pill made with crumb of bread, or dis-
solved in water with the addition of vinegar.
  Much used externally.  Applied in this way, has  the  double effect of restraining dis-
charges, and  directly reducing inflammatory action—and hence may be used when other
astringents are contraindicated.  Complaints in which it is used externally.  Employed in
the state of solution. For application to the  mucous surfaces, from 1 to 2  grains may
be dissolved in a fluidounce of water, to the sound skin, gij. in Oj.
  SOLUTION OF SUBACETATE OF LEAD.—LIQUOR PLUMBI SUBACETATIS.
U. S.—Also called Goulard's extract of lead.   Preparation, chemical  nature and  sensible
properties. Decomposed by whatever decomposes  the acetate, and in addition by carbonic
acid, gum, and starch.  Effects of exposure to  the air.
  Employed externally to reduce inflammation.  Said to have produced local palsy.  Diluted
before  application—f^ij- or f^iij. to a pint of water.
  The cerate of subacetate of lead—Ceratum Plumbi Subacelatis, U. S.—commonly called
Goulard's cerate, prepared from  this solution.  An excellent application to inflamed and
abraded surfaces.   The best remedy for blisters indisposed to heal.
  Besides the preparations of lead, those of some  other metals  are astringent—as of zine
and iron—but they are possessed also of other  properties which classify them elsewhere.
Thus also with sulphuric acid, and with some of the preparations of lime. 
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(   11   )
                                 CLASS  II.


                                      TONICS.


                               General  Observations.

    Medicines which produce  a gentle and permanent excitement of all  the  vital actions,
 though their influence is more observable in the functions of organic life, than in those of
 animal life.
    Differ from astringents in  the more general diffusion of their action, and in the want of
 any especial direction to the  organic contractility.
    The term  " permanent" in relation to their action is not strictly correct.   No medicine
 is permanently stimulant in the healthy state.  All over-excitement ultimately produces a
 diminution of excitability; and, as every vital action is sustained by the influence of stimuli
 upon excitability, a diminution of healthy action results.  Tonics operate slowly in exalting
 the functions, and their impression is more durable than that of the  diffusible stimulants;
 but even the excitement produced by tonics, if given in the healthy state, is  followed by a
 corresponding depression.
    Tonics, therefore, are injurious if given in the healthy state, or in diseases of excitement.
 They may do harm in two ways, 1. by inducing an irritation which may result in inflam-
 mation; 2. by diminishing excitability or natural healthy power.  These  effects more fully
 explained.   Diseases induced by  the abuse, of tonics.  A good rule  never  to give these
 medicines in a state of sound health, with the view of increasing  strength, or of rendering
 the system less accessible to  disease.
    Tonics indicated in cases in which the vital actions are depressed  below the standard of
 health,  in other words, in cases of debility.   Here they produce increase of action, and if
 the excitability has not  been  materially impaired, place the system in a condition to recover
 and sustain  itself.  But even in debility, they should not be very long continued, as their
 ultimate effect might  be an increase of the state they are given to remedy. A general rule,
 that tonics are applicable in debility without permanent loss of healthy excitability.  Illus-
 trations of this rule.
    The mode by which tonics  invigorate the system is two-fold—1. they increase the energy
 of the stomach and digestive  organs when enfeebled, and thereby enable  more nutriment
 to be thrown into the  system; 2.  they exercise a direct influence  either by means of  ner-
 vous communication, or through the medium  of  the blood-vessels, over the whole frame,
 producing an elevation of all  the vital actions independently of any increase in the quantity
 of the blood.
   Tonics differ in  the degree of their  stimulating property, and many of them also have
 individual peculiarities which  serve to distinguish them prominently from the other mem-
 bers of the class.   They may be divided into four sections;  1. the purer bitters; 2. bitters
 somewhat peculiar in  their properties;  3. aromatics; and  4. mineral tonics.
   1. Pure bitters.  Bitterness possessed by all true vegetable tonics.  At  one  time thought
 to be essentially the tonic power, and to reside in some peculiar principle.   But the mineral
 tonics are not bitter, and the  property belongs to many distinct vegetable principles.   But
 still there seems to be some connexion between bitterness and the tonic property.  Perhaps
 the same arrangement or shape of particles which produces the bitter taste when the medi-
 cine is applied to the tongue,  is calculated to produce  the tonic impression when it is ap-
 plied to  the stomach.  Different substances may have this same  arrangement or shape of
 particles, and in some  it may be associated with other properties,  which may enable them
 to operate with great energy on the system in a manner distinct from the tonic action, and
 calculated to conceal it.  In this view of the  subject, every bitter substance may  be tonic,
 though, from its possession of other  more energetic properties, it may not display any tonic
 effect in its actual operation.   This point further illustrated.
   The pure bitters closely analogous in their effects, and used for the same purposes. Less
 stimulant than the others, and more purely tonic.
   Effects on the system.  They increase appetite—invigorate  digestion—exert little  in-
 fluence over the circulation unless in large doses—offer little evidence of action on the  ner-
vous system—in large doses are apt to  purge, and in very large doses sometimes vomit.
  2. Bitters peculiar in  their  properties.  Peculiar either by the inherent constitution of
their bitter principle, as in  Peruvian bark, or in consequence of its association with other 
(   12    )
 rinciples which modify its action, as in serpentaria, with a volatile oil, and in wild cherry
 ark, with hydrocyanic acid.  In general, this division is more stimulating than the purer
bitters, but not universally so.
  3. Aromatics.  Depend for their peculiarity on the presence of volatile oil. More stimu-
lating than the bitters, they approach nearly to the diffusible  stimulants, with which they
might be associated without violence.
  Pleasant to the taste  and grateful  to the stomach.
  Employed to cover the taste of other medicines, to render them  more acceptable to the
stomach, or to increase  their stimulant effect.  Also used as anti-emetics and carminatives.
  4. Mineral tonics. These have nothing in common but the tonic property, each having
decided peculiarities which serve to  distinguish it from the others.
                                1.  Pure  Bitters.

                                    QUASSIA.

  Wood of Quassia excelsa and Quassia amara.
  Locality and general character of these trees.
  Character of quassia as imported and as kept in the shops—weight—texture—colour—■
odour and taste—relations to water and alcohol—colour imparted to these menstrua.
  Active ingredient, a peculiar principle called quassin.
  Incompatibles.
  Effects on the system, and medical applications.
  Powder seldom used.   Dose, 20 to  60 grains, 3 or 4 times a day.
  Infusion most used.  Proportions gij. to Oj. of cold water.  Dose, f ^ij. 3 or 4 times a day.
  Extract, a powerful and  excellent  tonic.  Has more tonic power in a small bulk than
any other preparation of the pure  bitters.  Dose, 2 to 5 grains.
  Tincture officinal.  Dose, f jj. to fgij.     •

                                   SIMARUBA,
  Bark of the root ofSimaruba officinalis.
  Essentially the same in properties as Quassia.

                          GOLDTHREAD.—COPTIS. U. S,
  Root of Coptis trifolia.
  Locality of this plant—general character—appearance of the root.
  Closely analogous in properties  to Quassia.

                          GENTIAN.—GENTIANA. U. S.
  Root of Gentiana lulea, and perhaps other species.
  Locality and general character  of this plant.
  Shape, size, and general  aspect of the  root—colour externally  and within—texture-
colour of the  powder—odour and taste—relations to water and alcohol.
  Medical properties and uses.
  Forms of administration numerous.   Powder—dose, 10 to 40 grains.  Infusion, made with
half an ounce to a pint of water—dose, f^j. to f^ij.  Compound infusion officinal.  Tinc-
ture—dose, f£j. to fgij.   Remarks on the danger of giving tonic tinctures.  Extract—
dose,  5 to 20 or 30 grains.
  Several plants belonging  to the  family of the Gentianeae have  properties  analogous to
those  of gentian.   Among these are the lesser centaury of Europe, Erythraa Centaurium,
and the following.

                  AMERICAN  CENTAURY.—SABBATIA.  U. S.

  Sabbatia angularis.  Whole plant  used.
  General appearance—place of growth—season at  which collected—sensible properties
and relations to water and alcohol.
  Medical properties and uses.  Given in infusion, made with an ounce to a pint of water.  "
Dose, f gij.

                          COLUMBO.—COLOMBA. U. S.

  Root of Cocculvs palmatus.
  General character of the  plant,  and place of growth.
  Mode of preparing the root for  market, and whence imported. 
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(   13  )
  Shape, size,  genetal aspect,  and consistence of the pieces—difference between the cor.
 tied and central portion—colour—odour—taste—colour of the powder—relations to water
 and alcohol.
   Active ingredient, a peculiar principle called colombin.  Besides this,  a large proportion
 of starch, according to Planche 33 per cent.—also mucilage, and a little volatile oil.
   Nothing incompatible chemically, which is likely to be associated with it in prescription,
 unless, perhaps, iodine.
   Medical properties and usee.
   Frequently combined with other tonics,  purgatives, aromatics, and antacids.
   Used in powder, infusion, and tincture.   Dose of the powder, 10 to 30 grains—of the
 infusion made in the proportion of ^ss. to Oj., from fgj. to f$ij.—of the tincture, f£j. to
 fgss.   The  hot infusion soon  undergoes spontaneous change from the presence of starch.
   Numerous other bitters analogous to those mentioned ; but at present little used, and not
 wanted.

                 2.  Bitters  of peculiar or modified properties.
   These may be subdivided into 1. those having a peculiar alkaline principle, as Peruvian
 bark, 2. those in which the bitter principle is modified by combination with a sedative prin-
 ciple, as wild-cherry bark, and 3. those in which it is associated with a stimulant principle,
 usually a volatile oil, as serpentaria.

                      PERUVIAN  BARK.—CINCHONA. U. S.
   Bark of different species of Cinchona—natives of the Andes—and extending from La
 Paz in  Bolivia, to Santa Martha on the North Coast.
   Not certainly known from what particular species the different varieties of bark are de-
 rived.
   Three officinal varieties;  1. pale bark  (cinchona pallida), 2. yellow-bark (cinchona flava),
 and 3. red bark (cinchona rubra).
   All the varieties strictly officinal are brought from the Pacific Coast of South America.
 Those brought from the northern ports are considered inferior, and thrown together under
 the name of Carthagena barks.
   1. Pale bark.—Cinchona Pallida, U. S.—Embraces the commercial varieties called Loxa
 and Lima barks. Named from the colour of the powder. Called gray bark by the French.
   Description of pale bark—colour of the  powder—sensible properties.
   2. Yellow bark.—Cinchona  Flava, U. S.—This is the variety denominated in commerce
 Callisaya bark.  Wholly different from  the common yellow, which is a variety of Cartha-
 gena bark, and is not officinally recognised. Called by the French writers royal yellow bark.
   Description of the yellow or Callisaya bark. Two varieties, the  quilled  and the flat—
 differences between them—colour of the powder—sensible properties of yellow bark.
   3. Red bark.—Cinchona Rubra, U. S.—Quilled and flat—description—colour of the pow-
 der—sensible properties.
   Of these varieties the most efficient are the yellow and red—the least disagreeable, the pale.
   Carthagena barks.  Varieties—signs by which distinguished.
   Active ingredients of bark, two alkaline principles called quinia and cinchonia, combined
 with kinic acid.  Other principles of bark.
  Difference in composition between the pale, yellow, and red barks.
   Quinia.   Description of its properties—outline of the mode of preparing it—sulphate of
 quinia one of the officinal preparations of bark.
   Cinchonia.  Differences between it and quinia.
   Both alkalies form salts of difficult solubility with tartaric,  oxalic, and gallic acids.
  Incompatibles.  All substances which  occasion precipitates with bark are not incompati-
 ble in prescription, as the substance precipitated is frequently  not the active principle.  The
 alkalies and  alkaline earths and astringent infusions, may be considered as incompatible—
 the former precipitating the alkaline principles in a separate state, the latter forming with
 them insoluble compounds.
  Effects of bark on the system.  At the same time that it is tonic, it exerts an influence
 peculiar to itself, and this influence is found to be incompatible with the existence of perio-
 dical or intermittent diseases.  There are, therefore, two  different and highly important
 properties of bark, therapeutically considered, viz. the anti-intermittent and tonic.  Expla-
 nations on this point.
  Diseases to which bark is applicable as anti-intermittent, and speculations on its mode of
 action.   Therapeutical applications as a tonic.
  Bark most powerful in substance.  Disadvantages of this mode of administration.  Only
 given in cases  where a powerful anti-intermittent operation is required.   Power increased
by combination with opium  and aromatics.   Dose, gj. repeated so frequently that from ^j.
to ^ij. may be taken between the paroxysms.  Best mode of administering  bark  in  sub. 
(   14   )
 stance.  Objections to wine as the vehicle.  Sometimes used in quilted jackets.  If it purge,
 combine with opium, if it constipate, with rhubarb.          ~\    t   \- ■      5         * 'i
   Infusion,  gj. to Oj. of boiling water. ^aeW' !"»•** >>w^^*«^tf.S(nu...iV'Wor..-.^w-^.*< V
   Decoction.  3J. to Oj.—boil ten minutes in a covered  vessel.  Objections to both these
 forms.   Dose, f]fij. 3 or 4 times a day, or in acute cases every  hour or two.
   Compound infusion.  A good form—^j. to Oj., with f^j. of aromatic sulphuric acid.
 Advantages.  Dose f^ij.yvaft-.*,^ l5.k»v/ootcMirniJL. itaJkVw* y£|Vv'.-. '■_>.'. - ".°-n«c. '..«>»'-.  .~,«,Ji*»v.
   Tincture.  Very strong.  Dose, fgj. to f^ss. lvs'-"v    ../.$vi.~,/^Jl<*l>.C)ij>»>« ■i*1'^'kji&xtMV
   Compound tincture.   Ingredients.  Advantages.  Dose, fgj.  to f^ss.                     iJi'Uir.
   Extract.  Mode of preparation.   Dose, 10 to 30 grains.                                 <-l  —
   Sulphate of quinia.—Quinia Sulphas, U. S.—Value—mcde of preparation—character of
 crystals—composition—effects of exposure—taste—solubility in water, alcohol, and dilute
 acids.
   Comparative powers with those of bark itself.  In what respects preferable.
   Ten to 14 grains equivalent to ^j. of good bark.
   Dose,  as anti-intermittent, 1 grain every hour or two.  In intermittent diseases, 12 to 18
 grains in the interval between the paroxysms.   In enema, 12 grains, with half a grain of
 opium, every 6 hours.  Endermic application. As a mere tonic, one quarter to half a grain,
 3 or 4 times a day.
   Given in  pill or solution.  Preparation of these.
   Adulterations of sulphate of quinia,  and mode of detecting them.
   Sulphate of cinchonia.  Character as a remedy.   Dose and mode  of administration  the
 same as  those of sulphate of quinia.
   Various substitutes for Peruvian bark have been proposed, among which may be men-
 tioned the Caribean bark, the barks of the Swietenia febrifuga and <S. Mahogani, the horse-
 chesnut bark, that of different species of willow, and the bark of the common dogwood of
 this country.  None used to any extent at present.  The dogwood, as a native of this coun-
 try, merits a brief notice.

                 DOGWOOD BARK.—CORNUS FLORIDA.  V. S.
   Bark of Cornus Florida.  General character of the tree.  Bark from the stem  and root
 The latter preferred.
   Aspect of the bark—colour of the powder—odour—taste—relations to  water.
   Used in powder or decoction.  Dose and mode of treatment similar to  those of  Peruvian
 bark.

             WILD-CHERRY BARK.—PRUNUS VIRGINIANA. U. S.
   Bark of Prunus Virginiana, an indigenous tree.  General character of the tree.  The
 fruit and its uses.
   Bark obtained from the stem, branches, and root.
   Appearance of the bark—colour—colour of the powder—odour—taste—relations to water
 and alcohol—colour of the infusion and tincture—effects of heat upon them.
   Active principle hydrocyanic acid, with tannic acid and perhaps bitter extractive.
   Taken internally, it is tonic to the digestive organs, and at the same time sedative in its
 direct general influence.  Applicable to diseases in which debility co-exists with  irritation
 of the circulatory and nervous systems. Diseases in which it is employed.
   Used in powder and cold infusion, generally in the latter form. Dose of the powder Jss.
 to 3J., of the infusion f^ij., 3 or 4 times a day, or more frequently.

                        CHAMOMILE.—ANTHEMIS. U. S.
   Flowers of Anthemis  nobilis.
   Character of the plant, and place of growth.
   All parts  of the plant are active, but the flowers are most agreeable in flavour, and  ex-
clusively officinal.  Imported from Europe.
   Character of the flowers—difference between the single and double—sensible properties
—relations to water and alcohol.
   Active principles, bitter extractive and volatile oil.
   Effects on the system, and medical  uses.
   As a tonic, best employed in cold infusion. Dose, f^ij. several times a  day. As adjuvant
 to emetics, in hot infusion.  Large draughts.
   The decoction and extract objectionable preparations.   The powder may be  used in the
 dose of £ss. to 3J.

                    THOROUGHWORT.—EUPATORIUM.  V. S.
  Eupatorium perfoliatum, often called boneset.  An indigenous perennial herb.  General
character of the plant.  Whole herbaceous part used.
  Sensible properties, and relations to  water and alcohol. 
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(   15  )
  Medical properties and uses.
  As a tonic, used in powder or cold infusion.  Dose of the powder, 20 or 30 grains, of the
infusion, f§ij. repeated 2, 3, or 4 times daily.
  As a diaphoretic, used in the state of warm infusion.   Dose,  f^ij. every 2 or 3 hours.
  As emetic, a small bowlful of the infusion may be taken warm.

                VIRGINIA SNAKEROOT.—SERPENTARIA.  U. S.
  Root of Aristolochia Serpentaria, and perhaps other species of Aristolochia.
  The plant indigenous, herbaceous, perennial.  General character—place of growth—place
where the root is collected.
  Character of the root—colour—colour of the powder—odour—taste—relations to water
and alcohol.
  Active ingredients, a bitter principle and volatile oil.
  Adulterations.
  Effects on the system—medical uses.                                        0
  Used in powder and infusion.  Dose of the former, 10 to 30 grains, of the latter, fj|j. to
 f^ij. every 2 or 3 hours.  Tincture officinal, dose, f£j. to f£ij.   Decoction objectionable.
   Bitters resembling Virginia snakeroot in combining a  bitter principle with volatile oil,
 and possessing stimulant properties, are wormwood (Absinthium,  U. S.), tansy (Tanacetum,
 U.  S.), and horehound (Marrubium, U. S.).  Remarks  on each of these.   None of them
 much used.

                            MYRRH.—MYRRHA.  U.S.
  Exudation from Amyris Myrrha—Balsamodcndron Myrrha of some writers.
  Character of the plant, and place of its growth.
  Two varieties of  myrrh, India and Turkey, the former from the East Indies, the latter
 from the Levant, both probably originally from the same source.  Difference between these
 varieties.
  Properties of myrrh—size and shape of the pieces—translucency—colour—colour of the
 powder—fracture—odour—taste—chemical nature—relations to water and alcohol—influ-
 ence of alkalies on its solubility—result of distillation.
   Active principles, resin and volatile oil.
  Effects on the system, and therapeutical application.
  Used in powder, pill, emulsion, and tincture.   Dose in substance, 10 to 30 grains—of the
 tincture f^ss. to f^j.  The tincture seldom used internally.  Reason why  the tinctures of
 myrrh and other gum-resins are better made with alcohol than with diluted alcohol.

                    ANGUSTURA  BARK.—ANGUSTURA.  U. S.
   Bark of Gallipea officinalis, a small tree growing in South America.
  Whence brought—shape and size of the pieces—colour—colour of the powder—smell—
 taste—relations to water and alcohol.
  Active constituents, bitter extractive and volatile oil.
   Effects on the system, and therapeutical application.
  Used in powder, infusion,  and tincture.  Dose of the powder 10 to 30 grains, of the infu-
 sion f§ij., of the tincture fgj.  to fjij.
  False Angustura bark described, and its poisonous properties alluded  to.  Its active in-
 gredient, an alkaline principle called brucia.

                                CASCARILLA.  U.S.
   Bark of Croton Eleutheria, and possibly of C. Cascarilla—shrubs growing in the West
 Indies.
   Whence imported.  Two  varieties.  General characters, as size, shape, colour, &c.—
 smell—odour when burnt—taste—relations to water and alcohol.
  Active ingredients, extractive and volatile oil.
  Medical properties and uses.                                              „
  Used in powder and infusion.   Dose of the former 20 to 30 grains, of the latter fgij.


                                   3.  Aromatics.

  Substances having a fragrant odour, and a pleasant spicy taste, with little admixture of
 disagreeable flavour.  Owe their distinguishing properties to volatile oils.
   Volatile, essential, or distilled oils.—Odour—taste—volatility—point  of ebullition—how
 affected by boiling water—inflammability—solubility in water, alcohol, ether, and fixed
 oils—composition—effects of exposure—adulterations and modes of detection—mode of
 preparation. 
(   16   )
   Aromatics more stimulant than tonics  in general—more local  in  their action than the
diffusible stimulants—produce a peculiar cordial influence on  the stomach—obviate sick-
ness—expel flatulence—relieve spasmodic pains of the stomach and bowels.
   Often combined with other medicines, which they render more acceptable to the palate
and stomach, and less disposed to gripe.
   Decoctions and extracts of aromatics objectionable preparations.


                  ORANGE PEEL.—AURANTII CORTEX.  U. S.
   Oranges, fruit of Citrus Aurantium—two varieties—difference in the rinds—virtues in
the outer portion.
   Sensible properties of orange peel, and relations to water and alcohol.
   Usually employed in infusion, made in the proportion of half an ounce to a pint.
   The confection an officinal preparation.  Uses.

       •              CINNAMON.—CINNAMOMUM.  U.  S.
   Prepared bark of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum and C. aromaticum.
   General character of the trees—place of growth—mode of preparing the bark. Two com-
mercial varieties—Ceylon  cinnamon  and China cinnamon or cassia.  Botanical sources.
Whence imported.
   Properties of the bark—shape—size—colour—colour of the powder—consistence—frac-
ture—odour—taste.  Difference in these respects between the two varieties.
   Active principle, volatile oil, with  tannin.  Two varieties of the oil.   Sensible properties
of oil  of cinnamon.
   Medical uses those of aromatics  in general.  Especially applicable  to cases requiring
astringents.
   Dose of the powder, 10 to 20 grains.   In infusions of other medicines, employed  in the
proportion of one or two drachms to the pint.
   Cinnamon water—Aqua cinnamomi—mode of preparing—uses.
   Tincture and compound tincture of cinnamon, officinal.  Dose  f^j.
   Cinnamon enters into numerous officinal preparations.

                                CANELLA. U.  S.
   Bark of  Canella alba, native of the West Indies—derived from the branches, freed from
the epidermis—shape and  size of the pieces—fracture—colour—colour  of the powder—
odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol.
   Active ingredients, volatile oil and bitter extractive.
   Medical uses—ingredient in the Powder of Aloes and Canella.
   Winter's bark—from Drymis Winleri—place of growth—similar in properties to canella
—never used here.

                       CLOVES.—CARYOPHYLLUS. U.  S.
   Dried unexpanded flower-buds of Eugenia caryophyllata.^ui-^ >\ ■
   General character of the tree and  place of growth.
  Properties of cloves—shape—size—colour—colour of  the powder—odour—taste—rela-
tions  to water and alcohol.
   Chief active ingredient, volatile oil, called oil of cloves (Oleum CaryophyHi, U. S.)—mode
of preparation—sensible properties—specific gravity.
   Used in powder, infusion, and oil.  Dose of the powder, 5 to 10 grains—of the infusion,
made with two drachms to the pint, f^ij.—of the oil, 2 to 5 drops.
   Cloves enter into numerous officinal preparations.


                         NUTMEG.—MYRISTICA.  U.  S.
   Kernel of the fruit of Myristica moschata.
   General character of the tree, and place of growth—description of the fruit—mode of
preparing the mace and nutmeg.
  Shape of nutmegs—size—character of the surface—colour—appearance when broken-
mode of reducing them to powder.
   Interesting ingredients, a volatile  and a fixed oil, the former of which is the active prin-
ciple.  Mode of preparing the volatile oil  (Oleum Myristicae,  U. S.)—colour—specific
gravity.
   Fixed oil called oil of mace—mode of obtaining it—colour and  consistence—uses.
  Mace—shape—colour—odour—taste—ingredients as in nutmegs—uses.
  Nutmegs said to combine narcotic with aromatic properties.—Dose  of the powder, 5 to
80 grains—of the volatile oil, 2 or 3  drops. 
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|IM>2 
(   17   )
                          BLACK PEPPER.—PIPER.  U. S.
   Dried berries of Piper nigrum.
   General character of this plant and place of growth.  The  berries deprived of their outer
 covering, constitute white pepper.
   Constituents of black  pepper, volatile oil, an acrid concrete  oil, and a white crystalline
 principle called piperin,  formerly thought to be the active principle, but now known to be
 inert when pure.
   Therapeutical uses of black  pepper.

                             CUBEBS.—CUBEBA.  U.S.
   Dried fruit of Piper Cubeba, growing in the East Indies.
   Shape and size of Cubeba—colour and character of the  surface—internal structure__
 odour—taste.
   Active ingredient, a volatile  oil, obtained by distillation.   Sensible properties of the oil
 —consistence.
   Effects of time and exposure on cubebs.  The powder an  improper form for keeping.
   Medical properties, those of an aromatic and diuretic—effect on the urine—therapeutical
 applications.
   Dose of the powder, 5pss. to ^iss. 3 or 4 times a day—of the volatile oil,  10 to 20 drops.

                           PIMENTO.—PIMENTA. U. S.
   Berries of Myrtus Pimenta—a handsome tree growing in  the West  Indies, particularly
 in Jamaica, and  hence called Jamaica pepper.
   Size, shape,  and  sensible properties.   Origin of the name of allspice.
   Active properties supposed to reside in a volatile and fixed  oil.  Colour of the volatile oil.
 Dose of the oil, 3 to 6 drops.

