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 fZuid-JExt. e/'ZlueZt/t
 Pries ma Crenata.
  a vaZiceelte tn cdi eirte.
 Z'cr diseases opt/witcn
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 Carpenters cl. CcutiharieL
 /or producing speedy
 iceerteureiesiccetion 6t/
 simply rutdingtAepetrt.
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 Carpenters e/traeedZCati
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 ma/ting t/ee saline
 draught cr ftiMtrat. sntzlure
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 Fcratrirec. Crolvn c vl.
 Oil ofl'opatva.
 Carpenters tnedt/o'eate
 GingerJ^emdersa rat
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-pepsin S-Z>tilt</es/so/i.
 Oil if£it/>/i< 'rfiia.
 Zo/ineet tf.l/ereart/,
 GhZoride of Soda,
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  PrussicAcid.
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                                              Carpenter 'Jr Sara
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                                              Congress Spring, i
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 MEDICAL STUDENTS. StTPPIIKD WITH SPECIMENS OP THE  I
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                                              tl/a/i  (\iwt/ie in
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 Chemicals
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 l/ti /tc/Z/t rtt.sZ lfZZ/tZZfl/tf/fiZA-Zjf///Z/l. S'Zi
                 Ail  assortment of Medical Books.
 Carpenters Essays an'die Materia Met lie a ctnttpp'st/ttj tt fitllaatnttU of
        t/tc A'w,(-■ Popular me<lu tutst/icw<le>scs ttscs t/ioele ofaitrturttStratloti <<Y 
ESSAYS           ^   _
     ON SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ARTICLES

                    OF THE


  MATERIA MEDXCA,

              COMPRISING

A FULL ACCOUNT OF ALL THE NEW PROXIMATE PRINCIPLES, AND THE
   POPULAR MEDICINES LATELY INTRODUCED IN PRACTICE, DE-
      TAILING THE FORMULAS FOR THEIR PREPARATION,
          THEIR HABITUDES AND PECULIARITIES,
              DOSES AND MODES OF ADMIN-
                 ISTRATION ; WITH



                     ON THE

  MOST ELIGIBLE FORM OF THEIR EXHIBITION:

                TO WHICH IS ADDED,

        A CATALOGUE OF MEDICINES,

   SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, fyc. 4>c,

                  ADAPTED FOR

  A Physician at the Outset of his Practice,

                   WITH THE

    DOSES AND EFFECTS ATTACHED TO EACH MEDICINE, &c. &c.

                   ---:o:---

         „  BY G. W. CARPENTER.

                   ---:o:---

                SECOND EDITION,

           REVISED AND ENLARGED.    ~\Cf\ (L.



                 39iiilafflell>fif&:

  Geo. W. Carpenter's Chemical Warehouse, 301 Market St.
1834. 

   Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1834,
        BY  GEORGE W.  CARPENTER,
In the  Clerk's Office of the  District Court of the United States in
         and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
SAMUEL W. NEALL, PRINTER J PHILAD'a. 
             TO THE






     MEDICAL CLASS





             OF THE





UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA,





        THIS WORK IS HUMBLY SUBMITTED,





                 WiY THE AUTHOR. 
 
PREFACE
             TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION.

                         ----:o:---

  In  submitting the following pages to the Medical community,
it will be necessary for me first  to  apologise for their imperfec-
tions, and I feel satisfied they will indulge me  under the circum-
stances of the case.  They were penned during the  short inter-
vals of suspense amidst the bustle and toil of an active business,
and my object was more for the purpose of  keeping up strict
habits of industry and close application, than for any benefit which
I could anticipate to result from their publication.  The former I
am certain to have  attained,  and should the  latter result, I shall
be doubly rewarded.  I have at  various times contributed essays
on  the different articles of  the  materia medica to our medical
journals, particularly to the  Philadelphia Journal of Medical and
Physical Sciences,  and  to the recent  highly valuable periodical
the American Journal of Medical Sciences;  also the interesting
Journal of Science  and Arts, edited by Professor  Silliman  of New
Haven.   My Medical friends have  frequently called upon me for
copies of  these essays, until  I had distributed several thousand of
each, when I was earnestly  solicited for some time (having  ex-
hausted all  the  loose  copies I had  printed) to  publish  them
together, and in compliance  with these requests I have introduced
this work to public attention.  I rely upon  my  Medical  friends
for its support; and I purpose, if sufficiently encouraged, to pub-
lish a more enlarged view of the articles of the materia  medica
generally, under the title of Pharmacologia.  In the present work
I have added considerably to the essays above  alluded  to, by in-
troducing a  full description of  tbe  new  and popular  medicines 
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.
VI.
which I have lately brought into notice, and which I now exten-
sively manufacture, and which  have found  their way into every
town in the United States.   I have  also embraced in  the present
work, a concise account of some of the new and valuable  medi-
cines introduced to public  attention by the excellent treatise ol
Majendie, and have  quoted the formulas which  he has laid down
for  their preparation, because I consider them a standard which
all the apothecaries and physicians should  invariably adhere to,
in order that we may have uniform preparations.   I repeat again,
that these formulas are from Majendie; for not having  adverted to
it in the places where they  have been given, I wish it here parti-
cularly understood, for there will be, no doubt, some of  my com-
petitors seeking every little  avenue of this publication to hunt
out and magnify any little weak points (more or less of which
may be culled out of the most valuable productions,) particularly
if sought  after by an over-scrutinizing or envious investigation;
while the brilliant light of truth and information which they con-
tain, generally drives them in despair before they have fully com-
pleted their unworthy intentions.  Hence it is we find men of the
most  depraved talents undervaluing  erudite compositions, be-
cause they do  not  fully understand  them, or because there is an
exciting spirit of envy or prejudice.   And how often, in  our daily
walks  in life, and in our  intercourse with the world, do we find
these circumstances  manifested.  How many able speeches and
orations do we see mutilated and defamed, by persons unable to
speak, or with capacity to understand.   But what does  it effect ?
And what is its influence ?  They are generally, ere long, defeated
by  their own imbecilities  or defective stratagems.   The  orator
stands the same, and the  oration has lost  no more by their con-
demnation than it would have gained by their applause.
  I do not, by any means, wish to condemn criticism ; it is the very
life and essence of writing, and when  it is done  impartially, and
without prejudice,  should always be invited by the author. 
                PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.              y^
   There is no circumstance which evinces more strongly the pro-
gress of Medical Sciences, than the general and incieasing spirit
of emulation, and the ardour with which many of its votaries apply
in developing and substantiating new facts, as the fruitful  result
of their researches  and discoveries.  Chemistry  and  Pharmacy
have contributed more largely to the grand fund of solid and sub-
stantial information, than any other  branches of the Medical Sci-
ences.  It is to this  department we are indebted for the valuable
acquisition of Quinine, Morphine, Piperine, and other  proximate
principles;  and a number of highly  valuable improved and con-
centrated preparations, as the Compound  Fluid Extract of Sarsa-
parilla, &c. <fcc. ; all of which have become perfectly established in
Medical practice, and their  particular effects can  now be  relied
upon with as much  certainty  as  Calomel and Opium.   While
speaking of Sarsaparilla,  I cannot refrain  from expressing, in this
place, the  valuable properties  of the  Fluid Extract, which pos-
sesses so many advantages over the syrup, decoction, and solid
extract, as proved in the  subsequent pages of this work.  Physi-
cians can now rely  upon an uniform preparation, and can con-
veniently prescribe it,- and  the patient will now be relieved from
the trouble and difficulties of preparing the decoction, which was
seldom sufficiently  boiled,  and otherwise improperly  made by
those  unacquainted with pharmaceutical preparations.  I  have
seen very silly  objections made to this preparation by one of my
competitors in trade, who is ever ready to  speculate on the analy-
sis of articles which  he is unacquainted with, and thus frequently
makes excessive  blunders ;  this is to be pitied, since he might at
once  strike upon a much more  successful  effort in quoting the
analysis and composition of his improved water colours, which he
must necessarily be  more acquainted  with, and which, in  fact,
might be an interesting disclosure.   We must, however, expect
to meet with the collision of opposite opinion, and, at the present
epoch, we cannot expect that we should all agree  upon any one 
Viii.            PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.
subject,  though it  were as manifest as  the unobscured  sun at
noonday.  We must, therefore, expect to meet with opposition in
the most useful  discoveries.  Hence we  frequently find a person
opposing articles, their usefulness  and superiority, although fully
established by well-attested facts, and by the experience of some
of the most distinguished men ; yet, notwithstanding all this, and
without  advancing arguments or producing  facts  to  support  a
premises, he disputes or denies the authenticity.  I say we ob-
ject to an individual  less able to judge,  than  perhaps any one of
those he is opposing,  to  advance  his own opinion against a host
of men eminent  in the profession, and to  offer his own opinions as
a pattern to be followed, when, in  truth,  they ought to be repre-
sented as an obstacle  to be shunned; but such is the blindness of
human  nature,  that  men  are too apt to set themselves up as
guides, when they should be satisfied to serve as beacons.  There
is no doubt they may  now and then meet  with a follower or disci-
ple who will catch at their opinions, and support them as an expe-
dient, but they  generally in a short time die away for want of
support; while articles they have  expended  themselves upon, ap-
pear to have taken fresh roots from the nourishment, and the
branches to  have extended themselves in all directions, far and
wide.  Thus we find the Saratoga  powders described in the fol-
lowing pages to have  become every year  more and more popular,
arid their usefulness to be  more and more  appreciated, and the
demand for  them co-extensive with their increased  reputation.
They have been  introduced in every section  of the United States
and have given in  all cases the most  decided and unequivocal
satisfaction, and  produced the most salutary and beneficial effects *
and have elicited from the  faculty and highly distinguished  indi-
viduals, in various places, voluntary acknowledgments of satisfac-
tion, and expressions of high commendation  on their character
and properties ; while the miserable objections and defective analy-
sis of an apothecary have long since  slumbered in forgetfulness. 
                PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.              [Xm

Thus it was with Quinine ; the same  objections were made to it
when first introduced, and much clamour and opposition  raised;
one said it was too  acrid, another  too  uncertain, and  a thifd too
costly—that it would never be used.  But these objections, one by
one, gradually subsided, while Quinine raised  its  aspiring head,
and  its extensive  usefulness soon became manifest,  to the total
obscuration and entire  oblivion of the  foolish  objections which
had been, started; and we may venture to say, there is not a single
practitioner of medicine  who will not  admit its value and superi-
ority to the bark.
  Thus it is with the Fluid Extract of Sarsaparilla, the clamours
which was raised against it by competition of interest, as clearly
growing out of envy and prejudice as  any fact which  could pos-
sibly  be proven  by circumstantial  evidence, has already been
Annihilated, while  this preparation is rapidly increasing in repu-
tation, and is now prescribed by the most distinguished physicians
in the  United  States, and with the most decided satisfaction: it is
certainly an article  which should receive their support and appro-
bation, as it would have a tendency of putting  down, in  a great
measure, the  various nostrums which are  sold under different
names, and which are in fact nothing but Compound Syrup of Sar-
saparilla, which is  most  frequently  improperly  made,  as the
venders  and manufacturers of them, in most cases,  never been
brought up in  the profession, are ignorant of pharmacy, and their
preparations will, therefore, be very defective.   There is nothing
concealed in the composition of the  Compound Fluid Extract of
Sarsaparilla, being made from the articles composing the Lisbon
Diet;  its value and superiority over  other  preparations is owing
entirely to the peculiar manner in which it.is made, by which all
the  medical virtues are extracted from the  roots by the most
efficient process, based on chemical principles, obtained from the
result of numerous experiments made exclusively for  the purpose
of ascertaining the same.  'Uhere will be found iii  this  work a
                              B 
v               PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.
         \
description of a number of new medicines prepared and introduced
by me, which have  all  been sufficiently  tesjed and proved, by
ample  experience  by some of our most  eminent physicians, to
possess fully the virtues and properties which have been assigned
to them.   The Compound  Extract of Buchu, Oil of Cantharidin,
Compound Tonic Extract, Citrated Kali,  Extract  Spigelia, Com-
pound Cubebs, Sarsaparilla and Copaiva,  Precipitated Extract of
Bark, &c. &c. &c, will all be found on trial to be valuable medi-
cines, and I feel satisfied will prove useful to the practitioner, and
meet with the decided approbation of the faculty,  as  they have
been wherever yet introduced.
  03s-  I would  beg leave particularly to inform the faculty, that
there has been various imitations of my Compound Extract of Sar-
saparilla, Saratoga  powders,  and several  other preparations, and
that sales of them have been effected on  the reputation of mine.
They are put up in the same form, the name borrowed, also part
of the  description  and directions, so as to imitate  externally as
closely as possible my preparations.  The faculty, therefore, in
making out their orders, who  wish  those  prepared by me, should
express it decidedly in their directions, qr they might perhaps get
another article.  I have heard frequent  complaints  from physi-
cians in  the country who had ordered my preparations, and re-
ceived, instead of  them, spurious and inferior  imitations, which
was the cause of so much displeasure, that they immediately sent
their orders direct  to me.  I  think the original inventor should
receive the benefit of his  improvements, and that spurious imi-
tations of every kind should not receive  encouragement, but the
disapprobation and censure of the community.  And  I hope, there-
fore, the faculty  will  do me the justice, when they wish any of the
new articles which have been introduced by me, if they do not
send direct to  me, to mention my preparation; being persuaded
they are disposed rather to encourage the inventor  or proprietor,
in preference to those who imitate or counterfeit the original. 
                    PREFACE
           TO  THE  SECOND  EDITION.
                         ---:o:---
   In the second edition of thi3 work, which I now have the plea-
sure of offering, will be found considerable  additions, and  more
enlarged views of several articles previously treated, including a
'considerable number of additional articles of the Materia Medica.
These articles are not taken up in regular succession or classical
order, as they appear in complete works on the subject, but such
only  selected which the  author  could  give  views from  actual
knowledge and experience of their  properties from careful  per-
sonal investigation;  and additions will thus be made from time to
time, as knowledge and experience ripens, so  as at length to em-
brace a complete work on the Materia Medica, embracing all the
articles, and dwelling on them in detail.  I have thus far been as
brief as possible in the description of the articles, so as to present
in a condensed form all that is essentially important and useful to
the  medical student, leaving the Historical or Commercial de-
scription of the articles to more  copious  works, and would refer
them to Professor  Coxe's  Dispensatory, or to the recently highly
valuable Dispensatory of  Drs. Wood and Bache, or to the  more
comprehensive treatise,  the Cyclopaedia  of practical medicine,
edited by Dr. Hays.
   I  must  again beg the  indulgence of my medical friends and
readers, for any errors and imperfections which may occur, and I
feel  certain those who are  personally  acquainted  with me, and
know the manner in which I conduct my business will readily grant
it. I am compelled, however, to illustrate to those remotely situa-
ted, that my time is  constantly required and actively engaged in
business, from an early hour in the morning to a late one at night; 
jjj^             PREFACE TO THE  SECOND EDITION
and the time consequently devoted to writing these  Essays, must
be a moment  here and there seized, at no  definite  intervals or
prescribed periods.  On this account, from the extreme haste and
irregularity with which the materials have been collected, I con
sider it justice to myself to make these remarks, and to offer these
circumstances, as grounds of defence for any small errors  or in-
advertencies which may occur.
   It cannot be expected I should offer any thing particularly new,
or essentially  differing in the general properties or principles of
those articles which have been so repeatedly and copiously de-
scribed by various authors.  I can  aver, however,  what I have
asserted, (whether agreeing or differing with them,) I  know to be
facts, as resulting from  my own personal observation  and experi-
ence of the subjects I have treated, except when  I have particu-
larly stated  or inferred  to the contrary, and cannot omit acknow-
ledging the value and  assistance  (as a reference) of  Drs. Wood
and Bache's valuable dispensatory.
   In the investigation of  truth and knowledge of any description,
particularly where judgment  and  experience are required to de-
termine the facts, I consider  the increase  of authority, even if
there is nothing else" essentially important  in  their  treatises
from what has already  been established, if given as the result of
experience and  practical  knowledge, is obviously highly valuable
and important, as it establishes the truth, and confirms the authen-
ticity, by an increased  supeiiority of evidence;  and will at all
times prevent an inexperienced or speculative author to outweigh
facts thus decidedly proved by the  concurring weight of numerous
authorities,  whose judgment  and "experience  is entitled  to full
confidence.
   In order to give my distant friends a view of my establishment,
and the manner I conduct the business—I have introduced a plate
of the exterior of my chemical  warehouse, and a short description
of its interior construction and arrangements. 
DESCRIPTION OF
CHEMICAL  WAREHOUSE,

                      PHILADELPHIA.

                         ----:o:----

  It is an object of the highest possible consideration with a phy-
sician, to  obtain medicines which he  ean  always rely upon for
genuineness and purity, and which are uninjured by age or ex-
posure.
  It is unnecessary to point out  the serious disadvantages which
practitioners of medicine labour under in the administration of fee-
ble or inert preparations.   All their skill and judgment are sacri-
ficed, and talent and experience, if of the highest order, are made
level  to the least intelligent of the profession, and rendered inef-
fectual in  the  treatment of cases which, otherwise.would have
speedily yielded to the salutary influences of pure medicines.
  Philadelphia has long very justly claimed and maintained a su-
periority of standing, and a conspicuous elevation  for the  brilliant
talents of her medical men, and for the scientific  knowledge of
her Druggists and  Apothecaries.  The numerous valuable  stand-
ard works produced by the  distinguished professors of her medical
colleges, and private medical gentlemen of sterling merit,  together
with  the valuable and ably-conducted periodicals, are  striking
characteristics  of  the correctness  of these remarks, and reflect
credit upon the country.
  With these premises  I  would beg  leave  to depart from the
usual course pursued, in remarking  upon my own establishment. 
14                    Description of

I hope my medical friends will indulge me, and I cannot think
will incur the disapprobation  or censure of any one in thus de-
parting from the prescribed and arbitrary law of custom, by which
much information and valuable  knowledge are  frequently sacri-
ficed or concealed, to exhibit a true and correct description of my
establishment, and the facilities with which I am enabled to supply
the orders from medical men in all sections of the Union.
  I have erected on the ruins of my old stand, (lately destroyed
by fire,) a large  and commodious four-story warehouse and store,
as represented in the annexed plate; and also, in the rear of the
same lot, a  laboratory for the manufacture of the vegetable ex-
tracts, proximate principles, and finer  chemical products.  The
buildings have been  erected  exclusively for the object of the
Drug and Chemical business, and every convenience has  been
studiously observed and faithfully executed in their construction,
for this object alone.
  The retail department of the store is  separately constructed, in
order that the wholesale business may not interfere at all with it,
but that both can be conducted on the most extensive scale, with-
out one  interfering  with the other.   Thirteen persons are em-
ployed inside the store  in preparing, compounding, and  packing
up medicines.   The retail part of the store  is conducted by six,
most experienced of  the number, who give their entire attention
to this department in weekly rotation, by  which they easily ac-
quire an  intimate knowledge of both  branches.  The one thus
devoted attends to receiving all goods, the  examination of bills
when presented, and acts as  treasurer in receiving monies and the
payment of bills, &c.—the transactions of which he daily files an
account of.
  The first floor of the store is appropriated  in part  for the retail
business, and contains two hundred mahogany drawers; five hun-
dred bottles, from two gallon  down to  quart; one hundred porce- 
Carpenter's Medical Warehouse.             15
 lain jars; thirty show cases,  mahogany, with  plate-glass, all of
 which are neatly labelled in gold, and appropriated exclusively to
 the retail department.  The depth of this part of the store is thirty
 feet, and contains four counters, on which are two silver and two
 brass pair of scales.  The ceiling is thirteen feet six inches high,
 for the distance, of thirty feet in depth; it then falls to nine feet,
 showing an opening, near the centre of the store, of four feet six
 inches, finished with facie and railings, in the centre of which is
 one of Lukens' superior regulated time-pieces,  decorated with
 two dolphins on each side, with a wreath of flowers in the centre,
 on which is the Hive of Industry, all of which is tastefully carved
 in wood, and bronzed with gold, combining the valuable and in-
 structive demonstration of " Tempus Fugit" with a rich and orna-
 mental finish, to correspond with the general effect and  arrange-
 ment of the store.   From this point, still on the  first floor, com-
 mences the wholesale department, which extends further in depth
 thirty-five feet, making the whole depth in one view of sixty-five
 feet in the clear.   In  this department  are a further  continuation
 of drawers of large size, a hatchway, stairs, hydrant, &c.—Also,
 a large counter, twenty feet long and four feet wide, on which are
 a large pair of brass scales: these scales, as well as  those previ-
 ously described, are manufactured by Mr. John Wilbank of  this
 city.   The workmanship and construction of them are very supe-
 rior ; they should be in the possession of every druggist and phy-
 sician who wishes a superior, neat, and durable article, which  will
 weigh with rigid nicety  and exactitude, are  easily kept in order,
 and with little care will  always present a beautiful polished  sur-
face, and cannot fail, in a short time, to supersede the worthless
articles which have for so long a period, worried and  perplexed
those who were exact and discriminating for correct weighing, as
every man should be under all  circumstances, but especially  in a
business  where its requisition is so very important.   On the west 
16
Description of
 side of the wall commences the anatomical cases, containing spe-
 cimens of the various preparations for the use of the student; as,
 wired skeletons; loose bones; arterial, venous, and lymphatic pre-
 parations ; articulated  heads, female  pelvis, and foetal heads; and
 various isolated preparations of the  human body, &c; all neatly
 arranged for exhibition.  This is followed by cases of the various
 kinds of surgical instruments, London and American. The Ameri-
 can  instruments are  now made of very superior  quality, and I
 think  may be depended upon as equal to the London, with the
 exception of the celebrated manufacture of Evans, which I believe
 are unequalled anywhere.   Immediately following this range of
 cases,  is an inscription of rules  and  regulations of the establish-
 ment, in which the most important and striking requisitions are
 conspicuously presented to constant view by gold letters on black
 ground.  This  is a valuable expedient  in all stores or places of
 any kind where a number of persons  are engaged, and where the
 duties and  requisitions are  of  a  diversified character, to pre-
 sent to constant view, that which is most  important to  be im-
 pressed upon the memory.   The next in succession is a medical
 library, for the  use of the store, which is  followed by a set of
 tubes or speaking-trumpets, which communicate with each story
 of the  building, by which sound  is regularly conveyed, and a cor-
responding number of bells  follows to call attention to the trum-
 pets when required.   In this way, where a large business is done,
 an exceeding great time is saved, and a facility given to the trans-
 action of business, to a far greater valuation than quadruple the
cost of construction;  any question can be made to those in the
 fourth  story without any great exertion of voice, and an  answer
conveyed with corresponding facility.  Then follows in rotation a
 fire-proof of large  size  and  new construction, which  sad  experi-
 ence has  demonstrated the utility of.   No  man  should build a
 store without the most scrupulous  attention to a fire-proof for  the 
               Carpenter's Chemical Warehouse.            17

safety and security of his books and valuable papers, in case of a
calamity.  The draft of the fire-proof was furnished by Mr. Wil-
bank, and is of a new construction, and  possesses several advan-
tages which are not possessed by any other I have yet seen. It
has two sets of double  doors, and opens four feet wide and six
feet high, presenting a broad and full view, atone  glance, of the
contents.  It is lined around with iron.   The weight of the iron
work is  about fifteen hundred pounds.   Counting-house  desks,
grates, &c. &c finish the first floor of the building.
   The second story is a continuation  of drawers and bottles,
alphabetically arranged like the first floor, and contains four hun-
dred drawers  and eight hundred bottles of various sizes, labelled
in gold ; also counters, scales, &c.
   The third story contains packages  of  goods, opened and placed
 in bins  holding  each one a half barrel, and arranged  in regular
rows, six rows in number, and each row extending in depth forty-
 five feet; also counter and scales, as in the other stories.  In this
 story is also partitioned off, a mineralogical room, containing a cabi-
 net of near four thousand specimens, neatly arranged in drawers ;
 also a duplicate collection of considerable size,  for exchanging.
   The fourth story contains  glass-ware of various descriptions,
 unpacked, on shelves, running on both sides the whole depth  of
 the store  sixty-five feet; also packages of goods, unopened, ar-
 ranged  in  regular  row's,  with sufficient  space  between each  to
 admit a person to walk ;  also a loft  of hay, packing boxes,  &c;
 and an improved hoisting machine, by which all the orders  put up
 on  the first, second, and third floors, are raised and packed, and
 again let down when ready to ship or send away.  In consequence
 of a still scarcity of room, it is intended shortly to add another
 story to the building.
    This  finishes a brief outline of the construction and arrange-
 ment of my store ; and I hope I will be indulged to say, in conclu-
                               C 
18                      Description of
sion,
    i, that I give my close personal attention to  business, and  no
 article is received into the store without my particular examina-
 tion, and also  those which  are sent away; and  no article o
 inferior quality is either received or sold.   I have adopted and
 laid out  all my plans and arrangements of business for supplying
 the orders of physicians and medical men, and keep no paints, oils,
 varnishes, dye-stuffs,  &c. (which  occupy a  large  proportion  of
 room, and are injurious to the sale of the finer  quality of  medi-
 cines, and should never be kept  with them, but  made  a distinct
 and separate  branch of business;) and therefore can attend more
 especially to  the calls and wants of practitioners of medicine : and
 as all my pharmaceutical and finer chemical preparations aie^iade
 in my own laboratory and store, I can, of course, vouch for their
 purity, and the processes by which  they are made.   Under these
circumstances I feel full confidence  in inviting  the attention  of
 the faculty;  also country druggists and merchants, who are par-
 ticular about the quality of their medicines.  Any orders which
 are sent to me from merchants or druggists at. a distance, in which
 paints, oils, dye-stuffs, &c. are  included, I  can  have  the  latter
 portion of their order furnished as low as any house in this city or
 elsewhere; for although I do not keep them on hand, or  suffer
them at all to interfere with my business, where they are included
in orders with other articles, I can furnish them through an agent
here at the lowest market prices.
   It is my intention to keep  a very extensive variety and assort-
 ment of  articles, embracing every thing connected with the pro-
fession, so that orders for any  articles can be readily furnished.
   Goods can  be forwarded with facility to any part of the United
States, and I  hope no  one will hesitate  to  send  their  orders  in
consideration of the distance,  or any apprehension of the safety of
their arrival.   Insurance will  at all times be  effected to any part
of the United States at a moderate premium. 
Carpenter's Chemical Warehouse.
19
  I have now on my order-books the names of more than twenty-
one hundred physicians in various parts of the United States; and
I am pleased thus publicly to state, that from nearly every one I
have received commendations of satisfaction with the articles sent
them, and found in most of them a cordial familiarity and friend-
ship in introducing and recommending their medical friends and
acquaintance to me; and have  on my part used increased efforts
to support and merit the confidence and friendship thus exerted ;
and for these signal and  disinterested services I shall ever feel a
warmth of gratitude, and will seek every opportunity to reciprocate
their favours.
                             GEORGE W. CARPENTER.