                      CARDAMOM.—CARDAMOMUM. U. S.
   Fruit of Alpinia  Cardamomum—a plant growing in Malabar.
   Shape and size of the fruit—colour—relative virtues of the  capsule and seeds—the former
 rejected in powdering—odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol.  The virtues of the
 medicine reside in a volatile oil.  It should be kept in capsules, not powdered.
   Much used as an addition to other medicines, particularly infusions, in the proportion of
 one or two drachms to the pint.  Enters into numerous officinal preparations.
   Compound tincture of cardamom, one of the  most agreeable aromatic preparations.
 Dose, f3j.

                      FENNEL-SEED.—KENICULUM. U. S.
   Seeds of Anethum Fceniculum—a perennial herb—native of Europe—cultivated in this
 country.  The whole plant possessed of aromatic  properties.
   Shape and size of the seeds—colour—relations to water and alcohol.
   Volatile oil—Oleum Faeniculi—mode in which obtained—colour—specific gravity.
   Infusion prepared in the proportion of two drachms to a pint.—Dose of the oil, from 5 to
 15 drops.

                           Other Aromatic Seeds, less used.
   CARAWAY—CARUM, U.  S., from  Carum Carui;
   CORIANDER—CORIANDRUM,  U. S., from Coriandrum sativum; and
   ANISE—ANISUM, U. S., from Pimpinella Anisum.
   These are used in the  same way, and for the same purposes, as the preceding.  The oil
 of caraway  is occasionally used in a dose  varying from 1  to  10 drops.
   An aromatic fruit called star  aniseed,  derived from Illicium anisatum of China, is often
 substituted for the true aniseed.

                        LAVENDER.—LAVANDULA. U. S.
   Flowering spikes of Lavandula vera—a native  of the South of Europe, but cultivated
in our gardens.
  Their virtues reside in  a volatile oil, which is  separated by distillation, and used  as a
perfume.  Dissolved in alcohol,  it forms  spirit of lavender.   Uses.
  Compound spirit of lavender—preparation—uses—Dose, f gss. to f^j.

                      ROSEMARY.—ROSMARINUS. U. S.
  Tops of Rosmarinus officinalis—a shrub growing on the shores of the Mediterranean.
  Their virtues reside in  a volatile oil, which  is separated by distillation, and is colourless.
  The spirit of rosemary and the volatile oil are officinal.—Chiefly used as external remedies.
                    3 
(   18   )
                  PEPPERMINT.—MENTHA PIPERITA. U. S.
  Whole herb officinal—native of Europe—cultivated and naturalized in this country.
  Description of the plant—sensible properties—relations to water and alcohol.
  Volatile oil—mode in which it is prepared—colour, odour, and taste—specific gravity—
adulteration with alcohol—mode of detecting the adulteration.
  Uses as a remedy, internal and external.  The infusion made in the proportion of from
two to four drachms to a pint.—Dose of the oil, 1 to 3 drops—mode of administering it.
  Tincture of Oil of Peppermint—commonly called  Essence of peppermint.  Mode of pre-
paring it.—Dose, 10 to 20 drops.
  Peppermint water.—Aqua Mentha Piperita, U. S.—Mode of preparing it—uses.

                    SPEARMINT.—MENTHA VIRIDIS.  U. S.
  Common mint—a native of Europe—cultivated and naturalized here.  How distinguished
from the former species.  In nature, properties, and uses, closely allied to it.  Preparations
the same, and given in the same dose.

                             Other herbaceous Aromatics.
  PENNYROYAL.—HEDEOMA. U. S.  Botanically Hedeoma pulegioides—tm indige-
nous herb—wholly different from the European  pennyroyal, which is the Mentha Pulegium,
and is not used  here.  In  virtues,  medical  applications, and  pharmaceutical treatment,
similar to the preceding plants.
  BALM.—MELISSA.  U. S.   Botanically Melissa officinalis—an herbaceous plant—na-
tive of the south of Europe—cultivated in the  United  States.  When fresh,  aromatic—
scarcely  so when dried—used in infusion as drink in fevers.
  ORIGANUM.   Botanically Origanum vulgare.  Common marjoram.   Indigenous in
Europe and the United States.  Possessed of the usual aromatic properties, which reside
in a volatile oil.  The plant little used.  The oil chiefly employed as an external application.
  PARTRIDGE-BERRY.—GAULTHERIA.  U. S.  Botanically Gaultheria procumbens
—an evergreen, indigenous plant.  All parts aromatic—virtues in a  volatile oil, which is
separated by distillation.  Heaviest of the volatile oils.  Used to impart flavour.  An ingre-
dient in the syrup of sarsaparilla of the United States Pharmacopoeia.

                           GINGER.—ZINGIBER.  U.S.
  Root of Zingiber officinale—an herbaceous perennial—indigenous in the East Indies—
cultivated in the West Indies.
  Character of the recent root—mode of  preparing  it for  market—commercial varieties.
Distinguishing characters of the black and white or Jamaica ginger.
  Odour of ginger—taste—relations to water and alcohol—effects of time  and exposure.
  Chief ingredients, volatile oil, an acrid resin,  extractive matter,  and starch.   Virtues in
the first two.
  Medical uses,  internal and external.
  Employed in powder, infusion, tincture, and syrup.  Dose of the powder, 10 to 30 grains
—of the infusion, made in  the proportion of an ounce to a pint,  f^ij.—of the tincture, fjj.
or fjjij.   The syrup used chiefly for its flavour.

                        SWEET  FLAG.—CALAMUS.  U. S.
  Root of Acorus Calamus—an indigenous plant, growing also in  Europe and Asia.
  Character of the root—state in which it is kept in the shops—sensible properties—virtues
in a volatile oil.
  Uses, modes of administration, and doses, similar to those of ginger.

                               4.  Mineral Tonics.

                              IRON.—FERRUM.  U.S.
  Relative importance.   In the red globules of the blood.   Its preparations closely analo-
gous in medical effects.  Unites tonic and astringent  properties.   Employed chiefly  in
reference to the  former.
  Peiceplifjle effects. In small doses, improves the appetite—promotes digestion—favours
more complete chylification, thus rendering the stools less frequent and more solid—ren-
ders the  blood redder and more coagulable—invigorates the  whole nutritive process—
renders the pulse rather more  frequent and firmer, and  increases general warmth—said to
act as an astringent on the portal circle and spleen—causes black  stools.
  Influence  on  the  nervous  system—not immediate like that of quinia, but gradual—
possibly  through increased organic actions.
  Tendency to the uterine system.
  Long used, induces a plethoric state with tendency  to inflammations and hemorrhage. 
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(   19   )
    Used in dyspepsia without inflammation, and  in all  complaints consequent upon or sus-
 tained by debility of stomach.  Also in chronic diseases of general debility, and particularly
 when associated with disorders of menstruation.   In amenorrhoea when not attended with
 excitement.  In deficient sanguification.  In various nervous affections, as  neuralgia and
 epilepsy.
    Acts probably through the medium of the circulation.
    Numerous preparations—unnecessarily multiplied.
    Uncombined iron not destitute of activity.  Possibly oxidized in the stomach.  Used in
 the form of filings—ramenta ferri.  Mode of purifying.  Dose, 5 to 20 grains.
    Scales of iron—squama ferri.  Mode of preparing—chemical nature—mode of purifying
 —colour of the powder—mode of preparing the powder—dose, 5 to 20 grains.
    Rust of iron.   Rubigo ferri.  Mode of preparing—chemical nature—colour—taste—in-
 solubility in water.  Uses and dose the same as those of the following.
    Subcarbonale of Iron.—Ferri Subcarbonas, U. S. Formerly called Precipitated carbonate
 of iron.  Mode of preparing—chemical changes and nature.   Form—colour—taste—smell
 —'insolubility in water—partial solubility  in water with  carbonic acid.  One of the best
 chalybeates.   Mild and effectual.   Dose, 5 to 20 grains, in  pill  or powder—in neuralgic
 cases,  from gss. to  3J. three times a day and gradually increased.
    Protocarbonate of Iron.— Vallet's Ferruginous Pills.—I'ilula  Ferri Carbonatis, U. S.
 Mode of preparing—chemical composition—influence of saccharine matter in their preser-
 vation.  Advantages over other chalybeates.  Dose.
    Sulphate of Iron.—Ferri Sulphas, U. S.—Green vitriol—in commerce copperas.  Mode
 of preparing—chemical nature—colour of crystals—taste—effects of exposure—solubility in
 water—insolubility in alcohol—effects of exposure on the solution—effects  of heat—colour
 and form of the dried sulphate.  Incompatibles.  Medical  uses.  Unsafe in  large doses—
 effects  of over doses.  Dose of the crystallized, from 1 to 5 grains—of the dried, from J grain
 to 3 grains, 3 or 4 times a day. If given in pills, the dried preferred—reason of this.  Com.
 pound  mixture of iron (Mistura Ferri  Composita, U. S.).  Uses.
    Tincture of Chloride of Iron.— Tinctura  Ferri Chloridi, U. S.  Mode  of preparing—
 chemical nature—form—colour—odour—taste—incompatibles—medical uses.  Dose,  10
 to 30 minims, 3 or  4 times a day.
    Tartrate of Iron and Potassa.—Ferri et Potassa Tartras, U. S.  Mode of preparing—
 chemical nature—form—colour—taste.  Solubility in water—effects of exposure.  A mild
 chalybeate.  Dose,  10 to 30 grains.   Tartrate  of Iron and Ammonia has been used.
   Phosphate of Iron.—Ferri Phosphas, U. S.  Mode of preparing—chemical nature—form
 —colour—insolubility in water—medical uses.  Dose, 5 to 10 grains.
   Iodide of Iron.—Ferri Iodidum.   Mode of preparing.  Used in a solid form and in so-
 lution.   Latter usually  preferred.  Officinal under the name of Liquor Ferri Iodidi, U. S.
 Effects of exposure  on solution, and mode of obviating.   Particular application.   Dose,  in
 substance, 2 to 5 grains.  Dose of solution, 15 to 40 drops.
   Besides these chalybeates, the Ferrocyanuret of iron,  Acetate of iron, Ammoniated iron,
 Tartrate of iron, Lactate of iron, and Citrate of iron, are sometimes used.

                             COPPER.—CUPRUM. U.S.
   In small quantities, the preparations of copper  have  little sensible effect on the system.
 It may be inferred, from their effects in disease, that they exercise a general tonic influence,
 which is extended especially to the  nervous system.   In larger quantities they act as poi-
 sons.   It is probable that, in this case, their action is  local, consisting, according to the
 amount taken, of irritation, inflammation,  or disorganization of  the part acted on.  It is
 doubtful whether they can be introduced into  the system by way of absorption in quantities
 large enough to prove greatly detrimental, without producing at the same time dangerous
 or fatal local disorganization.  Hence,  in the administration of copper, it is  necessary  to
 guard chiefly against inflammation of the stomach and  bowels.
   It is  not certainly determined whether copper, in the metallic state, has any influence on
 the system.  Cases  are recorded in which little or no injury has resulted—others in which
 it  has proved detrimental.  It is probable that, in the latter cases, it was oxidized, or formed
 saline combinations in the stomach.
   Poisonous effects  from copper vessels in cookery—from  mineral-water fountains.
   The  following preparations are officinal in this country.
   Sulphate of Copper.—Cupri Sulphas, U. S.—Blue vitriol.  Mode of preparation—charac-
ter of the crystals—colour—effects of exposure—chemical nature—solubility in water—in-
solubility in alcohol—colour of the solution—taste—effects of heat—incompatibles.
   Effects in moderate doses on  the system—on the stomach—poisonous effects—appear-
ance on dissection—treatment—antidote—therapeutical application,  both  internally and
externally.                                                    .                 .
   Dose, one quarter of a grain, 2, 3, or 4 times a day, gradually increased, and omitted  or
reduced when irritation of stomach is occasioned.  Given in pill. 
(   20   )
  Ammoniated Copper.—Cuprum Ammoniatum, U. S.  Mode of preparation—phenomena
and rationale of the process—chemical nature—colour—odour—taste—solubility in water
—incompatibles.
  Therapeutical applications.  Dose, half a grain twice a day, gradually increased.

                              ZINC—ZINCUM. U.S.
  The preparations of zinc are mild tonics, thought to have an  especial direction  to the
nervous system.  They are similar to the preparations of copper, but much less energetic.
  Zinc in the metallic state is inactive.
  Sulphate of Zinc.—Zinci Sulphas, U. S.— White vitriol.  Mode of preparing—chemical
composition—shape and  colour of the crystals—taste—solubility in water and alcohol—
effects of exposure—effects of heat—incompatibles.
  Effects on the system and on the stomach—effects of over doses. Therapeutical  applica-
tions, internal and external.  Dose as a tonic, from half a grain to 2 grains, in pill or solu-
tion.  As a local application, used in solutions, containing, when applied to mucous surfaces,
from  1 to 2 grains to  the fluidounce—when  to cutaneous eruptions, from 5 to 10 grains—
when to ulcers, in order to change the action of their surface, from 10 to 20 grains.
  With acetate of lead as an external application—proportions, 2 grains of sulphate and 3
grains of acetate to f3j. of water—chemical changes.   Acetate of zinc  sometimes used in
the pure state—1 or 2 grains to f^j. of water.
  Oxide of Zinc.—Zinci Oxidum, U. S. Mode of preparation—form—colour—odour—taste
—relations to water and  alcohol—effects on exposure.
  Therapeutical applications, internal and external.   Dose, 5 grains.   Ointment  officinal
under the name of Unguentum Zinci Oxidi, U. S.  Uses.
  Impure Oxide of Zinc.— Tutty—Tutia.  Used in the form of ointment.
  Carbonate of Zinc.—Zinci Carbonas, U. S.—Calamine.  Source—preparation—chemical
nature—form—colour—taste—relation to water.   Used externally in the  form of cerate—
Turner's cerate (Ceraturn Zinci Carbonatis,  U.S.).  Applications.

                         BISMUTH.—BISMUTHUM. U.S.
  Sub-nitrate of Bismuth.—Bismuthi Subnitras, U. S.— White oxide of bismuth.—Magistery
of Bismuth.  Mode of preparation—chemical nature—form—colour—taste—smell—effects
on the system—local effects of over doses.  Therapeutical applications—effect on the stools.
Dose, 3 to  10 grains in powder or pill.

                          SILVER.—ARGENTUM. U.S.
  Nitrate of Silver.—Argenti Nitras, U. S.—Lunar caustic. Mode of preparing it—chemical
nature—forms in which it is kept in the  shops—consistence—colour—fracture—solubility
in water and alcohol—taste of the diluted solution—effects of light—effects of heat—incom-
patibles—influence of common salt.
  Effects on the system—effects on the stomach—poisonous effects—proofs of absorption
—effects on the skin—explanation—effects when externally applied.  Therapeutical appli-
cations.
  Dose, an eighth of a grain, 3 times a day, gradually increased to 3 or 4  grains.  Caution
necessary.   Given in  pill.  Mode of preparing the pill—treatment in cases of over doses—
antidote.
  Chloride of silver and  oxide of silver have been substituted for the nitrate.
  Several preparations of gold have been used,  but not generally adopted.  Complaints to
which they have been applied.

              SULPHURIC ACID.—AC1DU.M SULPHURICUM.  U.S.
  Formerly oil of vitriol.  Not used in its concentrated state.  Incompatibles.
  Effects on the system.   In small doses sufficiently diluted, increases the appetite, pro-
motes digestion, and acts at the same time as a general astringent and refrigerant.   Larger
doses occasion uneasiness or pain in the stomach—still larger, inflammation or disorgani-
zation.  Concentrated, a  violent corrosive poison.  Mode of treatment and antidotes.
  Remedial applications, internal and external.  Used in the following forms.
  Diluted Sulphuric Acid.—Acidum Sulphuricum Dilutum, U. S.  Preparation—sensible
properties—much diluted when taken—swallowed through a quill.  Dose, 10 to 30 drops,
3 times a day, or more frequently, in f^iij. or f.^iv. of plain or sweetened water.
  Aromatic Sulphuric Acid.—Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum, U. S.—Elixir of  vitriol.
Preparation—colour—odour—taste.  More used than the preceding.   Dose and  mode of
administration the same.
  Ointment of Sulphuric Acid.  Made in the proportion of ^j. of acid to §j. of lard.  Mutual
decomposition.  Applied in scabies and other eruptions. 
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(   21   )
                   NITRIC ACID.—ACIDUM NITRICUM. U.S.
  Directed in the Pharmacopoeia of sp. gr. 1.5, but never so strong in the shops.  Two
forms in the  shops, distinguished as nitric and nitrous acids.  The former colourless or
slightly yellowish—the latter of a deep  orange.  The latter consists of nitric acid with
some deutoxide of nitrogen, and  by dilution is converted into nitric  acid—therefore as
taken is not different from the former.  Incompatibles.
  Effects on  the system, those of a tonic and refrigerant.   Concentrated, a corrosive poi-
son.  Treatment of the poisonous effects.   Therapeutical applications.   Dose of the strong-
est  acid, 2 to 5 minims in a wineglassful  or more of water, which it renders  decidedly
but agreeably sour.   The acid often weak in the shops.  Its strength judged of by its taste
when diluted.  Dose gradually  increased—if too large, produces  cramps in the stomach.
  Hope's mixture of nitrous acid, camphor water, and laudanum, given in dysentery, diar-
rhoea, and cholera infantum.  External use of nitric acid, diluted or in the form of oint.
ment.   It should never be given in silver.

               MURIATIC ACID.—ACIDUM MURIATICUM. U.S.
  Mode  of preparing  the officinal acid—form—colour—specific gravity—odour—taste
when diluted.  Incompatibles.   Effects on the system.   Therapeutical applications.  Dose,
5 to 20 drops, in f^iij. or f^iv. of sweetened water, frequently repeated.  In gargles, fgj.
to f^vj. of water.

        NITROMURIATIC ACID.—ACIDUM NITROMURIATICUM. U.S.
  Mode of preparing—chemical changes—composition of the resulting fluid.  Proofs that
reaction has taken place.  Advantage of adding sulphuric acid when the nitric and muri-
atic are feeble.
  Effects on the system.   Therapeutical applications.  Dose, 2 to 10 drops, 3 or 4 times a
day, in sufficient water—to be gradually increased as the stomach will bear it.  Modes of
external application—in wooden vessels.  Strength for external use, f ^j. to Cong. j. for bath
—f^ij. to Cong. j. for footbath.   Temperature 96° F.
  Water of chlorine—nature—therapeutical applications.   Chlorine  itself inhaled in affec-
tions of the chest.  Great danger from its incautious use.  It should always be very largely
diluted with atmospheric air. 
(   22   )
                             CLASS   III.


                        ARTERIAL STIMULANTS.


                             General Observations.

    Medicines which excite the circulation, with little comparative influence on the nervous
  system.
    Applicable to cases of great prostration, when sufficient energy  of system remains to
  sustain it at the point to which it may be elevated.  Much care is  requisite in their use
  even in cases of prostration.  When this depends on external violence, as in concussion of
  the brain, or occurs in the first stage of acute diseases, as in the  chills of fevers, caution
  is necessary, in consequence of the danger of the subsequent reaction.   In such cases, their
  internal use is  to be avoided  unless essential  to life, and external stimulation is greatly
  preferable.   When the debility occurs in the course of an acute disease, they may be used
  more freely, as  there is less danger from reaction.  The existence of inflammation  is not
  always  an  obstacle to their use.   In such a case when called for by great  depression of
  the vital actions, more care  is demanded than in  the  absence  of inflammation.  In  the
  suppurative or gangrenous stage of inflammation, they may be used freely if called for by
  the symptoms.  The tendency here is  to health, and stimulants support the vital actions
  till the requisite changes have been accomplished.
   The number belonging to this class is very large, but most of them possess other proper-
 ties also, which rank them in other classes. Those only are mentioned here which are used
 chiefly in reference to their stimulant properties.

                     CAYENNE PEPPER.—CAPSICUM.  U.S.
   Fruit of Capsicum annuum, and other species.  An annual  plant, cultivated but  not
 indigenous  in this country.
   Character of  the fruit—shape—nature of the surface—colour—internal arrangment—
 colour of the powder—effect of exposure—odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol.
   Active ingredient, a peculiar acrid principle called capsicin, not volatile.
   Effects on the system—therapeutical applications.
   Used in substance, infusion, and  tincture.  Dose of the powder, 5 to 10 grains, given in
 pill—of the infusion, made with two drachms to half a pint  of boiling water, f^ss.—of
 the tincture, f £j. or f ^ij.  Mode of preparing Cayenne pepper as a gargle.

            OIL OF TURPENTINE.—OLEUM TEREBINTHIN^. U.S.
   Often called spirit of turpentine.   Source and mode of preparing it.
   Properties—form—colour—odour—taste—specific gravity—solubility in water,  alcohol
 and ether—chemical constitution—effects of exposure—mode of separating the resin.
   Effects on the system.  Therapeutical applications with a view to its stimulant properties.
   Dose, 5 to 20  drops every half hour,  hour,  or two hours, in acute cases—two or  three
 times a day in chronic cases—to be suspended if it induce strangury.   Best given in emul-
 sion with gum Arabic, loaf sugar,  and  cinnamon water or mint water.  If it purge, lau-
 danum may be added, when not contra-indicated by disease of the brain.

                                  PHOSPHORUS.
   A powerful stimulant, perhaps the most powerful.  Dangerous.  Seldom proper to pre-
 scribe it.  Should never be given in substance.  Best administered in oleaginous or ethereal
 solution.  Dose, one-twelfth of a grain.

          CARBONATE OF AMMONIA.—AMMONLE CARBONAS.  U.S.
   Improperly called volatile alkali,  as this name belongs to pure gaseous ammonia.  Mode
 of preparing it—properties—form as it is kept in the shops—colour—translucency—smell
 —taste—solubility in water and  alcohol—effect on  vegetable blues—precise  chemical  na-
ture—change on exposure in appearance and composition—signs of goodness.
   Effects on the system.  Increases the circulation and invigorates generally the vital
 functions, without any decided tendency to the brain.   Operates  upon the nervous system
in general more  than any other medicine placed  in this class, and might be ranked with 
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(   23   )
the nervous stimulants; but its effects on the sanguiferous system are most obvious.  Has
Bome tendency to increase the secretions, particularly that from the skin and  lungs.  Is
also antacid.
  Therapeutical applications.  One of the best stimulants in low forms of fever.  Reasons
for its preference over others.  Also  used in typhoid pneumonia, rctroccdent and atonic
gout, dyspepsia with acidity and without inflammation, chronic rheumatism, bites of poi-
sonous animals, intoxication, &c.
   Dose, 5 to 10 grains every half hour, hour, or two hours. Reason for such short intervals.
Best administered in solution  with sugar and  gum  to  obtund its acrimony.  Sometimes
given in bolus.
  Another preparation of ammonia sometimes used as a stimulant, viz. the aromatic spi-
rit of ammonia ; but also used  for other purposes, and described elsewhere. 
(   24   )
                               CLASS   IV.


                          NERVOUS  STIMULANTS.
If

                               General  Observations.

     Medicines which to the power of stimulating the heart and arteries, superadd an influence
   of an excitant character over  the nervous system.  They exhibit no special tendency to
   the brain, but appear to act equally over the whole nervous system which controls the
   functions of relation.  Their action upon the nerves  is not attended with any very obvious
   phenomena in the healthy state.   Perhaps the imagination and the mental faculties gene-
   rally may be somewhat excited, and the flow of spirits may be brisker.  But their influence
   is powerfully exhibited  in certain deranged conditions of the nervous system.  They are
   applicable to all cases of this kind not connected with inflammation or arterial excitement,
   and particularly to such as are associated with  general debility.
     One of the modes in which nervous  derangement  is exhibited is spasm.  When  this
   arises from irregular distribution of the nervous influence, dependent upon debility or any
   other cause not connected with inflammation, it may often be controlled by these medicines.
   Hence the name of antispasmodics.  Reasons for considering this an improper designation.
     Many other symptoms of nervous  derangement besides spasm relieved by nervous stimu-
   lants. Among these may be mentioned morbid vigilance, restlessness, dejection of mind,
   hypochondriasis, and even mental derangement.
     It  is true that all these effects are also obtained from the cerebral stimulants or narcotics;
   but these, in addition to their  general nervous  influence, act with especial energy on the
   brain, and on this account  cannot always be given safely in cases which call for the ner-
   vous  stimulants.   They are, besides, less powerful, as a general rule, than the latter class,
   in the general influence alluded to.
     Remarks on the modus operandi of this class of medicines.

                               MUSK.—MOSCHUS.  U.S.
     Product of Moschus moschiferus.  Native country of this animal.  Its general character
   and habits.   Part from which  the musk  is obtained.   Countries from which it is imported.
   Appearance externally and internally of the pods in  which the musk is contained.  Modes
   of adulteration, and substances with which it is adulterated.   Mode of discovering adul-
   terations.  Relative value of the commercial varieties of musk.
     Properties of musk as in the  shops—form—consistence—colour—odour—taste—relations
   to water and alcohol—complexity of its chemical composition—evidences of good quality
   —mode of keeping.
     Effects on the system.  Therapeutical applications.
    Given in  pill, or suspended in the form of emulsion.  Medium  dose, 10  grains; but the
   dose  varies  from 5 grains to JJj.  To children often advantageously given in enema.
     Artificial musk.   Mode of preparing.

                            CASTOR.—CASTOREUM. U. S.
    Product of Castor fiber or beaver.  Part of the animal from which it is derived.  Sen-
   sible  properties.  Little used.  Dose in substance, 10 to 20 grains—in tincture, f gj. to f 31J.

                         ASSAFETIDA.—ASSAF(ETIDA.  U. S.
     Inspissated juice of Ferula  Assafaetida—an herbaceous  umbelliferous  plant  of Persia.
   Mode in which the juice is obtained and hardened.   Rout by which it is  sent into the
   market.
    Shape in  which it is kept in the shops—consistence when fresh—effects of time on its
   consistence—colour externally—colour  and general aspect  of the fracture—effect of expo-
   sure on the  colour—odour—taste—effects of time on the smell and taste—effects of heat—
   chemical  nature—relations to water and alcohol—influence of water on the tincture.
    Active  ingredients, resin and volatile oil.
    Effects on the system. Therapeutical applications.  Dose, 5 to 20 grains or more.  Given
   in pill or  emulsion.  Mixture of assafetida.  Dose of the gum-resin in enema, gss. to jij.
   with  Oss. of water.  Dose of the tincture, fgj.  Sometimes used externally as a plaster. 
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(   25   )
                  GALBANUM.—SAGAPENUM.—AMMONIACUM.
   These are all gum-resins, and possess properties as nervous stimulants analogous though
 much inferior to those of assafetida.  Neither of them, however, is at present  much em-
 ployed in reference to these properties.   Galbanum is  occasionally used in plasters, and
 ammoniac as a stimulant expectorant.

                          VALERIAN.—VALERIANA. U. S.
   Root of Valeriana officinalis—an herbaceous perennial, indigenous in Europe.
   Shape and aspect of the root—colour—colour of the powder—odour—taste—relations to
 water and alcohol.
   Active ingredients, a volatile oil, and a  volatile  acid  called the valerianic, which rises
 with the oil in distillation.—Sensible properties of the oil of valerian.
   Effects on the system.  Therapeutical applications.  Administered in powder, infusion,
 tincture, and oil.   Dose of the  powder, 30 to 90  grains—of the  infusion, f§ij.—of the
 tincture, from f£j. to  f^iv.—of the oil, from 4 to 6 drops—each dose to be repeated 3  or
 4 times daily.  Decoction and extract objectionable.

                     OIL OF AMBER.—OLEUM  SUCCINI.  U. S.
   Origin of amber—shape—size  of the pieces—translucency—colour—fracture—nature
 of the surface—taste—odour—relations to water and alcohol—effects of heat—products  of
 distillation.
   Mode of preparing oil of amber—appearance of the impure oil—mode of purifying.
   Rectified Oil  of Amber.—Oleum  Succini  Rectificatum, U. S.  Consistence—colour—
 odour—taste—effects of heat—relations to  water and alcohol—effects of exposure.
   Effects upon the system.  Therapeutical applications, internal and external.  Dose, from
 5 to 15 drops, in emulsion.

   Various other vegetable products exert a stimulant influence over the nervous system.
Among them are the following;—
   GARLIC.—ALLIUM. U. S.   Bulb of Allium sativum.  Much used externally to re-
 lieve or obviate spasm, and to allay nervous irritation.  The bruised bulbs applied in poul-
 tices to the  feet, and with hot brandy as a lotion to the spine, chest, and abdomen. Treated
 of more fully in another place.
   TEA and  COFFEE, together  with tonic and astringent  properties, possess those  of
 a powerful  stimulant to the nervous  system.  Effects upon  the  system.   Therapeutical
 applications.
   SKUNK  CABBAGE.—DRACONTIUM. U. S.  Root of Symplocarpus foetidus.   An
 indigenous  plant.   Place of growth—character of the plant—odour of the recent root—
 effects of time and exposure—influence on the system—therapeutical application.
  Said to be an Infallible Remedy for Asiatic
■Cholera.—The Rahway (N. J.) Register of Nov. 25,
copies the following recipe, published in  1832, in a
number  of the  Dublin Evening Mail.  It states that
the recipe was  communicated by Lady Ponsonby;
that she, while in India in 1832 and afterward on her
return to Europe, had invariably found it a succesful
remedy in her own family,  and  in all cases out of it
that came to her own knowledge.
  Recipe.—One and a half ounce of spirits of wine;
one quarter ounce of camphor dissolved in the wine,
Get a small vial  of spirits of hartshorn.
  Directions.—First, give a teaspoonful of hartshorn in
a wine-glass of  water. Begin immediately and give
five drop* of spirits of wine, (camphor,) filling the
teaspoon with cold water; add a little sugar. Repeat
this every five  minutes until you have given three
doses. Then wait fifteen minutes, and commence
again as before, and continue  half an hour, unless
there is returning heat.  Should this be the case, give
one dose more, and the cure is effected.  Let patients
perspire freely,  as on this life depends, but add no
additional clothing. 
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(   26   )
                               CLASS   V.


                       CEREBRAL STIMULANTS.


                             General  Observations.

  Medicines which, with a stimulating influence over the circulation and the general ner-
vous system, conjoin a peculiar determination to the brain.  Called narcotics from the stu-
por which they produce  in large doses.  Reason for abandoning the old class of narcotics.
The only points of resemblance between individuals composing the class of. cerebral stimu-
lanls, are those mentioned in the definition.  In all other respects they differ more or less
from one another.  They differ in the  degree of their power, in the relative degree to which
they affect the different systems or organs respectively, in the precise manner of affecting
these systems or organs, and in their several local tendencies.  Illustrations of these state-
ments.  The different character of the cerebral  symptoms produced by the different  indi-
viduals, is partly perhaps ascribable to a direction  to different parts of the brain.  Illustrations.
  Cerebral stimulants, like all  others, are followed by prostration proportionate to the pre-
vious excitement.  Caution is  requisite not to confound this prostration, which is a secon-
dary effect of the medicine, with that apparently sedative influence upon certain functions
which attends its primary action.  Explanation.
  In very large doses, the cerebral stimulants exert a less stimulant influence over the cir-
culation, and a  greater energy of action on  the brain, which they disable from receiving
and transmitting due impressions.  Life  is destroyed by the cessation of respiration con-
sequent upon the want of cerebral influence.   Proofs of this fact.
  Suggested that these medicines may act partly through the medium of the brain and
nerves, partly in consequence of absorption and entrance into the circulation.  Perhaps the
different symptoms produced by them in different stages  of their action may be ascribed,
in some measure, to this cause.
  They produce theirpeculiar effects  on the system to whatever part they may be applied.
  Their influence is diminished by habit more rapidly than that of any other class of medi-
cines.   Having no corrosive power, and in many instances no decided tendency to excite
local inflammation, they may be  given,  in gradually increasing doses, till  an enormous
amount may be taken at one time, with present impunity.   It is necessary gradually to
increase their dose in order to  obtain from them the same impression.  When the suscep-
tibility to one is lost or  very much diminished, another  of analogous properties may be
advantageously substituted.
  These medicines require to be given  with caution.  Besides the immediate danger from an
overdose, they produce, when long continued,  conditions of system which often result fatally.
They wear out healthy susceptibility,  and consequently produce ultimately a state of gene-
ral debility, while  by the  over excitement  of  particular organs,  they give rise to  local
inflammation.
   As therapeutical agents, they are more powerful than any other class in supporting the
system under a temporary failure of its  powers.   Reason for this stated.   They may be
made to act as substitutes for the  purely nervous stimulants, by reducing the dose; as in
this way their  general influence over  the nervous system is obtained, with less of their ac-
tion on the brain.   Illustrations of this fact.   Difference  in their mode of action, in cases
of nervous disorder, as neivous stimulants and cerebral stimulants.
   Different names given to the medicines belonging to this class, in reference to different
effects which they produce. Thus they are called  narcotics from the stupor they occasion,
anodynes from  their influence in  relieving  pain, and  soporifics  or  hypnotics from their
effect in inducing  sleep.

                                     ALCOHOL.

   Product of vinous fermentation.   Explanation  of this  process.   Different fermented
liquors.  Distillation of these affords the spirituous or distilled liquors.  Proof spirit.   Dif-
ferent spirituous liquors.  Proportion of alcohol in these liquors.  By redistillation, officinal
alcohol of sp. gr. .835 obtained.   Alcohol cannot be obtained entirely pure by distillation.
Absolute alcohol not used in medicine.  Officinal alcohol or rectified spirit contains 15 per
cent, of water.  Uses of officinal alcohol in pharmacy and medicine.  Diluted alcohol of the 
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                                      (   27   )

 Pharmacopoeia consists of equal measures of officinal alcohol and water.  Uses of diluted
 alcohol.  Importance of knowing whether a tincture  is prepared with alcohol or diluted
 alcohol.
   Distilled liquors sometimes used internally.   Brandy  preferred.   Circumstances which
 justify its employment.   External use.
   Fermented liquors generally preferable as stimulants.  Reasons for this preference.
   Wines.  Origin and composition.   Proportion  of alcohol existing in them.  Madeira,
 TenerifFe, or Sherry, generally preferable as stimulants; Port wine, when an astringent is
 indicated.  Disadvantages of the light wines.   Wine whey.  Mode of preparation.   Uses.
 Mod j of preparing spiced wine.  Uses.
   Malt liquors.   Peculiarity of composition.  Under what circumstances preferable to wine.
 Porter or ale better than beer.
   Therapeutical  applications of alcoholic liquors.   Evidences of their favourable and un-
 favourable action.

              SULPHURIC ETHER.—iETHER SULPHURICUS. U. S.

   Mode of preparation—form—colour—specific gravity—taste—odour—facility of evapo-
 ration—effects of evaporation—point of ebullition—inflammability—practical caution—
 relations to water and alcohol.
   Effects  on the system.  Consequences of its  inhalation.  Therapeutical applications.
 Dose, from fgss. to f 5Jj. with sweetened water. Mode of incorporating it with water by
 means of spermaceti.  Mode of inhaling the vapour.   Circumstances under which it may
 be usefully inhaled.  External uses of ether.
   Spirit of Sulphuric Ether.  A mixture of ether and alcohol—officinal—seldom used.
   Compound Spirit of Sulphuric Ether.—Spiritus Mtheris Sulphurici Compositus, U. S.
 Anodyne Liquor  of  Hoffmann,  or more briefly,  Hoffmann's  Anodyne.   Mode of prepara-
 tion.  Odour.  Mode of ascertaining its genuineness.  Therapeutical uses.  Dose, from
 30 drops to f 3J.  in a wineglassful of sweetened water or mucilage.

                                      OPIUM.

   Concrete juice of the capsule of Papaver somniferum.   General character of the poppy.
 Varieties, black and while poppy.  Where cultivated.
   Shape and size of the mature capsules—consistence—internal structure—taste—uses—
 modes of preparation.
   Seeds destitute of narcotic properties.  Fixed oil obtained from them.  Uses of the oil.
   Countries in which the poppy is cultivated for the sake of opium.   Mode of obtaining
 opium. Whence  imported into the United States. Commercial varieties of opium. Smyrna
 opium generally  used.
   Smyrna opium.  Shape and size of the  masses—external  appearance—consistence—co-
 lour of the surface—colour when broken—fracture in  the soft and perfectly dry  state—
 odour when broken—relative value.
   Constantinople opium.  Shape of the pieces—relative value.
   Egyptian opium.  Shape and  size—external  appearance—colour—fracture—odour—
 quality—relative value.
   Properties of  opium—odour—taste—effect of long  chewing—colour—mode  of pulve-
 rizing—character of the powder—inflammability—relations to water and alcohol—signs of
 inferiority.                                                                  .
   Chemical constitution of opium.  Most interesting ingredient, morphia.  State in which
 this exists in opium.
   Narcotina, another ingredient. Its form—sensible properties—effects of heat—relations to
 water, alcohol, and ether—influence of its combination with  acids—effects on the system
 —mode of separating it from opium or morphia.
   Besides these principles, opium contains at  least one  other alkaline substance  named
 codeia, gum, extractive, resin, caoutchouc, a volatile principle, &c.
   Effects of opium on the system.   Duration  of  its primary action.  Secondary  effects.
 Influence over the secretions,  the peristaltic motion, pain, spasm, and other forms of ner-
 vous irritation.   Effects in very large doses.  Poisonous effects.  Treatment of these.  Pe-
 culiar effects of opium on certain constitutions.  Therapeutical indications which it is ca-
 pable of answering.  Contra-indications.  Circumstances modifying the dose.   Cases in
 which the medicine is best given by the rectum, or applied to the skin.
   Given in substance, tincture, or in the form of some preparation of morphia.   When in
substance, usually in the form of pill.   Mode of preparing the pill.  Medium dose, 1 grain.
   Tincture of Opium.—Tinctura Opii, U. S.—Laudanum.  Thebaic tincture.  Advantages
of this  form. Mode of preparation.   Dose, equivalent to one grain of opium, 13 minims
or 25 drops.  Caution in relation to laudanum long kept.  Mode of applying it externally.
   Camphorated Tincture of Opium.—Tinctura Opii Camphorata, U. S.—Paregoric elixir. 
(   28   )
Ingredients.  Sensible properties.  Two grains of opium in every fluidounce.  Advantages
of this preparation.  Dose, for the purposes for which it is ordinarily given, 131.
  Acetated  Tincture  of Opium.-Tinctura Opii Acetata,  U.S.  Substitute for  Acetum
opii or black  drop.  Mode of preparation.  Dose, equivalent to  one grain of opium,  1U
minims or 20 drops.                                                           .,
   Hn^ar 0/ Opium.—Cerium O/m, U. S.—Black drop.  Mode of preparation.  Advan-
tages.  Dose, equivalent to one grain of opium, 7 to 10 drops.
  Morphia.  Mode of preparation—form—colour—taste—effects of heat—relations to water,
alcohol, ether, the fixed  and volatile oils, the acids, and the inorganic alkalies—tests—state
of combination *in which it is employed.                           _
  Sulphate of Morphia.—Morphia: Sulphas, U. S.   Mode  of preparation—form—colour-
solubility in water.
  Acetate of Morphia.—Morphia Acetas, U. S.  Form—solubility in water.
  Muriate of Morphia.—Morphia Murias, U. S.  Form—solubility in water.
  Peculiar physiological effects of morphia and its preparations.  Cases in which they are
preferable to opium.   Dose, one-sixth of a grain, equivalent  to one grain of opium.  Given
in pill or solution.  There is an  officinal solution of the sulphate.
  Solution of Sulphate  of Morphia.—Liquor Morphia Sulphatis, U. S.  Proportion of the
sulphate to  water, 1 gr. to fgj.   Dose, from f£j. to f^ij.
   External use of the salts of morphia.  Mode of application.  Quantity applied.

                               LACTUCARIUM.  US.
   Inspissated milky juice of Lactuca sativa, or garden lettuce.   Mode of collection.
  Properties—form—colour—odour—taste—relations to water—chemical constitution.
  Effects on the system.  Practical application.   Dose, 5 to 20 grains.

                HENBANE LEAVES.—HYOSCYAMI  FOLIA.  U. S.
                 HENBANE SEED.—HYOSCYAMI SEMEN.  U.S.
  Leaves and seeds  of  Hyoscyamus  niger—a biennial, herbaceous plant—indigenous in
Europe.  Leaves of the second year preferred.
   Odour of the recent and of the dried leaves—taste—relations to water and alcohol.
   Virtues ascribed to a  peculiar  alkaline principle called hyoscyamia, but uncertain.
   Shape, size, and colour of the  seeds.
   Effects of hyoscyamus on the system.  Points in which  it differs from opium.   Effects
of  overdoses.  Effect on the pupil.   Therapeutical applications.  Dose of the leaves, 5 to
10 grains.  These rarely used.  The medicine is most commonly employed in the form
of extract.                                                                        ,
   Extract of Henbane.—Extractum Hyoscyami, U. S. The inspissated  juice.  Mode of
preparation—consistence—colour—odour—taste.  An  alcoholic  extract also directed  by
U. S. Pharmacopoeia.   Dose of either, 2 or 3 grains, repeated frequently till the medicine
produces some effect.
   Tincture of Henbane.—Tinctura Hyoscyami, U. S.  Dose, fgj.

                             HOPS.—HUMULUS. U.S.
   Fruit or strobiles of Humulus Lupulus.  General character of the plant.   Indigenous
in Europe and North America.  Mode of collecting and preparing the strobiles for market
   Properties of hops—form—colour—structure—texture—powder about the base of  the
scales—odour—taste—relations  to water and alcohol.
   Active ingredients, a volatile oil and a peculiar bitter principle found most abundantly
in the powder about the base of the scales.  The powder is called lupulin.
   Lupulin.—Lupulina, U. S.   Mode of collection—form—colour—odour—taste—effects
 of heat.
   Effects of hops on the system. Remedial applications internal and external.  Given in
infusion and tincture.  Dose of the infusion, made  with half an ounce to a pint of water,
f^ij.—of the tincture, from f^j. io f^ss.
   Lupulin used in substance and tincture.   Dose, 6 to 12 grains, given in the form of pill,
 —of the tincture, f^j. to fgij.


                          CAMPHOR.—CAMPHORA.  U. S.
   Product  of Camphora  qfficinarum  (Laurus  Camphora of  Linnaeus)—an evergreen
tree,  indigenous in China  and Japan.  Mode  of  obtaining the camphor.  State in which
it is  brought into market.   Mode of refining.  Form of the resulting cakes.
   Properties o." camphor—colour—translucency—texture—feel—effects of alcohol on the
facility of pulverization—odour—taste—specific  gravity—volatility—effects of heat__in- 
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(   29   )
flammability—relations to water, alcohol, ether, volatile and fixed  oils—reaction of water
upon the tincture—effects of union with resins and fats—chemical nature—mode in which
it is best kept.
  Effects on the system—poisonous effects—therapeutical applications.
  Medium dose, 5 to 10 grains—but the dose may vary from 1 to 20  grains.  Given in the
form of bolus or emulsion.  Objection against the former.  Modes of preparing the emul-
sion.   Given  also in solution.  Camphor water {Aqua  Camphora,  U. S.) an  officinal  pre-
paration^ Mode of preparing it.  Strength of the solution.  Purposes for which it is used.
Dose, f^j. or fgij. or more.  Camphor is used also in tincture.  Strength  of the tincture.
Dose, 5 drops to fgj.
  External use of camphor.  Applied in spirituous or  oleaginous solution.  Officinal pre-
parations, 1. Camphorated Tincture of Soap (Tinctura Saponis  Camphorala, U. S.) 2. Cam-
phorated Soap Liniment (Linimentum  ISaponis  Camphoratum, U. S.) commonly called
opodeldoc; 3. Camphor Liniment (Linimentum Camphora, U. S.)

                               BELLADONNA. U.S.
  Leaves of  Atropa Belladonna—a perennial herb, indigenous  in  Europe.  Whole plant
narcotic.  Commonly called Deadly nightshade.
  Shape of the leaves—colour when dried—odour—taste—virtues said to reside in an alka-
line principle called atropia.
  Effects on the system.  Poisonous action.   Treatment of its poisonous effects.  Thera-
peutical applications.  Used in substance, infusion, or extract.
  Dose of the powder, gr. j. night and morning—of the infusion, made with one scruple
to ten fluidounces of water, f^j.  or  f^ij.—of the extract, or inspissated juice (Extractum
Belladonna,  U. S.), much more employed in the  United States than any other preparation,
one-fourth or one-half a grain twice a  day.  An alcoholic extract  also directed by U. S.
Pharmacopoeia.  Reasons for beginning with a small dose.  The  quantity to be gradually
increased, if necessary, till  some effects upon the  system are produced.  Evidences of these
effects.
  External use in the form of plaster (Emplastrum Belladonna, U. S.), and  as an applica-
tion to the eye and the os uteri.

              STRAMONIUM  LEAVES.—STRAMONII FOLIA. U. S.
                STRAMONIUM ROOT.—STRAMONII RADIX.  U.S.
               STRAMONIUM SEED.—STRAMONII SEMEN.  U. S.
   Leaves, seeds, and root of  Datura Stramonium—an  annual plant, growing wild in all
quarters of the world.   Situations most favourable to its growth.   Common names.
  Leaves. Odour in the recent  state—taste.
   Seeds.  Shape—colour—odour—taste—relative activity—relations to water and alcohol.
   Virtues of Stramonium ascribed to an alkaline principle called daturia, the existence of
which, however, is doubtful.
  Effects on the system.   Poisonous action.  Evidences of  this action and mode of treat-
ment.  Therapeutical applications.   Dose of the seeds, one  grain—of the  extract of the
seeds  (Extractum Stramonii  Seminis, U. S.), from one-fourth to half a grain—of the  pow-
dered leaves, 2 or 3 grains—of the officinal extract or  inspissated juice of the leaves (Ex-
tractum Stramonii Foliorum, U. S.), one grain night and morning, gradually increased till
the system is affected.
   External use of stramonium.  Employed in the form of an ointment (Unguentum Stra-
monii, U. S.)

                      BITTERSWEET.—DULCAMARA.   U. S.
   Stem and branches of Solanum Dulcamara, or woody nightshade.  Character of the plant,
 and places of growth.
   Shape and size  of the twigs—structure—nature of the surface—colour—odour—taste-
 relations to water.
   Virtues ascribed to a peculiar alkaline principle called solania.
   Effects on the system.   Therapeutical applications.  Usually given m decoction, which
is  officinal.  Dose, f.^ij. four times a day.   The extract (Extractum Dulcamara,  U. S.)
may  be given in the dose of from 5 to 10 grains.

                    HEMLOCK LEAVES.—CONII  FOLIA. U.  S.
                    HEMLOCK SEED.—CONII SEMEN. U. S.
  Leaves and seeds of Conium maculatum—a. biennial, umbelliferous plant, indigenous in
Europe, and naturaUzed in this country.  Sometimes called cicuta,  but improperly.  The 
(   30   )
whole plant narcotic.  Most so in warm latitudes.   Mode of collecting and preserving the
leaves.                                                    '
  Properties of the leaves—colour—colour of the powder—odour—taste—relations to water,
alcohol, and ether.   Appearance  of the seeds.
  Active principle, probably a peculiar volatile alkali called conia.
  Effects on the system.  Poisonous properties.  Therapeutical applications.  Dose of the
powdered leaves, 3 or 4 grains—of the extract or inspissated juice of the leaves (Extractum
Conii, U. S.), 3 grains, repeated 2 or 3 times a day.   The  dose to  be gradually increased
till some effect on the system is produced.   Evidences of such effect.  Caution in relation
to the use of different parcels of the medicine.  An alcoholic extract also officinal. 

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(   31   )
                             CLASS   VI.


                        ARTERIAL SEDATIVES.


                             General  Observations.

  Sedative medicines are those which, by their immediate influence, produce a reduction of
the vital actions.  Some of these are directed more especially to the circulatory system, re-
ducing the action of the heart and arteries, without any immediate influence upon the ner-
vous power.   These are called arterial sedatives.  Others reduce at the same time arterial
and nervous power; and these, for the sake of convenience, we call nervous sedatives.
   The arterial sedatives, though in their primary action confined to the circulatory system,
undoubtedly  affect the nervous system also; but  only in a secondary manner.  The two
systems are so closely  connected by  sympathy, that any great disturbance of the one sel-
dom exists without inducing disorder in the other.
   Though sedative  in their general influence, these medicines may be stimulant in relation
to particular  functions or organs, and in large quantities often act as local irritants.
   An obvious indication for the use of the arterial sedatives is afforded by increased vascu-
lar action, resulting from an increased  display of the vital energies.  Hence their use in
all inflammatory  diseases attended with fever,  and not complicated with typhous tenden-
cies; and  in all fevers in which the grade of action is above the healthy standard.
   Refrigerant medicines belong  to this class.  They operate  in general by reducing the
excited action either of the  heart or of the  capillaries, from which the increased heat arises.

                          ANTIMONY.—ANTIMONIUM.

   Even in quantities  too small to produce obvious effects, the antimonials are not without
influence on  the system.  They occasion some  modification  of the vital  actions,  which,
though so slight as to escape  notice in health,  is yet important in some cases of disease.
Medicines which act  in  this way are called alteratives.
   In laro-er quantities, given so as to operate upon the system, without producing nausea,
they  depress the movement of the heart and other parts concerned in the  circulation, as
indicated by a slower and weaker pulse,  and a less vigorous  impulse of the heart when
examined by a stethoscope. At the  same time the surface becomes cooler and paler, and
respiration less frequent.  Sometimes, by  proper management in the increase of the dose,
and in the regulation of the diet, this depressing influence may be exhibited in a powerful
deoree without any especial action on the stomach.
   Usually, from doses calculated to  produce a decided sedative impression on the circula-
tion, nausea or sickness of stomach also results, which, by its own depressing agency upon
the circulatory function, very much increases the sedative influence of the antimoniaL
This combined action is sometimes desirable when great relaxation is to be produced; but
the local  impression on  the stomach should be avoided in  cases of inflammation or great
irritation of that viscus.
   In still larger  doses, the antimonials usually vomit.   Of this effect, more will be said
under the head of emetics.
   These  preparations  are apt also to  irritate the bowels, and to occasion purging, especially
if not thrown off from the stomach  by vomiting. Very large doses  sometimes occasion
violent vomiting and purging, with great  and dangerous prostration.
   While operating as general sedatives to the circulatory forces, the antimonials appeaf
 to stimulate the  secretory  functions, being directed  to one or another of these functions,
 according to the  circumstances under which they are given, or the mode of administration.
   The effects of antimonials upon the heart and arteries, and upon the secretions, probably
depend upon their entrance into the blood-vessels by means of absorption.  On the stomach
they probably act by an immediate irritation,  though they appear to  have a peculiar ten-
dency to this organ,  as, even when  introduced into the system by other routes, they are
 said to act as emetics.
   Applied in large quantity to any part of the body, they produce local irritation or inflam-
mation.  Thus, tartar emetic, when applied to the skin, gives rise to a pustular eruption,
and on a surface unprotected by the cuticle is capable of acting as a caustic.
   Metallic antimony, administered  in very  fine powder, is capable  of producing all the 
(   32   )
 general effects of its preparations; but its activity probably depends upon chemical changes
 which it undergoes in the stomach, and its operation is too  uncertain to be depended on.
    The preparations which have at different times been  employed are very numerous.  It
 is sufficient to notice three—viz.  1. tartar emetic, 2. the precipitated sulphuret, and 3. the
 antimonial powder.
    TARTRATE OF ANTIMONY AND POTASSA.—ANTIMONII ET  POTASS^E
 TARTRAS. U.S.— Tartar  emetic.  Tartarized antimony.  Chemical nature.  Mode  of
 preparation. Reason why it should always be crystallized.
    Shape of the  crystals—colour—effect of exposure—odour—taste—relations to water and
 alcohol—effects of time upon the aqueous solution—incompatibles.
    The best of the antimonials.  In small doses, used as an alterative in chronic cutaneous
 diseases, scrofulous affections,  chronic pulmonary complaints, &c;  in somewhat larger
 doses, as a refrigerant or  arterial sedative in febrile and inflammatory complaints, particu-
 larly bronchitis and pneumonia, and in hemorrhages.  Employment of very large doses in
 pulmonary inflammations. Acts in this way doubly, 1. as a sedative, 2. by revulsion to the
 stomach and bowels.  Dangers of this mode  of using  tartar emetic.   Poisonous effects.
 Resemblance to malignant cholera.  Treatment.
    Dose of tartar emetic as an alterative, from one thirty-second to one-sixteenth of a grain,
 dissolved in a large proportion of water,  and repeated so that from one-fourth to one-half
 a grain  may be taken  daily;—as a sedative, from one-twelfth to one-sixth of a grain or
 more.
    Antimonial Wine.— Yinum Antimonii, U.S.  Solution of tartar emetic in wine in the
 proportion of two grains to f^j.  Advantages of this preparation, and of wine as a solvent.
 Caution necessary  in  the choice of the  wine.  Disadvantages  of the  inferior varieties.
 This preparation should be used only in cases requiring small doses of the antimonial.
   PRECIPITATED  SULPHURET OF ANTIMONY.—ANTIMONII SULPHURE-
 TUM PR^CIPITATUM.  U.S.  Mode of  preparation.  Mode of preparing Kernes'
 mineral and golden sulphur of antimony.  Difference between these  and the officinal  pre-
 cipitatcd sulphuret.  Colour of the three.  Relations to water and alcohol.
   Operation upon the system.  Therapeutical applications.  Dose as an alterative, 1 or 2
 grains—as an emeto-cathartic, 5 to 20 grains.
   ANTIMONIAL POWDER.—PULVIS ANTIMONIALIS.  An  imitation of James's
 powder.   Mode  of  preparation.  Chemical nature.  Colour—taste—smell—insolubility in
 water.   Uncertainty of medicinal effect.  Therapeutical applications.   Dose, 3  to 8 grains.