  03=A  Catalogue and description of  all  the new Medicines and
improvements in Chemistry and Pharmacy will be  published an-
nually, and  distributed gratuitously.  Physicians in the country
who will forward their address,  post paid, will be regularly sup-
plied. 
 
Observations  and Experiments
                  ON  OPIUM.




       Its varieties and appearance in Commerce, Sfc. Sfc.

  This important article, from its extensive usefulness in modi-
fying and alleviating the most afflicting and painful diseases inci-
dent to human nature, merits perhaps the most conspicuous place
in the materia medica; yet, from being injudiciously administered,
and more particularly from its pharmaceutical preparations being
improperly made, it frequently produces injurious and distressing
consequences. With the hope of remedying some of these incon-
veniences, I have made a series of experiments,  the  results of
which  are  contained  in the following pages.   Before, how-
ever, entering upon the pharmaceutical preparations, it may  not,
perhaps, be improper to offer a very concise view  of the  natural
history and physical characters of this article, as it occurs at the
present day in our commerce.  Opium is the product of the  Pa-
paver Somniferum, and is the  inspissated juice of the capsules of
that  plant.   It has been  improperly termed a gum fay many  au-
thors, and the error prevails to the present day.   It is a native of
the southern parts of Asia.  It may, however, he raised  in  our
gardens, and is now cultivated in England or an imposing scale,
which has been increasing  for several  years.   It  possesses  the
same properties as the  Turkey or East India Opium, and is more
pure, containing a larger portion of soluble matter.   The Turkey
Opium has hitherto possessed  the best reputation,  and has been 
 22                          Opium.

 considered superior to any other.  Dr. Thomson* informs us, that
 he obtained from Turkey opium nearly three times more morphia
 than was yielded by the same quantity of  East  India.  I  have
 treated equal quantities of Turkey and English opium by the same
 process, and obtained twenty per cent, more morphia from the lat-
 ter than the former; this would sanction the belief of the  supe-
 riority of the English; which superiority, I think, is to be attribu-
 ted to  the careful manner in which it is prepared.  The following
 are the prominent characters of the several varieties of opium, and
 by which they may easily be  distinguished.
   Turkey opium is of a reddish brown colour, possessing a strong
 narcotic odour, of a solid and compact consistence when dry; has
 a shining and uniform fracture of a dark brown colour, producing
 a reddish brown powder; the best kind is generally in flat pieces.
I cannot tell why it occurs, but I have generally observed, that the
large round pieces contain a large proportion of leaves, and some-
times portions of the capsules, stems, and other impurities.
   East India opium is of thin consistence, sometimes almost like
that of honey; when dry, it is more friable, its colour nearly black,
and possesses less bitter and a more nauseous taste than the Tur-
key ; it hao a otrong empyreumatic odour, and  not the narcotic
heavy one which is  so sensible in the Turkey, it is considerably
cheaper and much inferior in strength to the  latter, and, according
 to Dr. Thompson, contains but one-third the quantity of morphia,
 and a larger portion of narcotine, which renders it a far less desi-
rable article.  Dr. Coxe, in his valuable American Dispensatory,
 remarks,  that one-eighth  the cakes is allowed for the  enormous
 quantity of leaves with which they are enveloped.   This opium is
 little used in this comtry, and is seldom, if ever, to  be found in
 the shops of our druggists.
   English opium is generally in smaller cakes, frequently thin and
 flat, of a more permanent consistence, of a clear smooth fracture
                      * London Dispensatory. 
Opium.                               23
and is destitute of leaves, stalks, and impurities which  generally
accompany opium.   It has the accredited reputation of being su-
perior in quality to the Turkey, which chemical analysis* has con-
firmed.   The quality of opium differs very  materially, even that
from the same country, climate, soil, &c; which arises,  no doubt
in many instances, from the manner in which it is prepared and
cultivated.   It is  frequently  found in  our market mixed  with
leaves, stalks, seeds, &c, and  from the great proportion  of these
admixtures in seme opium, it would lead to a conjecture, that the
leaves were worked in  when the opium was in a very soft and re-
cent state, for the purpose of increasing the  weight and consist-
ence.  I have even seen.opium whose external characters possess-
ed  all the features of superior  quality, and when broken, exposed
a large proportion of the leaves and capsules of the poppy, which,
although it does not alter the particular effects, must diminish the
activity of the opium in direct proportion to the  quantity and
weight of these extraneous and insoluble matters; and I have as-
certained  by careful experiments that the quantity  of soluble  or
extractive matter, by the same menstrua  and  process, yielded by
  * It is to chemistry that we are indebted for many important facts in relation to opium,
and for the knowledge of morphia and narcotine, the two active principles of opium—two
principles of a directly opposite nature existing in the same substance, and exercising indi-
vidually their particular effects on the constitution.  Many are opposed to chemical analysis
as a means of discovering the virtues of medicines, and among others  Dr. Young,t who
states as an argument, that Geoffroy discovered by chemical analysis that the soporific quality
of opium depended upon its sulphur.   We might agree with Dr.  Young, if the science of
chemistry had not advanced since the period alluded to, and did experiments upon opium
now lead to similar conclusions.  We might as well reject as useless the analysis of cinchona
bark, because a chemist has asserted that the comparative quantity of the active principles
(quinine and cinchonine) yielded  by the Carthagena bark, was in proportion to the quantity
yielded by the Calisaya as 1 to 70.  If errors so palpable would have retarded the  inquiries
and labours, or diminished the zeal of the scwitinizing chemist, the science, instead of hold-
ing the elevated rank it now possesses, would long since have dwindled into obscurity. Errors
and absurdities will naturally creep into every department of science.
                           t Young ou Opium. 
24                        Opium.

different parcels of opium, varies from four and a half and  ve
six drachms in the ounce.
   The consumption of opium  is almost incredible.  In t e year
1800, 46,808 lbs. were consumed  in Europe.  In the year     ,
the revenue'which the Bengal Government derived from the sale
of opium, was 594, 978Z., and  the exports of opium from Calcutta
to China alone, in 1811-12, amounted to  4,542,968  sicca rupees
—567,87lZ.*  The supply for Calcutta for 1827 is rated at 13,700
chests.  The supply for 1826 was 10,300 chests,  making an in-
crease of 3,400 chests in the last year.
   Although opium is prohibited by the Chinese government, yet
about  2000 chests are annually imported into Canton, the average
sale price being 1200 dollars per chest,  making the amount an-
nually expended by Canton for this  drug, the enormous sum of
24,000,000 dollars.  About 40,000 pounds are annually imported
 into London.
   In the provinces of Bahar and  Banares, among  the most pro-
 ductive of the  East Indies,  the  common  product of opium  is
 twenty-four pounds to an acre,  besides which the  cultivator reaps
 about forty pounds of seed.   The preparation of the raw opium is
 under the immediate superintendence of the company's agent,
 who adopts the  following method to prepare it.   It  consists  in
 evaporating, by exposure to the sun, the watery particles, which
 are replaced by oil of poppy  seeds, to prevent the  drying of the
 resin.  The opium is then formed into  cakes, and covered with
 the petals of the poppy, and, when sufficiently dried, it  is packed
 in chests with the  fragments of the  capsules from which  poppy
 seeds have been threshed  out.  It is said  opium is sometimes
 vitiated with an extract from the leaves  and stalks of the poppy,
 and,with the gum of the mimosa.
                     * Hamilton's East India Gazetteer. 
Opium.
25
   The cultivation of  opium in  England,  if  extensive,  will no
doubt influence the  price of this article in our market.*
   It has lately been more successfully cultivated by a Mr. Young,
than any other person who  has yet attempted its culture  in Great
Britain,^ and fr°m which more flattering  expectations are enter-
tained of its success.   Dr.  Coxe, however, in his standard work,
the American Dispensatory, observes, " It is apprehended, the cli-
mate of Great Britain is  an insuperable obstacle to its becoming
a  profitable branch  of agriculture.   It has been  obtained  in the
United States, where this objection will not prevail.":}:  I think the
southern states, particularly the  Carolinas and Georgia, are admi-
rably  adapted, from  climate and  soil, for  the  cultivation of the
poppy, and if properly managed, would no doubt yield a source of
considerable profit to  the cultivator, if not an immense revenue to
the states, and a most important addition to the productions of our
country.
   The opium raised in England, has been  used for several years,
by physicians and surgeons, who pronounce it superior to the best
Turkey  and  East India opium.   One thing is  very certain;  it  is
  * Messrs. Cowley and Stains, of Winslow, in the season of 1822, raised 143 pounds of ex-
cellent opium from eleven acres and five poles of land, for which they received a premium
from the society instituted at London for the encouragement of arts, manufactures and com-
merce.  A medal has been given by the society to J. W. Jeston, Esq., Surgeon, for an im-
provement in collecting the juice of the poppy, which consists in collecting it immediately
after it exudes from the capsules, instead of allowing it to be inspissated on the capsule. The
capsule is scarified with a sharp instrument, gauged to a proper depth, when the juice is
scraped off with a kind of funnel-form scoop, fixed into the mouth of a vial; when  one vial
is filled, the scoop is removed to another, and the juice is evaporated in shallow pans : some
varieties are mush more productive than others.  (See Transactions of the Society for the
encouragement of Arts, Man. and Com. Vol. 41.
  Mr. Ball, in 1796, received a premium from the Society for the encouragement of Arts, for
a specimen of British opium, little inferior to the oriental.  (Transactions of the Society of
Arts, vol. xiv, pages 260—270.)
   t Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, No. ii. page 262.
   t  Philadelphia Medical Musuem, Vol. ii. page 428.
                                 D 
 26                   Extract of Opium-

 prepared with more care and  attention,  and is more   re
 leaves and other impurities : the fracture of English opium, when
 dry, is as smooth and uniform as liquorice ; what I have se
 been put up in small flat cakes, and of a good consistence. Opium
 is frequently put up in a soft state, and packed with a  large pro-
 portion of leaves to prevent the lumps adhering; these leaves, ad-
 hering  to the sides, are gradually taken into the body  of the
 opium, which, with  that previously incorporated with  it, is the
 cause of seeing  opium in the condition of impurity as already de-
 scribed.
   Extract of Opium.—Among the advantages which the extract
 of opium  possesses over the crude opium of commerce, is, that all
 the faeculencies  and impurities having been separated, you obtain
 the soluble and  active portion of the opium in a pure state;  and
 as the insoluble  and impure parts exercise no effect, and consti-
 tute a considerable portion of bulk and weight, the opium of com-
 merce must differ in proportion to the amount of these impurities,
 and consequently cannot be depended upon so well as the extract
 for activity or  uniformity of strength.  The extract  of  opium, as
 it is generally made, is very objectionable, not being more active
 than crude opium, and, consequently, is seldom or never employed
 by our physicians.  From various  modes  and different menstrua
 which I have tried, I find the following to make the most eligible
 preparation, possessing most advantages, both  in the activity and
 persistency of the extract, as well as having  the decided superi-
ority over crude  opium, by affording  all its desirable effects, with-
out any of its inconveniences or disadvantages.
  Denarcotised acidulous Extract of Opium.—Digest 3i- coarsely
powdered opium in ifei. sulphuric aether of the  specific gravity .735
for ten days,* occasionally submitting  to  a moderate heat in  a

 * When it is necessary to prepare it in haste, less time may be employed by submitting it
more frequently to the temperature of ebullition. 
I
          Denarcotised Acidulous Tincture of  Opium.       "7

water-bath; distil off the aether, and add fresh portions until it
ceases to take up narcotine, or act at all upon  the  opium, which
may be readily known by dropping  a little on  a clean  pane  of
glass, which will leave no trace when the opium is completely ex-
hausted. The second or third distillation will prove sufficient: most
of the aether may be saved, if prepared with care and in a proper
apparatus.   Professor Hare* recommends the digestion of the
opium in aether to be performed in  the  Papin's digester; submit
the opium thus treated to the action of spt. vin. rect. 3viii., acetic.
acid. fort. 3j.,f aqua 3vii.,  and digest for seven days;  filter and
evaporate in a water-bath to the consistence of an extract.  This
in fact will be  an impure acetate of morphia, possessing most  of
the advantages of that valuable medicine.  One ounce of the best
Turkey opium yielded by this process 3vi. of extract. .Laudanum
and other preparations may be made of  the usual standard, calcu-
lating 3vi. of the extract equivalent to 3i. of opium.
  Denarcotised acidulous  Tincture  of Opium.—Digest ^i.  of
coarsely powdered opium in one pint of sulph.  aether, s.  g. .735
for ten days, occasionally submitting it to the influence of a mode-
rate heat, until it ceases to act upon the opium;  separate the opium
and dry it, then digest in spt. vin. rect.  5viii.',  acetic,  acid. fort.
  ii., aqua. Ifevi., for seven days, and filter.  This preparation will
be  found to possess  great advantages over laudanum and the
black drop of the shops, to  which it will be much preferable, inas-
much as it will be  destitute of the stimulating principle, which
produces such  distressing effects, and frequently forbids the ad-
ministration of opium, where it might otherwise  be extremely
useful:  the addition  of acetic acid will contribute much to  in-
crease the calming or sedative  effects,  which  are most generally
desired, and for which opium is particularly given.   By its union
  * See Philadelphia Journal of the Med. and Phys. Sciences, No. ix. New Series, p. 78.
 t Acid pyroligneous, pure (concentrated.) 
 28          Denarcotised Acidulous Tincture of Opium-

 with the morphia, it forms in  solution the active sedative  salt of
 opium, (acetate of morphia,) and differs  only from the solution of
 the acetate of morphia of  the shops;  in  its state  of purity and as
 the extraneous matter with which it is associated, has no effect on
 the animal system, it may be considered as good an article,  and
 should be preferred for general use, in consequence of being much
 less expensive.    As  this  preparation  will always possess uniform
 strength, and a like proportion  of opium, it certainly deserves a
 conspicuous  place among our  pharmaceutical  preparations,  and
justly merits to supersede entirely the common black  drop  of our
 shops, which is a very uncertain preparation, differing everywhere
 in activity, from the  indefinite and vague manner it is directed to
 be made, to say nothing of the worse  than useless  articles  which
 enter into its composition, such  as  yeast, nutmeg, and saffron.*

  * It is a singular circumstance, that so imperfect and unscientific a preparation  should so
 long have maintained a place in our materia medica. I believe there is no formula, not even
for the most innocent compound, so extremely indefinite, and allowing so great a scope to the
judgment of the operator. In the first place, the vinegar containing the opium, nutmeg, and
saffron, is directed to be boiled to a proper consistence.  The activity of the preparation will.
consequently be subject to as much variation as the ideas of persons may differ in relation to
what is termed a  proper consistence; and while one person, after evaporating perhaps one-
eighth of the menstrua, would consider it of proper consistence, another might think it neces-
sary to reduce it one-fourth, a third might conceive that even one-half was the right consis-
tence, and the strength of the preparation would consequently be subject to a like enormous
variation.   In the second place we are directed to digest for seven weeks, and then place in
the open air until it becomes a syrup ; we cannot see the propriety of digesting so long a time,
if at all, when the menstrua, if not saturated by the previous boiling, has, at least, taken up
all its soluble matter.  Exposing it to the air until it becomes  a syrup, is subject to as many-
abjections as boiling to a proper consistence, and is almost as indefinite, as the consistence of
a syrup is of no fixed standard, but varies from a thin fluid to the density of honey. It is lastly
directed to be bottled, and to add a little sugar to each bottle; what quantity is meant by a little
sugar, and what size the bottles are, to which it is to be added, we are left to eonj ecture inde-
 pendent of the useless addition of sugar to what is already a syrup; the strength of the article
must be diminished in proportion to the size of the bottles, and quantity of sugar to be added.
 We think an article so active as the black drop should be prepared with more care  and par-
 ticular and specific directions given for the mode of its preparation. An ingenious essay upon
 this subject is given by Mr. THOMAS EVANS, in the Journal of the Philadelphia  College
 of Pharmacy. 
Denarcotised Acididous Tincture of Opium.        29
The black drop owes its superiority over laudanum  to the acetic
acid of its composition, and to that alone; and it will  be admitted,
by those conversant with the articles in question, that acetic acid
exercises a most powerful influence in modifying the effects of
opium. This I can account for in no other way than by its uniting
with the morphia,  thereby rendering  it much more soluble, and
consequently facilitating its effects on  the constitution, which are
directly sedative, while the effects of  opium in its  natural  slate
are stimulating.*
   It has been recommended by  Mr. Robiq,tjet to make  a watery
infusion of the opium, and evaporate the aqueous  solution to the
consistence of thin honey, which is to be digested  in aether,  in-
stead of the powdered or shaved opium (as described in the above,
and Dr. Hare's formula, given in the Philadelphia Journal of the
Medical and Physical Sciences, No. IX. New Series.) I consider
this a worse than useless expenditure, for the aether will act fully
as well, if not more readily, upon opium in powder  than upon an
 extract containing water; and it is generally admitted, at least by
 the best authorities, Coxe, Thomson,  and Paris, that the narcotic
 powers of opium are impaired by boiling in water, under exposure
 to air; hence it is, that the officinal preparation, opium purificatum,
 which formerly was highly recommended, is found  to be no bet-
 ter, if not less active, than crude opium, from which circumstance
 it has become almost obsolete, and rarely to be found in our shops.
 Under this article, Dr. Coxe, in his American Dispensatory, very
  • Dr. JOSEPH HARTSHORNE, in consequence of the uncertainty of the strength of
the black drop of the shops, has adopted the following preparation, which has been exten
«ively employed, and found to possess all the advantages of that article:
       Turkey Opium.....3j-
       Strong Vinegar.....3vj.
       Alcohol.....-     3iv.
 Triturate the opium with vinegar, add the alcohol, and digest for ten days, 
 30        Denarcotised Acidulous Tincture of Opium.