                              SALINE SUBSTANCES.
   Almost all the neutral  alkaline salts,  and those in which the acid predominates,  are
 sedative  in  their influence on the  circulation.   Usually called  refrigerants.   They produce
 this effect independently of their  purgative action or influence upon the secretions.   But
 they are chiefly used in reference to these latter effects,  and only incidentally as refrige-
 rants or  sedatives.  Therefore more properly treated of under other heads.  One of them
 only so prominently sedative as to require consideration here.
   NITRATE OF POTASSA.—POTAS&E NITRAS. U.S.-Nitre.  Saltpetre. Whence
 imported.   Mode in which prepared.  Artificial nitre beds.   State as imported.  Mode of
 refining.
   Shape of crystals—colour—odour—taste—solubility in water—insolubility in alcohol-
 absence of water of crystallization—water mechanically present—effects  of heat.
   In moderate doses repeated frequently, lessens the force and frequency of the pulse, and
 diminishes animal heat.   Suggestion as to its modus  operandi.  Stimulates the secretory
 functions, particularly that of the kidneys—in some measure also that of the skin.  Dimin-
 ishes the energy of the stomach, and causes indigestion.  In large doses,  it  often occa-
 sions purging.   In very large quantities, poisonous.  Effects as a poison.   Treatment of
 its poisonous effects.  Given in inflammatory diseases,  in which the  action is  above  the
 standard of health, and in  which inflammation of the alimentary mucous membrane is ab-
 sent.  Particular applications.  Dose, 5 to 10 grains every hour or two hours.   Given  in
 powder or solution.
   Often combined with tartar emetic, in the proportion of 5  or 10 grains of nitre to one-
 twelfth or  one-sixth of a grain of the antimonial, in solution.   Often  also with calomel in
 addition.  Composition of the nitrous powders.


                              VEGETABLE  ACIDS.
   Most of these are refrigerant  or sedative to the  circulation.  Useful  when properly
diluted, as drinks in febrile  complaints.  Too largely given, diminish the vital forces,
occasion  indigestion  and cause emaciation. Those chiefly used are tho citric and acetic
acids, in  the form of lemonjuicc or vinegar.  Former usually preferred. 
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(   33   )
  Citric acid is contained also in limes, sour oranges, and tamarinds, which are therefore
equivalent in effect to lemonjuice.
  Modes of preserving lemonjuice.  Citric  acid in solution  may be advantageously sub-
stituted.
  Citric Acid.—Acidum Citricum, U. S.  Mode of preparation.  Form of crystals.  A solu-
tion made with §j. to Oj. of water, may be used for lemonjuice.   Oil of lemons is a good
addition, in the proportion of four drops to the pint.  Mode of mixing.  For lemonade, ^j. of
acid may be dissolved in Oj. of water.
  Citric acid is best purchased in crystals.   Adulterated  with tartaric acid.   Mode of de-
tecting the latter.
  Used as a refrigerant, also as a preventive and cure of scurvy.
5 
(   34   )
                            CLASS  VII.


                        NERVOUS  SEDATIVES.


                            General  Observations.

  Medicines which, in their primary operation, reduce at the same time the nervous power,
and the force of the circulation.  All of them obviously affect the functions which belong
especially to the brain, and rank with those medicines usually called narcotic.  It is doubt-
ful whether their influence on the heart is exerted immediately, or through the intervention
of the nerves.  They are applicable therapeutically to complaints attended  with  nervous
disorder and unhealthy excitement of the heart and arteries.

                         FOXGLOVE.—DIGITALIS. U. S.
  Leaves of Digitalis purpurea—a biennial herbaceous  plant, indigenous in Europe, and
cultivated in this country.  Said to be strongest when it grows in sunny exposures.
  Shape of the leaves—size—character of the surface—colour—separation of the footstalks
—mode of drying—appearance as  prepared by the Shakers—means of judging of the quali-
ty—odour in the recent and dried state—taste—colour of the  powder—relations  to water
and alcohol.
  Effects upon the system.  Influence on  the pulse. Direction to the kidneys.  Symp-
toms produced by an overdose.  Treatment of its  poisonous effects.  Permanence of its
influence.   Disposition to  act with accumulated force.   Practical  inferences.  Not to be
relied on as a substitute for the lancet.  Reason of this.  Useful as an adjuvant.  Particular
therapeutical applications.
  Given in substance, infusion, or tincture—most certain in  substance.   Dose of  the pow-
der in  chronic cases, 1 grain night and morning—in acute cases, one-half or one-fourth of
a grain every 3 or 4 hours.  Administered in pill.   The infusion officinal.   Made in the
proportion ofgj. to Oss. of boiling water,  with f^j. of the tincture of cinnamon.   Dose,
f§ss.  Dose of the tincture,  10 drops, about equivalent to a grain of the leaves.   Cautions
in relation to the increase  of the dose, and perseverance  with the medicine.

                          TOBACCO.—TABACUM.   U.S.
  Leaves of Nicotiana Tabacum—an annual plant—probably a native of tropical America
—cultivated in all quarters of the world.
  Sensible pioperties—relations to water and alcohol—effects of long boiling.
  Activity thought to reside chiefly  in a volatile alkaline principle called nicotia.  Form,
colour, odour, and taste of this  principle, and effects upon the system.  Another odorous
principle.  Empyreumalic oil, rssulting from the destructive distillation of tobacco.  Form,
colour, taste, and odour of this oil, and its effects on the system.
  General effects of tobacco  as  a  nervous  sedative.  Poisonous  action.  More dangerous
when given by  the rectum than when swallowed.  Reason of this.   Treatment of its poi-
sonous effects.  Diuretic, nauseating, and emetic properties.
  Seldom given by the stomach.  Cases in which  it is  used as an enema.  Given in this
way in the form of infusion made with ^j. to Oj. of water, of which one half is to be given
at once, and the other half in half an hour if necessary. Cases in which tobacco may be
used by smoking it.  External  application in the  form  of cataplasm,  or of cerate made
with snuff.  Use  of tobacco  ointment.

          HYDROCYANIC ACID.—ACIDUM  HYDROCYANICUM.  U. S.
  Also called cyanohydric acid and prussic acid.   Plants  in which  it exists.   State  in
which it is obtained from  them, and mode of obtaining it.  Cherry laurel  water.  Uncer-
tain, and little used here.  Oil of bitter almonds may be substituted for the diluted  hydro-
cyanic acid.  Advantages of the oil.
   The concentrated acid is too  powerful for use.  Also very susceptible of decomposition.
The officinal acid is prepared in a diluted state.  Mode of preparing it.
   Form of the officinal  hydrocyanic  acid—colour—taste—odour—effects of exposure—
mode  in which it  may be best kept.
   Effects on the  system.  Poisonous  effects.  Remedial measures.  Therapeutical appli- 
"*1
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(   35   )
cations.  Dose of the officinal hydrocyanic acid, to begin with, two drops every two or three
hours, to be gradually increased, if necessary, till evidence of its influence is afforded.
  Of the strong acid not more than one-twelfth of a drop should be taken at once.
  Cyanuret of Potassium.—Potassii Cyanuretum, U. S.  Mode of preparation.  May be
supposed to become hydrocyanate of potassa when dissolved.   This is decomposed by  any
acid, even the carbonic acid of the air.  Hydrocyanic acid is thus liberated.  As the cyanu-
ret when dry keeps well,  it is a good substitute for the officinal  acid.  Given in solution
with a little vinegar.  Dose, one-fourth of a grain gradually increased to a grain. 
(   36   )
                           CLASS  VIII.


                                   EMETICS.


                             General Observations.

  Medicines capable of producing vomiting, in certain doses, and as an ordinary result, in
the healthy state of the stomach.   JVo immediate  effects are  produced.  In 10, 15, or 20
minutes, nausea comes on, with paleness, a  cool, moist, and relaxed skin, and a feeble,
frequent, irregular pulse.   These symptoms increase till vomiting results.   During vomit-
ing, the face is flushed, a sense of fulness in the temples  is  experienced, and the pulse be-
comes full and slow.  After vomiting, the skin is moist, the pulse soft and feeble, the pa-
tient languid and disposed to sleep.
  Mechanism of vomiting.   Explanation of the mode in which it is produced by emetics.
Intervention of the brain necessary.  Proofs of this.
  Emetics often act on the stomach, when applied to the rectum or the skin.
  Said to  differ from most other medicines in not  losing their power upon repetition.  Ob-
servations going to show that their difference  from other medicines in this respect is only
apparent.
  The susceptibility to the action of emetics  is different in  different individuals, and in
different diseases.  Complaints in which this susceptibility  is least, and those in which it
is greatest.
  Therapeutical effects of emetics included under the following heads:—1. Evacuation of
the stomach; 2.  Mechanical pressure on the liver  and other abdominal viscera; 3. Reduc-
tion of arterial action during the period  of nausea; 4.  Muscular relaxation; 5. Promotion
of the secretory  functions  of the  skin, lungs, and liver; 6. Powerful agitation of the whole
frame; 7.  Revulsion to the  stomach; b. Purgation, when the medicine is given in conside-
rable  doses, but insufficient to vomit; 9.  Depletion, directly  by the promotion of secretion,
and indirectly by the removal of the food; 10.  Irritation of the stomach. Observations and
illustrations under each of these heads.
  Two or more indications for the use of emetics  are often presented  in the same disease.
  Circumstances contra-indicating the use of emetics, 1. acute inflammation of the stomach,
bowels, or neighbouring viscera, 2. strong sanguineous determination  to  the brain, and 3.
pregnancy in its advanced stages.  Caution in cases of hernia, and in the use of acrid or
corrosive emetics, in large doses, in insensible states of the  stomach.
  Usually administered diffused in water, and in  doses repeated every 15, 20, or 30 min-
utes, till the emetic effect is produced.
  If the object be merely to evacuate the stomach, warm diluent drinks should be given
freely, as  warm water or chamomile tea; if to produce a powerful impression on the sys-
tem, with much retching and nausea, little or no  drink should be allowed.
  Excessive vomiting relieved by the free use of warm demulcent drinks, followed by lau-
danum or morphia, a spiced plaster or sinapism over the epigastrium; and, if these fail, by
an anodyne enema consisting  of 60 drops of laudanum with  f^ij. of a solution of starch.


                             1.   Vegetable Emetics.

                                  IPECACUANHA.

  Root  of Cephaelis Ipecacuanha—a small shrub growing in  Brazil and other parts of
South America.
  Character of the root—shape—size—structure—nature of the surface—consistence of
the cortical portion—its translucency, fracture, and  relative  virtues—relative size of the
ligneous portion—propriety of rejecting the smooth portions of stem attached to the root-
colour of  the root—varieties founded on the colour, brown, gray, and red—all  from the
same plant—no essential difference in them.
  Colour of the  powder—odour—peculiar effect in some individuals—taste—relations to
water and alcohol—effects of decoction.
   Active  ingredient, emetia, an  alkaline principle.  Relation to tannin.  Inference as to
the incompatibility of astringents with ipecacuanha.
  Ipecacuanha injured by long exposure to light. 
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                                     (   37   )

  Effects on the system.  Character as an emetic.  Therapeutical applications.
  Dose as an emetic, from 15 to 30 grains—as a nauseating medicine, 2 or 3 grains—as
a diaphoretic or expectorant, from one-half a grain to 2 grains—as an alterative, from one.
fourth to one-half a grain, 2, 3, or 4 times a day.
   Wine of Ipecacuanha—Vinum Ipecacuanha, U.S.—may  be given as an emetic in  the
dose of f^j. to an adult, and fgj. to an infant, though seldom used for this purpose.   More
commonly employed in smaller doses as a diaphoretic and expectorant.
  Syrup of Ipecacuanha—Syrupus Ipecacuanha, U.S., given in half the dose of the wine.

                                 GILLENIA.  U.S.
  Root of Gfillenia trifoliata—an indigenous, herbaceous, perennial plant, called Indian
physic, and sometimes American ipecacuanha.  The root of the G. stipulacea has the same
properties.   The former grows in the Atlantic States, the latter in those of the West.
   Shape of the root—size—nature of the surface—colour—difference between the cortical
and ligneous part—taste—odour—colour of the powder—relations to water and alcohol.
   Character as an emetic.  Therapeutical  applications.  Dose, from 20 to 30 grains.

                                  LOBELIA.  U.S.
   Lobelia inflata—Indian tobacco—an indigenous, herbaceous plant.  General character of
the plant.  All parts of it are active.  Time of collection.
   Colour of the powder—odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol.
   Character as an emetic.  Poisonous effects.  Therapeutical applications.   Given in sub-
stance, infusion,  and tincture.  Dose of the powder as an emetic, from 5  to 20 grains.
Dose of the tincture ( Tinctura Lobelia,  U. S.) in asthma, from f^j. to f ^ij. every 2 or 3
hours till it acts.
   Besides the above emetics, numerous other substances possess the property of producing
vomiting, and have been employed for that purpose.  Among them may be mentioned the
following, viz.
   The root of Euphorbia Ipecacuanha, and of the E.  corollata—indigenous plants—emetic
in the dose of from 10 to 15 grains.   Disadvantages.
   The root of Sanguinaria Canadensis, or blood-root—another indigenous  emetic  plant.
Shape of the  root—colour—colour of the powder—odour—taste.   Active ingredient, an
alkaline priciple callad sanguinarina.   Character as an emetic.  Dose of the powder, from
10 to 20 grains—of the tincture, from fgiij. to f^ss.
   Squill is emetic in the dose of 6 or 8 grains; but is scarcely  ever used for this purpose.
   Tobacco is  also powerfully emetic, but in consequence of the excessive nausea it pro-
duces, and its narcotic properties,  it is almost never prescribed  internally.  Dose of the
powder, 5 or 6 grains.
   Mustard sometimes acts as an emetic, in the form of powder, in  the dose of gj.  Thera-
peutical application in reference to its emetic property.


                              2.  Mineral Emetics.

                                TARTAR  EMETIC.
   Before treated of as  an arterial sedative.  To be considered here only as an emetic and
nauseant
  Character as an emetic—certainty,  power, durability.  It produces much retching .and
frequent efforts to vomit, makes a strong impression on the neighbouring viscera and the
general system, and occasions much relaxation and prostration of strength.
   The indications for  its use, deducible from its peculiar mode of operating, are, in addi-
tion to the evacuation of the stomach, to agitate  and compress the liver, spleen, and other
abdominal viscera, to divert irritation from its existing seat by a powerful revulsion to the
stomach, to break up morbid  associations, to produce nausea  and consequent relaxation,
and to evacuate the duodenum as well as  the stomach.   Illustrations of these indications
in particular diseases.  Tartar emetic is more apt than  ipecacuanha to act on  the bowels.
   Medium dose as an emetic, 2 or 3 grains.  The best plan is to give 1 grain, dissolved in
a little water, every 15 or 20 minutes till it acts.   Often combined with ipecacuanha.  A
good proportion is 1 grain of the antimonial to 10 of ipecacuanha,  repeated as above.
  Dose of antimonial wine, as an emetic, fgj., or f^ss.  repeated in 20  minutes if the first
dose should not act.   Seldom given to adults as an emetic.  Dose for a child 1 or 2 years
old, from 20 to 40 drops.

                              SULPHATE OF ZINC.
  The tonic and astringent properties of this salt before treated of.
  Characterized as an emetic by its  promptness, and the comparatively  little  nausea which 
(   38   )
it produces.  Exerts less influence over the system than tartar emetic, and therefore less
extensively applicable in disease.  Used chiefly as a mere evacuant of the stomach in cases
requiring a prompt and energetic emetic, as in those of the narcotic poisons.  Under such
circumstances, it should be combined with ipecacuanha.   Dose, 10 grains under ordinary
circumstances; but, in cases of insensibility of stomach from narcotic poisons, 5Jss.  Reason
why it should not be indefinitely increased in such cases.

                            SULPHATE OF COPPER.
  Before considered  in reference to its tonic properties.   As an emetic, characterized by
its very great promptness, and by the very slight nausea which attends its action.  Re-
sembles in properties the last mentioned salt, though  even more prompt and powerful.
Used almost exclusively in cases of poisoning from narcotics.  Dose from 2 to 3 grains in
ordinary states of the stomach—in poisoning from  narcotics, from 5 to 15  grains.  Caution
as to increasing the dose more necessary even than with the sulphate of zinc.
  Many other mineral substances possess emetic  properties.  The acrid or corrosive poi-
Bons, such as corrosive sublimate, verdigris, and the  arsenical salts, when taken in large
doses, usually excite vomiting.  But they are dangerous, and are never used for this purpose.
  The Turpeth mineral, or yellow sulphate of mercury, has been used, but is now abandoned.
It usually proves emetic in the dose of 5 grains, but is uncertain. 
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(   39   )
                             CL^S  IX.


                                CATHARTICS.


                             General Observations.

  Medicines which produce evacuations from the bowels. They operate in various ways;
—-1. by simply irritating the mucous membrane of the bowels, the muscular coat of which
is brought into  sympathetic action;  2. by stimulating the exhalent  vessels and mucous
follicles of the intestines to  increased secretion; and 3. by  a similar stimulant influence
upon the liver, and perhaps the pancreas.   Some cathartics act in one of these ways, some
in another, and some combine two or more modes of action.
  Cathartics differ as to the parts  of the alimentary canal on which they act, some af-
fecting the upper portion more particularly, some the  lower, and others operating equally
on all  parts.   This difference is partly, perhaps, ascribable to difference in solubility; but
is chiefly owing to the peculiar susceptibilities  of different portions of the bowels.
  The character of the discharges varies with the kind of cathartic used.  Medicines act-
ing on the large intestines produce consistent  fecal evacuations, those acting chiefly on
the peristaltic motion discharge the liquid contents of the bowels, those which stimulate the
exhalents give rise to large watery  evacuations, and are  hence called hydragogues, while
calomel, acting especially on the liver, produces  bilious  stools.  Mucous or bloody stools
result  from the use of the more violent and irritating cathartics.
  Cathartics differ greatly in their power.  Some act mildly, merely  producing looseness,
and are hence called laxatives; others  act with  greater energy, and are  called purges;
and a  third set,  which are most powerful and  irritating, are distinguished by the name of
drastics or drastic purges.  Observations upon this difference.
  Cathartics are useful in disease in several ways.
   1. They evacuate the bowels, and  thus  relieve constipation and all  its attendant evils,
as well as remove irritating substances, and  those  having a depressing influence on the
system, whether introduced by the  mouth, or resulting from  chemical changes going on
in the  alimentary  canal, or the product of deranged secretion.  Explanations  and numer-
ous illustrations of this action of cathartics.
  2. They directly deplete from the blood  vessels, by increasing the action of the intesti-
nal exhalents, and thus reduce arterial excitement, and they indirectly deplete by removing
the sources of the  chyle by which the constant  drains from  the blood-vessels are supplied.
Hence their use in almost all febrile complaints of an inflammatory character, in plethoric
cases,  and in inflammations even unattended with fever.
  3. They promote absorption by diminishing  the  quantity of the circulating fluid,  and
thus prove useful  in dropsy.
  4. They act powerfully as revulsives, producing  a gentle  irritation over the whole tract
of the  alimentary  canal, which,  while it is usually safe to the patient  from its mildness, is
energetic in its revulsive influence by its extent.   Peculiarly useful in  this way in affec-
tions of the head,  they are beneficial also in all cases of local inflammation, except those
in which the alimentary canal itself is involved in the disease.
  5. Some cathartics act favourably by increasing  secretion from the liver, and thus re-
lieving congestion of this viscus, and of the portal system generally.
  It often happens in disease that cathartics are  called on  to meet several  indications in
the same case.
  General observations on the importance  of cathartics.
  The action of the different cathartics modified  by combination.   By mixing several
drastics together, they become milder in regard  to their irritant property, without losing
any of their purgative power.   Explanations of this fact.
  Small doses of emetic medicines  promote the operation of cathartics.  The same effect
is produced to a certain extent by bitters.
  Cathartics are sometimes favourably  modified by combination with substances which
exert a chemical agency upon them.
  Their tendency to gripe may be lessened by combination with aromatics—and their
nauseating effects by the same medicines,  and  by carbonic acid water.
  Cathartics operate most speedily  and favourably when given on an  empty stomach.
  Susceptibility to their action is diminished during sleep, and is increased by exercise. 
(   40   )
Hence, when a very prompt  effect  is desirable, they should be given  in the day time, on
an empty stomach;  when  a  slow operation, with as little inconvenience to the patient as
possible, is required, they should be given at bedtime.
  During their operation, or before it, the patient should drink some mild diluent beve-
rage, as molasses and water, barley-water, oatm^Mbnu:!, &c.
  Hypercatharsis may be  checked by from 5  toK drops of laudanum by the mouth, of
three times the quantity administered by the rectum.
                            1.  Vegetable  Cathartics.

   Observations in relation to bran, sugar, and molasses, as laxative articles of diet.

                                   MANNA. U.S.
   Concrete juice of Fraxinus  Ornus, and other  species of Fraxinus, growing in Sicily,
the South of Italy, and Greece.   Mode  in  which the manna is procured.   Difference in
the result according to the season.  Three varieties  of manna described; I. flake manna,
2. common manna, 3. fat manna.  Distinguishing characters of these varieties.
   Odour of manna—taste—relations to water and alcohol—effects of heat.
   The saccharine principle peculiar.  Called mannite.  Mode of preparing mannite—co-
lour—taste—solubilities—difference  from  sugar in  relation to the process of vinous fer-
mentation.
   Characters of manna as a cathartic.   Therapeutical applications.   Dose, §j. or ^ij.
Usually given in  combination.

                   SACCHARINE AND ACIDULOUS  FRUITS.
   General observations on these fruits in their recent and dried state.  The following par-
ticularized:—Dried Peaches and Apples,  Tamarinds, Raisins, Figs, and Prunes.   The
last considered as the  besl of these fruits as a laxative.  Cases in which they are particu-
larly applicable.

                 PURGING CASSIA.—CASSIA FISTULA. U. S.
   Fruit of Cassia Fistula—a large tree growing in the West Indies and East Indies.
   Character  of the fruit—shape  and size—colour—internal structure—disposition of the
PulP-             .         ,   .
   Mode of extracting the pulp—its colour, odour, and taste—its character as  a cathartic—
and its therapeutical applications.  Dose as a gentle laxative,  Zj. or 5Jij.—with a view to
a more powerful effect, ^j. or gij.  Seldom given alone.   An ingredient of the Confection
of Senna.           *

                      CASTOR OIL.—OLEUM RICINI. U. S.
   Product of Ricinvs communis.  Character of the plant—native place—where cultivated.
   Shape and size of the seeds—colour of the surface—internal structure—modes of extract-
ing the oil.
   Properties  of the oil—consistence—colour—odour—taste—solubility  in alcohol.  Mode
of detecting adulterations.
  Character  as a cathartic.  Therapeutical applications.   Dose for an adult, f 5j.—for a
child of three or four months, fgj. or more.  The dose is larger in proportion for children
than for adults.   Modes of administration.
  Observations in relation to Olive Oil, Linseed Oil, and Melted Butter.

                           RHUBARB.—RHEUM. U.S.
  The root of different species of Rheum—possibly of R. palmatum, R. compactum, and
R. undulalum—herbaceous perennial plants, growing in Central  Asia, and cultivated in
Europe.
   Age at which the root is dug up—preparation for the market—routs by which it reaches
us.  Varieties, 1.  Russian, 2. Chinese, and  3. European Rhubarb.
   Russian Rhubarb.  Care in its preparation—shape of the pieces—nature of the surface
—character of the hole penetrating them—texture—fracture—colour—colour of the pow-
der—odour—taste—effect on the saliva—feel under the teeth—comparative cost.
   Chinese Rhubarb.   Shape and size of the pieces—object of the hole  through them__ap-
pearance of the surface—texture—internal  colour—colour of the powder—odour__taste__
effects on the saliva—feel under the teeth.  This variety most used.  Its comparative value.
Its greater liability to be mixed with worm-eaten, rotten, cr defective pieces. 
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(   41   )
   European Rhubarb.  Shape and size of the pieces—density—appearance of the fractured
surface—colour of the  powder—odour—taste—effect on the saliva—feel under the teeth.
Inferior to the others as a purgative; but sometimes preferred for chewing.  Reason of this.
   Chemical constitution of rhubarb.  The active ingredients probably a peculiar principle
called rhubarbarin and tannin.  Other principles are gum, starch, oxalate of lime, &c.  The
European has  most tannin, and least of the colouring and  purgative principle.
   Relations of rhubarb to water and alcohol.
   Peculiar  properties as a cathartic.   Therapeutical applications.  Cases in which it is
contra-indicated.  Dose as a stomachic and laxative,  from  5 to 10 grains—as a purgative,
from 20 to 30  grains.  That of the European variety, double.  Given in powder with syrup
or molasses, or in pill made with soap or simply with water.  The root chewed habitually
by some persons affected with  costiveness.
   The  officinal preparations are, Infusion of Rhubarb (Infusum Rhei, U. S.)—Tincture of
Rhubarb (Tinctura Rhei, U. S.), given as a laxative in the  dose of f^j. or fgij., as  a purge
f^ss. or fgj.— Tincture of  Rhubarb and Aloes (Tinctura Rhei et Aloes, U. S.), formerly
called elixir sacrum, given in  the same dose as the preceding—Tincture of Rhubarb and
Gentian (Tinctura Rhei et Gentiana, U. S.), in the same dose—Tincture of Rhubarb and
Senna (Tinctura Rhei  et Senna,  U. S.), commonly called  Warner's Gout Cordial,  in  the
same dose—Syrup of Rhubarb (Syrupus Rhei,  U.  S.), given in  the dose of fzj. or  fgij. to
children—and Aromatic Syrup of Rhubarb (Syrupus Rhei Aromaticus, U. S.), commonly
called spiced rhubarb, also given in the same dose.
   Effect of roasting on the purgative and astringent properties of rhubarb.

                                    SENNA. U.S.
   Leaves of several species of Cassia, viz. C. acutifolia,  C.  obovata, and C. elongata—small
shrubs  growing  in Africa and  Arabia.  Three  commercial varieties—Alexandria,  Tripoli,
and India senna.
   1. Alexandria senna. Place of collection and preparation for market—port of shipment
—constituents—distinguishing characters of the constituents.
   2. Tripoli senna.  Place of export—distinguishing characters.
   3. India senna. Origin—commercial history—distinguishing characters.
   Garbling of senna—its odour—taste—colour—colour of the powder—relations to water
and alcohol—effects of exposure.
   Active ingredient,  a peculiar principle called cathartin.
   Character as a cathartic.  Therapeutical  application.  Dose  of the powder, zj.  Seldom
used in this form.   Generally  given in infusion.   Officinal  formula for the infusion.
Dose, f^iv. every 4 or  5 hours till it operates, or f^ij. every 2 hours.  Mode of counteract-
ing  its griping effect.  The Tincture of Senna and Jalap (Tinctura Senna et Jalapa, U. S.),
formerly called elixir salutis, given in the dose of fzjj. or  f.rfss.
   Confection of  Senna—Confectio Senna, U. S.  Constituents—preparation—sensible pro-
perties—practical applications—dose, Zj. to ^ss.
   Syrup of Senna—Syrupus Senna, if. S.  Given to children in the dose of fzj. to f Jss.

               AMERICAN  SENNA.—CASSIA MARILANDICA. U.S.
   Leaves of Cassia Marilandica—an indigenous herbaceous plant.  Period  for collecting
the  leaves.   Shape, size, and sensible properties—relations to water and alcohol.
   Similar to senna in virtues and uses, but weaker.   Given in  infusion. Dose, one-third
greater than that of senna.

        EXTRACT OF BUTTERNUT.—EXTRACTUM JUGLANDIS.  U. S.
   Extract of the inner  bark of the root of Juglans cinerea—an indigenous tree.
   Sensible properties of the  bark—mode of preparing the extract—its colour, odour, and
taste.
   Character as a cathartic.  Therapeutical  applications.   Dose, 20 or 30 grains as a pur-
gative, 10 or 12 grains as a laxative.

                               ALOES.—ALOE.  U.S.
   Inspissated  juice of the leaves  of different species of Aloe—particularly  A.  spicata,
A. Socotrina, and A. vulgaris.  Character of these  plants. Native places, and countries
in which they  are cultivated.  Different modes of collecting and. preparing aloes.  The
mode which  yields the  best, and  that which yields the worst aloes.   Three commercial
varieties, viz. Cape Aloes, Socotrine Aloes, and  Hepatic  Aloes.
   Cape  Aloes.   The plant which yields it—mode of preparation—place of export—state
in which it is imported—state  as kept in the shops—appearance of the surface—fracture
—colour of the fracture—translucency of the edges—colour of the powder—odour—taste
—effects of heat and cold on its consistence.
                     6 
(   42    )
  2. Socotrine Aloes.  The plant which yields it—place of production—place of export-
colour and nature of the surface—fracture—effects of exposure on  the  colour—translu-
cency of the edges—colour of the powder—odour—taste—effects of  heat  and cold on its
consistence.
  3. Hepatic Aloes.  Origin of the name—sources—places of production—colour—nature
of the surface—edges—odour—colour of the powder.
  Chemical  constitution of aloes.  The active part, a peculiar extractive matter.  Relations
of this principle to water and alcohol.   Change produced  in  it by exposure to air, and by
heat.  A little volatile oil in the Socotrine aloes.  Character of the remaining portion.
  Relations  of aloes to water and alcohol—effects of decoction upon it—permanence of the
infusion.
  Characters as a cathartic. Tendency to the pelvic viscera.  Mode  of operating. Com-
plaints in which it is contra-indicated.  Therapeutical applications.   Peculiarity as to the
dose. As a laxative, given  in the dose of from 2 to 6 grains—as a  purgative, from 10 to
15 grains.   Usually administered in pill.
  The officinal preparations are, Pills of  Aloes and Assafetida (Pilula aloes el Assafoeti-
da, U. S.\ given  in the dose of from 10 to 20 grains—Pills of Aloes and Myrrh (Pilula
Aloes et Myrrha,  U. S.), sometimes called  Rufus's Pills, given in the same dose—Compound
Pills of Rhubarb  (Pilula Rhei Composita, U. S.), in the same dose—Powder of Aloes and
Canella (Pulvis Aloes et Canella,  U. S.),  commonly called hiera picra, in the same dose—
Tincture of  Aloes (Tinctura Aloes, U. S.), given in the dose of f^ss. to f^iss.— Tincture of
Aloes and Myrrh (Tinctura Aloes et Myrrha,  U.  S.), formerly called elixir proprietatis,
given in the dose of fzj. or fzij. as a stomachic and laxative—and Wine of Aloes  (Vinum
Aloes, U.  S.), laxative* in the dose of fzj.  or fzij.—cathartic  in that of Hjss.  to f3J.

                             JALAP.—JALAPA. U.S.
  Root  of Ipomoea Jalapa.   Place of growth.  General  character of the plant.   Nature
of the root.
  States in  which it is imported—shape and size  of the dried  tubers—compactness—nature
and colour  of the surface—character of the fracture—colour internally—concentric ar-
rangement of the  colours—colour of the powder—odour—taste—relations  to water and
alcohol—chemical composition—adulterations—influence of  worms upon its activity—re-
lative power of its resinous and mucilaginous portions.
  Character as a  cathartic.  Therapeutical applications.  Ordinary  combinations.  Dose,
15 to 30 grains.  Effects of an overdose.  Dose of jalap and bitartrate of potassa,  from
10 to 20 grains of the former with  from zj. to zij. of the latter.  Dose of calomel and jalap,
10 grains of each—or 5 grains of the former to 15 of the latter.  Dose of the  resin of jalap,
8 or 10  grains.  Disadvantages of this preparation.
  Extract of Jalap.—Extractum  Jalapa,  U. S.  Mode  of preparation—sensible  proper-
ties—dose, 10 to 20 grains.  The tincture, Tinctura Jalapa, U. S., is little used.

                      MAY-APPLE.—PODOPHYLLUM. U. S.
  Root  of Podophyllum peltatum—an indigenous  plant.  General character of the plant.
Nature  of the fruit.  Asserted poisonous  nature of the young shoots.
  Shape and size of the dried root—colour—colour of the fibres—taste—odour—colour of
the powder—relations to water and alcohol.
  Character as a cathartic.  Remedial applications.  Dose  and forms  of administration
the same  as those of jalap.

                       SCAMMONY.—SCAMMONIUM.  U. S.
   Inspissated juice of the root of Convolvulus Scammonia.  Character of the plant.  Place
of  its growth.  Mode of collecting  and  preparing the juice.  Application of the terms,
Aleppo  and  Smyrna Scammony.  Sometimes factitious.
   Genuine Scammony.  States in  which  it is imported—weight—consistence—fracture__
porosity—colour—effects of exposure on  the colour—translucency of the  edges—odour—
taste—colour of the powder.  Adulterations.
  Factitious or Montpellier Scammony.  Origin—shape—colour—consistence—fracture__
odour and taste—relative value.
  Relations of scammony to water and alcohol—chemical composition.
  Character as a cathartic.  Therapeutical applications.  Seldom given alone.  Usually in
the compound extract of colocynth.  Dose, 5 to  10 grains.   There is an  officinal confec-
tion, little used.

                   BLACK HELLEBORE—HELLEBORUS. U. S.
   Root of Helleborus  niger.  General character of this plant, and place  of its growth. 
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(   43   )
   Shape of the root—colour externally  and internally—odour—taste—effects of time and
 exposure—colour of the  powder—relations to water and alcohol—effects of long boiling.
   Character as  a  cathartic.  Effects of an overdose.   Tendency to  the uterine system.
 Therapeutical applications.  Sometimes called melampodium.  Dose of the powder, from
 10 to 20 grains—of the decoction, made with 2 drachms to a pint of water, f^j. every  4
 hours till it  operates—of the tincture  (Tinctura Hellebori, U. S.), fzj.—of the extract
 (Extractum Hellebori, U.S.), 12 or 15 grains.

                       COLOCYNTH.—COLOCYNTHIS. U.S.
   Fruit of Cucumis  Colocynthis.   General character of the plant.  Place  of its growth.
 Character of the fruit. Mode of preparing it for market.
   Size and shape of the fruit as in the shops—colour—texture—consistence—constituents
 —relative amount  of the  seeds—odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol.
   Active ingredient,  a peculiar bitter principle called colocyntin.
   Character as a cathartic.  Effects of overdoses.  Therapeutical applications.   Dose, 5
 to 10 grains.   Almost always given in composition.
   The compound extract (Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum,  U.&) a valuable remedy.
 Constituents.  Dose, 10 to 15 grains.

                         GAMBOGE.—GAMBOGIA.  U. S.
   Inspissated juice of a tree  not certainly  known to botanists. Supposed origin.  Place
 and mode of collection.   Places whence  imported.
   Shape and size of  the pieces—nature  of the surface—colour externally—appearance of
 the fracture—colour of the powder—odour—taste—effects of heat—chemical composition
 —relations to water and alcohol.
   Character as a cathartic.  Disposition to produce vomiting.  Therapeutical applications.
 Dose, 3 to 6 grains, given in pill or  emulsion.
   Compound Cathartic Pills.—Pilula  Cathartica Composita, U S. Constituents.  Princi-
 ples of their formation.  Applications.  Dose, 3 pills.


                                ELATERIUM. U.S.
  Product of Momordica  Elaterium or  squirting cucumber.  General character of the
 plant Place of its growth and culture.  Character of the fruit. Modes of obtaining elate-
 rium. The best of these.   Clutterbuck's elaterium.
  Shape of elaterium—colour—appearance of the surface—weight—texture—taste—odour.
  Active ingredient, a peculiar principle  called elaterin.
  Character of elaterium  as a cathartic.   Danger from overdoses.  Therapeutical applica-
 tion.   Dose of the  purest, an  eighth of a grain—of the  common,  half a grain every half
 hour  or hour till it operates.  The best plan is to commence, as a general rule, with one-
sixth or  one-fourth of a grain.  Dose of elaterin, from one-sixteenth to one-twelfth of a
grain.

                      CROTON OIL.—OLEUM TIGLII. V.S.
  Product of Croton  Tiglium.  General character  of this plant. Place of its  growth.
Shape, structure, colour, and medical effects of the seeds.  Formerly called Grana Molucca
and Grana Tiglia.  Mode of obtaining the oil from the seeds.
  Consistence of the oil—colour—odour—taste—solubility in alcohol—chemical constitu-
tion—proportion of the active principle to the inert oil—adulterations—mode of detection.
  Character as a cathartic. Effects of an overdose.  Therapeutical applications.  Dose,
1 or 2 drops.   Administered in pill.  Mode  of preparing  the pill.
  Effects of its external application.  Remedial uses in  this way.  Mode of application.
                              2.  Mineral Cathartics.

                                  SULPHUR.  U.S.
  Origin of crude sulphur or brimstone—mode of preparation—places from which it is im-
ported—mode of preparation for medical uses.  Called when prepared^owers of sulphur,
sublimed sulphur, washed sulphur.
  Form__colour—odour—taste—insolubility in water and alcohol—solubility in volatile
and fixed oils—chemical nature.
  Peculiarities as a cathartic.  Determination to the surface.  Alterative action.  Proofs
of its absorption.  Used in  costiveness  with piles, in dyspepsia, chronic rheumatism and 
(   44   )
gout, chronic catarrh, cutaneous affections, &c.   Dose as a laxative, gj. or Jjij.—with a
view to affect the system at large, somewhat less.
  Used externally in  psora, in  the form of ointment.  Mode of preparing the  ointment.
Sometimes applied in  the form of vapour.   Mode of application.  Observations in relation
to sulphur springs.
  Precipitated Sulphur—Sulphur Pracipitatum, U.S.  Lac sulphuiis, or milk of sulphur.
Mode of preparation.  Chemical nature.  Impurity and its source.  Dose, the same as that
of sulphur.

        CARBONATE OF MAGNESIA.—MAGNESLE CARBONAS. U.S.
  Sources and mode of  preparation.  Form, as fouud in the  shops—weight—colour—feel
—odour—taste—relations to water and  to water impregnated with carbonic acid—chemical
nature—adulterations.
  Peculiarities as a cathartic.  Antacid property.  Liability to occasion flatulence.   Some-
times preferable to the pure earth from its insipidity.  Therapeutical applications.   Full
dose, gij.   Often given  in smaller quantity.

                                MAGNESIA. U.S.
  Sometimes called calcined magnesia  or magnesia  usta.   Mode of preparation.  Means
of ascertaining the absence of carbonic acid.
  Form—colour—taste—odour—relation  to  water—chemical  nature.   Peculiarities  of
Henry's magnesia.
  Character as a cathartic.   Antacid property.  Possibility of accumulation in the bowels.
Therapeutical applications.  Dose for an adult, zj.—for a  child two years old, from 10 to
20 grains.   Often combined with rhubarb in bowel complaints.  Best mode of preparing
magnesia for administration.

                                 Saline Cathartics.
  Intermediate in power between laxatives and active purges.  Act upon the intestinal ex-
halents and  produce watery evacuations.  At the same time  operate as arterial sedatives.
Occasion as little uneasiness in their  action as any other cathartics.  Adapted by these
properties to inflammatory  and active febrile complaints.  Contra-indicated  in typhous
complaints.  Closely  resemble  each  other in properties, so that one may frequently  be
safely substituted for another.

                 SULPHATE  OF SODA.—SOD^ SULPHAS.  U. S.
  Commonly called Glauber's salt.   Sources and modes of preparation.  Chemical com-
position.
  Shape of crystals—effects of exposure—proportion of water of crystallization—taste—
solubility in water—effects of heat.
  Less used than formerly.   Dose of the  crystallized salt, sjj. to §ij.—of the  effloresced,
half the quantity.  Mode of administration.


          SULPHATE OF MAGNESIA.—MAGNESLE SULPHAS.  U.S.
  Commonly called Epsom salt.  Sources and modes  of  preparation.   Chemical compo-
sition.
  Size and shape of the crystals as ordinarily found in the shops—proportion of water of
crystallization—effect of exposure—solubility in  water—taste.
  The neutral salt usually preferred as a  cathartic.  Dose, ^j. or more.   Mode of admi.
nistration.   Advantage  of solution in carbonic acid water.


            SULPHATE OF POTASSA.—POTASSiE SULPHAS.  U.S.
  Formerly called vitriolated tartar.  Mode of preparation.   Chemical composition.
  Shape  of the crystals—hardness—use on account of their hardness—solubility in water
—effect of heat—taste.
  Little used as a cathartic.  Difficult  solubility an objection.  Dose, ^ss. or Zvj.


         BITARTRATE OF POTASSA—POTASSA: BITARTRAS. U. S.
  Frequently called cream of tartar, and crystals of tartar when crystallized.  Chemically,
bitartrate of potassa.  Source of this  salt,  and mode of preparation.   Imported in the
state of crystals.   Appearance of these  crystals.
  Form of the salt as  kept in the shops—taste—solubility—effect of time and exposure on
the solution. 
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(   45   )
  Peculiarities as a cathartic.  Hydragogue properties.  Direction to the kidneys. Degree
of its sedative or refrigerant power.  Therapeutical applications.   Particularly  useful in
dropsy.  Dose, !|ss. to 3jj.  Mode of administration.  Given in solution as a laxative re-
frigerant drink, sweetened with sugar.  Often combined with jalap.

            TARTRATE OF POTASSA.—POTASSiE TARTRAS. U.S.
  Formerly called soluble tartar.  Mode of preparation.  Chemical  composition.  No water
of crystallization.
  Form—colour—effects  of exposure—solubility—effects  of heat—effects  of acids  and
acidulous salts.
  Little  used at present.  Dose, from ~ss. to 3J.

TARTRATE OF  POTASSA AND SODA.—SOD^ ET POTASSiE TARTRAS. U.S.
  Commonly called Rochelle salt.  Mode of preparation.  Chemical composition.
  Shape and size of the crystals—effects of exposure—proportion of water of crystallization
—taste—effects of heat—solubility.
  An  excellent cathartic.  One  of the  least unpleasant to the taste of the neutral salts.
Dose,  !§j. or §iss.  Composition of the Seidlitz powders, and mode of administration.

                PHOSPHATE OF SODA.—SOD^ PHOSPHAS. U.S.
  Mode of preparing this salt.  Chemical composition.
  Form as kept in  the shops—proportion of water of crystallization—effects of exposure—
taste—solubility in water.
  Sometimes useful on account of its not unpleasant taste.   Dose,  from §j. to §ij.

                                    CALOMEL.
  Officinal name Mild Chloride of Mercury—Hydrargyri Chloridum  Mite.   Its mode of
preparation, and its  chemical nature and relations are treated of in  another part of the
course.
   In the dose of from 5 to 20 grains, it  usually operates briskly, producing bilious stools,
of a dark colour.  Sometimes it operates without pain or nausea, sometimes it is very pain-
ful and apt to induce vomiting.  In the  latter case, the discharges from  the stomach are
bilious.   Probability  that the irritation is not owing to the direct action of the calomel on
the alimentary mucous membrane,  but to the increased quantity and disordered quality of
the bile which it produces.  Reasons for this opinion.  Amount of purgative effect not al-
ways  proportionate to the dose.  Sometimes it  operates in the quantity of 1 or 2 grains,
sometimes very large doses produce little effect.   Causes of these peculiarities in its ope-
 ration.  Risk of overdoses.   Comparative insusceptibility of infants or young children to
its purgative effect.  Slowness of its operation.  Propriety of following it, if it do not ope.
rate in 6 or 8 hours, by another cathartic.  Often combined with jalap,  rhubarb, scammony,
or  other active  cathartic, to render it more speedy in its operation.  Dose of calomel and
jalap,  10 grains of each.  Generally, 3 or 4 grains  of calomel, combined with other cathar-
tics, is a sufficient  quantity to insure the peculiar  advantages of the mercurial.  An ingre-
dient  in the Compound Cathartic Pills of the United States Pharmacopoeia,  and in Lee's
 Antibilious Pills.
   Therapeutical applications. In  the commencement of autumnal fevers, and sometimes
 in  their course  when attended with congestion of the liver.  In other diseases accompanied
 with deficient hepatic secretion  or congestion of the portal system, as constipation, jaun-
 dice, hepatitis, &c.  One of  the best cathartics in cases of inflamed stomach and bowels.
 Peculiarly adapted to the treatment of the diseases of children.  Unfounded apprehensions
 of danger on the part of some practitioners.  The only serious danger to be apprehended
 from  it, when properly given, is excessive action upon the mouth.   Given in powder or
 pill.  Dose for  adults, from 5 to 20 grains—for children two years old, about 4 grains.

                                     ENEMATA.
   Uses of purgative enemata—to hasten, facilitate, or increase the action of cathartic medi-
 cmes__to operate upon the bowels in cases of irritability or inflammation of the stomach,
 or of debility when purgatives by  the mouth might produce exhaustion, or of feculent ac-
 cumulation in the  lower  bowels, or habitual constipation dependent on a want of due irri-
 tability of the rectum.
   The common laxative  injection  is composed of common salt, molasses, and lard  or olive
 oil, each a tablespoonful, and a pint of warm water.
    If a more powerful enema is required, fgij. of castor oil may be added to the above in-
 gredients—or a pint of senna tea of the officinal strength may be  resorted to, or any other
 active cathartic in three  times its  ordinary dose. 
(   46   )
  The oil of turpentine is an excellent material for a purgative  injection, especially in ty-
phous cases, and in tympanitic states of the abdomen.  From f^ss. to f^ij. of the oil may
be given, suspended by means of the yolk of an egg in Oss. of warm water.
  Assafetida in the quantity of 3J. rubbed up with warm water may be used under similar
circumstances.
  Large quantities of warm water will sometimes operate favourably by the mere stimulus
of distention.
  Very cold water sometimes proves purgative when administered by the rectum,  by re-
laxing  spasm.
  When but a very slight impression is required, as in habitual constipation, some muci-
laginous fluid, as barley water or flaxseed tea,  may be employed in the quantity of a pint. 
 
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(   47   )
                               CLASS  X.


                                 DIURETICS.


                             General  Observations.

  Medicines which increase the secretion of urine.  They operate in one or more of three
ways—either 1. by entering the circulation and stimulating the kidneys by direct contact,
or 2. by the propagation of a sympathetic impression from the alimentary canal to the
kidneys, or 3. by promoting absorption, and thus secondarily stimulating the kidneys by
filling the blood-vessels.  In the  great majority of instances, they probably act directly
on the kidneys.
  Various circumstances influencing the action of the kidneys, necessary to be considered
in the use of diuretics.  Opposition between the urinary and perspiratory functions.  In-
fluence of cold in diminishing the latter and increasing the former.  A similar opposition,
to a certain extent, exists between the kidneys  and  the bowels.  Cause  of this opposition
in both instances.  Practical inferences.  Influence of cold drinks in promoting diuresis.
Rule as to the quantity of drink  that may be allowed in the treatment of dropsy.  Arterial
stimulation within certain bounds promotes  diuresis,  beyond these  bounds  checks it.
Practical inference as to the use of bleeding  and other depletory measures, in cases of
high excitement, in order to favour the action of diuretics.  Influence of mental emotions
over the function of the kidneys.
   Diuretics are employed chiefly in the treatment of dropsical  complaints.  They operate
partly by diminishing the quantity of circulating fluids, and thereby promoting absorption
—partly as evacuants, reducing arterial excitement, and diminishing the irritation upon
which the effusion depends—and partly, perhaps, on the principle of revulsion.
   Employed also in inflammations and irritations of the urinary organs, after due deple-
tion.  They probably act in part by increasing the quantity of urine and rendering it less
irritating, in part by depletion from the excited vessels.
   In chronic nephritic affections, certain  diuretics prove  useful by coming into contact
with the diseased surface, and changing the nature of the morbid action.
   Many of the diuretics are useful in febrile and  inflammatory complaints as depletory
remedies.
   Very uncertain in their  action.  It is sometimes  necessary to employ several succes-
sively before the effect is produced.   Good often results from combining  them.

                             FOXGLOVE.—DIGITALIS.
   Before spoken  of as a sedative.  As a diuretic, one of the most efficient.   Peculiarities
of its action.  Reason for supposing that it acts on the absorbents.  Remedial applications
as a diuretic.   Dose and forms of preparation before stated.

                             SQUILL.—SCILLA.  U.S.
   Bulb of Scilla maritima, an herbaceous plant, indigenous in the countries  bordering
on the Mediterranean.
   Shape, size, and structure of the bulb.  Varieties, red and white. Difference between them.
Mode of slicing and drying for market.  The parts rejected.  Loss of weight in drying.
   Shape of dried squill as in the shops—texture—effects of the damp air—colour—odour
—taste—relations to water and alcohol.
   Active  ingredient, a peculiar acrid  principle called scillitin.
   Effects of squill in large doses. Action as a diuretic.  Direction to the pulmonary organs.
Effects of overdoses.  Local effects. Cases to which it is applicable.  Dose, from 1 to 3 grains,
two or three times a day, gradually increased till nausea is produced. Object in producing
nausea. Often combined with calomel—2 grains of squill and half a grain or a grain of calo-
mel being given three times a day till the mouth is affected.  Advantages of this combination,

                  COLCHICUM ROOT.—COLCHICI RADIX. U. S.
                  COLCHICUM SEED.—COLCHICI SEMEN. U. S.
   Root or more strictly cormus, and seeds of Colchicum autumnale or meadow-saffron.
Character of this plant, and place of its  growth  and cultivation.  Period at which  the
cormus or root is perfect.  Cause of its inefficiency before and after this period. 
(   48   )
  Root.  Shape—size—structure—consistence—mode of preparing for the market—shape
of the slices—colour—odour—taste—relations to wine and vinegar as solvents—influence
of time.
  Active properties supposed to reside in an alkaline principle, at first considered as iden-
tical with veratria, but at present as peculiar, and denominated colchicin or colchicia.
  Seeds.  Time of collection—size—colour—virtues in the outer coating.
  Effects on the system.   Effects of overdoses.   Therapeutical  applications.  Dose of the
root or seeds in substance, from 2 to 8 grains, but scarcely ever given in that state.  Usu-
ally administered in the form of wine.   Two officinal vinous preparations: viz.
  Wine of Colchicum Root—Vinum Colchici Radicis, U. S.   Proportion of the root to
the wine.  Reasons for the large proportion of the root.  Dose,  10 drops to f^j.—in acute
cases, from 10 to 20 drops every three or four hours, and gradually increased till it produces
some effect. Signs of its action.  In chronic cases,  from 10 to 20 drops  three times daily,
and gradually increased.   Often combined with magnesia—often with morphia.
  Wine of Colchicum Seed—Vinum Colchici Seminis, U.S.  Proportion of the ingredients.
Dose, from fgss. to f£ij.