 justly observes, that in consequence of the changes which opium
 undergoes by solution and  subsequent evaporation,  (alluding
 the opium purificatum,) well-selected pieces are to be preferred to
 this preparation.   I cannot see the object of, or the advantage
 that can result from, making a watery extract,  as the  opium de-
 prived of narcotine, will be quite as subject to the action of proof
 spirits, or any other menstrua, with its faeculencies, as the crude
 opium.   We do not make a watery extract  of opium in the pre-
 paration of laudanum,  and it would be  quite as necessary in this
 case as in the former.   Besides, water is not the most eligible
 menstrua for the solution of the active matter of opium.  Morphia
 is sparingly soluble in water, and the moconiate nearly the same;
 you therefore obtain but a portion  of the sedative principle, as a
 part of the morphia will remain with the faeculencies undissolved,
 consequently, with an increased labour and expense, a  less active
 preparation is obtained, than if the crude opium were at once sub-
 mitted  to the action of aether, and  the residue to  proof-spiiits,  as
 in the above formula, to  which the addition  of acetic  acid is an
 admirable improvement, rendering  the morphia more soluble, and
 consequently  more  active, in the same  manner, and  nearly the
 same  ratio,  as sulphuric acid united with quinine, (by increasing
 its solubility,) renders it much more  active and  efficient.   Dr.
 Thomson, speaking of  morphia, observes, that it being scarcely
 soluble  in water, or in the fluids  of the stomach, in its uncom-
 bined state, does not display in a striking  mannei  its properties
 when exhibited alone, but these are very striking when  combined
with an acid, particularly the acetic.  I would here remark, that
 the acetate of  morphia* of the shops is a sub-acetate, and is less
 * I found, in one instance, the morphia under the name of acetate of morphia perfectly
uncombined with acid.  This is a less active medicine, and it is, therefore, highly important
to test this salt where you wish to administer it in substance.  When in solution it must be
united with acid, as morphia is insoluble in water. 
Narcotine.                       31
active than the acetate or super-acetate, which, being a deliques-
cent salt, must necessarily be kept in solution; it is, therefore, re-
quisite, in making the solution from the sub-acetate, to add acetic
acid rather in excess than under neutralization.  The  following
is4he formula I have adopted, which  will make a handsome solu-
tion, and is a preparation that will keep :
   Sub-acetate of morphia     .     .     .     .    .   grs. xii.
   Alcohol,  acidulated with  twelve drops of  acetic
     acid (pure concentrated pyroligneous acid)    .        3i.
   Distilled  water       ......        3i«
Dissolve the morphia in the acidulated alcohol, and add by de-
grees the water, and filter.   Dose of the solution, fronTfifteen to
twenty drops.
   This preparation has been  very successfully used by the late Dr.
Holcombe, of Allentown, and Dr. Canfield, of Arneytown, New
Jersey, in cases where other  preparations of  opium could not  be
administered, in consequence of producing those unpleasant and
distressing  sensations which frequently result from  their use.
This preparation  is now extensively employed, and is attended
with the most desirable  consequences.
   Narcotine.—By the following process I obtained  narcotine in
a perfectly  pure state.
   Digest 3i. of coarsely powdered opium in one pint of aether, for
 ten days, frequently submitting it to ebullition in a water-bath ;
 separate the aether, and add  fresh portions until the opium  is ex-
 hausted; evaporate at the common temperature of the atmosphere,
 by placing  the aetherial  solution in a  salt-mouth bottle, remove the
 stopper, and cover the mouth with bibulous  paper, to prevent im-
 purities falling in, and protract the evaporation. As  the aether re-
 cedes, it  leaves the  sides  of  the  bottle ^coated with crystals
 of  narcotine; as  the solution becomes more dense, the crystals
 enlarge and accumulate, and the bottom of the vessel  is covered 
32
Narcotine.
with large transparent crystals,  accompanied with a brown
liquor and extract, which contains an acid, resin, caoutchouc,
Separate these substances from the crystalline mass, and wash the
salt in cold aether, to separate more effectually the extract or co-
louring  matter.  After the crystals have been sufficiently washed,
dissolve them in warm  aether,  evaporate  as  before, when  most
beautiful snow-white crystals of perfectly pure narcotine will ad-
here to  the sides of the  vessel.   Those on the sides of the bottle
assume  plumose and arborescent forms, which, being made up of
delicate acicular crystals of a somewhat  silky lustre, exhibit a
most  beautiful appearance.  As the aetherial  solution becomes
more dense by evaporation, the  crystals enlarge, and the bottom
of the vessel, as before is covered with pure narcotine, assuming
the rhomboidal prismatic form, with  some  beautiful  modifica-
tions of macled crystals.  By picking out  the  largest and most
regular  crystals, and again dissolving them and evaporating and
repeating the same process, each time selecting  the largest and
best crystals, I obtained crystals one-eighth of an inch in diameter,
and I believe by continuing  in  the same  manner,  much larger
might be obtained, as they increase in size  by  every  crystalli-
zation.
   Resin, Caoutchouc, Oil, and Acid.—These substances  are  the
constituents of the extractive  matter  which covers the crystals,
and is separated in the  manner  above described;  on evaporation
it forms an extract, without signs of crystallization.   This sub-
stance appears to possess all the heavy narcotic odour of the opium.
The narcotine, when perfectly separated from this substance, has
very little odour, and the  denarcotised extract and laudanum pos-
sess less ; in fact, so little, that it could hardly be detected as  a
preparation of opium by the  odour: the strong odour of the ex-
tract arises from the oil of opium which it contains. The activity
of Baume's celebrated extract is considered by Neumann to  ie- 
Morphia.
33
side in the oil and resin.   The acid which exists in this com-
pound has not been sufficiently  examined to say any thing defi-
nite in relation to it.   The characters of the caoutchouc are very
prominent.  I have  not yet tried the effects of this combination
upon  animals, nor have I seen any description of it, but, judging
merely from its sensible characters, it would  appear more active
than  the narcotine.
  Morphia.—This substance exists in opium, united with meconic
acid; its action on the human body is  that of a direct  sedative,
and possesses all  the advantages which we may expect to find in
opium, without any of its inconveniences.  Different modes for
the preparation of this article have been described by Robiq,uet,
Derosne, Choulant, Stertuerner, and others: Dr. Thomson
gives an easy method to obtain it in a state of purity.  He em-
ploys ammonia, instead of magnesia, to decompose the natural me-
coniate, &c. .(See Annals  of Philosophy for June, 1820.) The
sedative powers of morphia becomes more manifest when com-
bined with an acid, particularly the acetic and sulphuric, which
arises from increasing its  solubility.  Morphia is very soluble in
olive  oil, and, according to the experiments of Mr. Majendie, the
compound acts with  great intensity. The following is a brief his-
tory of the crystalline forms of its saline compounds.
  The carbonate  crystallizes in short prisms.
  Acetate in  soft silky  prisms,  is very soluble, and  extremely
active; and preferred by many to any of its combinations.
  Sulphate in arborescent crystals, soluble in water, also very
active.
  Muriate in plumose crystals,  less soluble^ and when evaporated
it concentrates into a shining white plumose mass on cooling.
   Nitrate in prisms  grouped together.
   Meconiate in oblique prisms,  sparingly soluble.
    Tartrate in prisms.
                              E
fc 
34                        Morphia.
   From either of the above combinations, morphia may be sepa-
rated by ammonia.
   The acetate of morphia is considered  the most active prepara-
tion, and as it is a very deliquescent salt, is extremely difficult to
obtain in  crystals;  under these circumstances, the following pro-
cess has been recommended to convert the morphia into the ace-
tate.  Take morphia, four parts; distilled water, eight parts:  di-
lute the morphia in a porcelain vessel, afterwards add acetic acid,
sp. gr. 1.075, or pure concentrated^ pyroligneous acid, until  turn-
sole paper becomes  scarcely converted red ; evaporate  the solution
to the consistence of syrup; continue the evaporation slowly, either
in the sun or in a stove; collect the salt, and reduce it to powder.*
   The sulphate is the next most active salt of morphia, and is em-
ployed where patients have  been accustomed to the use  of  the
acetate, for generally, by varying the salts of alkaline medicines,
their action  may be kept up longer without increasing  the dose
too considerably.   Formulas for the preparation of the acetate and
sulphate in solution, syrup, pills, &c. are given in "Hayden's For-
mulary" and "Formulaire de Montpellier." The other combinations
of morphia, with the exception of the citrate, tartrate, and meco-
niate, have not yet been employed in medicine.
   Meconic acid exists  in combination  with morphia  in crude
opium, forming a meconiate of morphia : it is to this  salt that laud-
anum owes its narcotic effects.  Our distinguished chemist, Dr.
Hare, has  given, in  the Philadelphia Journal of the Medical and
Physical Sciences, No.  ix. New Series, an easy process for ob-
taining this acid, and also a  very delicate test and  easy mode of
detecting minute quantities of opium in solution : his observations
on this subject are well worthy the  attention  of the chemist and
pharmaceutist.
   Fceculencies, <Sfc.—Faeculencies  and insoluble matter  consist
chiefly of  the  leaves, capsules, and stems of the poppy; besides
                • Pharmacopeia Gallics, 1818, pnge 387. 
Morphia.
35
these, however, extraneous matters are  frequently found,  having
been fraudulently introduced to increase its weight.   The insolu-
ble matter in different parcels of opium  varies from one and a half
to near three drachms in the  ounce.
   The effects of opium are generally so well known, that it is un-
necessary to  give  a  description;*  it sometimes,  however,  exer-
  * The followiug particular account of the effects of opium on the Turks, by Baron de Tott,
may be interesting to many readers.  Speaking of those who give themselves up to its immo-
derate use, he says :—Destined to live agreeably only when in a sort of drunkenness, these
men present above all a curious spectacle, when they are assembled in a part of Constanti-
nople called Teriaky Tcharchissy, the market of opium-eaters.  It is there  that, towards
evening, one sees the lovers of opium arrive by the different streets which terminate at the
Solymania, whose pale and melancholy countenances would inspire only compassion, did not
their stretched necks, their heads twisted to the right and left, their back bones crooked, one
shoulder up to the ears, and a number of other whimsical attitudes  which are the conse-
quences of the disorder, present the most ludicrous and the most laughable picture. A long row
of little shops is built against one of the walls of the place where the mosque stands. These
shops are shaded by an arbour, which communicates from one to the other, and under which
every merchant takeS care to place a small sofa for his customers to sit on, without hindering
the passage, who place themselves in succession to receive a dose proportioned to the degree
of habit and want they have contracted.  The pills are soon distributed; the most experienced
swallow four of these, larger than olives, and every one drinking a large glass of cold water
 upon it, waits in some particular attitude for an agreeable reverie, which at the end of  three
quarters of an hour, or an hour at most, never fails to animate these machines,  and make
them gesticulate in a hundred different manners, but they are always very extraordinary and
very gay.   This is the moment when the scene becomes most interesting; all the  actors are
 happy; each of them returns home in a state of total ebriety, but in the full and perfect pos-
 session of a happiness which reason is not able to procure him. Deaf to the hootings of the
 passengers they meet with, who divert themselves by making them talk nonsense, every one
of them firmly believes himself in possession of what he wishes ; they have the appearance
and the feeling of it; the reality frequently does not produce so much pleasure.   The  same
 thing happens in private houses, where the master sets the example of this strange debauch.
 The men of the law are most subject to it; and all the dervises used to get drunk with opium,
 before they learned to prefer the excess of wine.   There are instances of persons  getting
 drunk indifferently with opium or with brandy. There is a decoction which is madqpf the
 shells and seeds of the poppy; this the Persians call loquenor, they sell it publicly in all their
 eities, as they do coffee.  The Persians say it entertains their fancies with pleasant visions,
 and a kind of rapture ; they very soon grow merry, then burst into a laugh, which continues
 till they die away in a swoon. It is found by those who have a  disposition for jesting to in-
 crease that extremely. After the operation of this remedy, the body grows cold, pensive, and 
  36                          Morphia.

  cises very remarkable  and singular  effects on  the constitution,.
  differing materially in its action on different individuals.  A case
  is mentioned in. the  Archives Generates de  Medicine, for Dec.
  1826, of a lady of nervous temperament, who, on taking a draught
  in which there was half a grain  of acetate of morphia, suddenly
  sunk into a state of syncope, which  continued  for two or  three
  hours;  it was several times repeated, at  several intervals of an
  hour or two, and attended with  the  same results.   Dr. Dewees
 met with an  instance in which the opium  invariably purged, ?nd
 was in the habit of employing it as a purgative in this case, in
 doses of two grains, purgatives not producing their usual effects ;
 he has also met with one  instance in which  opium excited vio-
 lent coughing, even when administered in enema.*   Dr. Rous-
 seau informed  me  he  had a case somewhat similar to the  former
 (an unmarried lady of thirty-four years,) where opium universally
 acted as a purgative ;  the denarcotised laudanum administered by
 Dr. Rousseau to the same patient, did  not  produce  this singular
 effect, although continued for several days.f   This  same gentle-
 man also informs me that it is not unfrequent  in his  practice to
 meet with cases in  which opium acts as a purgative, and has dis-
covered that the addition of tartaric acid increases  considerably
its purgative effects.
heavy; and in this dull and indolent situation it remains till the dose is repeated. It is curious
to observe the countenances of those who use this decoction, before its operation, and when
its effects have taken place.—When they come into the decoction-house, they are dull, pale
and languid; but as soon as the remedy begins to operate they are quite changed, they run
into all the extravagances of mirth and laughter, and such an uproar is produced, that it
would be more proper to  give it the name of the mad-house than the decoction-shop.—
[CR|piPE on Opium.]
 * See the Philadelphia Journal of  the Medical and Physical Sciences, Nq. ix. New
Series, page 147.
 t Dr. Rousseau has since informed me, that on further continuing the use of the denarco-
tised tincture, the purgative effects recurred, and he was consequently obliged to suspend its  ■
administration. 
Morphia.                        37
   The several preparations of opium as  above described, may be
 procured at Carpenter's Chemical  Warehouse,  No. 301  Market
 street, Philadelphia.
   It is stated that highly rectified aether is the only menstrua for
 the solution of narcotine. If this is a fact, I cannot understand how
 laudanum contains this  principle,  when its  menstrua is nothing
 stronger  than proof-spirits, and that nearly saturated with the
 gummy, resinous, and other soluble matters of the  opium.
   I am about instituting some experiments upon the  residue of
 opium, after laudanum has been made, and also upon  the matter
 precipitated from laudanum after  long  standing,  the results of
 which I hope to submit in a subsequent number of the Philadel-
 phia Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences.

                       -------:o:-------

 Additional Remarks on  the  Denarcotised  Acidulous Tincture of
                            Opium.

   Subsequent experiments have decidedly given preference to the
 acidulous tincture of denarcotised  opium; it  is certainly one of
 the most valuable preparations of this article, and is a highly valu-
 able substitute for the  black drop, which is preferred to laudanum
 on account of its  small dose, and not producing nausea or the un-
 pleasant stimulating effects of opium; it is, however, objectionable
 as before stated, for the uncertainty of its strength, resulting from
 the vague and indefinite  mode of its preparation. My  friend,Dr.
 Samuel Jackson, of Northumberland, has corroborated  this state-
 ment in his valuable paper in the American Journal of Medical
 Sciences, No. xi.  for August, 1830, page 319; speaking  of  the
 use of Dr. Hartshorne's acetated tincture of opium, which is the
same as my acidulated  denarcotised tincture, with the  exception 
anum
ner
38           On the Cultivation of the Poppy, and

of using common opium instead of denarcotised. He there states,
« This is a substitute for the uncertain  preparation, black drop,
and is supposed to be suitable to those constitutions on which laud-
      and common opium act  in a well-known unfriendly man-
    ;  this proposition is true in part  only, for while it comforts
some of those excitable persons, it distresses others in the usual
way of common  laudanum.  Here, then, we have the most happy
resource in the denarcotised opium, which we confidently believe,
from much experience, brings comfort to all. But ' nil omni parte
beatum,' it occasions costiveness like-common laudanum.   Whe-
ther this evil, with all the rest, is avoided by Carpenter's acidified
tincture of denarcotised opium, we have not satisfactorily ascer-
tained ; but from experience we are ready to believe that it is the
best preparation of opium now before the public."   Numerous tes-
timonies of like import to Dr. Jackson's just given, might be cited
in favour of  this preparation, but its increasing popularity and ex-
tensive use among the faculty, will go farther  to support its cha-
racter, than  any thing which can be written in relation to it.
On the Cultivation of the Poppy, and the Manufacture of Opium.

  The southern section of the United  States is adapted in every
point of view for the cultivation of the poppy, and the manufac^
ture of opium; climate, soil and slave population are in every re-
spect favourable, and it is a matter of great surprise that the Uni-
ted States, ere this, has not been  conspicuous for  supplying her
own territories as well as foreign  markets with this expensive
highly valuable, and indispensable article of the materia medica.
The intimation which I threw out in a former paper, published in
our valuable periodical,  the  American Journal  of Medical Sci- 
the Manufacture of Opium.
39
ences, induced several of my medical  friends in the south to un-
dertake the experiment, and for this  purpose  'I furnished them
with the seed of the papaver somniferum, obtained  from Messrs.
Landreth, and I  was pleased to hear  the first experiment result-
ed by no means discouraging, and I have not the least doubt but
by persevering they will prove successful, and compensate for la-
bour more than any product now yielded by their soil.  Having
had frequent applications for an account of the natural history of
the papaver, its mode of cultivation, and the manner of preparing-
the opium, I  will give the following succinct statement, for which
I am partly indebted to Dr. Crump's treatise on opium.  Opium,
like Peruvian bark, has been the subject of considerable  contro-
versy ; various authors have differed essentially in their views of
this article, differing not only in the investigation of its constitu-
ent principles and modus operandi,  but in the most obvious facts
of its natural history.   These controversies have now been settled
by careful experiments, and the manner of its production and pre-
paration is now perfectly understood,  so as to remove difference
of opinion on these points.
   Opium is produced in various parts of the world.   That of our
shops is generally imported from Smyrna, and is commonly called
Turkey opium; it comes in cakes, from four ounces to a pound in
weight, and generally in  cases of about  one hundred pounds,  or
more.  There is  considerable difference in the quality of this
opium, as regards its purity; some of  it appears to  be full of the
capsules of the poppy, and  other vegetable impurities, leaves, &c,
in some instances amounting to  as much as twenty-five per cent.;
indeed I have seen it in some instances with only sufficient of the
inspissated juice to make these impurities in a mass, by giving ad-
hesion and consistence to them.  There is also  another fraud prac-
tised, by introducing foieign substances to increase its  weight,
such as stones, pieces of lead, bullets, &c., which  in some in- 
 40           On the cultivation of the Poppy, and

 stances amount to a considerable per centage.  I recollect once
 ing sent to a physician a fe\v pounds of opium, which, externally,
 had the appearance of the best quality, which it was, with the ex-
 ception of small pebbles which had  been introduced  in  it when
 prepared, as its external parts were entire, and of a hard consis-
 tence. The physician was highly incensed, and at the  spur of the
 moment he inclosed the  rocks, as he called them, to me in a let-
 ter, which would have amounted to several dollars postage.  He,
 however,  sent them entirely to the wrong place, and  I returned
 them to him through the same channel,  requesting him to send
 them to the Turks, where they had been introduced.   I have in-
 variably found the flat pieces of opium to be the best,"much more
 free from impurities; and I have frequently found in the same case
 of opium the flat pieces to break with a short clear fracture, while
 the thick round pieces were  full of leaves and impurities; and I am
 thus always particular, in selecting opium, to reject the nodular
 pieces.  Opium is prepared and consumed in considerable quan-
 tity ovei all  the warmer regions of Asia, in Egypt, and  other parts
 of Africa where the Mahometan religion prevails; being deprived
 by the tenets of their  religion  from the use of wine and ardent
spirits, they have recourse to the use of opium.  Egypt, and espe-
cially the  Thebes, was long  famous for  the  quantity and excel-
 lence of its opium, and hence the  term Thebaic  is  still given to
 some of its preparations.  Wherever opium is manufactured,  large
 fields are tilled for the cultivation  of  the poppy,  and the sale  of
opium constitutes  no inconsiderable branch of commerce.  The
pieces of opium are generally  covered with the  dried  leaves  of
the poppy, and sometimes with the husks and seeds of some of the
lapatha, or dock kind—an observation long since made by Dr. Al-
ston.  Those also enter into the mass of the nodular pieces, which
constitute part of the faeculencies  and impurities.—That opium
is the product of the poppy, appears the only fact which writers 
the Manufacture of Opium.
41
do not more or less differ in. There are no less than nine species
of the papaver, but that from which opium is principally obtained
is the seventh, or " papaver sotiiniferum;" although this species is
preferable to the others in consequence of yielding a larger quan-
tity of opium, yet they all afford opium of equal quality, but the
smallness of their heads must yield it in much less quantity.  Dr.
Crumpe spates that he obtained  from the papaver rheas opium per-
fectly similar to that got from the somniferum.
  Much difference of opinion  prevails as to the manner in which
the opium that is imported into Europe is  obtained  from the
poppy; some state that it  is obtained from  the heads,  stalks, and
leaves, by boiling and inspissation ; some that it is merely the ex-
pressed juice inspissated by heat; and others, that it was obtained
from the milky juice  by wounding the heads.  In those countries
where opium is manufactured,  that an extract is obtained from the
poppy plant by boiling cannot  be denied. Dioscorides* takes par-
ticular notice of it, and distinguishes it from the juice obtained
by wounding the heads of the  poppy,  which  he says  is the true
opium, by the  name of meconium.  Plinyf makes a  similar dis-
tinction, as does Kaempfer in his Amoenitate Exotica, arid Bontius
in his Medicina Indorum.  Many have concluded, from the large
quantities of opium which  is  consumed, and from its generally
moderate price, that  our opium is merely an extract.  Of this
opinion are Prosper  Alpinus,^ Lemery,§ Savory.|| Condamine,U
and others.   I cannot, however, for various reasons, accede to it;
the only one of its advocates who could determine, from actual  ex-
* De Materia Medica, lib. 4. c. 25.
t Naturali Historia, lib. 20, c. 18.
X Medicina Egyptiorum, lib. 4. c. 2.
} Dictionnaire des Drogues, art. opium.
|| Dictionnaire de Commerce.
\ Mem. de l'Academie des Sciences pour l'an. 1732, page 421.
                       F 
  42           On the Cultivation of the Poppy, and

  perience, was Prosper Alpinus, and he probably was  led  into a,
  mistake, from Egyptians adulterating  the real opium with meco-
  nium.   I lately received from my friend,  Mr.  J. H. Parmele, of
  Zanesville, Ohio, an extract from the heads of the white  poppy
  after the opium had been separated in the usual way by incisions.
  Mr. Parmele sent me rather more than half a pound  of this ex-
 tract, by which I had amply sufficient for full experiments with it,
 and I found it possessed little or none  ©f the effects of opium; in
 small doses it had no effect, and taken in large doses, it  rather
 nauseated than produced any anodyne  effects, which proves their
 opium, if at all judiciously managed, must be obtained by incision,
 as  the additional quantity which would be obtained by  boiling or
 expression  would  only  increase  the weight,  without adding
 strength, and consequently much reduce the activity of the opium,
 as also  to make it very uncertain, varying according to  the  quan-
 tity of extractive matter which might be mixed with the opium,
 which would never be uniform, but differ more  or less  whenever
 it was prepared.  Kaempfer, who lived two years in Persia, asserts
 positively, that the opium is obtained from the heads by incision,
 and particularly describes the operation. The incisions, he says,
 are made with a fine-edged knife in the evening,  and  the  juice
 being collected next day, is inspissated  to  the consistence of
 opium.*   A similar account is given  by  Garcias.f   But  that
 opium is obtained by incision, is placed beyond a doubt  by Mr.
 Ker, who has given a very accurate description  of the manner in
 which the poppy is cultivated, and the opium obtained from  it by
 incision, in the province of Bahar, in the East Indies.  The seeds
 according to him, are sown in quadrangular areas, the intervals of
 which are formed into acqueducts for  conveying water  to  each
area.  The plants are allowed to grow  six or  eight inches  from
* Amanitates Exotica, Fasc. lib. 15.
 |- Historia aramautum and simplicium lib. 1. c. 4. 
the Manufacture of Opium.                43
 each other, and are plentifully supplied with water till they are six
 or eight inches high, when a nutrient compost of dung, ashes, and
 nitroUs earth, is laid over the areas.  A short time previous to the
 appearance of the flowers, they are "again well watered, till  the
 capsules are half grown, when the watering is  stopped, and they
 begin to collect the opium.   The process by which it is effected,
 is simply by making, at sun-set, two longitudinal incisions from
 below, upwards, without penetrating the cavity, with an instru-
 ment which has two points, which should be as sharp as»a lancet;
 the  incisions should be  repeated every evening until each  cap-
 sule has received six or eight wounds, and they are then allowed
 to ripen their seeds.   The juice which exudes is collected in the
 morning, and being inspissated to a proper consistence  by work-
 ing  it in an earthen pot in the sun's heat, is  formed into cakes for
• sale.  (See Medical Observations and Inquiries,  vol. v. article
 28 ;  also, in support of the same opinion, Chardin's Travels into
 Persia.)
   In addition  to this very particular account given by an ocular
 witness, of the manner in which  opium is  extracted by incision
 in the East Indies, we have further proof that the whole quantity
 produced in Persia, Natolia, and other countries, is obtained  in a
 similar way, from considering that opium may be extracted by in-
 cision from the poppies of our own climate, perfectly  similar to
 that imported from these countries; while neither the extract of
 the  poppies produced by boiling, nor the  inspissated  expressed
 juice, bears any resemblance  to it. These facts, it appears, were
 first ascertained by Dr. Alston.* I have myself, says Dr. Crumpe,
 extracted from our own poppies a pretty considerable quantity of
 opium, which differs from that of the  shops  only in  smelling
 stronger, and being to the taste more bitter and pungent; its predo-
 minence, however, in these respects, seemed gradually to diminish.
                      * Medical Essays, Vol. v. 
41            On the Cultivation of the Poppy, and

In obtaining it I followed sometimes the  method mentioned by
Kaampfer,  making five  incisions  at  a  time,  sometimes  that de-
scribed by Mr. Ker, making but two; and  think  the  one  answers
in the end just as well as the other. Opium is frequently of a very
dark colour, which arises sometimes from the iron instruments
employed in collecting it; the chalybeate striking a black colour
with the astringent matter of the juice.   For when opium (as has
been proved by experiment) was prepared by making the  inci-
sions with a sharp piece of glass, and a shell to collect the juice,
it produced that of a clearer reddish brown than is usually ob-
servable.
  Notwithstanding that pure opium is obtained by incision alone,
it must be admitted that opium is almost always more or less adul-
terated, and sometimes  mixed with  the expressed juice, extract
of the plant, and  other  foreign substances.  In  twelve parts of
opium officinarum there  will  be generally found from three  to
three and a half of faeculencies, insoluble in water or alcohol ; and
Dr. Crumpe states, that in the opium which he  collected, there
were but two parts insoluble, which seemed principally composed
of the external cuticle  of the  capsule,  which was  separated in
scraping off the juice.   I have no doubt it  might be collected per-
fectly pure by  a little more care in its  preparation,  or  the juice
might be strained when liquid, or rendered more limpid by the ad-
dition of a little spt. of wine, by which it could be filtered and in-
spissated in the sun, as usual; and  I would particularly suggest
to those who may  think proper to cultivate the poppy and prepare
the opium, to be very particular in getting  it as free from faaculen-
cies as possible, and thus let the American opium be distinguish-
ed for its purity.  I have remarked that the English opium was
much superior to  the Turkey, being much  purer, and more active
in the same doses, and producing more morphia, and commanding
a higher price in  the market, which arose entirely in  consequence 
the Manufacture of Opium.               45
of the particular care in its preparation.   Mr. Ker supposes that
the poppy may be cultivated to advantage on ground of little value.
An acre, he says, yields, in the East Indies, sixty pounds of opium,
which; at the usual price,  would be between two  and three  hun-
dred  dollars.    I have no doubt  it  might be made to yield
nearly the same amount in this country; the experiment,  at all
■events, may be easily made, and seems worthy of attention. If any
overplus remained after our own demands, a ready market would
be found for it in the East Indies, where its consumption is very
considerable, and price generally high.   Several of my medical
friends have successfully  prepared the opium from seeds which I
sent them.  Dr. Charles S. Lucas, of Mount Meigs, Alabama, cul-
 tivated the poppy and prepared opium fully equal to the Turkey,
 and if the price of labour was  less expensive, he informs  me he
 could advantageously cultivate  it in preference to cotton,  which
 is the staple commodity of that country.  My friend Dr. A.  Jones,
 of Lexington, Georgia, to whom I sent some of Messrs. Landreth's
 seeds, has also been successful in his experiments.  I am indebt-
 ed to him for  the following interesting facts in relation  to the
 same, as extracted from his letter to me of July 12th, 1830:—
 " The seed came to hand about the middle  of March; about the
 end of the same month I  sowed on a square of my garden, about
 half of the seeds you sent me, reserving the balance till later in the
 spring.  The  piece of ground  I sowed the first  seed on, was of a
 light, loose, and rather sandy soil, which was well manured for the
 purpose, and comprehended a space of about twenty-five feet long
 by ten or twelve feet wide.  They were sown and covered shal-
 low,  and came up very thick ; so much so that I had to thin them
  out more than one half;  they were drilled in rows about eighteen
  inches or two feet apart.  By working  them they grew up very
  finely, and flowered by the first of June; by the  fifteenth of the
  same month,  the capsules were sufficiently matured  to allow  in- 
46           On the Cultivation of the Poppy, and
cision.  I made my incisions diagonally, up and down the heads;
I found if I made them longitudinally, a great deal of juice would
fall from their heads to the ground. I repeated the incisions until
six or eight were inflicted; I then left them to go to seed.  I also
left a large number of heads for seed, without interrupting them.
Soon after I began my incisions  a severe drought set in in this
part of the state, which parched up the  leaves of my plants, and
caused the further growth of the heads  to cease ;  many  of them
withered and died while young and tender, so that I do not think,
upon the whole, that I gathered half the opium which  1 could
have done under favourable circumstances. The other half of the
seed I planted in  the same kind of soil,  and not one of them came
up;  I distributed a few  of them among my friends,  but none of
their seed came up.*  From the first seed I  planted  I  procured
one fourth of a pound of good  hard  opium,  and one and three
quarters of a pound of seed.  I would send you a specimen of my
opium if I had a good oppoitunity.   Many of the capsules attain-
ed the size of a common man's fist.   I am sure  one  hand could
cultivate as much ground in poppies  as he could in cotton.  My
experiments have not been sufficiently extensive to say  how pro-
fitable may be its culture in the south;  they have, however, been
thus far very flattering and encouraging.  It will be  some time,
however, before it will be extensively  raised, as people change
very slowly from one object of cultivation to  another.   Since  I
gathered my seeds, I  have  placed  parcels in several  physicians'
hands, who have promised to make very  careful experiments with
them; so that the success of their profitable culture will be fully
tested in a short time."
  My ingenious friend, Mr. J. H. Parmele,  of Zanesville, Ohio,
has also successfully experimented upon  the poppy, and prepared
 * This has resulted in consequence of the seeds having been sown too late in the s<
as they lay uninjured in the soil during the winter, they will come up the ensuing s] 
the Manufacture of Opium.               47
opium fully equal to the best Turkey.   He informs me that inci-
sions on the head of the poppy are immediately followed by a co-
pious flow of juice, which gradually concretes; it can be taken from
the-head a short time after it flows, as it soon becomes indurated;
but even after it has become inspissated to a proper degree to be
removed from the heads, the loss of weight is very great.  In one
instance I weighed carefully a fresh gathering from the heads, and
found  it weighed 106 grains; in twenty-four hours  after, I weigh-
ed the same again, and found it to be 44 grains, so that the loss
was 62 grains.
  The great  desideratum  is expedition in making the incisions,
to be effected by some  implement that shall  encompass the heads
adapted to any size, and which will incise them all around at one
stroke ; it should consist of a circle of elastic lances, to proceed
conically from a stem ; the lancets to be gauged at the end, and
furnished with guards, and encompassed with a  sliding ring, by
which the lancets could be held adjusted to the  size  of a poppy
head as they were pushed  down over  it.  It should be made  of
the best steel, and well tempered; this  instrument once made and
successfully applied, would give a new impulse to  the cultivation
of the poppy. I have a  fine piece of land selected, which I design
for the cultivation of the poppy, and will commit  to you the re-
sult of my experiments.
   I think it an object for our southern  planters to turn their at-
tention to the cultivation of the poppy, as prospects of the success-
ful manufacture of opium in this  country are  very encouraging,
and all the experiments which have yet been made upon the sub-
ject, have produced the most favourable results. 
  OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS

                           ON


           PERUVIAN   BARK.



  The cinchona, or, as it i3 more generally denominated, Peruvian
bark, is the product of  several species of the genus Cinchona,
which, in botanical arrangement, belongs to the class Pentandria,
order  Monogynia,  and to the natural order Contorta.
  The descriptions of the  species of this genus, from the limited
and imperfect nature of the information possessed, have been ge-
nerally so confused and indefinite, as to convey little or no infor-
mation.
  Cinchona is found in various parts  of South America, always
inhabiting  mountainous tracts, where it grows from a few inches
in diameter to the thickness of a man's body.  The bark is col-
lected in the dry season, say from  September till November; and
after being well dried in  the sun, is packed up in skins,  forming
what  is called seroons,  weighing from fifty  to one hundred and
fifty pounds.
   Several  species are  frequently mixed  together in  these se-
 roons, which are  afterwards separated, according to quality ; it is
 not, however, uncommon  to find  several species mixed together
 on their arrival at our markets.  The tree has never yet been cul-
 tivated  by the Spaniards, who  procure it by stripping the natural
 trees of their bark, which ultimately must  destroy the genus, as
 they  always die after the  operation. 
On Peruvian Bark.                   49
   Most of the varieties of cinchona being  highly valuable,  and
consequently very liable to be adulterated with various substances,
it is therefore important to adhere to a critical examination of all
its characters.
   The accounts of the discovery of cinchona are very numerous;
and  many, from their singularity and improbability, are no doubt
founded in fiction.   It has long been esteemed a valuable medi-
cine in Peru, where it is said the natives have  adopted its  use,
from observing that animals recur to it.  Be the source of its first
employment what it may, it was not used  by Europeans until the
year 1640, when the  Countess Cinchon, wife of the Spanish vice-
roy, was cured of the ague by means of it, and hence  the deriva-
tion of its name, cinchona.   As frequently occurs on the intro-.
duction of any new remedy, considerable noise was made, and op-
position raised against it by several eminent physicians ; but when
admitted to proper experiments, its  efficacy soon  suppressed the
.groundless clamour which had been too hastily  excited.
   The principle, says Dr. Paris, on which the tonic and febrifuge
properties of bark depend, has ever been  a fruitful source of con-
troversy.  Deschamps attributed it to cinchonate of lime.   Wes-
tering considered tannin as the active principle ; while M. Seguin
assigned all the virtues to the principle which  precipitates gallic
acid. Fabroni concluded from his experiments,  that the febrifuge
power of the bark did not belong exclusively or essentially to the
astringent, bitter, or to any other individual principle, since the
quantity  of these would necessarily be increased by  long boiling;
whereas  the virtues of the- bark are notoriously diminished by pro-
 tracted ebullition.
   Perhaps no vegetable substance underwent so  many analyses,
 by the most distinguished chemists of Europe, as the cinchona;
 and yet so little positive  knowledge was obtained of its true con-
 stituents, and such was the very obscure condition of our informa-
                              G 
50
Observations and Experiments
 tion of the active principle of cinchona, when the scrutinizing,
 critical, and successful researches of Pelletier and Caventou de-
 tected the existence of two salifiable bases,  in  peculiar states of
 combination, ih the different species of cinchona.  The  medical
 profession is therefore indebted to these intelligent and enterpris-
 ing chemists, for one of the most valuable additions ever  made to <
 the materia medica.
   Among all the late discoveries in vegetable chemistry, there is
 none which claims so much attention, from extensive  usefulness,
 as that  of quinine.  This principle contains all the tonic and feb-
 rifuge properties of Peruvian bark,  in their most concentrated
 state.   By the substitution of this preparation foj the crude bark,
 the physician can conveniently administer it to the most delicate
 constitution, in an eligible form, and by no means an  unpleasant
 dose, what previously was considered the  most nauseous and dis-
 agreeable medicine, and frequently, from its bulky nature  (when
 administered in  less  than ordinary doses,) was rejected  by  the
 stomach.
  In consequence of the prevailing endemics, ague and remittent
 fevers, which, of late  years, have  visited  almost every section of
 our country,  the article cinchona has increased very much in prac-
 tice and demand, and become one of  the most important  articles
 of the materia medica. ■
  The descriptions which have been given by most authors, to dis-
 tinguish the many species and varieties of this  extensive  and  im-
portant  genus, are so imperfect and confused, that they tend rather
to involve research in more dense obscurity, than to develope any
information.  It is admitted, there is no method so well calculated,
to ascertain,  with any degree of certainty, the comparative  ac-
tivity of the different species of Peruvian bark, as that of analysis;
and, from this circumstance, I have made trial of some of the most
important species which now occur in our commerce, for the pur- 
On Peruvian Bark.                   51
pose of determining their qualities, which I have done by extract-
ing the alkaline principle, upon which  their virtue as a medicine
entirely depends, and from the product of which their compara-
tive strength may be accurately and readily ascertained.
  It is a source of regret, that many of our country physicians so
little  appreciate the quality of cinchona as to be governed  en-
tirely by the price, which, from the following statement, will ap-
pear to be the most remote and inaccurate ground for calculation,
as the cheapest or lowest-priced bark in the market is far dearer
to the practitioner,  and particularly to the patient,  than that
which commands the highest price ; for it not only requires the pa-
tient  to swallow twelve times, the quantity to  produce the same
effect, independent of the loss of time, but also, by charging  the
stomach, when in a weak and debilitated state,  with so  large  a
portion of ligneous and insoluble matter, may give rise to diseases
more serious than  those  for which  it was  administered as  a
remedy.
   The bark of commerce, in this country and in England,1 is gene-
rally  designated under the  limited nomenclature of red, pale, and
yellow.  There are now no less than twenty-five distinct species
of cinchona, independent of any  additions  we  may owe  to  the
zeal of Humboldt and Bonpland, as well as of Mr. A. T. Thomp-
son, who states, that in a large collection of dried specimens of
the genus cinchona in his possession, collected in 1805, both near
Loxa and Santa Fe,  he finds many specimens which are not men-
tioned in the works of any  Spanish botanist.
   Dr. Paris, in his valuable Pharmacologia, justly remarks, that
notwithstanding the  labour of the  Spanish botanists, the  history
of this important genus is still involved in considerable perplexity ;
and owing to the mixture of the barks of several species, and th^ir
importation into Europe under one common name, it is extremely
difficult to reconcile the contradictory  opinions which exist upon 
52       Observations and Experiments on Peruvian Bark.

this subject. Under the trivial name officinalis, Linnaeus confound-
ed no less than four distinct species of cinchona; and under the
same denomination,  the British pharmacopaeias for a long period
placed as varieties the three barks known in the shops.  This error
indeed, is still maintained in the  Dublin pharmacopaeia; but the
London and Edinburgh colleges have at length adopted the ar-
rangement of Mutis, a celebrated botanist who  has reside'd in
South America, and held the official situation of  director of the
importation of bark for nearly forty years.
  The apothecaries of this country and England,  at  the present
day, distinguish the denominations of their bark by terms expres-
sive of the colour ; and it is a source of still greater surprise, to find
the orders and prescriptions of some of our most  intelligent phy-
sicians designating the species of bark they wish to employ by no
other than one of the terms signifying red, pale, or yellow ; thus
reducing the extensive genus cinchona, of not less  than twenty-
five species, into three varieties, and leaving it entirely  to the dis-
cretion of the  apothecary  to give him  any species  of a colour
correspondent to that ordered.  Independent of  the great insuf-
ficiency of these terms to distinguish the numerous  species, the
colour of the powder is one of the most uncertain and  inaccurate
methods which could be adopted, of classing or assorting the cin-
chonas ; as, under the same denomination, the best species of bark
in commerce (calisaya arrollenda) would be confounded with the
most inferior (carthagena)  as the colour of the powders of both
is yellow ; hence a physician writing for yellow bark, leaves it to
the choice of  the apothecary to give  him  what  species he  may
think proper, of a correspondent colour, but varying in quality
from  calisaya to  carthagena, or  in  medicinal  activity  as  from
twelve to one.
   The importance, therefore, of adopting  terms more  definite, to
distinguish the several species of Peruvian bark,  must be obvious; 
Calisaya Bark.                     53
and that the botanical nomenclature of these species is imperfect
and inadequate, is equally so.   The quality of Peruvian bark ap-
pears to be modified and influenced by locality, produced by dif-
ference in soil, altitude of situation, exposure,  or some other cir-
cumstances peculiar to the location; hence the  different provinces
of Peru afford bark-differing very materially in their physical cha-
racters, and particularly in the activity of their medical qualities,
from which circumstances it would appear, that a nomenclature de-
rived from the names of the provinces in which the different spe-
cies grow, would be a systematic arrangement.
   The following are some of the most  important  species which
now occur in commerce, which I have submitted to experiments,
and have given to each the comparative proportion  of quinine and
cinchonine which they respectively contain. The names which are
given to distinguish these several species, are derived from the pro-
vinces in which they grow, which at present  (in consequence of
the confusion in the  botanical history  and  arrangement of cin-
chona) is  the most direet and certain mode of  distinguishing
those species of bark which now are found in our shops.
   It  is possible that bark  of  very different  qualities may  some-
times come, from  a particular province  or  port, and  probably
brought there from a distant place.   It of course would be'neces-
sary to guard against this by an examination of the physical cha-
racter of the bark.   All general rules or systems of every kind are
subject to some defects and exceptions.

                        -------:o:-------

          CALISAYA  BARK—TWO VARIETIES.

   Op this very important species there are two varieties in com-
 merce.
    1st.  Calisaya  Arrollenda (Quill Calisaya.)   This  variety is in 
54                     Calisaya Bark.
quills from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a half in diam-
eter, and from eight inches to a foot and a  half in  length.  The
epidermis is thick, and may be readily removed from  the  bark ;
and hence you find in the seroons or cases a great proportion de-
privedofthis  inert pait.  It  is generally  imported in seroons
weighing about one hundred  and fifty pounds, and very  seldom
comes in cases ; it has many deep transversal fissures running pa-
rallel; the fracture woody and shining; the interior layer is fibrous
and of a yellow colour, and the- taste is slightly  astringent and
very bitter.
  2d. Calisaya Plancha  (Flat Calisaya.) This variety  consists of
flat, thick, woody pieces, of a reddish brown colour, deprived  of
its epidermis, and the interior layer more fibrous  than  that in the
quill.  This variety yields from twenty to  twenty-five per  cent!.
less quinine than the  arrollenda, and is consequently a less desi-
rable article.
  This species of bark will yield a much larger proportion of the
active principle (quinine) than any other bark in commerce, and
consequently may be justly esteemed the best.
  There has lately been  introduced a variety of flat calisaya bark,
which is very superior, and is even preferred to the arrollenda, or
quilled calisaya ;  it appears, however, to me, to be the arrollenda
straightened while green  or fresh from the tree, the epidermis then
taken off, and  of course dried in flat pieces; in consequence  of the
separation of the epidermis a  given quantity  will  produce more
quinine, than the same of the arrollenda. ,
  False Calisaya.—There has also lately been imported with the
flat Calisaya bark, and sold under that name, a species somewhat
resembling it, but of very different quality, yielding much less qui-
nine, although it has all the sensible quality in taste  and bitter-
ness like the  calisaya.   It is in  smaller, shorter, and thinner
pieces, and the epidermis is smooth and thin, without the deep 
Loxa, or Crown Bark.                  55
fissures and rough exterior which characterises the epidermis  of
the true calisaya.   I do not know any better term  to distinguish
this variety of bark, than by the term of False Calisaya; and, like
every thing which bears that name, should be guarded against.

                       -------:o:-------

          SUPERIOR LOXA, OR  CROWN  BARK.

  Loxa is the name of the province and port where this bark is
obtained, and from which it is exported. In this province cinchona
was originally discovered.  This bark has been highly esteemed
by the royal family, and is that which has been selected for their,
use ;  hence, the name of Crown Bark.  The  following  are the
characters which distinguish this bark.
  The Loxa bark occurs in small  quills, the  longitudinal  edges
folding in upon  themselves forming a tube  about  the circumfer-
ence of a goose-quill, and from a foot to a foot and a half in length.
It is of a greyish colour on the exterior, and  covered with small
transverse fissures or cracks'; the interior surface is smooth, and,
in fresh or good bark, of a bright orange red ; it is of a compact
texture, and breaks with a short cltean fracture; it is the bark of
the cinchona condaminia, and is known at Loxa by the name of
cascarilla fina.  Yet, notwithstanding this bark appears  to have
held the decided preference to all other species, analysis fully in-
dicates that it is not equal in medicinal strength by at least twen-
ty-five per cent, to that denominated Calisaya: this bark is more
astringent and less bitter than the calisaya.
   This species yields from twenty-five to thirty per cent, less cin-
chonine and quinine  than  the calisaya  arrollenda does quinine,
and the proportion of cinchonine is much greater than that of the
quinine. 
56                 Cinchona  Oblongifolw.
      CINCHONA  OBLONGIFOLIA, OR RED BARK.
  The above term appears to be more applicable  to  the  species
in question, than any other which can be selected, as under  that
denomination the  best red bark has always been well known; and
as there is but one other species  affording a red powder, it is not
likely  to be confounded.  The inferior red bark, of which there
is a considerable quantity in our market, is  no doubt more fre-
quently obtained  by colouring low-priced yellow bark, than from
the product of a distinct species.
  There is but one  species of bark in addition to the oblongifolia,
as before stated, producing a red powder which is called Rosea,
and as that species is seldom  or  never  known in our commerce,
there can be little or no powder produced by it; hence, all the in-
ferior kinds of red bark, of which there is no small quantity, to the
discredit of those who sell it evidently must be either such of the
oblongifolia as has been rendered almost 'inactive by age,  wea-
ther, or some other  exposure, or, as  before surmised, is inferior
yellow bark, coloured ;  and as the product of the former must be
small, it in all probability proceeds from the latter source ; hence
the price of red bark is as various (and the qualities correspond-
ing with the prices) as the yellow bark,  although the number of
species of which we are acquainted is not one-eighth the number
of the latter.
  Physicians cannot be  too particular  in their orders  for red
bark; they  should never receive a second quality of it, for there
is but one  species  of  genuine red bark, and  which cannot be
sold at a low price; it is always worth  at least $2 per ft., and may,
in the course of time,  become more  scarce and higher in value.
A lower price red bark would probably be very inferior  bark co-
loured, for which would be  demanded double its worth.   The
purchaser  would  therefore get,  although at  a less price, an ar- 
Cinchona  Oblongifolia.
5?
tide much dearer  than  the  true  red  bark,  at  its market price.
The cinchona oblongifolia is the magnifolia of the flora peruvianna,
and is known in Spain by the name of colorada, and is what  con-
stitutes the red bark of commerce ; it occurs, generally, in large
thick pieces, being the product of the largest tree of the genus-
cinchona.  There  are two varieties of this species.
   1st.   Colorada canan, or quill red bark, which occurs in quills
of various diameters, from one fourth  of an inch to two  inches in
thickness.   The epidermis is white or grey, with transversal fis-
sures, or watery concretions, of a reddish colour; the interior is of
a brick-red colour, the cross fracture short and  fibrous, the longi-
tudinal fracture compact and shining, the taste not so bitter as
that of the calisaya.                                  ,
   2d.  Colorada plancha, or flat red bark.   This bark is in very
large thick pieces, from half an inch  to two inches in thickness,
and from one to two feet in length, the  epidermis brown, thick
and rugged, with cracks running in various directions.   The frac-
ture very fibrous inside, is of a deep brick colour, the taste is less
bitter than that of the quill, and of course much less so than that
of the calisaya.
   These two varieties frequently  come in the  same seroon, and
from their appearance are no doubt the product of the same spe-
cies, or perhaps the same tree; the quill being produced by the
branches, and the  flat.thick  pieces from the trunk; or the former'
from young, and the latter from older trees.
   This bark is generally more scarce in our market than the yel-
low or pale, and commands a higher price.   It is seldom import-
ed  into  this country  direct from South America, the supplies
being generally received from abroad.  About eight or ten years
since a lot of about fifty seroons were  imported  from Guayaquil,
by John R. Neff, Esq. of this city : there has been no arrival since
of consequence, and I am informed by a respectable  druggist  in
                              H 
58 -                Cinchona Oblongifolia.
 this city who has been many years in business, that  this is the
 only arrival in quantity of red bark, direct from South America,
 within his knowledge  or recollection.    The seroons averaged
 about one hundred pounds each.  The large flat pieces and quills
 were indiscriminately mixed, and in some seroons in very nearly
 equal proportions.   This  bark,  when  first  received,  was of a
 very deep and bright colour, and particularly the powder pro-
 duced by the  flat pieces ; after being exposed,  however, in a dry
 place for about six months, it faded considerably, insomuch that
 any one not in possession of the proof of the fact  would have
 doubted whether  the powder had been produced from the same
 bark.
   From experiments on the  above bark,  I procured twenty per
 cent, less cinchonine  and  quinine,  taken together,  than the
 amount of quinine produced by  the same  quantity of calisaya ar-
 rollenda bark; and the  proportion of cinchonine was rather more
 than half of the product of quinine.
   It will appear, therefore, from what has been said, that notwith-
 standing the great prejudices, both of eminent authors and skilful
 practitioners, which have so long existed in favour of the superi-
 ority of the oblongifolia  (red bark) over other species, that it is de-
 cidedly inferior to  the calisaya  (yellow bark,) as the whole pro-
 duct, as before stated, of its active principles, does not equal that
 of the calisaya and cinchonine, constituting rather more than half
 the product, which, according to an eminent author, is five times
 less active than the quinine ; this point, however, I think, is very
far from being settled.  An interesting paper was read before the
Academy of Medicine at Paris, which is published in the Bulletin
des Sciences Medicales  for November,  1825, in which  M. Bally
states that he has experimented upon the sulphate of cinchonine,
with a view to determine its febrifuge qualities.  He administered
this sulphate in tvventy-seven cases of intermittent fevers, of dif- 
                   Sulphate of Cinchonine.                 59