              WHITE HELLEBORE.—VERATRUM  ALBUM. U. S.
            AMERICAN  HELLEBORE.—VERATRUM VIRIDE. U. S.
  Roots of Veratrum album and Veratrum viride, perennial herbaceous plants, the former
a native of Europe, the latter of the United States.
  Shape and sensible properties of the root.  Active principle, veralria.
  Effects on the system.   Therapeutical applications.
  Veratria.  Obtained from  cedavilla,  which consists  of the  seeds of a Mexican plant.
Sensible properties.  Relations to water  and  alcohol.  Effects on  the  system.   Thera-
peutical applications.   Chiefly used externally.   Mode in which employed.

              INDIAN HEMP.—APOCYNUM CANNABINUM. U. S.
  Root of Apocynum Cannabinum—an  indigenous,  herbaceous perennial plant.
  Sensible properties of the root—relations to water and alcohol—effects on the system—
remedial application.  Used in decoction, made by boiling  three  half  pints of water with
half an ounce of the root to a pint.  Dose, f^j. or f^ij.,  2  or 3 times a day.

                       DANDELION.—TARAXACUM.  U. S.
  Root of Leontodon Taraxacum—an herbaceous perennial plant, growing  in almost all
parts of the world.  All parts of the plant  contain a milky juice and are possessed of medi-
cal  virtues, but the root is  most efficient.
  Shape of the root—colour—odour—taste—relations to water.   Best in the recent state.
Effects of time.
  Effects on the system.  Therapeutical applications.  Used in decoction and extract.
Dose of the decoction  made by boiling  an ounce of the dried or two ounces of the fresh
root in a pint of water to half a pint, f'^ij., two or three times a  day—of the extract, 20 or
30 grains. The extract is officinal.  Proper time for preparing  it.

                 .   JUNIPER BERRIES.—JUNIPERUS.  U.S.
  Fruit of Juniperus communis—an evergreen shrub, indigenous in Europe and naturalized
in this country.
  Shape and size of the berries—colour—odour—taste—relations to water  and alcohol.
  Active  ingredient,  a volatile oil, called officinally  Oleum Juniperi.  Colour of the oil—
mode of preparation.                                         •
  Character of Juniper berries  as a diuretic.  Therapeutical applications.  Generally used
as an adjuvant to other medicines.  Of the infusion made with one  ounce of the bruised
berries  to a pint  of water, a pint may  be taken during the day.  Often  associated with
cream of tartar.   Dose of the oil, from 5 to 15 drops.

                                   FLEABANE.
  Eriwron Philadelphicum, and jE. heterophyllum, herbaceous indigenous  plants, growing
in the fields.  Identical in properties.  The whole herb is  employed.
  Sensible properties of the herb—relations to water and alcohol—medical effects—thera-
peutical  application.   Given in the form  of decoction,  made with  an ounce to a pint of
water, the whole  to be taken daily.

                        WILD CARROT.—CAROTA.   U.S.
  Seeds of Daucus Carota, an indigenous perennial herb.   General character of the plant.
  Shape and size of the seeds—colour—odour—taste. 
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(   49   )
   Active ingredient,  a peculiar  volatile oil.  This  impregnates more or less  the whole
plant, and the tops and root may be used in the same manner as the seeds.
   Character as a diuretic.  Effects  on the stomach.  Therapeutical  applications.  Used
chiefly as an adjuvant to other diuretics.  One pint of the infusion, containing the virtues
of half an ounce of the seeds, may be used daily.
   External application of the root of the  garden carrot.  Difference between the boiled
and unboiled root.

                      PARSLEY ROOT.—PETROSELINUM. U. S.
   Root of Apium Petroselinum, or common garden parsley.  Medical use.  Administered
in strong infusion.  Dose indefinite.

                        TURPENTINE.—TEREBINTHINA.
   The juice of different species of the genera  Pinus, Abies, and Larix, consisting essen-
tially of resin and a peculiar volatile oil, called oil of turpentine.
   Many varieties  are known in commerce.   In the United States, only two are much em-
ployed—the common white turpentine and the  Canada turpentine.
   1.  White Turpentine—Tertbinthina, U.S.  Derived  chiefly from the Pinus palustris,
growing in  the southern states.   Mode  of collection.  State  in which  it is brought into
the market.  Properties as  found in the shops—consistence—colour—odour—taste—effects
of exposure.
   3. Canada  Turpentine—Terebinthina Canadensis,  U. S.—Canada balsam.  Balsam of
fir.  Product of Abies balsamifera  (Pinus balsamea, Linn.),  growing  in the northern
states and Canada—cultivated as an ornamental plant under the name of balm of  Gilead.
Position in  which the turpentine is found in the tree.  Mode  of collection.   Properties—
consistence—colour—transparency—odour—taste—effects of exposure.
   General properties  of  the turpentines—effects of heat—inflammability—relations  to
water and alcohol—chemical composition.  Their virtues reside in the volatile oil.
   Effects on the system.   Therapeutical applications.  Dose, from 10 grains to  gj., given
in pill or emulsion.   External use.
   Several substances  analogous  to turpentine, and  derived  from the same trees, merit
notice.
   TAR.—PIX LIQUIDA. U. S.  Obtained usually  in this country from  Pinus  palustris.
Sometimes  also from other species.  District  of country in which it is prepared.  Mode
of preparation.  Properties—consistence—colour—odour—taste.  Chemical constituents.
Creasote one of those upon  which  its  virtues depend.   Relation to water as  a  solvent.
Officinal infusion called tar water, or Aqua.  Picis Liquids.  Therapeutical uses.   Admin-
istered in substance, or in the form of tar water.   Dose of the former, from ^ss.  to jj.—of
the latter, a pint or two in the day.   Remedial use of the vapour.   Mode of applying it.
Use of tar ointment (Unguentum Picis  Liquids, U. S.).  The residue after the evaporation
of the volatile parts of tar is called pitch.
   CREASOTE.—CREASOTUM.  U.S.  Mode of obtaining it.  Properties—consistence-
colour—volatility—specific gravity—odour—taste—solubility  in water and alcohol—influ-
ence over the putrefactive process—effect on albumen.  Therapeutical applications,  internal
and external.  Dose, one or two drops.  Applied externally in aqueous solution or  ointment.
   RESIN.—RESINA. U. S.  Commonly called rosin.  Residue after the distillation of the
oil from  turpentine.  Yellow  and white resin.  Difference  between  them.  Properties—
consistence—relations to water and alcohol—effect of heat in rendering it adhesive—fusi-
bility—facility of combination with oils and fats—pharmaceutical uses.  Basis of the resin
cerate (Ceratum Resincz, U. S.), commonly called basilicon ointment.   Uses of this cerate.
   OIL OF  TURPENTINE.—OLEUM  TEREBINTHIN.E.  U. S.   Its properties and
applications as an arterial stimulant before  treated of.  Determination  to the urinary or-
gans—effect on the urine  and on  the urinary passages—diuretic  action—therapeutical
uses in reference to these properties.  Dose, 10 to 20 drops, two, three, or four times,  or more
frequently, during the day.

                                  COPAIBA. U.S.
   Commonly called balsam of copaiva.  Derived from  different species of Copaifera, grow-
ing in Brazil and  Guyana.   Mode of procuring  it from the tree.   Its  consistence and
colour as first obtained.
   Consistence of copaiba as kept in the shops—colour—transparency—odour—taste—re-
lations to water and alcohol.
   Constituents, principally  a volatile oil and resin—the former of which is probably the
active principle.  Mode of obtaining the oil.  Its specific gravity—colour—odour—taste
__composition—application to the preservation of the alkaline metals.
   Effects of exposure on copaiba.   Results of its mixture with magnesia.  Officinal pills
of copaiba and magnesia.  Proportion of the ingredients. 
(   50   )
  Effects on the system.  Remedial applications.  Dose, from 10 to 30 drops, three times
a day.   Modes of administration.   Dose of the volatile oil, 5 to 15 drops.

                     SPANISH  FLIES.—CANTHARIS.  U. S.
  Commonly called by the plural  term cantharides.  Caniharis vesicatoria.  Its natural
and commercial history, sensible and chemical properties, are spoken of under the head of
epispastics.
  Effects on the system.  Tendency to the pelvic viscera, particularly to the urinary pas-
sages.   Danger of overdoses.  Therapeutical applications.  Dose of the powder,  1 gram
two or three times daily—of the  tincture {Tinctura Cantharidis, U. S.) 20 drops to fgj.,
repeated as frequently.

                          CARBONATES OF POTASSA.
  The  carbonate and bicarbonate  are employed—Potassa Carbonas, U. S., and Potassa
Bicarbonas, U. S.
  Source from  which the carbonate is usually procured.  Mode of preparation.   Impuri-
ties.  Results of exposing its solution to the  air, or to the action of an acid.  Mode of pre-
paring  the purer  salt, properly called salt of tartar.
  Form of the carbonate of the  shops—effects of exposure—taste—alkaline  reaction—
solubility in water—insolubility in alcohol.
  Cases to which it is particularly applicable.  Dose, 10 to 30 grains, three or four times
a day.
  The bicarbonate.  Mode of preparation. Form—composition—solubility.  Effects of boil-
ing water and of a red heat.  Advantages over the carbonate.  Dose, from Ijss. to gj.

             ACETATE  OF POTASSA.—POTASS.<E ACETAS. U. S.
  Formerly called sal diureticus.   Mode of  preparation.  Form and appearance—effect of
exposure—taste—solubility.  Dose, from ^j. to gj. as a diuretic, every two or three hoars.
In larger doses, cathartic.

                           BITARTRATE OF POTASSA.
   Origin, commercial and chemical history, and properties as a cathartic, before described.
 One of the best saline diuretics.   Mode of administration calculated to secure its diuretic
 operation.  Cases of dropsy to which it is peculiarly adapted.   From §j. to §ij. given daily
 in divided doses.  Effects on the  stomach when long continued.

                             NITRATE OF POTASSA.
   Origin, commercial and chemical history, and properties as an arterial sedative, before
 spoken of.  Sometimes powerfully diuretic. Cases to which  it is  especially applicable.
 Dose, from 10  to 20 grains, repeated so as to amount to 3J. or gij. or more in the twenty-
 four hours.  Effects on the stomach when too long continued.

      SPIRIT OF NITRIC ETHER.—SPIRITUS jETHERIS NITRICI. U. S.
   Commonly called sweet spirit of nitre.  Mode of preparation.  Composition.
   Form—colour—odour—taste—volatility—inflammability—solubility in water  and alco-
 hol—specific gravity—changes produced by time.
   Often diluted with alcohol.  Injurious consequences.
   Character as a diuretic.   Therapeutical application in reference to this property.  Dose,
 from f gss. to f £j. frequently repeated. 
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(   51   )
                               CLASS  XI.


                                DIAPHORETICS.


                               General Observations.

   Medicines which promote perspiration.   The vessels of the skin, in a healthy state, are
 always secreting.  The perspiration is generally insensible,  because, as soon as secreted,
 it is converted into vapour.   If, however, it be greatly increased in quantity, it retains the
 liquid form  and  constitutes sweat.  The  state of the atmosphere, in relation to the degree
 of its moisture, has much influence over  the form which the perspiration assumes—a very
 dry state promoting its evaporation, and vice versa.   The idea was at one time entertained
 that certain medicines  promoted the  insensible, others the sensible  perspiration; and un-
 der this impression, the former were called diaphoretics, the  latter sudorijics.  But it is
 now generally  admitted, that the two forms  of vapour and liquid are merely different
 states  of the same fluid, depending partly on its quantity, partly on the condition of the
 atmosphere.  There is  obviously,  therefore, no ground  for such a division; and the term
 diaphoretic  is now considered as  applicable equally to  all the individuals of this class of
 medicines.
   Diaphoretics operate in several different ways.  1.  Some give rise to perspiration by re-
 laxing the constricted cutaneous  capillaries, while the  circulation is in  a state of excite-
 ment,  as in febrile complaints.  Illustrations of this mode of action.  2. Others probably
 act by entering the blood-vessels, and directly stimulating  the vessels of the skin  to in-
 creased secretion.  3. A third set may possibly stimulate the cutaneous vessels by means
 of the sympathy which connects the outer surface of the body and the stomach.  4. Some,
 with a tendency to the skin, conjoin a stimulant property by which they at the same time
 excite the circulation.   These have little  or no diaphoretic action in the febrile state; but
 are calculated for complaints in which a  cool dry  skin  is connected with a languid circu-
 lation.  5. The  diaphoretic action is induced by any thing which fills the blood-vessels,
 provided, by the application of warmth, a direction of action be given to the skin.  Hence
 the free use of drinks promotes sweating.  6.  Lastly, a  mere increase in the flow of blood,
 if action be directed towards the skin by  proper measures,  and care  be  taken that the
 excitement do not proceed so far  as  to produce constriction of the extreme  vessels, will
 cause  an increase of the perspiration.  Hence exercise, the heat of the weather, the vapour
 bath, and  gentle internal  stimulants,  especially if accompanied with  warmth and  free di-
 lution, prove actively diaphoretic.
   These medicines do good in disease; 1. by removing constriction of the cutaneous ca-
 pillaries, the existence of which, by  increasing the heat of the  skin, seems to  aggravate
 fever;  2. by depleting from  the blood-vessels; 3. by revulsion to the surface; 4. by pro-
 moting absorption; and 5. by eliminating  noxious matter from the  blood.  Illustrations
 on each of these points.
   If copious perspiration  be required, the patient should be -confined to bed, well covered,
 and clothed  with flannel next the skin.   Warm diluent drinks may  also be given freely,
 where there is little or no febrile excitement.   If the pulse be strong, and high inflamma-
 tory action exist, the operation of diaphoretics will be promoted by the previous  use of the
 lancet or other depleting measures.  During the continuance of diaphoresis, if this be the
 main object in view, care should be taken to avoid measures calculated to promote  other
 secretions, particularly that from the kidneys, and bleeding also should be abstained  from.
 Reason for this caution.
   Diaphoretics may be conveniently  considered under the three heads of 1. nauseating
 diaphoretics, 2. refrigerant diaphoretics,  adapted to  inflammatory complaints, consisting
 chiefly of saline substances, and 3. alterative diaphoretics.

                           1.  Nauseating  Diaphoretics.

   Most emetics are diaphoretic in small doses.  Ipecacuanha and tartar emetic are  those
 chiefly used.
                                  IPECACUANHA.
   Seldom used alone as a diaphoretic.  Usually given in combination with opium.   Value
of this  combination.  Explanation of its  mode of action.  Necessity for intimate union. 
(   52   )
Mode of effecting this.  Officinal preparation—Powder of Ipecacuanha and Opium (Pul-
vis Ipecacuanha et Opii, U. S.)—commonly called Dover's powder.  Proportions of its con-
stituents.
  Therapeutical applications of this powder.  Dose, 10 grains, to be repeated every four or
six hours when copious and continued perspiration is required.

                 TARTRATE  OF ANTIMONY AND POTASSA.
  Cases to which tartar emetic  is applicable as a diaphoretic.  It probably acts both by
directly stimulating the secretory function, and by the nausea  which it induces.  Dose,
from one-twelflh to one-fourth of a grain, repeated every hour or two hours.


                         2. Refrigerant Diaphoretics.

                            CITRATE OF POTASSA.
  Seldom kept in the shops already prepared.  A soluble, deliquescent salt.  Usually pre-
pared extemporaneously in the state of solution.  Employed in two forms, viz. the neutral
mixture or saline draught, and the effervescing draught.
  1. Solution of Citrate of Potassa.—Liquor Potassa Citratis, U. S.—Neutral mixture or
saline draught.  Mode of preparation—proportion of ingredients when made with carbon-
ate of potassa—propriety of straining in this case—proportion when made with the bicar-
bonate—proportion when citric acid in solution is substituted for lemonjuice.  Dose, f^ss.
every hour or two hours.
  2. Effervescing draught.   Ingredients and their proportions.   Mode of  preparation.
Dose, f^ss. of the alkaline solution with f%5ss. of the lemonjuice or acid solution.  Addition
of water.  Cause and remedy of a failure to effervesce.
  Taste of these solutions of citrate  of potassa.   Circumstances of disease under which
they are especially applicable. Cases in which the effervescing  draught should be prefer.
red.  The medicine  sometimes  occasions pain in the stomach and  sometimes purges.
Remedy for these effects.  Tartar emetic added to increase its  diaphoretic power.  Spirit
of nitric ether also added in cases of nervous irritation or typhoid tendency.

                            ACETATE OF AMMONIA.
  This salt is employed only in solution.  It is officinal in this form under the name of
Solution of Acetate of Ammonia (Liquor Ammonia Acetalis,  U. S.).  Commonly called
spiritus Mindereri, or spirit of Mindererus.  Mode of preparation.  Reason for preferring
distilled vinegar or diluted acetic acid to common vinegar.  Colour and taste  of  the solu-
tion.  Therapeutical applications.  Dose, from f ^ss. to f ^j., to be repeated every hour, two,
or three hours.
                            NITRATE OF POTASSA.
  Powers as a diaphoretic.   Therapeutical  applications.  Usually combined  with tartar
emetic.
                          SPIRIT  OF NITRIC  ETHER.
  Described under the head of diuretics.  Powers as a diaphoretic.  Indicated especially
in febrile complaints attended with nervous derangement or typhoid tendencies.  Particu-
larly useful in the fevers of children, from its influence over the  nervous system.  Dose, 20
drops to f^j., every two or three hours.


                          3.  Alterative  Diaphoretics.

                 GUAIACUM WOOD.—GUAIACI LIGNUM.  Z7. S.
                       GUAIAC—GUAIACI RESINA.  U.  S.
  Products of Guaiacum officinale,  a large tree  growing in the  West Indies and South
America.
  Guaiacum wood.   State in which  it is imported—hardness—weight—form in which it
is kept in the  shops—colour—odour—taste—relations to  water  and alcohol.   Its efficacy
ascribable to the guaiac which it contains.
  Guaiac.  Concrete juice.  Different modes of obtaining it.  Form as found in the shops.
Properties—colour—translucency—brittleness—fracture—colour of the  powder and change
effected in it  by exposure—odour—taste—effects of heat—chemical nature—relations to
water and alcohol, and to alkaline solutions.
  Effects of guaiac on the system. Therapeutical applications of this and the  wood.  Dose
of guaiac in powder, from 10 to 30  grains, to be given in sweetened  water or  mucilage. 
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(   53   )
  There are two officinal tinctures, viz. the simple tincture (Tinctura Guaiaci, U. S.), and
the volatile or ammoniated tincture (Tinctura Guaiaci Ammoniata,  U.S.).  Dose of either,
fzj. three or four times a day, to be given in milk, or sweetened  water,  or mucilage.
The wood is usually employed in decoction.  An ingredient of the  compound decoction of
sarsaparilla.

                         MEZEREON.—MEZEREUM.  U.S.
   The bark of different species of Daphne.  D. Mezereum is officinally recognised.  D.
Gnidium and D. Laureola are also  said to yield it.  General  character of these  plants.
Place of their growth.
   Shape of  the  bark—structure—pliability—toughness—colour—odour—taste—relations
to water and alcohol.
   Among its constituents is a peculiar principle called daphnin; but its virtues are thought
to reside in an acrid resin.
   Effects upon the system.  Operation upon  the skin when  locally applied.  Therapeutical
applications.  Given in decoction with liquorice root—Zij. of the mczereon and ^ss. of the
root being boiled in Oiij. of water to  Oij.  Dose, a teacupful four times a day.  Mezereon
is much used as an ingredient of the compound decoction of sarsaparilla.

                                     SASSAFRAS.
   The officinal portions of Sassafras officinale  (Laurus Sassafras of Linnaeus)—an  indige-
 nous tree—are the bark of the root (Sassafras Radicis Cortex,  U. S.), and the pith of the
 twigs (Sassafras Medulla,  U. S.).  Properties  of the bark  as kept in the shops—form—
 colour—odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol.
   Active constituent, a volatile oil called oil  of sassafras.   Mode of procuring the  oil—its
 colour—odour and taste—specific gravity—action upon caoutchouc.
   Effects on the system.  Therapeutical use.   Employed  chiefly as an ingredient of the
 compound decoction of sarsaparilla.  The infusion may be  given ad libitum.   Dose of the
oil, from 2 to 10 drops.
   Sassafras pith.  Form—colour—levity—odour and taste—relations to water—character
of its mucilage.  This  is made with  Zj. of the  pith to Oj. of boiling water.  Therapeutical
 uses.

                               SARSAPARILLA.  U.S.
   The roots of several species of Smilax, as  & officinalis, S. syphilitica, &c.  Ascribed
 incorrectly to the S. Sarsaparilla.   Native  country  of these plants.   Their  general cha-
 racter.   Places where  the  root is collected  and whence  it  is imported into this country.
 Commercial varieties.   State in  which the root is imported.
   Shape of the  root—size—structure—character of the surface—colour—odour—taste—
 relations to water and alcohol—effects of long boiling—relative value of the cortical and
 medullary portions.
   Active properties thought to reside in a peculiar principle, which should be called sarsa-
 parillin.
   Effects upon the system.  Modus  operandi.   Therapeutical uses.  Given in powder, in-
 fusion  or decoction, syrup, and extract.  Dose  of the powder, J^ss. to Zj , three or four times
 a day.   An infusion, and a compound decoction (Decoctum Sarsapatillce Composilum,  U.S.)
 are officinal. Constituents of the decoction and mode of preparation.  Dose, f^iv., three or
 four times a day. There is also an officinal Syrup (Syrupus Sarsaparilla Compositus, U.S.).
 Composition of the syrup.  Dose, f^ss., repeated as above.  Dose of the alcoholic extract
 (Extractum Sarsaparilla,  U.S.), from 10 to 20 grains.   This is an excellent preparation.
 Mode of preparing the fluid extract.   Dose, fzj.
I 
(   *4   )
                            CLASS    XII.


                              EXPECTORANTS.


                             General  Observations.

   Medicines which increase the secretion from the mucous membrane of the air cells and
air passages of the lungs, or facilitate its discharge.
   They may be  conceived to act by relaxing the secretory vessels when in a state of con-
striction, or by stimulating them to increased action, either by an immediate influence or
by the sympathies which connect the lungs with the stomach.  There is also another mode
in which certain expectorants operate.  The bronchial secretion may be in such  quantities
as to exceed the  powers of expectoration possessed by the patient.  This may arise either
from the great abundance of the secretion, or from the great debility of the  muscles con-
cerned in expectoration.  The excessive quantity of the  bronchial fluid may result from a
debilitated  condition of the vessels.  Stimulating medicines here prove expectorant by im-
parting tone to the secretory vessels, thus diminishing the  amount of secretion and bring.
ing it within the  power of the patient to discharge conveniently, or by increasing  the
muscular strength, and thus enabling the patient  to exert himself more vigorously in its
discharge.   It is obvious that, in  such cases, those medicines must be most efficacious
which, with a general stimulating power, unite an especial tendency to the lungs.  Practical
illustrations.
   During the administration of expectorants, the surface should be kept warm, and flannel
should be worn next the skin.
   Emetic substances usually prove expectorant in small  doses. Ipecacuanha is sometimes
given in doses of one or two grains, and tartar emetic in the dose of one-eighth  of a grain
more or less.  For the same purpose, the wine of ipecacuanha or antimonial wine may be
used, the former in the dose of about 30 drops, the latter in that of 15 or 20 drops or more.
Cases to which these medicines are applicable as expectorants.

                                     SQUILL.
   The origin, commercial history,  chemical properties, and effects of squill as  an emetic
and diuretic have been before treated of.  Character as an expectorant.   Circumstances
under  which it may be advantageously employed.  Dose, in  substance, one grain several
times a day.   Usually employed in the liquid form.  Officinal preparations, vinegar, syrup,
oxymel, and tincture.  Dose of the vinegar  (Acetum Scillm,  U. S), f gss. to fgj.—of the
syrup (Syrupus Scillai, U.S.), and  of the oxymel (Oxymel Scilla, U.S.), from fsjj. to f^ij.
Mode of preparing the syrup and oxymel from the vinegar.   Dose of the tincture  (Tinc-
tura ScillcB, U. S.), from 20 to 40 drops.

                             GARLIC—ALLIUM. U.S.
   Bulb of  Allium sativum  or  garden  garlic, a native of Europe, and cultivated  in this
country.  Character of the bulb.  State in which it  is brought into the market.
   Shape, structure and consistence of the lesser bulbs or  cloves—odour—taste—relations
to water and alcohol.
   The virtues of garlic reside in  a volatile oil.  The expressed juice owes its virtues to
the oil.
   Effects on the system.  Mode of operating.  Therapeutical uses.  The expressed juice
most conveniently  administered. Usually mixed with sugar.  Dose for a child from fZss.
to f£j.

                            SENEKA.—SENEGA. U.S.
   Root of Polygala Senega, an herbaceous perennial plant, indigenous in this country.
   Shape of the root—structure—colour—colour of the powder—odour—taste—relations to
water and  alcohol—relative virtues of the bark and woody portion.
   Its activity is  thought to depend on a peculiar acrid principle called senegin.
   Effects on the system.  Therapeutical  uses.  Given  in  powder  or  decoction.  Dose of
the powder, from 10 to 20 grains.  The decoction usually preferred.   Prepared  by boiling
Jj. of the bruised root with gj. of  liquorice root in Oiss. of water to Oj., and given in the 

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(   55   )
dose of fgj. or f gij.,  three or four times a day, or in smaller quantities more frequently
repeated.  There is an officinal syrup of seneka.   Composition of the compound syrup of
squill (Syrupus Scilla Compositus, U.S.), commonly called Coxe's hive syrup.