ferent types, in doses of two-grain.pills, giving three or four in
the interval of paroxysms ; by which treatment he cured the dis-
ease as effectually and as speedily as with the quinine ;  of which
twenty-seven cases, there  were sixteen tertian,  nine  quotidian,
and two quartan.  He remarked, further, that the cinchonine has
properties less irritating than those of quinine, and that, conse-
quently, its employment should be more general,  and preferred in
all simple cases.  I believe few or no experiments  have been made
by the physicians of  this country upon the medical properties of
the cinchonine; it consequently must be  very  little known by
them from their own experience.   It certainly is a medicine
which deserves at least a trial.
   We might also infer, in  favour of cinchonine, that the Loxa, or
crown bark, which is held in preference in  South America to all
other species, owes its medicinal properties to cinchonine.  This
bark is also much esteemed by many of our distinguished practi-
tioners here, and is certainly a very superior quality of Peruvian
bark.
   From the preceding description, the several species of Peruvian
bark most commonly met with at the  present day may be readily
recognised, as the  physical characters are prominent and distinc-
tive in each variety;  after, however, selecting the best species of
Peruvian bark,  by the several distinguishing and specific charac-
ters, one very important adventitious  condition yet  remains to be
investigated.  It is a  fact established beyond controversy, that age
is a very powerful  agent in deteriorating the  active properties of
bark, insomuch that  the best species of Peruvian bark, when old,
is little superior, and sometimes even inferior, to the Carthagenian
bark when fresh; hence it is, that large parcels of a superior spe-
cies of Peruvian bark, which would have commanded two dollars
 per pound at Cadiz when fresh, has been offered publicly in  this
city for one-eighth of the sum, twenty-five cents, and that without 
60                   Bark injured by Q.ge.
 a purchaser; and which it appears has been operated upon by no
 other unfavourable circumstance but age.  In what manner or by
 what process age, or rather the circumstances connected with it,
 act upon bark, other than by a combination with oxygen, or a vola-
 tilization of its active principle, I know not.  Fabroni states, with
 truth, that cinchona loses its solubility, and  consequently its ac-
 tivity, by long exposure to the  air, but  does  not give his opinion
 as to the manner in which it is thus affected.   I cannot, however,
 conceive, under existing circumstances, how  the solubility of Pe-
 ruvian bark can be diminished,  except through  the  agency of
 oxygen; and it is by this means the extract of bark, prepared ac-
 cording to  the common  formulas of our-dispensatories, is rendered
 useless; for, owing to the  oxigenizement of the extractive matter,
 the solubility of the extract is so diminished during its formation,
 that scarcely one half is soluble in water.
  From a number of experiments which I have made  upon Peru-
 vian bark in different states, I have observed, as an unequivocal
 result, that the same species of bark which, when fresh, is very pro-
 ductive of quinine, when old, will produee little or none of this
 active principle, upon which its virtue as a medicine entirely de-
 pends.
  It will appear, therefore, an important duty, critically to exa-
 mine the state of bark, as to age; and it may, perhaps, be useful in
 this place,  to describe the physical characters of bark in this state,
 and by which it  may be readily known.   The prominent features
which characterise old bark, and distinguish  it from  recent, are
the following:—Old bark has lost nearly all that  bitter and astrin-
gent taste and peculiar aromatic odour, which are such prominent
 characteristics of recent bark of good quality.  The specific gra-
 vity is also sensibly diminished; and the fracture, instead of being
 shining and compact, is dull, fibrous, and of a loose texture; and
 the coloui  very frequently passes from a bright  orange  to a dull 
Adulteration of Bark-                  61
brown, as the bark advances in age, particularly if much exposed.
By attention to  these  few conspicuous characters—taste,  smell,
specific gravity, fracture, and colour, no  mistake can arise,in the«
selection of good bark, unless  there is a gross deficiency of judg-
ment.   Yet, notwithstanding the distinguishing characters of Pe-
ruvian bark in these two states are so prominent and striking, we
regret to say, that gross mistakes  have been made public in this
particular, by men whom we might suppose most capable  of  ap-
preciating the quality, under the influence of every incidental cir-
cumstance.
   Dr. Paris, in  the sixth edition of his Pharmacologia, makes the
following remarks under the article cinchona:-" The frauds com-
mitted under this head are most extensive ; it is not only mixed
with inferior bark, but frequently with  genuine bark, the active
constituents of which have been  extracted by decoction with
water.  In selecting cinchona bark, the following precautions may
be useful:—it should  be dense,  heavy and dry ; not musty, nor
spoiled by moisture;  a  decoction made of it  should have a red-
dish colour, when warm, but  when cold it should become paler,
and deposit a brownish  red  sediment.   When the bark is  of a
dark colour, between  red and yellow, it is either of a bad species,
or it has not been well preserved.  Its taste should be bitter, with
 a slight  acidity,  but not nauseous, nor  very  astringent;  when
chewed, it should not appear in threads, nor of much length; the
 odour is not very strong, but when bark is well cured it is always
 perceptible, and the stronger it is,  provided  it be  pleasant,  the
 better may the  bark be considered.  In order to give bark  the
 form of quill, the bark gatherers not unfrequently call in the aid
 of artificial heat, by which its virtues are deteriorated; the fraud
 is detected by the colour being much darker, and, upon splitting
 the bark, by the inside exhibiting stripes of a whitish sickly hue.
 In the form of  powder, cinchona is always  found more or  less 
62                   Sulphate of Quinine.

adulterated.   This must be recollected as applying to the English
market.  During a late official inspection  of the shops of apothe-
caries and druggists, the  censors repeatedly met with  powdered
cinchona having a hard metallic taste, quite foreign to that which
characterises good bark.*  The best test of the goodness  of bark
is afforded by the quantity of cinchona or quina that may be ex-
tracted from it'; and the manufacturer should always institute such
a trial before he purchases any quantity, taking a certain number
of pieces indiscriminately from the  bulk."
   Before concluding, it may not be out of season to remark, that
the sulphate of quinine, as it is generally termed, is not a perfectly
neutral salt, but in the state  of a sub-sulphate, and  is only partly
soluble in water.  Its exhibition in water  is rendered much more
eligible by the addition of a drop of sulphuric  acid  to each grain
of the salt, which  makes a perfectly transparent solution, and
which, I think, from its obvious advantages, should entirely super-
sede the common formula: with sugar and  gum arabic, a few
grains of citric or tartaric acid will  have the same effect in dis-
solving the quinine as the sulphuric acid, and  has been preferred
by some.
   Dr. Paris.f  on *he exhibition of quinine, states  that he lately
saw a prescription in which the salt is directed to  be rubbed with
a few grains of cream of tartar, and then to be dissolved in mint-
 water.   This, he continues, is obviously injudicious, since tartaric
 acid decomposes the sulphate, and occasions an insoluble tartrate,
 which is precipitated.
 * Mr. Thompson has suggested the probability of tiis circumstance having arisen from
the admixture of a species of bark lately introduced into Europe from Martinique, resembling
the cinchonafioribunda, and which by an analysis of M. Cadet, was found to contain iron.—
London Disp. edit. 3, page 247.

 t Pharmacologia, edit. 6, vol. ii. page 163, 
Piperine.
63
    With due deference to the  exalted judgment  of  Dr.  Paris, I
"» must, however, on the following grounds, dissent from his opinions.
  The cream of tartar is objectionable, merely  from the circum-
  stance  that the  active part of the compound may be obtained in
  a more direct  and speedy  process by the tartaric.  The combina-
  tion of oream  of tartar and sulphate of quinine in the above pre-
  scription does produce decomposition, as Dr. Paris has observed ;
  but the virtue of the medicine is not in the least affected by  it,
  and the precipitate, instead of being an insoluble tartrate of qui-
  nine, as he observes, is sulphate of potass;  tartrate  of quinine is
  a very  soluble salt, and is held in solution, while the water be-
  comes slightly turbid by the  precipitation of sulphate of potass;
  which, however, from its extremely minute division, is speedily
  taken up by the water, when you have a transparent solution of
  tartrate of quinine and sulphate  of potass,  and as the  latter an-
  swers neither  a good nor a bad purpose,  it of course can very con-
  nveniently be dispensed with, and  therefore,  as  before  stated,
  the tartaric'acid should be preferred, as having a more speedy and
  direct action.
     Piperine has  proved a valuable adjunct to quinine ; equal pro-
.  portions of each will act with much  more energy than the whole
  quantity of quinine  or piperine alone.  Dr. Chapman informs us,
  he has met with' much success in the  treatment of intermittent
  fevers by employing the following prescription :
                        R. Quinine, grs.  X
                           Piperine, grs.  X
                         M. ft. Pill, No.  X
          One to  be taken  every hour in absence of fever.
     Oil  of  black pepper is much  more active than piperine, one
  drop being fully equal to three grains of piperine; three drops of
   oil of black pepper added to ten grains of quinine, will greatly in-
  crease the powers of thi3 remedy: oil  of black pepper alone is a 
64
Precipitated Extract of Bark.
 valuable stimulant in typhus fever, and is a valuable adjunct  to
 many medicines.
   All the preceding varieties of bark, sulphate of quinine,  cin-
 chonine, and all the preparations of bark and quinine, may be pro-
 cured at George W. Carpenter's Chemical Warehouse, 301 Mar-
 ket street, Philadelphia.
   Note.—An alkaline substance, somewhat analogous to quinine,
 has recently been  discovered in the cornus florida, which has been
 denominated cornine, and which  has  been very carefully and ac-
 curately described by Dr. Samuel G. Morton, in the  Philadelphia
 Journal of Medical and Physical Sciences.  From the most re-
 spectable sources in the medical profession, from various parts  of
 the United States where  the  article has been sent,  the  most fa-
 vourable accounts  have been  received of the unequivocal success
 of the cornine in the treatment of intermittent fevers, in the same
 doses as the quinine; and  the only circumstance which precludes
 its  competition with that substance, is the  extremely minute com-
 parative proportion of cornine yielded by  the cornus florida.
                      ------:o:------
   I beg leave earnestly to call the attention of the Faculty to the
following valuable  preparation, which is preferred by  many physi-
 cians to the sulphate of quinine;  and I should suppose few physu
 dans would use the latter while they can get this extract, equally
 efficient as to quinine, in the same doses, and at so comparatively
 low a price.
                    CARPENTER'S
         PRECIPITATED EXTRACT  OF BARK,
 Containing Quinine, Cinchonine, the  new organic alkali  Chinio-
  dine, and all the active principles of Peruvian bark, except
     the ligneous fibre, and possessing all the febrifuge proper-
        ties of Quinine, in the same doses, and at about
                     one-third the price. 
Precipitated Extract of Bark.              65
  As the sulphate of quinine has become scarce, and increasing
in price, it is an object of the highest importance to the commu-
nity to obtain a preparation of equal  efficacy at a reduced  price.
The above extract we are pleased  to  find,  will effect this  object
in the strictest application,  and being the  product of the same
cinchona, and containing,in addition to the quinine, other alkalies
of the same bark, of equal, if not superior efficacy to  the quinine,
it unquestionably will meet with  the approbation of the faculty,
and will no doubt be fully tested by the experience of our most
distinguished  physicians.   It has frequently been  asserted by
chemists and scientific authors on cinchona, that there, no doubt,
existed other active alkaline  principles, or extractive matters, in
addition to those already discovered in the bark ;  and the conclu-
sive facts in relation to the  use of  quinine, the use of  bark,  and
that of the residuary extract, corroborate the truth of this  asser-
tion. , It is well known that numerous cases of intermittents have
yielded to the .use of bark in  substance, which have  resisted qui-
nine, even when  long continued, and  in large and repeated doses,
to the extent of six or eight grains.  And we have the  evidence
of the late Dr. Emlen, who  was the first to use the residuary ex-
tract of bark after the quinine was separated, and who asserts he
discovered the happiest effects in its  exhibition,  in doses  of  two
grains, and that it was in no  respect  inferior  to  the sulphate of
quinine ;  and  Drs. Parrish  and Wood, distinguished members of
the profession  in this city, found the result of their practice fully
successful.*
  Dr. Serturner, chemist, of Hamelin,  likewise confirmed what
has been observed by others,  that,  as a tonic, quinine cannot be
substituted for cinchona, and made  analytical researches  on the
• See Journal of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, vol. i. page

                            I 
66               Precipitated Extract of Bark.
bark, to discover the cause of the difference.  The precipitate ob-
tained by treating the  acidulous extract of cinchona by alkalies,
comprises, besides quinine and cinchonine, certain additional or-
ganic alkalies.   These new organic? alkalies,  especially the prin-
cipal one, which Dr. S.  calls chiniodine,  are intimately united
with a sub-acid, resinous substance. The new alkali exists in the
cinchona bark associated witL quinine and cinchonine,  and they
are all precipitated together in the above extract. The chiniodine
resembles the other alkalies of  cinchona in its solubility, colour,
and taste; but it is distinguished from  them by its activity, its
greater capacity of saturation,  its alkaline  reaction, and its infi-
mate" combination with an extractive  matter.  Dr. Serturner fur-
ther states, that, as a medicine, chiniodine is one of the most pre-
cious agents of the materia medica.  It is not only a better  febri-
fuge than quinine, and  even than the bark in substance, but it
possesses many other therapeutic properties, which, admitting that
they exist in the bark  itself, are not to be  found  in  quinine.   It
was prescribed by Dr. S. in the dose of two grains, three times a
day.   In all  the cases treated  by the  new remedy, the fever was
cut short, without relapse and  in every instance  the concomitant
symptoms, such as paleness of the face, loss of appetite, aedema of
the legs, &c. disappeared in a shorter time than is usually the case.
The medicine failed only in a single instance.   The quantity ne-
cessary  for  a cure was generally from  twelve  to  twenty-four
grains.*
   The above extract is kept of two degrees  of  consistence; the
soft can be made into pills with the addition of liquorice" powder
or starch, and the hard can be  pulverized and made up  with con-
serve  of roses or  syrup.  It can be made into a solution in  either
* See Journal des Progret for 1889, Vol. iii. 
                 Precipitated Extract of Bark.              67

state, with water, by the addition of one drop of sulphuric acid to
each grain of the extract.
  The following formula is an elegant mode of exhibition, which
produces a beautiful transparent solution.
    R Precipitated extract of bark  -    -     -   48 grains.
      Acid sulphuric    -     -#   .     -     .  '%> drops.
      Alcohol     -     m ^fit     •     "     -    2 drachms.
      Aqua cinnamon   -     -     ...    4 ounces.
    M.     4^m  .y
Drop the sulphuric acid in the^lcohol with about two drachms of
water, which should be used to triturate and dissolve the extract,
after which the remaining  water  should be gradually added.  If
alcohol is inconvenient, it  can be  made without  it,  and common
water can be substituted for the cinnamon.
  MM. Henry and Delondre, of Paris, differ in their opinion with
Serturair, and consider what he denominates  chiniodine to  be a
compound of quinine and cinchonine, associated with a peculiar
yellowish substance of very difficult sepa^jion.  I think the opi-
nion of Serturner to be correct, as it^Psupported by numerous
pharmaceutical facts and characteristic properties of the substance.
The peculiar yellowish  substance of very difficult separation, de-
scribed by Henry and Delondre, is no doubt also an active com-
ponent of this extract; and we find in a number of vegetable crys-
talline products, that they frequently owe their activity to certain
principles associated by their  crystallization,  and if rendered en-
tirely pure, they are feeble or inert.  Thus, piperine owes its ac-
tivity to the resinous oil which is associated, more or less, with it;
and in proportion as it  contains this or is deprived of it, is its ac-
tivity increased or diminished. It has been fully ascertained, that
one drop of the oil is equal  to three grains  of piperine.  Thus
also it is with narcotine, which is more  or less associated with a
viscid substance resembling caoutchouc,  an  acid and extractive
f* 
68                Precipitated Extract of Bark.
matter in combination ;  and in proportion as the crystals are  de-
prived of this combination, and are rendered pure  and  white, is
its  activity diminished.   In the process of denarcotizing opium,
this product is obtained with the narcotine, but it is not to narco-
tine that opium owes  its stimulating  and  unpleasant  properties,
but  to this compound.  Majendie  states that one grain of narco-
tine, dissolved in oil, has a powerful effect on  the animal system,
resulting in death.  My experiment with narcotine differs exceed-
ingly from  the above,  having given several grains without any sen-
sible effect whatever; and a physician  of this city, vmo has made a
number  of experiments on  this salt, in a pure  state, informs  me
that it possesses little or  none of the narcotic or stimulating
powers ; that  he  took ten grains of it at once, and that it produced
no other effect than a  slight nausea; but associated  as  it is  in its
first extraction from opium, with the  peculiar substances before
named; it possesses  very active and deleterious properties.*
  Quinine, when it was first made, contained a portion of  ex-
tractive  matter associated with it;  and it is a fact well  known to
every physician who l^T^mployed this salt extensively, that it is
not as active  as  it formerly was, and that it requires a larger dose
for patients unaccustomed  to the use  of quinine.
   We also know that  the common manna is  more active than the
flake, and it could be  so purified that  it would  not be more active
 * Dr. Tully, in a highly interesting paper on Narcotine, published in the xxi. volume of
the American Journal of Science and Arts, although differing with me as to the degree of ac-
tivity of this substance, states that it is Jess active; on the human system than opium itself.
That from two.to]five grains constitute a medium full dose, where a single dose is to be taken.
That it is entirely destitute of all stimulating powers, whether it is given in full or in mode-
rate and uniform doses, at regular and short intervals; but that it possesses soporific effects
greater, in proportion to its powers, than the sulphate of morphia.
 He concludes by stating that he does not esteem it by any means impossible that the bitter
principle, or extractive (as vaguely called,) or perhaps some other part of this complex drug
may yet be found to contribute something to its medicinal effects. 
                 Precipitated Extract of Bark.               69

than white sugar.   The seeds ©f the palma christi contain, no
doubt, two oils,  one bland and the other acrid, and  in proportion
as they are united, by the difference in the process of manufacture,
is this oil increased or diminished in activity; thus the cold ex-
pressed is more bland and less active than the hot pressed.   The
acrid oil reside sin the skin of the beans, and is obtained in greater
proportion in the latter.   If the oil were obtained from the skins
alone, it would no doubt  be as active  as  the croton,  for if we
swallow one or two of the beans with the skins,  the action is very
powerful. I would by no means infer, that in all cases of the com-
 bination of vegetable proximate principles such effects would re-
 sult ; we know,  indeed, some instances to  the  contrary; but  in
 the cases above  referred to, there will probably be no diversity of
 opinion.
   In relation to  the precipitated extract of  bark,  I must further
 state, that I have endeavoured to have  it tried as  extensively as
 possible,, and the result has been most satisfactory ; by many phy-
 sicians it is preferred to the quinine, and they will piobably use the
 latter rarely, when they can obtain this extract at so low a price.
   I would wish  it to be particularly  understood, that this is not
 the same as  that formerly sold under the name of  extract of qui-
 nine, as it contains all the essential properties of the bark,  and is
 destitute of no principle except gummy matter, gluten, and the
 woody fibre, which are inert.
   Numerous letters have been received all testifying strongly in.
 favour of this preparation; it is decidedly equal  to the sulphate of
 quinine in  the same doses, and I am  greatly surprised that physi-
* cians should make use  of the quinine while they can get this ar-
 ticle, equally efficient in the same doses, at so comparatively low a
 price.                                          i
   I select a few letters from several highly respectable physicians,
 whose observations are entitled to entire confidence. 
70              Precipitated Extract of Bark.

  Extract of a letter from Dr. E. B. Martin, a respectable physi-
cian of Bowling Green, Kentucky, dated Aug. 23, 1833 :
  Dear Sir,—Your precipitated extract of bark is a very valuable
remedy in intermittent fevers, and I wish no other article while
it can be obtained.
                                   E. B.  MARTIN, M. D.
  To Mr. G. W. Carpenter.
  Extract of a letter'from Drs. Seldon and Moseley, highly respect-
able physicians of extensive practice in Norfolk, Virginia, dated
Aug. 9, 1833:
  Dear Sir,—We have found your  precipitated  extract of bark
very efficacious in the cure  of intermittents ; we  think it is fully
equal to the sulphate of quinine.  Please send us sixteen ounces
of it by first opportunity.
                                 SELDON &  MOSELEY.
  To Mr. G. W. Carpenter.
  Extract of a letter from Dr. J. B. Hereford, a highly respectable
physician of considerable practice at St. Francisville,  Louisiana,
dated February 22, 1834:
  Dear Sir,—I have found your precipitated extract of bark very
useful, particularly in quartan ague ;  I  have succeeded in curing
three cases of quartan ague  with it, when the  quinine failed en-
tirely. I consider it a highly valuable preparation.
                                J.  B. HEREFORD, M. D.
  To G. W. Carpenter.

  The above extract will always be  sold at about one-third the
price of quinine ; and as it  is of equal if not  superior  efficacy to
the  latter, it will no doubt be extensively used, and can always be
had at Carpenter's Chemical Warehouse, No. 301 Market Street
Philadelphia. 
                   Precipitated Extract of Bark.                71

  Postscript.—I have just observed a paper in the London Medical Gazette
for Dec. 1831, in which Mr. R. Battley gives a detailed analysis of the cinchona.
He finds it to consist of thirteen distinct principles, from quinine to the woody
fibre.  They all possess active propenies, except three. The sulphate-ofqui-
nine, in consequence of the absence of all the other properties above allude'd to,
can therefore be but partially efficient as a medicine.  Thus the researches of
Mr. Battley have corroborated my statements in relation to the extractive mat-
ter of Peruvian Bark. This gentleman has suggested the propriety of usine
the liquor  cinchona as a medicine, and maintained its decided superiority,
since it contains all the  principles  of  the bark above  described,  except the
three objectional ones, viz. gummy  matter, gluten, and the woody fibre.  This
liquor, Mr. Battley observes, is admitted by many competent judges to be supe-
rior to the quinine; and  as it is prepared by the same process as the quinine,
which  excludes these three principles, and contains all tho rest,  it would,
on evaporation, make precisely the same extract, as I have described under
the name of the precipitated extract of bark. 
                  CARPENTER'S
      OLEO-RESINOUS  EXTRACT OF MUSTARD,

                             OR

             OIL OF  SINAPINE.

                        ----:o:-----

  The seeds of the sinapis nigra have been found, by long ex-
perience, to be one of the most useful of all the rubefacients.  It
is usually applied, as is well known, in the form of a paste, made
with the farina of the seeds and vinegar, which is to be applied in
the manner of a poultice.  This is frequently attended with con-
siderable difficulties and inconveniences; and mustard diffeis so
essentially in quality, that little dependence can  be placed upon
the certainty of its effect.   It is, almost always, more  or less aduU
terated, and the flour which  is sold  from the stores is frequently
composed of more than half foreign or ineit  matter.  At the sug-
gestion of our distinguished professor, Dr. Physick, I'have made
a series of successful experiments on the mustard, with a view of
ascertaining the active constituent principle, and separating it, in
a form best adapted for its application as a rubefacient. I have ob-
tained, separately, the active principle  of the mustard, which is
combined with a volatile acrid oil.
  This peculiar principle, in conformity to  the  usual nomencla-
ture of vegetable proximate principles, I have denominated Sina-
pine.   It bears the same relation  to mustard that piperine does to
pepper, and, like it, is united with an acrid  oil, and  is otherwise
analogous to piperine in its chemical properties, in  not  forming
salts with acids, &c.   This differs  essentially from  the  volatile 
     Oleo-Resinous Extract of Mustard, or Oil of Sinapine.   73

oil obtained  by distillation, being  in every respect superior, and
will entirely  answer all the purposes of the mustard plaster, as a
rubefacient.   It is simply to be applied to the skin, and in a few
hours all  the effects of the mustard plaster  will be experienced,
and vesication may be produced by a second application of the oil.
To the country practitioner this oil is very valuable:  it is incon-
venient to carry  the mustard about the  country; its activity is
soon diminished, and even destroyed, so that, if not kept in a close
bottle, it becomes inert.   As  country  practitioners seldom carry
this article with them, they are  thus frequently  deprived of the
use of sinapisms, so important in some cases as to be essential to
the life of the patient.
  This oil is so concentrated a preparation, that a small vial, which
can be conveniently carried with the  medicine usually taken by
the physician, will be  sufficient for several applications.   As its
action  will always be  uniform, and it will not  be liable to de-
teriorate in any length of time, it will  be  found, as a  rubefacient,
to be a valuable substitute for the crude mustard, and I hope will
prove a valuable addition to the materia medica.
K 
                               ON A

            NEW  PREPARATION

                                OF

     BALSAM   COPAIVA.


                       -----:o:-----

   Balsam  Copaiva being a medicine used in  the  practice of
almost every physician, its characters, effects, and uses are conse-
quently familiar to them.   It is admitted by all to be one of the
most nauseous and  disagreeable articles  of the materia  medica.
Disguised or mixed, as it may be,  its  unpleasant nature is still
manifest, and little, if at all, diminished, communicating its nau-
seous taste, and imparting to the  breath  its  disagreeable odour,
which is experienced for se-veral hours after each dose, and fre-
quently acting as an emetic or cathartic*   From  these  circum-
stances, its use is frequently abandoned in cases where  it  other-
wise would be of the  highest utility, and even where it is almost
  * Our distinguished professor of practice, in the first volume of his Therapeutics, page
417, observes, that two circumstances frequently interfere with the exhibition of Copaiva, and
detract from its utility.  It sometimes purges, and when it does, it is lost or greatly dimi-
nished.  If laudanum does not check this injurious tendency, it must be discontinued till the
bowels recover their tone. To the stomachs of some persons the copaiva is so exceedingly
offensive, that it cannot be retained.  As it is hardly possible to disguise the taste of the ar-
ticle, it is sometimes very difficult to overcome this prejudice.—See Chapman's Therapeutics. 
New Preparation of Balsam Gopaiva.           75
indispensable, and other remedies much less efficient are substi-
tuted, thus protracting the cure which would have been speedily
effected by the copaiva.
  Since the introduction of this remedy down to the present pe-
riod, it has ever  been a desideratum to obviate these inconve-
niences; and  it is a circumstance not less unfortunate, and much
to be regretted than it is singular in its character, that, amidst the
rapid march  of improvement and discoveries (which forms a pe-
culiar character in  modern  chemistry and  pharmaceutical know-
ledge,) an improvement of  the exhibition  of copaiva  should so
long have evaded the vigilant researches of the  critical and scru-
tinizing chemist and pharmaceutist.  With these premises, I feel
happy to  inform the medical faculty that I have succeeded in con-
solidating copaiva to a proper consistence  for being formed into
pills.  The consolidated copaiva is the oil  and  resin united, and
consequently possesses all the properties of the  balsam.   It may
be made  into four-grain pills, and one  or  two pills taken three
 times a day : two pills are  equal  to thirty drops of the  balsam.
 These pills may be taken without the least inconvenience, neither
communicating taste,  nor imparting odour to the breath, it is also
 retained without the least disquietude or uneasiness  to the sto-
 mach; and I am informed by Dr. Rousseau, that in large doses it
 does not purge.
   This article differs  very essentially from what is termed extract,
 or resin  copaiva, being not in the least deteriorated in the prepa-
 ration, nor at all weakened by admixture of any foreign substance,
 for the purpose of giving consistence.   It  is particularly recom-
 mended to the faculty, for its numerous advantages over  the bal-
 sam, and all its preparations.  As the oil of copaiva is an active
 preparation, it is the best mode of using this article; for, being uni-
 ted with the resin, it may be made into pills, which can be taken 
76          New Preparation of Balsam Copaiva.
without experiencing the nauseating taste  of the oil, while the
oil alone cannot be taken otherwise than in draught,  which will
subject  it to the same inconveniences with  the  fluid balsam,
having its disagreeable  taste, with its unpleasant effects.

  The consolidated copaiva is manufactured and sold  at GEO.
W.  CARPENTER'S Chemical Warehouse, No.  301, Market
Street, Philadelphia. 
        OBSERVATIONS

ON  A  NEW  VARIETY  OF

WITH SOME REMARKS ON THE
ALKALINE BASES,  QUININE & CINCHONINE.
  Peruvian Bark, one of the most important articles of the ma-
teria medica,  embraces a  number of species, in  the  medicinal
qualities of which there is a vast disparity.  It is therefore pecu-
liarly unfortunate, that its natural history and classification should
be so enveloped in ambiguity, the nomenclature of the different
species so inadequate and  defective, and the  various writers  so
opposed in their opinions on the subject, as to render the investi-
gation of the student, from books, almost fruitless. The attention
of our pharmacologists should be particularly directed to the cin-
chona, for  the purpose of  determining a specific  classification  of
those species now occurring in commerce, and of establishing a
nomenclature  for  them, by which each variety could be readily
particularised, and at  once understood  by its name, which, in  its
present unsettled  history, is  impossible.  In the Philadelphia
Journal of  the Medical and Physical  Sciences, vol. xi., I called
the attention of the faculty to this subject, and described the se-
veral species of Peruvian bark which then occurred in commerce, 
78
Maracaibo Bark.
as carefully and accurately as possible, from specimens before me,
so that the several species might be readily known and contradis-
tinguished. I then suggested as the most appropriate nomenclature,
the names of the provinces in South America from which the dif-
ferent species  were collected, as  Calisaya, Loxa, &c. &c; and
which, I am pleased to find, has become generally adopted, and
is now the most familiar mode of distinguishing the barks of com-
merce.  The  terms Calisaya,  Loxa, and Carthagena, convey  at
once  the  particular  kind of bark,  and is perfectly understood,
while the terms lancifolia and cordifolia involve in abiguity as  to
the kind intended, inasmuch as several varieties of different quali-
ties come  under the same term, and it is impossible to determine
which is intended ; for example, the calisaya and carthagena (the
former the best, and the latter the  worst species  in  commerce,)
being both yellow  bark,jvould come under the name of cordifolia;
hence, if cordifolia was ordered, it would be difficult to determine
whether the carthagena or calisaya was  intended,  or some inter-
mediate quality.
   Having  devoted  considerable attention to this valuable article
of our materia medica, I  have  determined to describe every new
species which  I may.meet with ; and as there has  appeared, since
my description of Peruvian bark alluded to, a species not hitherto
observed in our market, and unnoticed by any  of  the  writers on
the subject, I propose to describe  it in the present communica-
tion.  This bark 1 denominate Maracaibo, being brought from
that place, generally in bales from seventy to one hundred pounds;
and the importation of it is likely to be continued, so that we may
calculate upon a regular supply.  This bark  is much superior  to
the caithagena, or  common bark, producing more than double the
amount of saline matter  composed  of cinchonine and  quinine;
also a larger quantity of extractive matter than  the latter, and  is
therefore of at least more than double  the value of the same.  As 
Cinchonine and Quinine.                 79
the former can be purchased at the same  price  as  the latter, it
will be advantageous for the practitioner to be acquainted with its
distinguishing characters, that he may be enabled to discriminate
it among the different species and varieties of common bark.
  It occurs in flat, short, and broken pieces, as if separated from
the  tree with  difficulty, mostly from  one  to  three inches  in'
length, and half to one inch broad, and rather thinner than cartha-
gena bark.  Occasionally, small quills are found, the  longitudinal
edges folding together, forming tubes from a fourth to a  half inch
in diameter.  It is of a deep yellow colour;  the epidermis is  ex-
tremely thin, smooth, of a light grey colour,  and is generally re-
meved from the bark.  It may be distinguished from the cartha-
gena  bark  by  being more compact, by  breaking with a  short
and cleaner fracture, and more  particularly by its taste, which is
much more bitter.  It is  quite as strong a bitter as the Loxa bark,
but does  not possess  the astringency  of the latter.   The  in-
ternal layer is fibrous,  but in a  less  degree  than the carthagena.
This bark  has  only  appeared in our market within a  year or two,
and as it will supply  the place of a much inferior article, is of high
importance to the profession.
  The quality of barks depend unquestionably upon the  product
of cinchonine and quinine they respectively contain; and the  se-
paration of these alkalies is a very valuable mode of  discoveiino-
with precision the comparative quality of different species of bark.
Different barks, however, produce various proportions  of  these
two salts;  thus, we  find  the calisaya produces  most quinine,  the
loxa most cinchonine, and the  red,  or oblongifolia,  both  these
salts in  nearly equal proportions.  What is the comparative value
of these two salts is  yet a subject of controversy, a considerable
majority, however, are in favour of the  quinine, perhaps because
most of them have not had an opportunity of employing the cincho-
nine. Dr. Paris goes so far as to  state, that cinchonine  is five times 
80                  Sulphate of Quinine.
less active than quinine; others contend the reverse. In an interest-
ing paper read before the Academy of Medicine at Paris, and pub-
lished  in the  Bulletin  des Sciences  Medicales for November,
1825, M. Bally states, that he has experimented upon the  sul-
phate of cinchonine, with a view to determine its febrifuge quali-
ties. He administered this sulphate in twenty-seven cases of inter-
mittent fevers of different types, in doses of two-grain pills, giving
three or four in the interval of paroxysms, by which  treatment he
cured the disease as effectually and as speedily as with  the  qui-
nine, of which twenty-seven  cases; there were  sixteen tertian,
nine quotidian, and two quartan.   He  remarks further, that  the
cinchonine has properties less irritating than those of  quinine,
and that, consequently, its employment should be more general,
and preferred in all simple cases.  I believe few or no experiments
have been made by the physicians of this country upon the medi-
cal properties  of the cinchonine;  it consequently must  be very
little known to them, from their own experience.  It most certainly
deserves at least a trial.
   The  high price which the sulphate of quinine has  always com-
manded, and the increasing demand which its character and lepu-
tation has constantly kept up, has been an inducement for impo-
sition and fraud ; and it is much to be regretted, that  this valuable
article  of our materia medica, like others of an  expensive kind,
has been mixed with foreign substances of inert character, for the
base consideration of reducing the cost, and enhancing the profit
on its sale; and all this at the expense of the health of the suffer-
ing patient, and to the great disappointment of the  practitioner
and  not unfrequently to the injury of the general character of the
genuine medicine.   It is of high importance, therefore, to be ac-
quainted with the most efficient means of testing its character
where  we have any doubts  of its purity.  The following are  the
characters  and properties  of  the  sulphate  of quinine,  and  the 
Sulphate of Quinine.
81
most simple and effectual method of discovering  fraud and'adul-
teration in its composition.
  1st.  The sulphate of quinine must be soluble in rectified alco-
hol at a moderate heat, and if it contain sulphate of lime, soda,
potash, or any other substance insoluble in  alcohol, the  adultera-
tion will easily be detected.
  2d.  It is soluble in acidulated water; say one  drachm  of sul-
phuric acid to an ounce of water, which will readily dissolve the
quinine.  By this means, if there is any stearine or  acid margaride,
(substances prepared expressly for adulterating this article,) they
will float on the surface.
  3d.  It should give by sal ammoniac a white precipitate, rather
flaky, which is soluble in alcohol, and which, on being exposed to
a gentle heat, will consume without leaving the least residuum.
  4th. After having dissolved it in acidulated  water, it can be de-
composed by means of a little sal ammoniac; it must then be fil-
tered and evaporated.  If sugar has been introduced into it, it will
be  easily detected by the taste, or by fire, which  will produce its
peculiar odour.
  5th. If a white substance, insoluble in cold  water, be found in
the sulphate of quinine, heat  the mixture to about 170 degrees of
Fahrenheit. This will render the starch soluble, and its presence
may be determined by  the  addition  of an aqueous solution of
iodine, which will immediately occasion a blue colour,  and even-
tually a blue precipitate.  The iodine must  be  added in very small
quantities, and very slowly, or the experiment will fail.
  It is a remarkable fact that the carthagena bark yields, in addi-
tion to the small  quantity of  true quinine,  an  alkaline principle,
which in crystalline form and external characteristics, resembles the
true quinine, but it is found to be entirely inert, as a tonic and feb-
rifuge.   The difference, therefore, between these two salts is ob-
viously more striking than the  comparative difference in the quality
                               L 
82                   Sulphate of Quinine.
 of carthagena and calisaya barks in substance.*   As there has of
 late years been frequent complaints of the quinine "received from
 abroad not being so active as formerly, it is a question with me,
 whether or not this  salt obtained from  the  carthagena  bark, and
 perhaps also  the  salacine, is  not more  or  less  mixed with the
 quinine.   I think physicians  should be very particular in the pur-
 chase of the article, and should give preference to the American,
 coming from a respectable  and  responsible person, on whom they
 can  depend.  In order that the faculty may judge, of the  quality
 of the quinine which I put up, I am particular to envelope each
 bottle with specific directions for testing  its purity,  by the most
 simple processes, and by which any foreign matter with which it
 can be adulterated will be readily detected.   The American qui-
 nine, as generally sold by the druggists of Philadelphia, is  of
 very superior quality.
  Physicians will be supplied  with specimens of  all  the species
of Peruvian bark  which occur in commerce, neatly put  up  in
bottles, with a full description of each, with a treatise on cinchona,
fox five dollars, at Geo. W. Carpenter's Chemical Warehouse, No.
301 Market Street, Philadelphia.
* Berzelius' Chemistry, vol. iii. page 379. 
                           OR


                IRISH   MOSS.

                       ---:o:---

   This article has lately been introduced into the
eastern states, and has acquired considerable repu-
tation as a dietetic medicine, and for domestic uses.
The following is a brief history  of its properties
and uses:—
  This valuable Moss has long been highly esteemed by the pea-
sants on the western coast of Ireland,  as  a dietetic remedy for
various diseases;  more especially  for consumption, dysentery,
rickets, scrofula, and affections of the kidneys and bladder.   Dis-
solved, by being boiled in water, it forms a thick jelly, more pure
and agreeable than that produced from any other vegetable ; and
the jelly made from it is found to agree better with the stomach
than any prepared from animal substances.  A decoction of the
moss made by boiling half an ounce in a pint and a half of water,
or milk, until reduced to a pint, is recommended as food for chil-
dren affected with scrofulous or ricketty diseases, for such as are
delicate and weakly, and for infants  brought up by hand,  or after
weaning.
  As an article of food for invalids, and for infants, it is superior
to Arrow-Root, Sago,  fyc. being more  highly nutritious, easy of
digestion, and pleasing to the taste.  Prepared in warm milk, and 
84
Carrageen, or Irish  Moss,
 sweetened,  it is most particularly recommended  as a breakfast
 for consumptive patients ; and if taken at intervals during the day,
 dissolved in water, and the flavour varied with lemon juice, Se-
 ville orange, cinnamon, almonds, wine, &c, it will be found to re-
 store, even in the most obstinate cases.   Being capable of use in
 so many varieties  of preparation, its  powerful  nutrient qualities
 still existing under every change, the most delicate  stomach will
 at all times receive it, without that distaste invariably following
 the frequent use of varied restoratives, and which  must do away
 the desired effect.
   The carrageen was first introduced by Dr. Reece,  who con-
 siders it an important article of food for  invalids.  Dr.  Sulby, of
 Wivelscombe, highly recommends it as  an article of diet  for in-
 valids and weakly people, as well  as  for children.  The Doctor,
 speaking of a case of great debility in a young gentleman he was
 attending, says, " I believe my patient owes his life to the excel-
 lent effects of the Carrageen moss, of which," says the Doctor, " I
 cannot speak too highly.  I consider  it the most important addi-
 tion to invalid cookery that has been made for many  years, and it
 affords me pleasure to find that Mr. O'Reilly, his  late  Majesty's
 confidential  medical  attendant, and Sir Henry Halford,  speak of
 the Carrageen as the most nutritious article  of diet for invalids
 they are acquainted with, as well as a light nutritious food for de-
 licate and weakly children."
  This marine plant has long been of great repute on the coast of
Ireland, where persons of delicate health resort to use it.   It has
the confidence of the Faculty in that vicinity; and the encomiums on
it as a domestic article, and the cures attributed to it in all dis-
eases of the lungs, &c. are numerous.
  The carrageen appears to possess qualities similar to the Ice-
land Moss, but without its unpleasant flavour; and the quantity of
nutritious jelly which  a few sprigs produces, is truly surprising. 
                   Carrageen, or Irish Moss.                85

The prevalence of  consumptive diseases in  this  moist  climate,
which often arise from neglected colds, renders this simple resto-
rative of peculiar interest; it is therefore necessary to take  some
healing  antidote, and the carrageen  appears to be  a  valuable
auxiliary.
           Directions for using the Moss medicinally.
   Steep a quarter of an ounce of the moss in cold water for a few
minutes ; then withdraw it, (shaking the water out of each sprig)
and beil it in a quart of new or unskimmed  milk, until it attains
the consistence of warm jelly ; strain, and sweeten it to  the taste
with white sugar or honey, or if convenient, with candied Eryngo
Root:  should milk disagree  with the stomach, the same propor-
tion of water may be used  instead.   The decoction made with
milk is recommended for breakfast for consumptive patients ; and
that with water will be found a most agreeable kind of nourish-
ment, taken at intervals during the day, the flavour being varied
with lemon juice or peel, Seville orange juice, cinnamon, or wine
of any sort most congenial to the palate.
   The  decoction in water is also taken for the relief of cough, at
any time in the course of the day, when it is troublesome,  and it
is, for this purpose, simply sweetened with honey.
   In dysentery, the decoction either in milk or water, may be ad-
ministered with equal advantage, and  in addition to the  sweeten-
 ing matter, if a tea spoonful of the tincture of rhatany be mixed
with each cupful of it, tone will thereby be given  to the intestines,
at the same time that nourishment will be conveyed  to  the sys-
tem, and irritation  prevented—a large tea-cupful of the decoction
 may be taken three or four times a day.
   As a pleasant strengthening food, boiled with milk and strained,
 with the addition of a little sugar, it is unrivalled for infants. Per-
 sons may  take it in this way for breakfast and supper,  with the
 happiest effect, who are sustaining an attack of the eholera. 
86                Carrageen, or Irish Moss.
                     Culinary Directions.
   To make Blanche-Mange.  Take half an ounce of the moss, and
 having cleansed it by the process above  described,  boil  it in a
 pint and a half of new milk, until it is reduced to a proper thick-
 ness to retain its shape: to be sweetened and flavoured with lemon,
 white wine, or any thing to suit the palate.
   To make Orange, Lemon, or Savoury  Jellies.  Use  a similar
 process, substituting water for milk : add lemon, orange, herbs,
 &c, according to taste.
   To make White Soup.  Dissolve in water,, and afterwards add
 the usual  ingredients.
   It only  remains to state, that the Carrageen, or Irish Moss, as
 a domestic article, is peculiarly interesting;  it is the  best thick-
 ener of milk, broths, &c; makes excellent jellies, and for Blanche-
 Mange is equal to the most expensive ingredients, whilst the cost
 is comparatively nothing; it may be  used instead of isinglass, for
jellies, &c.
   The above article is neatly put up in pound packages, with di-
 rections for use, at CARPENTER'S Chemical  Warehouse, No.
 301 Market Street, Philadelphia. 
MmffiWl* A
                          FOR THE

      SULPHATE OF  RHUBARB,

            OR  RHUBARBINE.

                         -----:o:-----

Formula for the preparation of Rhubarbine, with
   some remarks  on Rhubarb and its preparation.