                   BLACK  SNAKEROOT.—CIMICIFUGA.  U.S.
  Root of Cimicifuga racemosa—an herbaceous, perennial, indigenous plant—growing in
woods.  Sometimes called Cohosh.
  Shape and size of the root—colour—odour—taste—relations to water as a solvent.
  Effects on the system.   Therapeutical applications.  Given in substance and decoction.
Dose of the powder, 10 to 30 grains—of the  decoction, made in the proportion of ^j. to
Oj., f^j. or f§ij., several times a day.

                      AMMONIAC—AMMONIACUM. U. S.
  Inspissated juice of Dorema Ammoniacum—an  umbelliferous  plant, growing in Persia.
Mode of collection.   Place of export, and route by which it reaches this country.  Two
forms, that of tears, and that  of masses.
  Size and shape of the tears—colour externally—brittleness—fracture—colour of the frac
tured surface.
  Shape of the masses—appearance when broken—liability to impurities.
  Properties of ammoniac—odour—taste—effects  of heat—relations  to water and alcohol
—chemical constitution.
  Effects on the system.  Therapeutical uses.  Dose, 10 to 30 grains.  Usually given in
emulsion, sometimes in pill.  The compound pills of squill (Pilulce Scilla Composite,  U.S.)
are an excellent expectorant.

                                  ASSAFETIDA.
  Before described.   Here spoken of only as  an  expectorant.   Character in this respect.
Therapeutical uses.   Dose, from 5 to 15 or 20 grains.  Given in pill or emulsion.

                    balsam  of tolu.—TOLUTANUM.  U.S.
  Product ofMyroxylon  Toluiferum, a tree growing in tropical America.  Mode of obtain-
ing the balsam.  State in which it is imported.
  Consistence as in the  shops—colour—translucency—odour—taste—effects of heat—ef-
fects of exposure—relations to water and alcohol.
  Essential constituents, resin,  volatile oil,  and benzoic acid.  Mode of separating  the
acid.  Form, colour,  and sensible properties of benzoic acid.  A characteristic ingredient
of the balsams.   Uses.
   Effects of tolu on the system.   Therapeutical uses.  Dose, 10 to 30 grains. Given most
conveniently in emulsion.  There is an officinal  tincture.  Objection to this preparation
for ordinary use.  Dose, f3J. or  f^ij.

                    BALSAM OF PERU.—MYROXYLON.  U.S.
  Product of Myroxylon  Peruiferum—a native of tropical America.   Mode of obtaining:
the balsam.   State in which  it is imported.
  Consistence—colour—odour—taste.  Constituents, resin, volatile oil, and benzoic acid,
   Internal and external use.  Dose, f gss. 
(   56   )
                           CLASS  XIII.


                             EMMENAGOGUES.


                             General Observations.

   Medicines which promote the menstrual secretion.   Observations in relation to this
function.  The question considered whether any medicines exist, which have the peculiar
property of  exciting it.   An affirmative opinion  given.  Emmenagogues may act either
by reaching the uterine vessels through the circulation, or by the extension to them sym-
pathetically  of an impression made elsewhere.  They act with greatest certainty if given
so that their full influence may be felt shortly before the regular period for menstruation.
The state of the system should always be considered before prescribing them.  If the sup-
pression of the menses be accompanied with a plethoric condition of the blood vessels and
the existence of inflammation or a strong  inflammatory tendency, they should be preceded
by depletory measures, and the milder individuals of the class should be selected.   If de-
bility exist, those of a tonic or  stimulant character should be preferred.  If the affection
be attended  with constipation of the bowels,  the cathartic emmenagogues are obviously
indicated.
                           PREPARATIONS OF IRON.
   The chalybeates considered as  on the whole not inferior  to any other medicines in em-
menagogue  power.  Applicable to all cases unattended with local inflammation or  general
excitement.   The subcarbonate of iron, or pills of protocarbonate preferred.  Often com-
bined with aloes.
                                     ALOES.
   One of the most effectual emmenagogues.   Believed to exert a specific influence on the
uterus, independent of its mere cathartic property.  Probably operates through the medium
of the circulation.  Cases to which it is applicable.   Mode of administration.  Dose, 1 or
2 grains, two or three times a day.

                             BLACK  HELLEBORE.
   Said to be emmenagogue even  when it does not act as a cathartic.  Apt to be feeble as
found in our shops.   Cause of this.  As an emmenagogue, usually  given in  tincture.
Dose, fgss. to fgj., two or three times a day.

                                    SENEKA.
   Esteemed emmenagogue by some.  Stimulant to the secretions generally.  Affects one
or another, according to the circumstances under which it is given.  It has no  especial
direction to the uterus, but, in consequence of its general influence over the secretions, it
may restore  menstruation if given with due reference to the natural indications.

                                    GUAIAC.
   Before spoken of as a stimulant diaphoretic, with occasional tendency to act on the
bowels or kidneys.   Believed  also to have a decided tendency to the  uterus.  Found in
numerous instances to be an effectual emmenagogue.  Peculiarly applicable to cases  asso-
ciated with rheumatism, especially in its neuralgic forms.  Use in dysmenorrhcea.  Gene-
rally administered in the  form either of the  simple  or  the ammoniated tincture.  Dose,
f^j. three or four times a day.
                             SAVINE.—SABINA. U.S.
   Leaves of Juniperus Sabina—an evergreen shrub, indigenous in the south of  Europe-
General character of the plant.
   Shape of the leaves—colour—odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol.
   Active principle, a peculiar volatile oil called oil of savine  (Oleum Sabina, US.).  Col-
our of the oil—sensible properties.
   Effects of savine on the system.  Operation upon  the uterus.   Unpleasant results from
its use in pregnancy.  Dose of the powder, from 5 to 20 grains, two or three times a day
—of the oil,  from 2 to 5  drops.
                                SPANISH FLIES.
  Character as  an emmenagogue.  Remedial employment in reference  to this property.
Cases in which they are contra-indicated.  Dose of the tincture, from 20 drops to f Jj.,
three times a day. 
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(   57   )
                           CLASS  XIV.


                              SIALAGOGUES.


                            General  Observations.

  Medicines which promote the secretion of saliva.  Some substances  taken  internally
produce this effect, as mercury, &c, but, as they are not used in reference  to their siala-
gogue operation, they cannot properly be noticed here.  The only medicines actually em-
ployed for this purpose are such as produce the effect by being chewed.  All irritants may
thus prove sialagogue.  None are used exclusively with a view  to this effect.  When any
medicine is employed as a sialagogue, the fact is noticed under  other heads.  Sialagogues
are useful either as revulsives or direct irritants.  In the former capacity they are applica-
ble to rheumatism of the face, toothache, &c, in the latter, to paralytic  affections of the
tongue and throat.

                            CLASS  XV.


                                 ERRHINES.


                            General Observations.

  Medicines which promote the secretion from the mucous membrane of the nostrils.  As
they usually excite sneezing, they are also called sternutatories.  No medicines taken in-
ternally are known to have a peculiar reference  to this  function.   None are employed as
errhines, except by local application to the nostrils.   The principles of their action are the
same as those of the sialagogues.  When any substance is employed as an errhine, the
fact is mentioned under other  heads.  None used exclusively for  this purpose.  Applied
by snuffing them up the nostrils in  the  form of powder.  If very acrid, they should be
diluted with some inert substance.
8 
(   58   )
                            CLASS   XVI.


                                EPISPASTICS.


                             General  Observations.

  Mledicines which, when applied to the skin, produce a blister.  Also called vesicatories.
  They act by producing inflammation of the skin, the vessels of which relieve themselves
by the secretion of serous fluid under the cuticle.  They prove useful as remedies in vari-
ous ways.
  1. They act indirectly as general stimulants. The system is excited by sympathy with
the local inflammation.   This effect is greatest during the rubefacient action of the epis-
pastic, and is diminished when the cutaneous inflammation is relieved by the  effusion of
serum.  As general stimulants, they may  be used in typhoid diseases, and in intermittent
or remittent complaints in which it is desirable to supersede the paroxysm by a strong
impression on the system.  Remarks as to the  proper circumstances of application in both
cases.
  2. They are powerfully revulsive.  In this way they  prove useful  in  various nervous
irritations and in inflammations.  In cases of mere local determination of blood, they are
usually best applied  at a distance from the part affected;  in  inflammations, as near  the
seat of disease as possible.  Grounds of this difference.  Another practical rule is that, in
inflammatory  affections, they should not be applied during the existence of high  febrile
excitement.  Grounds of this caution.
  3' They substitute their own action, which spontaneously subsides, for  the diseased  ac-
tion existing in the part to which they  are applied.
  4i They act as local stimulants.
  5. They produce local depletion,, which, though not abundant, often proves highly useful
in inflammation.
  6. The pain they occasion is  sometimes useful in hypochondriacal cases.
  7. They are employed fo separate the cuticle, so as to  procure a denuded spot for  the
application of medicines.

                      SPANISH  FLIES.—CANTHARIS.  U. S.
  Cantharis vesicatoria.  Synonymes.   Meloe  vesicatorius. Lytta vesicatoria.   Countries
in which the insect is found.  Situatibns frequented by it.  Mode of procuring  and  pre-
paring it for use.
  Shape  and size of the fly—colour—colour of the powder—odour—taste—relations to
water and alcohol—attacks of insects and  results.
  Blistering property  thought to reside in a peculiar principle called cantharidin.  Form,
colour, and solubilities of this principle.
  The following officinal preparations are worthy of notice.
  1. Cerate of Spanish Flies—Ceratum Cantharidis,  U.S.—commonly  called blistering
plaster.  It is the Emplastrum Cantharidis of the London Pharmacopoeia.  Constituents
and mode of preparation. Mode of application.   Used for blistering.
  2. Ointment of Spanish Flies—Unguentum Cantharidis,  U.S.   Mode of preparation.
Used to dress  blistered suifaces in  order to maintain a discharge.
  3. Plaster of Pitch with Spanish Flies—Emplastrum  Picis cum Cantharide, U. S.—
more frequently called Emplastrum Calefociens, or warming plaster.  Constituents.  Uses.
  4. Liniment of Spanish Flies—Linimentum Cantharidis, U.S.—generally called decoc-
tion of flies in oil of turpentine.  Mode of preparation.  Uses.
  Practical remarks on blistering with cantharides.  Local action of the cpispastic.  Stran-
gury a frequent result   Probable cause.  Modes of prevention.  Treatment.   Sloughing
of the  skin in the blistered part  sometimes results.  Cause of this occurrence.  Rules for
applying blisters. Remarks in relation to their size and shape, the means of attaching
them to the skin, the  previous preparation of  the skin, the duration  of their application,
the difference in  this respect  between  children and adults, mode of dressing blisters, mode
of treating them  when inflamed, and the means  of sustaining- the discharge so as to  form
a perpetual blister.

                 POTATO FLIES.—CANTHARIS VlTTATA.  U.S.
  Synonyme, Lytta vittata.  An indigenous insect.  Plants on which it is  found.  Mode
of collecting it   Size, shape, and colour.  Sensible properties similar to those of the Span-
ish-flies.  Chemical composition probably similar.  Uses the same. 
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(   59   )
                           CLASS   XVII.

                               RUBEFACIENTS.

                             General  Observations.

   Medicines which inflame the skin without vesicating as an ordinary result  The prin-
 ciples of their  operation are the same in  general as those mentioned under the head of
 epispastics.  But some indications are answered best by one class, others by the other.
   As general stimulants, blisters are preferable when a slow and permanent impression is
 to be produced—the active rubefacients, when a sudden and powerful but fugitive action
 is requisite.  The former are superior to the  latter in the power of interrupting morbid
 associations.  On the principle of revulsion, blisters are more useful in local inflammations
 —rubefacients, in spasm and other forms of nervous irritation.  When a very slight but
 long continued action is desired, the indication is best  fulfilled by mild rubefacients.   As
 depletory means these are obviously inferior to blisters, and they .cannot  be  employed to
 obtain a raw surface.  For the mere purpose of producing pain, the powerful rubefacients
 are even more efficient than blisters.

                            MUSTARD.—SIN APIS. U.S.
   The seeds of two species of Sinapis—iS. alba and & nigra-—-natives  of Europe—culti-
 vated in our gardens.  General character of the plants.
   Their seeds  distinguished by the names of white and black mustard seed.  Siee and
 colour of the two varieties.  Colour of the powder.   Mode of preparing it.
   Chemical composition of the seeds.  Mucilage contained in their coating, a fixed oil in
 the interior part  Among their constituents is a principle, which, in the black mustard is
 converted into a  volatile oil by the reaction of  water, in the white into an  acrid substance
 not volatile.  The odour and taste are ascribable to these principles.
   Effects of mustard  on the system.  Operation when taken whole.   Operation  when
 swallowed bruised or in the form of powder.  Internal uses.  Employment as a rubefacient.
 Mode of applying it  Duration  of its application.  Local effects.  Occasional unpleasant
 results.  Cases to which it is especially applicable.

                               CAYENNE  PEPPER.
   Before spoken  of as an arterial stimulant  Effects as a rubefacient.  Modes of applying
 it  Cases to which it is applicable.

                             OIL OF TURPENTINE.
   Already described.  Powerfully rubefacient.  Mode of applying it.  Peculiar effect on
 the skins of some individuals.   Cases to which it is  applicable.

                    BURGUNDY PITCH.—PIX  ABIETIS.  U.S.
   Product of Abies communis (Pinus Abies, Linn.), a large evergreen tree, growing in the
 north of Europe, and commonly called Norway spruce Jir.  Mode of procuring and pre-
 paring the pitch.
   Form as it is found in the shops—colour—effect of exposure on the colour—consistence
 —difference in this respect in cold and hot weather—smell—taste—chemical composition
 —effects of heat—consistence at the temperature of the body.
   Properties as a rubefacient.  Poisonous effect on the skins of some individuals.  Thera-
 peutical uses.   Modes of application.

                   CANADA PITCH.—PIX CANADENSIS.  U.S.
   Sometimes called hemlock gum and hemlock pitch. Obtained from Abies Canadensis
 (Pinus Canadensis, Linn.), an evergreen indigenous tree, growing in the northern  states
 and Canada.  Mode of collecting and preparing the pitch.  Colour.  In sensible, chemical,
 and medicinal properties, closely analogous  to Burgundy pitch.

            SOLUTION OF AMMONIA.—LIQUOR AMMONIiE.  U.S.
   Often called water of ammonia or aqua ammonia.  Chemical  nature.  Mode of prepara.
tion.  Odour. Relation to the oils.  Effects as a rubefacient. Modes of application.  There
is  an officinal preparation under the  name of Linimentum Ammonite, U.S., commonly
called volatile liniment.  Composition of this liniment.
   Stronger Solution of Ammonia—Liquor Ammonia Fortior, U. S.   Much stronger than
 the preceding.  Produces powerful rubefaction, speedy vesication, or a caustic effect, ac-
cording to the duration of its application. 
(   60   )
                         CLASS   XVIII.


                              ESCHAROTICS.


                            General Observations.

  Substances which destroy the life of the part to which they are applied, and produce a
slough.  They operate either by a direct influence on the vitality of the part, or by a che-
mical agency.  They are employed to form issues, to change the nature of the morbid ac-
tion in diseased surfaces by destroying the part affected, to remove  fungous granulations,
and to open  abscesses.
  Observations on  the actual cautery.  Iron heated to ignition may be used  to arrest he-
morrhages in places which are beyond the reach of a ligature.
  Moxa is another form of the  actual  cautery.  Meaning  of the  term.  Materials  from
which moxa is prepared, and mode of preparation.  Use of nitre  and bichromate of po-
tassa.  Mode of application.  Therapeutical uses.  Principles of action.

                                 POTASSA.  U.S.
   Common caustic.  Mode of preparation.  Shape and size of the pieces—colour—change
upon exposure—mode of keeping—impurities.
  Used to form issues, to destroy poisoned surfaces,  and to open abscesses.  Modes of ap-
plication.  Subsequent treatment so as to form an issue. Principles upon which issues act
in the cure of disease.

                             NITRATE OF SILVER.
   Lunar caustic   Mode of preparation.  Shape of the pieces—size—colour—translucency
—change upon exposure—mode of preserving them.  Peculiar character as an escharotic.
Used chiefly to destroy the surface of diseased ulcers.  Particular  applications.   Mode of
application.   Effect upon the cuticle. Used in solution as a local stimulant.

              ARSENIOUS ACID.—ACIDUM ARSENIOSUM.  U.S.
   White oxide of arsenic.   White  arsenic.  Mode of obtaining it.   State, as it is kept in
the shops—colour—opacity—nature  of the surface—fracture—odour—taste—solubility in
water.  Danger of mistaking it for magnesia when in powder.  Character as an escharotic.
Therapeutical applications.

                            SULPHATE  OF COPPER.
   A mild escharotic,  not  much used as  such at present.   A strong solution containing
20 grains to f^j.  of water is sometimes applied to chancres, and to the cankerous sore
mouth of children.

   CORROSIVE CHLORIDE OF MERCURY.—HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM
                               CORROSIVUM.   U.S.
   Bichloride of Mercury.  Corrosive sublimate.  To be spoken of  among the preparations
of mercury.  Referred to  here only  as an external application.  Seldom used as  an  escha-
rotic.   More frequently as a stimulant application.   Use in onychia maligna. Its solution
applied to ulcers, particularly those  of  a  syphilitic  character, to certain cutaneous erup-
tions, and as an injection  in gleet.

                 DRIED ALUM.—ALUMEN EXSICCATUM. U.S.
   Burnt alum.  Mode of  preparing it.  Character as an escharotic  Purposes  for which
 it is used.  Mode  of applying it.

                             THE MINERAL  ACIDS.     ✓
   Though powerfully caustic, these are seldom used, in consequence of the inconvenience
 of applying them in  the liquid form. They are sometimes employed to destroy the  cuticle
 hastily, and procure  an inflamed surface.  Diluted  sulphuric and nitric acids are occasion-
 ally used as stimulants to  old ulcers. These acids arc also employed in the form of oint-
 ment in cutaneous diseases. 

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(  61   )
                           CLASS   XIX.


                               DEMULCENTS.


                             General Observations.

  Bland, unirritating substances, which form with water a viscid solution.  They  gene-
rally consist  of gum, or of a mixture of gummy with saccharine  and farinaceous sub.
stances.
  Demulcents act in two ways.  1. Applied in solution to an irritated or inflamed surface,
they protect it against the influence of irritating matters.   2. Mixed with acrid substances,
they blunt their acrimony, and render them less irritating to the parts with which they
come in contact.  Illustrations  of these modes of action.  Therapeutical  applications.
Question as to their mode of action in cases  in which they cannot come into direct contact
with the diseased surface, as in nephritic complaints.   Probability that, in such cases, their
solution acts  as a mere diluent.   Substances belonging to this class are useful also as diet
for the sick.  Used in pharmacy to suspend insoluble substances in water, and to give ad-
hesiveness and consistence to pills and troches.

                         GUM ARABIC—ACACIA.  U. S.
  Product of numerous species of Acacia, thorny trees or shrubs growing in Africa and
Arabia.  Mode of procuring the gum.  Places in which it is collected.  Places of export.
Several varieties are known in  commerce.   For medical purposes  it is sufficient to distin-
guish two, viz.   Turkey gum and Senegal gum.
   Turkey gum.  Shape and size of the pieces—colour—cracks or fissures—effect of these
on the transparency—great brittleness.
  Senegal gum.   Shape and size of the pieces—colour—peculiar appearance of the surface
—transparency.
  General properties—colour of the powder—smell—taste—relations to water and alcohol
—effects of exposure upon the solution.
  Character  as a demulcent.   Therapeutical applications.  Mucilage  for drink made  in
the proportion of ^j. of gum to Oj. of water. Pharmaceutical uses.

                    TRAGACANTH.—TRAGACANTHA. U.S.
  Product of several species of Astragalus,  small, thorny  shrubs, growing in Greece and
Asia Minor.  Mode of collection.  Shape of  pieces—colour—translucency—difficult  pulve-
rization—mode of pulverizing—odour—taste—relations  to  water.  Components chiefly
gum and bassorin.  Tenacity of its mucilage. Purposes  for which it is employed.

                     SLIPPERY ELM BARK.—ULMUS.  U.S.
  The inner bark of Ulmus fulva or slippery elm,  a large indigenous tree.  Mode of
preparation.
  Shape of the pieces—colour—texture—odour—taste—relations to water.
  Therapeutical applications.   Used in infusion prepared in the proportion  of ^j. to Oj.
External use.

                           FLAXSEED.—LINUM. U. S.
  Seeds of Linum usitatissimum, or common flax.   A fixed  oil  is contained in the in-
ternal  parts,  and  mucilage in the skin.  Mode of obtaining the oil.  Called Linseed oil
(Oleum Lini, U.S.).   Colour, odour, and taste of the oil.   Uses.
  Mode of extracting the  mucilaginous ingredient  Decoction of the seeds improper.
The infusion  made in the proportion of ^j. to Oj.
  Uses of powdered flaxseed.

                   LIQUORICE ROOT.—GLYCYRRHIZA. U.S.
              LIQUORICE.—EXTRACTUM  GLYCYRRHIZjE. U.S.
  Root of Glycyrrhiza glabra, an herbaceous, perennial plant, indigenous  in the south of
Europe.  Whence imported. 
(   62   )
   Shape and size of the root—character of the epidermis—colour externally and internally
 —colour of the powder—odour—taste—relations to water.
   Characteristic principle, a sweet substance called glycyrrhizin.   Different from sugar.
   Uses of the root.  Proportion in decoction, § j- of the root to Oj. of water.   Uses of the
 powdered root.
   Mode of  preparing the extract  Place from which it is imported.   Shape and size of the
 pieces—colour—appearance of the fracture—taste—impurities.  Mode of refining.  Shape
 and size of  the pieces of refined liquorice.   Uses.

                       ICELAND  MOSS.—CETRARIA. U.S.
   Cetraria  Islandica (Lichen Islandicus, Linn).  Indigenous in the north of Asia, Europe,
 and America.  Size and shape of the  plant—consistence—colour—odour—taste—relations
 to water.
   Interesting constituents, a starch-like principle to which it owes  its demulcent properties,
 and a bitter principle.   Solubilities of these two principles.   Mode of separating the bitter.
   Effects on the system.  Therapeutical uses.  Administered in decoction made by boiling
 ^j. of the moss in Oiss. of water to Oj. Given ad libitum.

                         IRISH  MOSS.—CHONDRUS. U. S.
   Carrageen.  Chondrus crispus (Fucus crispus, Linn.).  General character of the plant.
 Place of its  growth.  Therapeutical uses.   Mode of administration.   The decoction made
 in the proportion of Sjss. of the moss to Oj. of water.

                                    SAGO.  U.S.
   Product of Sagus Rumphii, or sago palm,  indigenous  in the  East Indies.  Obtained
 from the pith of the trunk.  Mode of preparation.  Two varieties in the market—common
 sago and pearl sago.
   Shape, size, and colour of the grains of common sago, and of those  of pearl sago—-taste
 —relations to water.  Consists almost exclusively of starch.
  Uses in disease.  Mode of preparing it for exhibition.  Proportions  for the decoction,
 l|j. of sago  to Oj. of water.  Additions.

                                  TAPIOCA.  U.S.
  Product of Jatropha Manihot, a plant  of tropical America.  Places  in  which it is
 cultivated.   Two varieties—the sweet and  bitter.  Difference between them.  Tapioca ob-
 tained from the root.  Mode of preparing  it.
  Shape and size of the grains—colour—rhardness—taste.   Uses  and mode of exhibition
 the same as those  of sago.

                        ARROW ROOT.—MARANTA. U.  S.
  Product  of Maranta arundinacea, and  other species—plants of the West Indies-?-
 cultivated in our southern states.   Obtained from the root.   Mode of preparation.
  Form—colour-^-chemical nature—relations to water.  Liability  to mustiness.  Purposes
 for which it is used.  Mode of preparing it for use.  Proportion  for solution., a tablespoonful
 to the pint of water.
  Starch of the potato, and from other sources, is often substituted for arrow root,

                           BARLEY.^HORDEUM.  us.
  Mode of preparing barley for medical use.  Commonly called pearl barley (hordeum per-
 latum) when prepared.
  Shape and size of the grains—colour—chemical constitution—relations to water—lia-
bility to mustiness.  Medical uses.  Form of administration.  Decoction of barley (Decoc-
fum Hordei, U. S.), commonly called barley water. Mode of preparation.  Occasional ad-
ditions. 
 
 
(   63   )
                            CLASS   XX,


                               EMOLLIENTS.

                            General Observations.

  Substances capable of retaining moisture, and forming a soft mass, without irritating
properties.  They serve only as vehicles of warmth and  moisture to the skin.  They are
useful in relieving the tension of inflamed parts, and in promoting suppuration.  The in-
dividuals of the class are described under other heads.

                           CLASS   XXI.


                                 DILUENTS.


                            General Observations.

  Mild liquids, which serve to dilute the contents  of the stomach and bowels, to fill the
Blood-vessels, and to increase and at the same time dilute the secretions.  The only liquid
which can be used for this purpose is water.  Additions are generally made in order to
give it flavour, to render it somewhat nutritive, or to answer some indication  independent
of mere dilution.  The advantages resulting from diluent drinks are, that  they render
the fluids with which they mix in all parts of the body less irritating, and thus  absolutely
relieve inflammatory affections.  They may also prove useful, in some instances, by re-'
storing a due degree of fluidity, and consequently of mobility, to the blood and secretions,*
rendered thick and viscid by disease. 
(   64   )
                          CLASS   XXII.


 Medicines belonging to the first great Division, not capable of being ar-
                   ranged in any of the preceding Classes.