  Boil for half an hour six pounds of coarsely-powdered Chinese
rhubarb in six gallons of water, acidulated with two  and  a half
fluid ounces of sulphuric acid; strain the decoction, and submit the
residue to a second ebullition in a like quantity  of acidulated
water; strain as before, and submit it again to a third ebullition ;
unite the three decoctions, and add, by small portions,  recently-
powdered pure lime, constantly stirring it, to facilitate its  action
on the acid decoction.  When the decobtion has become slightly
alkaline, it deposits a  red floculent  precipitate, and the fluid is
changed from a yellow to a crimson colour; the  precipitate  is then
to be separated by passing it  through a linen  cloth,  and  dried,
after which reduce it to powder, and digest in three gallons of al-
cohol, at thirty-six degrees, in a water bath, for several hours, at a
moderate heat. Separate this solution from the calcareous precipi-
tate, and  distil off three-fourths of the alcohol, there then remains
a strong solution of rhubarbine, to which add as much sulphuric
acid as will exactly neutralize it; evaporate this  slowly to dryness, 
88                       Rhubarbine.

without having access to atmospheric air; the residuum will be of
a brownish red colour, intermingled with brilliant specks, possess
ing a slightly pungent styptic taste, soluble in water, and its odour
that of the native rhubarb.
   This  preparation  has been represented  to be a concentrated
form of this  valuable cathartic, separated from its  ligneous and
mucous portions, and to bear a similar  relation to the crude  sub-
stance that quinine does to Peruvian bark.*
   From the  experiments which I have made upon  several varie-
ties  of rhubarb, I found the Chinese to be  the most  active; and
that variety which has  been denominated in the market Russian,
and  which commands double the price  of the Chinese, produced
about one half of active matter, and consequently is  much infe-
rior to the former.   This rhubarb, in fact, appears to  be nothing
more nor  less than the  English  variety, suitable pieces of which
have been selected,bored, rasped, &c, in imitation of the Russian,
but  which wants  in  degree all the  characteristic  properties  of
weight, solidity, compact fracture, and  particularly  the essential
quality of cathartic energy, which are all so strikingly exhibited
in the Russian variety and in corroboration of which Dr. Paris,
in his excellent work the Pharmacologia, under  the  article  rhu-
barb, states that inferior kinds of  Russian, East India, and Eng-
lish rhubarb  are artfully dressed up  and sold under the name  of
Turkey; and I am well informed that a number of persons in this
town, known by the name of Russifiers, gain a regular livelihood
by the art of dressing this article, by boring, rasping,  and colour-
ing  the inferior kinds,  for which they charge at the rate of eight-
een pence per pound.    I had  not an opportunity of making any
 * By subsequent experiments I have proved the sulphate of rhubarb to he much less a
live than the alcoholic extract on a subsequent page, ag will be seen by additional remarks«
preparation in a subsequent part of this work. 
                 Aromatic Syrup of Rhubarb.               89

experiment on the Turkey Rhubarb, as I could not procure what
accorded.with the physical characters of1 the genuine article. The
difference in the  medical activity of these several varieties most
essentially depend upon  climate and cultivation, as it is asserted
by Dr. Rehman, that they are the roots of the same species, rheum
palmatum  (although the Dispensatories  and Pharmacologia con-
sider them distinct species,) and  ascribe the Chinese to be  the
product  of the rheum undulatum, and the Turkey of the  rheum
palmatum; and it is established beyond controversy, that climate
and cultivation are two of the most powerful agents in modifying
the condition of vegetable matter.
   On the preparation of Spiced Syrup of Rhubarb.—Paris in his
Pharmacologia states, that water at two  hundred and twelve de-
grees takes up twenty-four, and Thompson thirty parts in sixty;
and by decoction its  purgative qualities  are destroyed, which de-
coction is extremely turbid  and deposits  a copious precipitate
on cooling, and  will be decemposed by  standing a few days,
whilst alcohol takes up two and one-seventh from ten parts, with-,
out the mucous portion,  and is perfectly transparent, and will  re-
main unaltered by keeping.  Hence,  as  water takes up a larger
proportion of mucous and inactive matter,  and as decoction de-
stroys its purgative properties, I think a  very important  alteration
might be made in the formula of  the preparation of syrup of rhu-
barb of the shops, by  substituting a concentrated spirituous tinc-
ture of the rhubarb, spices, &c. in place  of the aqueous  decoction
of the same, and  to add it near the conclusion of the formation of
syrup of proper consistence...  The alcohol  in this mode  cannot be
made an objection, as it  need not much exceed, if  any, the pro-
portion of spirit in the former method to  prevent the fermentation
of the aqueous decoction; and if these circumstances  are correct,
it certainly will be a more active and eligible  preparation, and
well deserves the practical investigation  of the faculty.  This pre-
                                M 
90                     Extract of Rhubarb.
paration does not enter the woiks of Paris 01 Thompson  in  any
shape, but is given by Dr. Coxe, in the late editions of his stand-
ard  work, the American Dispensatory,*  in  the manner now pre-
pared, and is very extensively employed  in  this  city, perhaps as
much so as any  other pharmaceutical compound; and if its activity
could be increased, it no doubt would be a very desirable  object.
It now requires a large dose to be effectual, and sometimes  fre-
quently to be repeated, insomuch that its use is almost exclusively
confined to children, the dose for adults frequently exceeding two
ounces, which is certainly objectionable,  and excludes its  use  in
many cases where, if more active, it would no doubt be extensively
employed  to advantage.
   Extract of Rhubarb.—This preparation,  according to the me-
thod now  pursued, is very feeble ; the protracted heat necessary
to evaporate the water, and the absorption of oxygen, acts so un-
favourably during its formation, that  its purgative properties, al-
though not entirely destroyed, are so greatly impaired, that its use
has become almost abandoned by the profession.   By the  follow-
ing process, however, a much more active preparation may be ob-
tained, and where the use of the extract is approved, this  will be
found to possess the proper characters.
   Take of coarsely-powdered Chinese  rhubarb Ifcj., digest in six
  * I am much pleased to find the second edition of the United States Pharmacopeia, has
directed the aromatic syrup to be made in this manner, and Drs. Wood and Bache, in the se-
cond edition of their valuable dispensatory make the following comments:—" This process
is a decided improvement upon that of the first edition of the U. S. Pharmacopeia, in which
the rhubarb and spices were boiled long in water, and sugar and alcohol afterwards added to
the strained decoction. The oils of the aromatics were thus driven oft' and wasted, water
being able to take up but a small proportion, while the preparation was rendered too stimu-
lant by the spirituous addition.  By the prfpent process, the alcohol employed in the mace-
ration, after having performed its office, of extracting the virtues of the medicines, is evapo-
rated, at a temperature insufficient for the volatilization of the oils; and a syrup  is obtained,
at least as strong as that of the old Pharmacopeia, with less waste of materials, and without
the objectionable presence of a large proportion of spirit. 
                     Extract of Rhubarb.                   91

pints of alcohol for seven days, and filter; distil off the alcohol, in
a water-bath, to the'consistence of thin'honey; then evaporate to a
proper consistence in a water-bath saturated with muriate of soda.
  By this process much less heat and time is required  to evapo-
rate the menstruum;-and, owing to the alcohol, much less oxygen
is absorbed, and an extract of much more activity is thus obtain-
ed.  This mode is certainly more expensive ;  but if the product
is more effectual  as a medicine, this small difference should  not
constitute an objection, as much of the alcohol is saved by distil-
lation; and, in the preparation of all medicines, a preference should
be given to that method which will render them  more active  and
effectual without regard to expense, unless it be exorbitant,  and
the difference inconsiderable, for where health is implicated, in-
terest should be suspended.
   Professor Coxe has the above article introduced in the last edi-
tion of his valuable dispensatory. 
REMARKS
ON THE USE OF
Remarks 'cm the use of Piperine, with the formula
  for its manufacture; together with observations
   and experiments on the Piper Nigrum  and its
  preparations.

  Since the  discovery of quinine  and cinchonine by the cele-
brated chemists Pelletier and Caventou, vegetable chemistry, pre-
viously almost unknown as a science, has made rapid advance-
ment; and the still further successful experiments and discoveries
since made upon vegetable matter, have not only swelled the ca-
talogue of highly important and useful  materials, but have given
an additional stimulus for the undertaking, and created an ardent
zeal for investigation in those already  engaged in researches, as
well as opened a field  of encouragement, in which numberless
votaries have appeared.  By these means this department of sci-
ence, having emerged from a state of neglect and obscurity, has
risen with unparalleled rapidity, even within the  space of a few
years, to its present exalted position ; and the numerous  advan-
tages and useful discoveries  resulting from its rapidly improving
condition, have caused it to rank as one of the  most important
branches of chemical science.
  Every  vegetable  substance in the materia medica  which has 
Piperine.                        93
yet been subjected to chemical analysis, has produced an elemen-
tary or alkaline principle, upon which the virtues and  activity of
the medicine entirely depend. An instance is found even in opium,
which, acting in a double capacity, both as a stimulant aad seda-
tive, has afforded two principles, corresponding with  the opera-
tions of the crude material; one is stimulating, the other sedative.
When administered in combination, acting  like the crude sub-
stance; when separate,  individually exercising the  sedative or
stimulating effects, as one or the other may be employed.  These
isolated substances possess many and great  advantages  over the
crude materials.   The activity of those  particular effects which
are desired from the  administration of the  medicine, being con-
centrated, and consequently greatly increased by the separation
of the inert  and injurious  portions, obviates almost entirely the
difficulty of exhibition, as well  as  facilitates a  more  speedy and
certain action oh the constitution.
   It is well  known that many substances, in their crude state, in
consequence of bulk and insolubility, cannot be administered in
many stages of debility in sufficient quantity to produce the de-
sired effect.   In such instances, the alkali is well adapted to form
a substitute; for being separated from the  more gross,  ligneous,
and inert portions, it requires a comparatively small dose, and con-
stitutes a valuable remedy in cases where  the  former would  be
rejected.  AnotbTer, and no  less important  advantage in favour of
 the alkaline  principles is, the uniform persistency of their strength.
 No one will for a moment question the many inconveniences and
 evils resulting from the great uncertainty of effects, and difference
of activity, in most of the crude materials ;  and some of the most
 important are subject to these defects.   Peruvian bark, for exam-
 ple, is composed of twenty-five species, and each one differing in
 strength.  Bark, even of the same species, from a difference  in
 adventitious circumstances,* to which it is always  exposed (al-
                      *  See Carpenter on cinchona. 
94                        Piperine.
«
though its external characters are sometimes scarcely affected, its
quality is always injured,) is scarcely ever  found alike.   I  have
met with bark, in the preparation of quinine, of the same  species
and of the same importation, differing twenty-five per cent, in the
preductofthe active alkalies.   The physician,  therefore, would
have been deceived in the strength and consequent effect of this
bark, while the quinine  is  universally the  same.  For example,
the quinine, produced by the inferior bark, although much less in
quantity, was fully equal in quality. If the practitioner, therefore,
may be so much deceived  by  the  difference of strength  of the
same species, how much more would he be disappointed by those
which produced but  one-eighth or one-twelfth the quantity ; and
some yield even but a trace of the  principles upon  which  their
febrifuge properties exclusively depend.
  The preceding observations in support of concentrated medi-
cines, are made in consequence of there existing, even at  this pe-
riod of time, some few who disapprove of vegetable alkalies, and
reject their use on all occasions, by giving preference to the crude
material.  If their conclusions were drawn from  experiment, they
would most certainly be entitled to credit and respect; but where
a determination is made against admitted facts, without advancing
new grounds drawn from argument or reason, and where new dis-
coveries  are denounced  without even a single experiment or au-
thority of any kind,  I am sorry to say that such  a course  can be
attributed only to prejudice,  and  should accordingly  be so ap-
preciated.
  There is another class of opposers, governed  by a peevishness
of envy and jealousy, either to the peison who introduced the ar-
ticle, or who may have extolled its virtues; this is a worse species
than the former;  they are, however, of little importance as to in-
fluence. It has ever been a grievous circumstance, that, in almost
every department of science,  criticism  is so easy a task,  hat the 
Piperine.                        95
least informed and most unintelligent will  make bold opposition
against the most useful and important researches, and sometimes
from no other cause than that they themselves were  not the au-
thors.  Their efforts are, however, overbalanced by the happy con-
sequence, that sentiment and expression do not, in the least, alter
or modify the condition  of matter;  and follies of  this nature,
therefore, so far from effecting an injury or causing the least im-
pediment to the march of science, merely offer  an exposition of
their own errors, either to be dispersed by truth or corrected by
the light  of science.
  The object of the present communication is, to describe a new
principle  recently discovered in black pepper, which has been de-
nominated piperine, and which is proved from careful experiments,
to be a successful remedy in intermittent fevers, and has been em-
ployed with advantage in typhus fever and periodical headache;
and, from the respectability of the authorities given in its support,
bids fair to become an important addition to the materia medica.
It may be given in doses from one to  four  grains.  It has been
employed in doses of one grain every hour, in several cases of in-
termittent fever, with as much success as the quinine. It is found
to be a valuable adjunct to  that substance,  equal parts acting with
more energy and success than the whole quantity of quinine.
  Black pepper, in its crude state, has long been known as a valu-
able medicine, and is stated to  be an excellent adjunct to bark in
intcrmittents, and the author* observes that Mr. Brande must cer-
tainly be mistaken, when he says it acts only as a warm condiment,
agreeable to the stomach.f
  * Rennie's Supplement to the Pharmacopeias of London, Edinburg, Dublin and Paris.

  t It may be observed, with deference to Mr. Brande's opinion, that there never has been
a medicine yet discovered, respecting whose qualities some diversity of opinion has not ex-
isted, and every medicine, however valuable, has met with some opposition. 
90                        Piperine.
   It is mentioned in Dr. Coxe's valuable dispensatory, under the
article " piper,"  that Dr. Frank, physician to her majesty Maria
Louisa, recommends the black pepper in different species of in-
termittent fevers.
  This had previously been used in the east with success, after every
known means had been ineffectually tried. The dose is five to ten
grains, twice a day ; and Dr. Ghigini reports terr cases cured by
it.  Dr. Frank  mentions seventy patients, who came under his
notice between April and June, of whom fifty-two had tertian, ten
quotidian, and eight the quartan fever.  Fifty-four  were com-
pletely cured within a week or so, without any subsequent relapse.
He dips the  seed of black pepper into a mucilage of gum arabic,
and subsequently  into powdered Colombo, to disguise it, and gives
from five to  eight pills twice a day.  None of his patients required
more than from seventy to eighty pills for a complete cure.  Dr.
Frank recommends to the profession to try  the extract of black
pepper in intermittent  fevers.    This preparation was tried on
nine individuals affected with intermittent evers of different types,
in doses of four, eight, ten, or twelve grains, dissolved in water in
some cases, and given in the form of pills in others, by Dr. Clock,
of Trent;  and the effects surpassed  his warmest expectations.
  From these experiments it is concluded, that the. extract of pep-
per is not only one of the best succedaneums for the bark,  buti
that it is even preferable to it, on several accounts.
  First.  It  never produces disturbance in the stomach or bowels.
   Second. It never fails in producing a cure.
   Third. Those who were cured did not, in any one instance, ex-
perience a relapse.
  Fourth. It produces a regular alvine discharge, as well as the
excretion of urine and sweat.
  Fifth. None of those  who were cured  experienced  that sensa-
tion  of languor so common to a state of convalescence. 
                          Piperine.                         97

  The following cases, treated with piperine, are given by Dr. J.
Gordoni, physician to the hospital of Livourne :*
  Cleonice, of Paoli, entered the hospital in the month of March,
1824, to be treated of an incipient phthisis, in combination with
amenorrhea:  a treatment lightly depleting for several months
produced sensible advantages; and although the disease could not
be called perfectly cured, a strong indication of a speedy recovery
was apparent,  for the crachats presented a better appearance, the
cough was diminished, and the plethoric habit, accompanied with
a kind of melancholy, had disappeared ; when, towards the end of
September, of the same year, she was attacked with a violent in-
termittent  fever, having  the type of a double tertian.   This dis-
ease was treated, without success, by the skilful Dr. Guidotti, both
by quinine in substance, and the sulphate of quinine in pills.  On
the 16th of October, having succeeded Dr. Guidotti in the hospi-
tals, I found the patient much dejected,  and disgusted with the in-
sufficiency of the means employed.   Supposing the failure of the
quinine depended upon some neglect in its administration, or that
the pills were perhaps difficult of  solution,  I  prescribed three
doses of the same  substance, in powder, to be taken daily.   Two
days after this treatment the  fever stopped short, and the patient
recovered a repose, which she had lost for a month.  The remedy
was continued for six days, which prevented a relapse, which had
always been dissipated by the same remedy ; but every time the
use of it was suspended, the fever invariably returned.  As there
were not sufficient symptoms to consider it of an inflammatary na-
ture, I determined, on the second of November, to substitute for
the sulphate of quinine eight grains  of  piperine, to be taken in
three doses, as the sulphate,  and with the same precautions.  The
fever ceased the first day, and never returned.  The piperine was
continued several days after, and I assured myself of the certainty
               * Bulletin des Sciences Medicales, Avril, 182S.
                             N 
98
Piperine.
of the  cure, having attended the patient from her first disease un-
til the  end of December.
  Second.   A man aged thirty years, at Castiglione, on the sea-
shore,  in the beginning  of December, was seized with  a tertian
fever, which obliged him to enter the hospital of St. Antoine, of
Livourne.   Dr. Nicholas Orisimi, being  assured  that the patient
had never before  been afflicted with a like fever,  nor ever  made
use of-the quinine, thought proper,  as a good opportunity, to em-
ploy in this  case the piperine,  to assure  himself of its  efficacy.
With this view, he let the fever run out  one of its intermissions,
without employing any remedy, in order  to  be better acquainted
with the nature of the disease.   He then ordered a  sciuple  of pi-
perine, divided into six  pills, to be taken in  three doses, the last
of these doses to be given two hours before the fever, and the two
others  at intervals of two hours preceding.  After the administra-
tion of this remedy the paroxysm did not  appear; the patient, who
believed himself cured,  wished to leave the hospital, notwithstand-
ing the remonstrances of the physician, who assured him he could
not calculate yet upon an entire cure.  The patient soon repented
not having taken  counsel, for, on his way to the shore,  he  had a
fresh attack of the fever and was obliged to return to the hospi-
tal.  He again made use of the piperine, and having continued it
for several days, he went out perfectly cured.
   Third.  Joseph Torsi, aged twenty-six years, entered the hos-
pital of St.  Antoine the evening of the sixth of September,  1824;
had been attacked six days before,  with a true  quotidian fever,
and it  was the first he had ever experienced.  On the morning of
the seventeenth, sixteen grains of piperine were ordered to be di-
vided into eight pills, of which four should  be  taken  every two
hours before the fit; but before the last dose was taken, the fever
returned in  spite of these means.  The piperine was then carried
to eighteen  grains, to be taken in  the same manner,  when  the 
Piperine.                        99
fever disappeared; and the use of the remedy being continued for
several days, preserved the patient entirely from all symptoms of
recidivation.  Dr. Orisimi, who directed the treatment, was fully
convinced of the perfect recovery and  cure of the  patient, who,
having entered the hospital three months  after to be treated for
peripneumonia,  assured him  that  he had no accession  of fever
since he left the hospital.
   From these observations, and many others, Mr. Gordoni draws
the following conclusions :—
   1.  That the piperine will cure intermittent fevers, in the dose
of eight  or even six grains.
   2.  That it will cure fevers which have resisted the sulphate of
quinine.
   Finally:  That it will prevent a relapse of fever better than that
substance.
   M. Meli* has also successfully employed the piperine, and con-
siders it more certain, as a remedy in intermittents, than the sul-
phate of quinine.
   For the following interesting communication on the  use of pi-
perine, I am indebted to Dr. J. S. Rose, of Philadelphia, who was
the first to employ it in this city.
   " I have employed the piperine prepared by Mr. Carpenter, in
twenty cases of intermittent fevers, and am decidedly of the opi-
nion, that it  will be found  by all who may be disposed to try its
virtues,  a more  certain and efficient remedy than any preparation
of bark heretofore used."
   " I have  also used it in  two cases of low nervous fever, or ty-
phus.  I was induced to  employ it in these cases by observing,
that in intermittents it  did not prevent  (in the first intermissions)
* Ainslie's Materia Indica, vol. 2, page 622. 
 100                       Piperine.

' all the stages of paroxysm;  at the time the  patient expected his
 chill he found a gentle diaphoresis, which continued  to  increase
 for  two, three, and in some cases for four hours ; on the next day,
 however (of the expected return,) there was nothing like diapho-
 resis or fever ;  the patient passed this period without the least in-
 convenience, and remained exempt from a relapse,  which is not
 always the case after the use of quinine.  These facts led  me to
 believe, that in typhus, when  we wish a stimulating diaphoretic,
 nothing is better adapted, not even volatile alkali, which I have
 proved satisfactorily to myself.  In this form of febrile action, when
 the animal powers are about to yield to the influence  of disease,
 and the patient falls a victim to the timidity of the practitioner, I
 have boldly withheld all other remedies, and administered the pi-
 perine in doses of two grains every two hours, until eight grains
 had been taken; in one of these cases,  the low, muttering delirium
 now began to subside, the  skin became moist, and the patient,
 sensible of his improvement, pronounced himself better.  On the
 following day the same  doses were administered, and repeated, for
 three, four, or five days, when I found no fever ; the strength in-
 creased, and the patient, with an  inclination for food,  was cer-
 tainly convalescent.   These two are the only cases of typhus I
 have treated since I became acquainted with  this valuable remedy.
 But these alone would  incline me to  say, with  one of our pro-
 fessors, " as well might we deny the power of bark in  intermit-
 tents, or mercury in syphilis," as piperine in the cases alluded to.
 Yet I am not prepared  to adopt his language fully, and call  it a
 panacea.
                                                   J. S. R.

   I subjoin the following important results from  the use  of pipe-
 rine, by Dr. J. C Rousseau, of Philadelphia, whose experience
 with the articles of our materia medica, entitles  his observations
 to the highest confidence and estimation. 
Piperine.
 Dear Sir,
           In compliance with your  request to state my opinion
upon the efficacy of the piperine in the cure of intermittent fever,
I can testify, that although I have been able to administer this new
article of the materia medica in few cases, it is satisfactory to in-
form you, that it has  been  successful in every one.  The par-
oxyms left the patients on  the  first, and never later than the se-
cond day.
  Some few remarks may-with propriety be added to this succinct
account, which may  become instructive, and inculcate the neces-
sity of caution in prescribing it in too large doses. The following
case will illustrate this position :—
  A young girl, about  twelve years of age, having had a return of
intermitting fever, that had been  stopped  by the  sulphate of qui-
nine, was directed to take one grain of the piperine, made into  a
pill with conserve of roses.   She was  a short time after seized
with a vomiting, which was repeated  to the number of seven times
in the space of two  hours.   It then began to promote  alvine eva-
cuations, to  the  extent of twelve or fifteen times.  The fever  did
not return, and she  was directed  to continue one grain of the me-
dicine night  and morning.  It  invariably produced  alvine dis-
charges  in an unusual quantity.
   In another case, a subject of about forty, it  produced a radical
cure, in the dose of three grains taken every twenty-four hours,
and continued for some days after; and it is so much the more re-
markable, as this patient had taken the  sulphate of quinine  for
some days, in the  quantity of thirty grains in every  twenty-four
hours, as he informed  me, remarking at the same time, that during
 the use of it  he was under a most  violent and  painful  state of
 excitement.
   I can  state with confidence,  that this  preparation of the black
 pepper may be as useful and beneficial as  the  like preparation of 
102
Piperine.
the Peruvian bark;  and I entertain  no dout of the probability of
obtaining similar products from all the other peppers, having been
for many years in the habit  of administering the black and red
peppers, with decided success,  in the cuie of intermittent fevers.
                    Yours, &c,
                                   J. C. Rousseau, M. D.
   Geo.  W. Carpenter.

   I have just received  the following valuable illustration of the
effect of piperine from my friend Dr. J. R. Black, of Philadel-
phia, which is an additional strong testimony of the success of this
medicine in the  cure of intermittent fevers:—
   Mr.  S., aged  about forty years,  during the  first  part  of last
month, applied to me, with a severe quotidian fever, attended with
rejections from the stomach,  and  with  violent pain, and great de-
termination of blood to the head during the  hot stage, with cold
feet and slight delirium.
   The case was treated with  the lancet, emetics, and purges,
which on  the third  day changed its type to the tertian.  On the
day of intermission, sul.  quinine was administered, which was
often rejected, while it always increased  the  patient's nausea,
and headache.   Piperine was substituted in doses of one  grain
every hour, to the number of ten  a day.  The  paroxysms imme-
diately ceased, and  the patient  was in a few days  discharged, ra-
dically cured.
                                                  J. R. B.
   Numerous other cases might  be quoted, in  which this medicine
has been employed with the  like happy results;  but I think suf-
ficient has been  advanced to satisfy the most  skeptical of its ac"
tive properties.
   Alcohol and sulphuric aether  are the best menstrua for the ac-
tive properties of the pepper, which very soon imparts its acrimony 
On the Use of Piperine.
103
to these fluids.  Mr. Brande gives alcohol  and water. I am sur-
prised that Mr. Brande should have omitted aether, since it  is the
most powerful solvent, and particularly that he should quote water,
since it requires five hundred and fifty pints to extract the sapidity
of one ife. of pepper.  Water appears to be the  best solvent for
the colouring matter, for after pepper has  been exhausted  of its
acrimony, by aether and alcohol,  water will make a dark solution,
which on evaporation, produces an extract  exhibiting little of the
pungency of pepper.
   The piperine  employed in the above cases, I prepared accord-
ing to the following formula:—
   Digest one pound of coarsely-powdered black pepper, in  one
gallon of alcohol, for ten days, distil off one half of the alcohol in
a water-bath, add by degrees, a  few  drachms of diluted muriatic
acid,  then  add water  sufficient to  precipitate  the  resin,  and
separate the oil; concentrate this solution  by evaporation, and add
pure potass to decompose it, and neutralize the acid,  when the
piperine will be deposited in yellowish transparent crystals.   The
crystals may be obtained perfectly colourless, by observing great
care in separating the oil and resin, but  as theje  is no disadvan-
tage in  the colour,  the  additional  trouble and  expense would
not  be  compensated.   The piperine, in  a colourless  state, is
insipid and inodorous; but united with as much  resin as enters
into its crystallization, its taste is extremely powerful, possessing
in an intense degree, all the heat and  acrimony of the pepper, with
considerable of its odour, and I think is a more active preparation
than the former, it was in  this form  exhibited in  the  treatment
of the cases above described.  I have obtained  larger crystals,
by employing sulphuric aether as  a menstruum, instead of alcohol.
   The crystals of piperine  are transparent, of a straw colour, and
assume the tetrahedral prismatic  form, with  oblique summits;  I 
104                Extract of Black Pepper.

have obtained them larger than the ordinary crystals  of sulphate
of magnesia.

                       -------:p:-------


             EXTRACT OF BLACK PEPPER.