                            ERGOT.—ERGOTA. U.S.
   Sometimes called spurred rye or  Secale cornutum.  Product of Secale cereale, or com-
 mon rye.   Part of the plant.  Question as to its origin.
   Size and  shape of the grains—longitudinal furrows—colour, external  and internal—
 odour—taste—relations  to water and alcohol.
   Effects on the system. Consequences of its  free and long continued use.  Therapeutical
 applications.  Given in powder or infusion.  Dose of the powder,  from 10 to 20 grains—
 of the infusion prepared with one drachm of ergot to four fluidounces of water, about f 3;j.
 —of the wine  (Vinum Ergota, U.S.), f^j. to fgiij.

                               NUX VOMICA.  U.S.
   Seeds of Strychnos Nux Vomica, a tree growing in the East Indies.  Character of the
 fruit.
   Shape  and  size of the seeds—character of the surface—structure—character of the in-
 ternal part—colour, external and internal—hardness—difficulty of pulverization—odour—
 taste—relations to water and alcohol.
   Active ingredients, two alkaline  principles called strychnia and brucia.  The  latter
 not used because similar in properties to strychnia, and yet much weaker.
   Strychnia.  Form—colour—odour—taste—effects of heat—solubility in water and alco-
 hol.  Obtained for use from the bean of St. Ignatius.
   Effects  on the system.   Poisonous action.  Therapeutical applications.  Dose of the
 powder, 5 grains—of the alcoholic extract, from half a  grain to 2 grains—of strychnia,
 from one-twelfth to  one-sixth of a grain.  External use of strychnia.  Mode of applying it.

                            ARSENIC—ARSENICUM.
   Probably  inert in the metallic  state.  Exceedingly powerful in combination.   The ar-
 senical preparations, when given in small doses, produce at first little obvious effect; but
 after a few days edematous swelling appears about the face, and if the medicine is perse-
 vered in, nausea occurs, with tremors, muscular debility,  diminished  force of the circula-
 tion, and other indications of an enfeebled condition of the vital powers.  Their action
 appears to be compounded of an irritative operation upon  the  stomach, and of an operation
 entirely peculiar  to themselves  upon the system  at large.  They are evidently absorbed;
as they produce the  same effects when applied externally  as when taken into the stomach.
 In large quantities they  are powerfully poisonous.  The symptoms produced are those of
 inflammation or disorganization of the mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels, com-
 plicated with great general prostration.  Symptoms enumerated.  Treatment of the poi-
 sonous effects  of arsenic.  Use of the hydrated peroxide of iron as an antidote.  Mode of
 preparing this oxide.
   Arsenic is contra-indicated in all  cases of irritated or inflamed stomach, and in states
 of disease attended with great prostration of the vital powers.  Useful in intermittent dis-
 eases, in which it may be employed when circumstances  forbid the use of quinia, or this
 medicine has been used ineffectually.  Employed also in  cutaneous affections, particularly
 in those of  a  scaly character, and  in secondary syphilis especially when attended with
 nodes.
   The only preparations recognised by the U. S. Pharmacopoeia  are the Arsenious acid
 and Solution of Arsenite of Potassa.  The sensible  and chemical properties of the acid
 have been already treated of.  Its dose is one-twelfth of a  grain, made into pill  with the
 crumb of bread, and taken three times a day.
   Solution of  Arsenite of  Potassa—Liquor Potassa Arsenilis,  U. S.—commonly  called
 Fowler's  solution.   Mode of preparation—colour—taste.   Dose,  10  drops, two  or three
 times a day.
                      MERCURY—HYDRARGYRUM.  U.S.
   The action of mercury is quite peculiar.  In very small  doses, it may  be given so as to
produce no obvious effects upon the  system, and yet to exert a powerful  influence in dis- 
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(   65   )
 ease.   In this mode of action it is said to be alterative.  More freely employed, it makes a
 very sensible impression.  The most evident symptoms are those ranked  together under
 the name of salivation or ptyalism.   Description of these symptoms.  At the same time,
 it gives rise to  an excitement of the circulation, evinced by a peculiar quick and jerking
 pulse, increases nervous susceptibility, augments most of the secretions, and invigorates
 absorption.  Probably other  unperceived changes take place in the system, the actions of
 which appear for a time to be completely revolutionized.  The effects produced by mercury
 gradually subside, and,  unless  very  severe, usually  leave the general health unimpaired.
   Therapeutical  applications of mercury  considered, first, in reference to its general in-
 fluence upon the system as indicated by  its action upon the gums; secondly, in reference
 to its alterative influence.  The effects of mercury  connected with its sialagogue  opera-
 tion, upon  which curative  indications are founded, may be included under the following
 heads:
   1. Excitement of the secretory functions.  Circumstances under which  it may be  use-
 ful in reference to this  effect.  Whenever the secretions are arrested, and  no contra-indi-
 cating circumstances exist.
   2. Altered condition  of the  capillary vessels.  It  is probably by some  influence over
 these vessels that mercury proves useful in most chronic inflammations.  It appears to be
 peculiarly adapted to inflammations attending a typhoid state of the system.  Its  use in
 inflammation may possibly be in part owing to some influence upon  the blood.
   3. Peculiar action upon the liver.   Upon this organ and its appendages mercury  exerts
 an influence greater, perhaps, than upon any other part of the system. Peculiarly advan-
 tageous  in hepatic inflammations and congestions,  and in  all the numerous complaints
 which have their origin  or support in deranged conditions of this organ.
   4. Excitement of the  absorbents.  Hence its use in dropsical complaints, and  in chronic
 tumefactions, though it operates in these affections also upon other principles.
   5. Local inflammation of the mouth and fauces.  This is  no doubt sometimes useful by
 its revulsive influence.   But  it is seldom advisable to employ mercury with a view to  this
 effect alone; as there are other  more convenient and safer modes of producing revulsion.
   6. General revolutionizing action.  There are some complaints in which  the  curative
 influence of mercury admits of explanation, in the present state of our knowledge, only by
 resorting to the supposition that it produces general effects incompatible with the deranged
 condition in which the  disease consists.   One of these complaints is syphilis.   Observa-
 tions  in  relation  to the  prejudice against its use in  this affection.   Much of this  preju-
 dice is ascribable to its  abuse.   Great care is requisite  to restrain  its action within  due
 limits, and to persevere with it sufficiently  long.   The poisonous effects of lead upon the
 system constitute another disease in  the cure of which mercury  may be said to act  by its
 revolutionizing influence.  Further  remarks  in relation to  its  therapeutical application
 upon this principle.
   The best modes of bringing the system under the mercurial influence next considered.
 The belief stated that it acts  through the medium of aborption.
   In genera], when the object is to produce a gentle ptyalism, calomel or the blue pill may
 be given, the former in the dose  of half a grain, or a grain, the latter in that of 3 or 5 grains,
 morning, noon, and  night.   Any  purgative effect is to be counteracted  by opium.   In
 cases of irritable stomach, the dose may be reduced, and if necessary given more frequently.
 If the medicine cannot  be taken by  the stomach, it will be necessary to employ  it  exter-
 nally.  For this purpose the  mercurial ointment may be resorted to.  This is also  some-
 times useful as an addition to internal means, particularly where the disease exists  in the
 course of the external absorbents.   Places to which  the ointment is applied, and  mode of
 application. ■ It is sometimes necessary to produce the mercurial influence very speedily.
 In such  cases  the medicine  must be introduced by  every avenue.   The doses are to be
 augmented, external frictions employed, and  the ointment  applied to blistered surfaces.
 Sometimes fumigation may be advantageously employed.
   Great  difference in the susceptibility of different persons  to the action of mercury  no-
 ticed.   While  in  some  instances it  is almost impossible to affect the mouth, in others
 excessive salivation is induced by small quantities of the medicine.   Different diseases are
 attended with a difference in this susceptibility.  Sometimes the medicine  accumulates in
 the system, and after having been given for some time with no apparent effect, breaks  out
 at length with an overwhelming force.  Practical cautions founded on these facts.  A good
 rule is always to administer mercury with great caution, unless  the necessity of the case
 demands  its speedy action.   In the great majority of cases, it is sufficient to produce  the
slightest effect upon the gums, and to give the medicine so as to  sustain this effect.
  Description of the  mercurial  sore mouth in  its different stages and degrees of violence.
Dangers of excessive salivation.  Condition of mouth sometimes left behind after its sub-
sidence.   Treatment  of excessive salivation.
  Poisonous action of mercury  on the constitution in some  individuals.   Attended with
great prostration.   Generally  observed in hospitals.   Treatment.
                     9 
(   66   )
  Occasionally mercury produces excessive and exhausting sweats, sometimes a peculiar
eruptive affection.  Treatment under these circumstances.
  Alterative use of mercury next considered, viz. its  use in quantities insufficient to pro-
ducc any obvious effects on the system. This  employment of mercury is important.  It is
especially advantageous in functional complaints of  the digestive viscera, and more parti-
cularly  when the liver is involved.   Remarks upon the colour and quantity of the faeces as
an indication of the state of the hepatic function.  The alterative use of mercury is called
for when the stools are white or clay coloured, or very dry and scanty,  indicating a defi-
cient secretion of bile—when they are very copious,  liquid, and of a  bilious  colour,  as in
bilious diarrhoea and cholera morbus—and when they are dark coloured or black, and of a
tarry consistence, as in meloena.  Methods of administering mercury with a view  to its
alterative action.   In chronic cases with constipation, a blue pill may be given, or from
half a grain to a grain of calomel, every night or every other night, followed in the morn-
ing, if the bowels be confined, by some gentle aperient.  In acute cases, with irritable sto-
mach and bowels, one-sixth of  a grain of calomel or half a grain of the blue pill may be
given every half hour, hour, or two hours, according to circumstances, and suspended  when
the requisite quantity has been taken—care being observed  to avoid any effect upon the
gums.   A little opium may sometimes be advantageously added.
  The preparations of mercury considered  in six divisions, 1. metallic mercury, 2. oxides,
3. chlorides, 4, iodides, 5. salts, and 6. sulphurets.

                                 1. Metallic  Mercury.
  Not given internally in the liquid form.  Always in a state of minute division.   Mode
of effecting this  division.  Change effected  in  the metal by trituration.   Partial oxidation
produced.
  1. Mercurial Ointment—Unguentum Hydrargyri,  U.S.  Constituents.  Mode of prepa-
ration.   Colour.   Effects  of time  upon the colour.   Purposes for which it  is employed.
Modes of application.
  2. Mercurial Plaster—Emplastrum Hydrargyri, V. S.  Constituents, mode of prepara-
tion and uses.
  3. Mercurial Pills—Pilules Hydrargyri, U. S.—commonly called  blue pills.  Constitu-
ents.  Mode of preparation.   Colour of the mass.  Effects of age.  Kept in mass or  made
into pills.  In the former  state  called technically Massti Pilularum Hydrargyri.  Weight
of the officinal pill 3 grains, containing 1 grain of mercury.  Relative virtues of this pre-
paration. Dose, 1 pill three times a day as a sialagogue—1 every night or every other  night
as an alterative.   The mass is sometimes advantageously given in emulsion.
  4. Mercury with Chalk—Hydrargyrum cum  Cretd, U. S.  Constituents.  Mode  of pre-
paration. Therapeutical use.   Dose, from  5 to 20 grains twice daily.

                                     2.  Oxides.
  1.  Black Oxide of Mercury—Hydrargyri Oxidum  Nigrum, U. S.   Mode of preparation.
Chemical nature.  Form and colour.  Effects of time.   Dose, from 1 to 3 grains, two or
three times a day.
  2. Red Oxide of Mercury—Hydrargyri Oxidum Rubrum,  U. S.—commonly called red
precipitate.  Mode of preparation.   Chemical nature. Form—colour—solubility in water.
Used externally  as an escharotic and  stimulant.  Complaints  in which it  is employed.
Modes of application. There is an officinal ointment called Unguentum Hydrargyri  Oxidi
Rubri.   Much used.
                                    3. Chlorides.
  1.  Mild Chloride of Mercury—Hydrargyri Chloridum Mile,  U.S.—commonly called calo-
mel—sometimes, but erroneously, submuriate  of mercury.  Chemically it is  the protochlo-
ride of mercury.  Mode of preparation.  Impurity.  Mode  of purifying it. Form—specific
gravity—colour—taste—insolubility.  Incompatibles. Dose,  from half a grain to a grain,
three times a day.  Howard's calomel.  Relative value of calomel as a mercurial.
  2. Corrosive Chloride of Mercury—Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum, U.S.—commonly
called corrosive  sublimate.  Chemically it is the bichloride of mercury.   Mode  of pre-
paration. State as first obtained.  Powdered for use. Colour—taste—solubility in  water
and alcohor.  Incompatibles.   Character as a sialagogue.   Dangerous effects in overdoses.
A corrosive poison.  Therapeutical application.  Dose, from  one-eighth  to one-quarter of
a grain, three or four times a day.   Given in pill or solution.

                                     4.  Iodides.
  1.  Iodide of Mercury—-Hydrargyri Iodidum, U.S.—chemically,  protiodide of mercury.
Mode of preparation.  Form—colour—insolubility—effects of light.  Character as a mer-
eurial.   Therapeutical application.  Dose, half a grain or a grain, two or three times daily.
An ointment officinal. 
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                                      (   67   )

   2. Red Iodide of Mercury—Hydrargyri Iodidum Rubrum, U.S.—chemically, biniodide
 of mercury.  Mode of preparation.  Form—colour—relations to water and alcohol.  Medi-
 cal properties.  Effects as a poison.   Therapeutical  applications.  Dose, one-sixteenth  to
 one-twelfth of a grain to begin with.   An ointment officinal.

                                        5. Salts.
   1.  Yellow  Sulphate of Mercury—Hydrargyri Sulphas Flavus,  U.S.—commonly called
  Turpeth mineral.   Mode of preparation.  Chemical nature.  Form—colour—taste—insolu-
 bility.  Dose, from half a  grain to 1 grain  as an alterative^-from 2 to 5 grains as an
 emetic.  Scarcely ever used  at  present for these purposes.  Sometimes employed as an
 errhine, diluted with 5 parts of starch.
   2. Ammoniated Mercury—Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum,  U. S.—commonly called white
 precipitate.  Mode of preparation. Chemical  composition.  Form—colour—insolubility.
 Used only externally.  Purposes for which it is employed.  Mode of application. An oint-
 ment made with it is officinal under the name of ointment of ammoniated mercury.
   3. Nitrate of Mercury.  Used  only in the  form of ointment.   Mode of preparing the
 ointment of nitrate of Mercury (Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitratis,  U. S.), commonly call-
 ed citrine ointment.  Colour of the ointment.  Therapeutical applications.  Frequently di-
 luted with lard.

                                     6.  Sulphurets.
   1. RedSulphuret of Mercury—Hydrargyri Sulphuretum Rubrum, U.S.—commonly call-
 ed cinnabar.   In the powdered  state  called vennilion.  Mode of preparation.  Chemical
 constitution.   Appearance in mass^weigbt—colour—colour of the powder—odour—taste
 —effects of heat—insolubility.  Used only for fumigation.   Mode of application.
   2. Black Sulphuret  of Mercury—Hydrargyri  Sulphuretum  Nigrum, U. S.—formerly
 Ethiops'mineral.  Mode of preparation.   Chemical nature.  Form—colour—odour-^-taste
 —insolubility.  Scarcely ever used at present.

                             IODINE.—IODINUM.  U.S.
   Chemical nature of iodine.  Origin  and mode of preparation.  Form—weight—colour-
 aspect of the  surface—odour—taste—relation to water, alcohol, and ether, as solvents.
   Effects  upon the system.   In  small quantities it  promotes the appetite, increases the
 strength of the  pulse, operates gently  on the bowels,  and appears to act as a tonic.   But
 if continued,  it  is  found greatly to promote absorption,  and at the same time to increase
 almost all the secretions, so that emaciation results, and goes on increasing with the use
 of the medicine.  If still longer  continued, it gives rise to derangements of the nervous
 system.  Digestion is  at length impaired, and the patient is worn out with hectic symp.
 toms.  When given in large  doses, it  produces the same  effects in a greater degree,  and
 the result  is more speedy.  In very large  quantities it acts as a corrosive poison; but it is
 frequently rejected from the stomach,  and therefore not necessarily fatal.
   Therapeutical applications of iodine. Dose, one quarter to half a grain, three times a day,
 and gradually increased to one grain  or more.   Never used in  powder.  Dissolved either
 in alcohol or  in a  watery solution of the  iodide of potassium.  The tincture is officinal.
 Proportion of iodine to alcohol.   Dose, from 10  to 20 drops.  Cautions as to the age of the
 tincture, and  the mode of keeping it.
   Iodide of Potassium—Potassii Iodidum, U. S.  Mode of preparing it.  Form—colour-
 effect of exposure—taste—relation to  water and alcohol as solvents.  Possibly converted
 into hydriodate  of potassa in solution.   Dose, 3  to 5 grains; but given lately  in much
 larger doses with impunity.   Its solution has the property of dissolving iodine,  A conve.
 nient method  of administering the medicine thus afforded.
   Compound Solution of Iodine—Liquor Iodini Compositus, U S.—indentical with LugoVs
 solution, given in the dose of 6 drops repeated twice a day and gradually increased.
   Solution of  Iodide of Arsenic and Mercury.   Mode of preparation.  Colour.  Therapeu-
 tical uses.   Danger from over-doses.   Dose, 5 to 20 drops three times a day.
   Numerous preparations of iodine besides those mentioned have been used.  Such are
 the iodides of iron, of lead, of mercury, of  starch, of sulphur, and of zinc, and the iodohy.
 drargyrate of potassium.  Reasons for thinking most of these superfluous.
   Iodine is externally used in the way of bath or ointment.  Proportions of the ointment,
gj. of iodine and gj. of lard,   Effect on the skin.  A compound ointment of Iodine is also
officinal, containing 15 grains of iodine and 30 of iodide of potassium in §j. of lard. 
(   68   )
                         CLASS   XXIII.


                                  ANTACIDS.


                             General Observations.

  Substances which are capable of combining with and neutralizing acids.  Hence all sali-
fiable bases are antacids;  but the alkalies, alkaline  earths,  and their carbonates,  are the
only ones used medicinally with this view.  They are useful by correcting excess of acidity
in the prima? vise, and probably also in the blood.  They  serve also to  correct or prevent
acidity in the urine, and thus prove useful in the uric acid form of gravel.

                          CARBONATES OF POTASSA.
  These have been already fully described.   As antacids, the carbonate is given  in the
dose of from 10 to 30 grains, the bicarbonate, from 20 to 40  grains.  The infusion  of
hickory ashes and soot, sold  in the shops under the name of alkaline infusion,  is an im-
pure solution of the carbonate of potassa.  Mode of preparation and uses.  Dose, f ^ij. three
times a day.

                            CARBONATES OF  SODA.
  1. Carbonate of Soda—Soda Carbonas, U.S.  Source, and mode of preparation.  Shape
of the crystals.  Effect of  exposure.  Taste—solubility  in water—alkaline  reaction.  Pro-
portion of water of crystallization.  Inequality of the salt as found in the shops.  Better  to
use the dried carbonate.   Dose  of the anhydrous salt,  from 10 to 30 grains—of the crys-
tallized, from 30 to 60 grains.
  2. Bicarbonate of Soda—Sodee Bicarbonas, U.S. Formerly called super carbonate of soda.
Mode of preparation.   As usually found in the shops not strictly a bicarbonate.  Taste and
solubility.  Advantages  as an antacid  and antilithic.  Dose, from  sjss. to 3J.  Pleasantly
administered in carbonic acid water with ginger syrup.

                                    AMMONIA.
  Sometimes used as  a stimulant antacid.   Given  in  the  form of aqueous or alcoholic
solution.  Solution of Ammonia (Liquor Ammonia, U.S.) and Spirit of Ammonia (Spiritus
Ammonia, U. S.) are officinal preparations.  Seldom used internally. The Aromatic spirit
of Ammonia (Spiritus  Ammonia Aromaticus, U.S.) is much employed.  Uses.  Dose, from
15 to 30 drops, largely diluted.  Carbonate  of  ammonia may also be used  as an antacid.
Before treated of.

                               LIME.—CALX.  U.S.
  Employed  in  solution under the  name of Lime-water—Liquor Calcis,  U.S.  Mode of
preparing lime-water.   Effects of exposure  to the air.  Mode of keeping  it.   Proportion
of lime dissolved. Taste.  Therapeutical uses.  Seldom given alone.  Use  of  lime-water
and milk.  Effect of this mixture  on the taste of the lime-water.
  Carbonate of Lime much used, either in the form of Chalk (Or eta, U.S.), or of Oyster Shells
(Testa,  U.S.).  Mode of preparing chalk.  Called by the  United States  Pharmacopoeia,
when prepared, Creta  Praparata.   Form—taste—insolubility in pure water.  Solubility in
water impregnated with carbonic acid.  Combines  astringency  with  antacid  properties.
Therapeutical applications.  Given in powder or suspended in  water  by  means  of gum
Arabic.   Dose, from 10 to 20 or 30 grains,  every hour  or two, or less frequently.
  Mode of preparing oyster shells.  Officinal title when prepared, Testa Praparata, U. S.
Difference in composition  from chalk.  Ground of preference in  certain cases.   Dose and
mode of administration the same.

                                    MAGNESIA.
  Already spoken of in  relation to its preparation,  sensible and  chemical properties, and
uses as a laxative. As an  antacid it i3 one of the most  powerful, in consequence of its low
combining number.   Cases to which it is applicable.  Dose, from 10 grains  to  a  drachm.
The carbonate is occasionally used in double the dose. 
 
 
(   69   )
                         CLASS  XXIV.


                            ANTHELMINTICS.


                             General Observations.

  Substances which have the property of poisoning or debilitating worms in the aliment-
ary canal, and thus rendering them more easy of expulsion.  In relation to their mode of
operation, it is probable that some act by a directly poisonous  influence upon the worm,
others by a  mechanical agency.  In this view of the class of anthelmintics, all those me-
dicines are not included in it which are employed in the expulsion of worms, but such only
as operate advantageously, in consequence not of their relations to the human system,  but
of that which they bear to the worms themselves.

                         PINK-ROOT.—SPIGELIA.  U.S.
   Root of Spigelia Marilandica—an herbaceous perennial plant, growing in the Southern
States.  General character of the plant.  The whole of it is possessed of anthelmintic vir-
tues, but the root is most powerful, and is the only part recognised by the Pharmacopoeia.
   Shape and aspect of the root—colour—colour of the powder—odour—taste—relations to
water  and alcohol—effects of exposure.
   Effects on the system. Effects on the worms.  Modes of administration.   Dose of the
powder for a child from 2 to 4 years old, from 10 to 20 grains, repeated night and morning
for three or  four days, and then followed  by a cathartic.   The  powder is sometimes com-
bined  with calomel in the proportion of 12 grains of the former to 4 of the latter.  Dose of
the infusion made  with ^ss. of the root to Oj. of water, for a child, from  f,^ss. to f5j., two
or three times a day.  The  infusion is often associated with senna, of which ^ss. may be
added  to the preparation, and the same dose given.

                     PRIDE OF CHINA.—AZEDERACH.  U.S.
   Bark of the  root of Melia Azederach, or Pride of China, a native of the East Indies, and
naturalized  in our Southern States.   Used  chiefly in the South,  seldom or  never in  the
Northern States.   Effects >of the  bark on the system.   Effects on the worms.   Used in
decoction made by boiling Oij. of water with ^iv. of the fresh bark to Oj.  Dose for a
child, f Jss.  every two or three hours till it operates, or night and morning for several days,
and then followed  by a cathartic.

                      WORMSEED.—CHENOPODIUM.  U S.
   Seeds of Chenopodium anthelminticum, or Jerusalem oak.  Those  also of the C. ambro-
sioides are used.  Both of these plants are indigenous herbaceous perennials.   Odour and
taste of the  plants. These properties reside  in a volatile oil which pervades the whole herb.
The seeds only are officinal.
  Size and shape of the seeds—colour—colour when deprived of their outer covering.
  Effects on the system.  Effects on  the worms.  Administered in substance,  bruised or
powdered, in the dose of ^j- or B'j-  f°r a child.  The  volatile oil is officinal, under  the
name of Oleum Chenopodii.  Mode of procuring it.  Colour and odour of the oil.   Dose,
from 4 to 8  drops for a child, repeated morning and evening.

                           COWHAGE.—MUCUNA.  U.S.
  Product of Mucuna pruriens—a climbing West India plant.   Shape and size of the
fruit.   External covering of hairs or  bristles.  Colour of these and mode of separating.
Mode in which they affect the worms.  Administered in  electuary.   Dose of the electuary
for an  adult, §ss., for  a child 3 or 4 years old, 3J.

                        MALE  FERN.—FILIX MAS. U.S.
  Root of Aspidium   Filix Mas,  or  male fern, growing  in Europe  and North America.
Character of the root—shape  in  its unbroken state—condition as  usually found in  the
shops—colour—odour—taste—relations to water, alcohol, and ether.  Effects of time upon 
(   70   )
its virtues.   Effects on  the system.   Mode of action on the worm.  Peculiar application.
Scarcely ever used in this country.

   BARK OF POMEGRANATE  ROOT.—GRAN ATI RADICIS CORTEX.  U.S.
  Bark of the root of Punica Granalum, or pomegranate.  Relations of the root to water.
Effects upon the system.   Peculiar vermifuge application.  Administered in decoction
made by boiling ^ij. of the bark in Oij. of water to Oj,, one third of which, repeated every
half hour till the  whole  is taken, is the dose for an adult.

                            OIL OF TURPENTINE.
  Powerfully anthelmintic.  Particular vermifuge application.  Dose  for an adult, from
f^ss. to f^ij., or even f^iij.  Effects produced upon the system by this dose.  Followed
in 2 or 3 hours by a dose of castor oil.
  In small doses of 4 or 5 drops,  repeated several times a day, the oil is useful in  the sto-
machic worms of children.

                             TIN.—ST ANNUM. U.S.
  Used in the form of  powder.   Mode of preparing  powdered  tin—Pulvis Stanni, U.S.
Appearance.  Mode of operating  upon the worms.  Particular  application.  Dose, from
3J- to 3J- 
 
 
 
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