  Digest eight ounces  of black pepper, coarsely ground, in four
pints of diluted  alcohol, for four days, occasionally submitting it
to a temperature near ebullition in a water-bath; filter and evapo-
rate to the consistence of an extract.  This is found also to be an
active remedy in intermittents, in doses of two or three grains.  In
a soft state it has proved very convenient to give consistency to
piperine or quinine for the formation of pills, while  at  the  same
time it increases their activity, particularly the latter; it  is cer-
tainly preferable to the conserve of roses, or gum arabic,  which
enlarge the pill without increasing the effect.
  The extract of pepper, in every formula I have seen, is directed
to be prepared with water.   This forms a much less active  prepa-
ration, and possesses several inconveniences to which the above
is not subject.
  I have employed the white and black peppers in the above pre-
parations, and although  it is stated that the white pepper is milder
than the black, I have found it to yield more piperine, and an ex-
tract of much more acrimony and activity,  and to contain much
less colouring matter.
  The constituent principles of  pepper are piperine,  oil, resin,
extract, colouring  and fecular matters.
   Subsequent experiments have  proved the oil  of black pepper
to possess all the valuable properties of piperine in a superior de- 
                     Oil of Black Pepper.                 105

gree, one drop being equal in energy to three  grains of the lat-
ter.  I have combined quinine, piperine, oil of black pepper, cor-
nine, gentianine, and several other tonic vegetable principles, in
the form of a mass, which  I  have denominated compound tonic
extract, and which has proved much more efficient in intermittents
than any of the articles used singly, even in double doses.  This
article is now much used in the southern states, and has given the
highest degree of satisfaction.
O 
SENNA.
   The  leaves of this  valuable plant  is  one of the safest and
 most extensively used cathartics.  It is prompt and efficient  in its
 action, and  is therefore well calculated where a decided, but not
 violent action is required, and is consequently highly useful in a
 large class of diseases, particularly infevers and febrile complaints.
 An objection is sometimes made to its use, in consequence of pro-
 ducing griping in the bowels; this, however, can be  obviated  by
 combining it with fennel or carraway seed, or any of the carmina-
 tives or aromatics, or of the alkaline salts.  It is commonly direct-
 ed with  Epsom  salts or cream of tartar, or  all three combined.
 The following are the proper proportions for its use:—
       R
         Senna......3vj.
         Epsom salts     .    .    .     .     . gss.
         Cream tartar        .     .     .     .     3ij.
         Fennel seed      .....  3iss.
       M.
Infuse in one pint of boiling water; when cold, strain and press all
the liquid from  the  ingredients.   This is a searching and active
evacuent, anU can always be depended upon for a certainty of ac-
tion. Dose, a wine-glassful every fifteen or twenty minutes.
  There are three varieties of senna to be found in our market,
varying essentially in medicinal quality.
  1st. Alexandria Senna.   This is decidedly  the best quality, and 
Senna.
107
although commanding nearly quadruple  the  price  of  the  India
senna, is  fully worth the difference, and  should always be prefer-
red and prescribed by physicians, and particularly named in their
orders for medicines.  The name of the senna is derived from the
Egyptian  port from which it is shipped.   It consists chiefly of the
product of the acutifolia, and is mixed by the merchants of Cairo
also with  leafllets of obovate, brought from various parts, and also
with  the  leaves  of the cynanchum  oleafolia, which are distin-
guished by their greater length, as well as their structure, which
differs from the leaves of the  senna by having a straight side,  and
being regular at  the base, and also destitute of any  lateral nerves
on the under disk, by which characters they can  be  readily distin-
guished from the senna.  The  proportions in  which  these con-
stituents are said to exist,  are five parts of acutifolia, three of obo-
vate, and two of cynanchum.
*  2d. Tripoli Senna.  This senna derives its name also from the
port from which it is shipped.  Dr. Paris states  that this  senna
contains a much larger portion of cyranchum.   This is  obviously
incorrect, as it consits exclusively of the acutifolia, but differing in
some respects from those  contained in the Alexandria, by being
shorter, less acute, thinner, and more fragile,  and their nerves
much less distinct; from these characters of the plant, it is obvjeus
to conclude that it grows  in a  different  region.  It is supposed
that  the  Tripoli senna grows upon  the  Mediterranean coast of
Africa, in the vicinity from whence it is  exported.
   3d. India Senna.   This article is the  product  of the  cassia
elongata.   Though it is imported from Calcutta, it appears not to
be the growth of-that country.   Ainslee  states that sertna grows
abundantly in India, but is of the species with obtuse leaves, and
is considered inferior.   A better kind, distinguished by its long
pointed leaves, is  taken to India from Mocha, and  is extensively
used; this is undoubtedly identical with that  which  we obtain 
108
Senna.
from India, and of which the native country is Arabia Felix. It is
further stated by Ainslee that the Arabian senna plant  has been
recently introduced into the south of India, and promises to succeed.
  The following is a descriptive account of the characteristics of
the three species of senna.
  1st. Cassia  Acutifolia.   The  leaves  are  pinnate, alternately
placed upon the stem, and  haye  two  narrow pointed stipules at
their base.
  2d. Cassia Obovata.  The leaves are very obtuse, sometimes me-
crovatc, and have from five to seven pair of leaflets.
  3d. Cassia Elongata. The leaves are elongated, acute, thin and
flexible, with very  short petioles ; the most conspicuous character-
istic of the leaflet is its length and thinness.
  This name was  given  by M. Lemaire, upon the plant from
which the India senna  of commerce is  derived. 
MERCURY
BL.UE MASS.
On the division or extinction of Mercury by tritu-
  ration : with observations and experiments  on
  the Blue Mass, and other preparations of Mer-
  cury.
  Mercury  has been considered by some writers to produce no
action on the body, when taken  internally, in the metallic state.
This has been  doubted, with sufficient reason, by Orfila in his
Toxicology.
  Blue Mass, Pil. Hydrargyri, or Blue  Pill,  as it  is commonly
termed, has heretofore been always esteemed^one of the most va-
luable preparations of mercury,  being mild, and at the same time
more certain and efficacious in many diseases, than any other  pre-
paration of that valuable mineral; hence it  has been, and con-
tinues to be, very extensively employed  in most cases where mer-
curial action on the constitution is  required; and when properly
made, and in like manner administered, has  invariably supported
its wonted and established reputation.
  In the preparation  of it, the  most viscid and tenacious  sub-
stances are employed, as conserves,  honey, manna, &c, for the 
110                      Blue Mass.
more speedy extinction of the mercury, as it is generally termed*
or more properly its minute division ; after which some vegetable
powder (of which starch is most  proper)  is added,  to give the
mass a proper consistence for the formation of pills.  It has gene-
rally been  supposed that the mercury, by this  process, was con-
verted into the state of a protoxyde ; but late careful experiments,
prosecuted exclusively for  the purpose of ascertaining the condi-
tion of the mercury, have satisfactorily proved the contrary.
r   From the remarks and experiments of Mr. Joseph Roux (Phar-
macien a Nimes,)  addressed to Mr.  Planche, in  the  Journal de
Pharmacie, tome xi. page  215, it will appear that (although from
the various discussions of chemists, on the method of reducing
mercury, a conclusion  has generally  been drawn in favour of those
substances which contain the most oxygen) turpentine and liquid
styrax will as  speedily  and effectually  extinguish or reduce the
mercury  as, the oxygenous fat; and that  the  various conserves,
syrups, extracts, oils,  meals, fecula?, pand  vegetable powders, all
produce  the same results, in that speedy and effectual  reduction
of the mercury in proportion to the tenacity- of  the substance em-
ployed :  for example,  the  extracts  succeed better than the con-
serves, the conserves better than the syrups,  the  syrups than the
oils, &c.   These different experiments  led to the conclusion  that
oxygen was not essential for the extinction of mercury, and  to
prove  which, it was acted upon by substances destitute of this ele-
ment ; bitumens were  accordingly selected, such as petroleum and
maltha.*  Having  reduced the petroleum to a more than syrup
consistence, the result was perfectly satisfactory; and Mr. Roux
observes, " I was then authorized to think my conjecture was cor-
rect, but in order to assure myself positively of the fact, I acted
upon it  free from the contact of atmospheric air.- I accordingly
* Pitch and Wax melted together. 
Blue Mass.                      Ill
placed a vessel containing the mercury and maltha  (reduced to a
consistence that allowed the pestle to work) in the receiver of an
air-pump, and after having made a vacuum, I put in motion, by the
means of a handle, a pestle surrounded by a brass stem, a little
bent at the lower part which passed through the bell and the copper
framing  by which it was surmounted.  This experiment succeed-
ed as well as any of the others, and established beyond a doubt the
fact, that mercury may be extinguished without the aid of oxygen."
  Mr. Planche  observes,* that from the ingenious experiments of
Mr. Roux on the division  of mercury in vacuo, by means of a sub-
stance containing no oxygen, it has been proved, that the mercury
in the ointment and other  preparations exists in the  state of mi-
nute division, and not in that of an oxyde, which is no longer a
subject of doubt to a great many.
  This may  readily be proved by melting the .ointment in hot
water, or by washing the blue mass in cold,water, decanting the
saccharine and  feculent matter, and placing the remainder (care-
fully washed from the vessel with a  little  water)  on a  filter of
paper, and left  to stand until perfectly dry, when  nearly all  the
mercury used in its formation may be collected ; a small portion
necessarily will be lost in  its preparation, together with more mi-
nute globules which cannot be  collected.   I treated  in this man-
ner 3j. of the blue mass manufactured at Apothecaries' Hall, Lon-
don, in which the mercury, was more effectually reduced than any
I had ever seen, and obtained from it sixteen grains of metallic
mercury, within four grains of the  quantity originally employed in
making the mass; small globules were also visible in the residuum,
which I  could  not collect. On examining several drops of the
liquor I  decanted, which  had accidentally fallen on some white
paper and dried, it had a  shining  metallic appearance,  and evi.

                      * Journal de Pharmaeie. 
112
Blue Mass.
dently contained metallic mercury, which was proved, after two
days'  standing, by the aggregation of globules.   Mr. Thos. Evans,
an intelligent druggist of this city, in a paper published in the
Journal of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, states that from
one hundred grains of blue  pill, which had been triturated for
many days, twenty grains of running mercury were easily collect-
ed, and numerous globules were still visible in the residuum.
   An effect takes place in making the pommade mercurielle, a
preparation employed extensively in France, which goes  strongly
to prove that the mercury in this preparation is not in the state of
an oxyde, as well as all the others; for it is admitted by all, with-  I
out the least doubt, that in all cases where mercury is reduced by
simple trituration, it exists in the same condition.  In making this
preparation, if it happens that the butter of cocoa (beurre de cacao)
which enters its composition be too suddenly cooled, the mercury,
which previously had every appearance of perfect extinction, im-
mediately appears in large globules; to reduce them it is only ne-
cessary to gently  heat the pestle and stir the pommade a few
minutes, when the mercury is again reduced.   I will ask if any
 man  acquainted with the laws of chemistry can for a moment sup-
pose that the mercury in  this preparation is in any other than the
 metallic state, or attribute so sudden a reduction  of  the mercury
 to the absorption of oxygen, when eight days' trituration would not
 be sufficient to effect  it by the old process?
   Besides these, there are other preparations of  mercury where
 it has been triturated with pulverulent substances, as chalk, mag-
 nesia, sugar, &c,  in all which cases the mercury exists in the
 same condition as in the ointment, mass, and pommade, that is,  in
 a state of minute metallic division, and not of an oxyde.  From
 a portion of hydrargyrum cum creta, imported from the Apotheca-
 ries' Hall, London, in which the mercury was apparently oxydized,
 inasmuch that not a globule  was visible (when  most favourably 
Blue Mass.
113
exposed on paper,) even with the assistance of a good microscope,
I put a small quantity in a vial, and agitated it a short time in cold
water; when subsided,*I decanted the water, and, after  several
washings and decantations in the same manner, the sub-carbonate
of lime was  separated, and there remained  a grayish  powder,
which I placed on a filter of paper, which by simple imbibition of
the paper, without pressure or trituration,  the  mercury assumed
the form of globules, in weight nearly equal to the quantity origin-
ally employed in'the composition.
  Mercury reduced by trituration with sugar may most readily be
tested by dissolving the sugar, which will leave the mercury in its
metallic state.  From the suggestions of  Mr. Phillips, of London,
I treated a portion of the hydrargyrum cum creta with acetic acid,
having placed a small quantity of the powder ii: a vial, and wash-
ed it in successive portions of the acid until the sub-carbonate of
lime was dissolved ; then I threw the whole on a filter of paper,
which, when  dry, exposed the mercury entire.
  As the above experiments are in the reach of any  one desirous
of proving the fact, I hope advantage will be taken of them,  and
little doubt will hereafter exist, as to the state in  which the mer-
cury exists in these several preparations.  xVlthough differing from
the opinion of many authors of established  reputation, I feel con-
fident in'stating the fact, inasmuch as I  believe, (from their own
expressions,) their conclusions were  drawn from external  charac-
ters, without  experiment;  as in  most instances where these prepa-
rations are spoken of, it is remarked, that the mercury is  in  the
state of minute division, and probably converted  into the black
oxyde ; the word  probably implies an uncertainty  and speculation
as to the real state in which the mercury exists in these prepara-
tions, and' indicates that they have  never been examined with a
view to discover  its condition, otherwise their descriptions must
have been more definite.
                              P 
114
Blue Mass,
   Mr. Rennie, in his late valuable supplement to  the pharmaco-
 paeias, observes, that, chemically, the blue pill is described in two
 ways.  One party of chemists say that the mercury is unchanged,
 and exists in a state of extreme division, whilst another party as-
 sert unconditionally, that mercury is converted into a black oxyde,
 which is a protoxyde.   Mr. Phillips, on  the  other hand, more
 justly observes, that experiments are still  wanting to explain the
 subject, but that it probably contains a sub-oxyde, as he supposes
 to be the case with the hydrarg. cum.creta.
   It may be remarked by some, if the mercury exist in its metallic
 state, why resort to  the tedious method  of its  division ?   It may
 be readily answered, that, independent  of increased action by its
 minute division, mercury, from its fluidity and volubility, could
 not be administered in  its metallic state, in  the  various doses,
 forms, and compounds in  which the blue mass has  been so conve-
 niently  and successfully  exhibited.  It  has also been proved by
 experience, that the mass which contains the mercury in the most
 minute division is preferable, on account of a more speedy action,
 as well as being less liable  to lose  the mercury  by exudation.
 Hence it is, that the blue mass and other preparations of the mer-
 cury manufactured  at Apothecaries' Hall, London,* and at the la-
 boratory of Mander & Co., of Wolverhampton, have justly been
 preferred as more eligible preparations, at which places they pos-
 sess considerable advantages  of  improved machinery, by steam-
 power, for the more speedy and effectual reduction  of the mercury.
 It has been suggested and recommended to  use the black oxyde
. of mercury as a substitute for the blue pill.   However valuable a
 * The mass is prepared at Apothecaries' Hall, London, by amaehine consisting of an iron
mortar and four wooden pestles, driven by a steam-engine. This both triturates and rolls the
mass, and the pills are said to be stronger than those made by the hand.---Rennie's Supple-
ment, &c. 
Blue Mass.                      115
medicine the black oxyde may be, it cannot be substituted for the
blue pill, on the ground of being the active principle of that sub-
stance; although I do not doubt that a few grains out of a hun-
dred may be in the state of a sub-oxyde, but most certainly not in
sufficient quantity to have the sole agency in the effect of the blue
pill; but, on the contrary, from its minute proportion, to have little
or none.  The black oxyde of mercury, however, is no doubt a
most valuable medicine ; and from the careful and correct experi-
ments of Dr. Benjamin II. Coates, of  this city, its  efficacy has
been fully established.
   As the' blue mass holds an important place in the materia me-
dica, and is, perhaps, more extensively employed  than  any  other
compound, it will no doubt be desirable to have a formula which
will most readily reduce the mercury.  After a number of experi-
ments, with a view to discover what combination and proportion
of substances most speedily and  effectually reduce  the mercury
and at  the same time preserved the mass longest of a pillular con-
sistence.  I have adopted the following formula and process, as
possessing the greatest advantages.   This forms a mass more like
that manufactured at the Apothecaries' Hall, London, than by any
other process which I have seen.  The globules  of mercury are
effectuallyj reduced in  a short time,  and are perfectly invisible,
when rubbed on white paper and inspected with a microscope.
The mass is of a fine blue colour, and will preserve a pliable con-
sistence a long time.
        R Hydrarg. Pur.....3iss.
          Manna Pinguis   -     -    -     -     giss.
          Mel. desp.   -     -     -    -     -     3ss.
          Amyli       ......3i.
                                               M. S.  A.
   As the mercury of commerce is  frequently adulterated  with
lead, bismuth, tin, and zinc, it is important to have it distilled pre-
vious to employing it in the above preparation. 
116
Blue Mass.
  The manna and honey in the blue pill are belter than any other;
substance yet employed, and reduce  the mercury  more speedily
and effectually than the conserve of roses, over which they  have
other advantages.  The conserve of roses is objectional, also, from
occasionally containing sulphuric acid, which  has  been added to
increase its colour; hence a poisonous suB-sulphate of mercury
may be formed during the  trituration.  Dr. Coxe justly remarks,
in his dispensatory, (although conserve of roses is in the formula
he has selected)  that experiments fairly made, would sanction the
manna as preferable to any other substance for the  speedy and ef-
fectual extinction of the quicksilver; and whatever may be thought
of the conserve of roses, it appears probable that its use is  only
dependent on the sugar in  its composition.
'  In making this preparation, the whole amount of mercury should
be triturated with a small part of the manna and  honey, until re-
duced, (which will be more speedy than  if worked with all the
ingredients;) the remaining portion of manna  and  honey is  then
to be added, and the whole  beat  up till well incorporated; to
which then  add  the starch, to give it a proper consistence.   This
mass, when  finished, has a fine blue colour, no globules  visible
when exposed on paper, even with the  assistance of an ordinary
microscope ; it is of  proper consistence for the formation of pills,
and will retain its moisture for a long time. A quantity made ac-
cording to the above formula has been kept for upwards of a  year,
when its'consistence was  nearly as good as at the  time of its for-
mation, and no globules discoverable when carefully examined.
It is a desirable  thing^that the mass should remain  soft, which the
above formula will particularly effect.  I have seen blue mass be-
come perfectly hard, sufficiently so to powder, in consequence, no
doubt, of having gum arabic in its composition.   Liquorice root
and rhubarb enter into some receipts for the  preparation* of the
blue pill, but the mass which contains  them  may  be  known by 
Blue Mass.                      117
its dirty gray colour, and frequently becoming mouldy after  a
short time.
  As a great quantity of blue mass is badly made, and I believe
more from not having a proper formula than from any want of art
or attention in its reduction, I am induced to offer the above, un-
der a full assurance, from careful experiment, of its superiority to
the common formula with conserve of roses ; and  should it prove
useful  in the hands of those who may think proper to adopt it, the
author will have obtained the object of its publication.
* 
11H
                      -------:o:-------

  This valuable cathartic is the concrete juice of the root  of  the
convolvulus scainmonia.  The milky juice which exudes frorcf the
fresh root is collected in shallow  vessels, and concretes by  the
slow evaporation of time, which is true scammony.  Considerable
of that which comes to the market is composed of  an admixture,
while yet soft, with the expressed juice  of the stalks and leaves,
and sometimes further mixed with flour, ashes, sand, and other
substances.  The true  scammony,  or the  best received in  this
country, is produced in Syria, and is called Aleppo  scammony.
  There are several other varieties; that which is most met with
of these is called Smyrna scammony, which is very inferior, being
made up almost entirely of foreign substances, and not even owing
its cathartic  effects  to scammony.  The Aleppo scammony is
brought to this market in drums, and is in large irregular masses,
or in round cakes of one or two inches thick;  the colour is dark
ash or olive ; it is friable and readily pulverised, and when wet and
rubbed with the  finger it becomes milky, and  the powder always
has the characteristic odour, which is compared to  cheese made
from ewe's milk.
  The Smyrna scammony as it is called is in circular cakes rather
more than half an inch thick, of a hard and compact texture, and
almost black.  Its smell is weak and unpleasant, it  is more irrita-
ting and less purgative than the Aleppo, and is, no  doubt, altoge-
ther a fictitious article, and should not be sold or used by the phy-
sicians, particularly when the Aleppo or true scammony is always
to be had. 
119
                              -------:o:-------

          This is a morbid excrescence which occupies the place of the
        seed in the secale cereale, or rye.  It is extensively used in obste-
        trical practice, in consequence of its specific action on the uterus.
          It is employed in powder, infusion, decoction, or tincture.  The
        dose of the powder is from fifteen to twenty grains; particular care
        should be taken to preserve the powder, as it is easily decomposed.
        It should be kept in a ground  stopper, or  closely-corked  bottle,
        and should not be  used after it is old.
          I have tried a number of experiments with a view of obtaining
        a more uniform and concentrated preparation, and was in hopes of
'       obtaining a proximate principle, but have failed,  and believe it
        cannot be used to more advantage than in substance or tincture.
/                             Wine of Ergot.
 r+            R  Ergot in powder     ...    4  ounces.
                   Teneriffe wine      -     -     -     fej.
                           Digest ten days, and filter.
          The above preparation is extensively used in this city, and is
I       decidedly the best mode of exhibiting the ergot.   The dose  is a
        tea-spoonful  every twenty minutes or half hour.  It has many ad-
        vantages over the powder, and will keep unaltered for years, if the
        wine is good.  The alcoholic  tincture  has been recommended by
        some authors, but it  is much inferior to  the above  preparation
        made with the wine. 
120
             ACID  BENZOIC^


                      -------:o:-------

  This acid is obtained from the gum and balsam of benzoin, by
two processes.  The most is obtained by sublimation, which is ef-
fected simply by placing the benzoin in  a glass  vessel,  and sub-
jected to heat in a sand-bath, which is  continued until nothing
more ascends.   The second process is by precipitation, which is
obtained by the  following process of Stolze :—the balsam is dis-
solved in alcohol, in the proportion of one  part to three of the lat-
ter; the filtered  solution is introduced into a  retort, and the acid,
saturated with carb. of soda, is dissolved in  a mixture of eight
parts of water and three of alcohol.  The alcohol is distilled off,
and the  benzoate of soda contained in the residuary liquid is de-
composed by sulphuric acid, which precipitates the benzoic  acid.
This is purified  by solution in boiling water,  which lets fall the
acid when it cools.
  The benzoic acid generally found in our market  is obtained by
sublimation; some of it is pure and handsome,  others again very in-
ferior, and possessing a very strong unpleasant odour. That \diich
is obtained by precipitation, when carefully prepared, is decidedly
the best; it has  an agreeable aromatic and pleasant odour ; it is
somewhat heavier than the sublimed, and  in much smaller crystals.
The principal use made of this article is  as an ingredient to pare-.
goric. 
  CANTHARIS  VESIOATORIA.

                      -----:o:-----

                 SPANISH FLIES.
  The vesicating properties of the Spanish flies are known to every
physician, and there appears to be no difference of sentiment in
relation to the valuable properties of this article, which is more
or less employed by every practitioner of medicine.
  Great care is necessary in the drying  of Spanish flies, so as not
to destroy their properties ; if kept perfectly dry they will keep a
considerable time, but if suffered to get damp they speedily undergo
putrefaction.   They should be kept in a glass vessel  or drawer.
The vesicating properties reside in a green oil and a crystallizable
substance called cantharidin.*  This preparation dissolved in oil,
or mixed with cerate, is  decidedly preferable to using the fly in
substance.
  Cantharides is a very powerful stimulant, internally used,  pro-
ducing a peculiar influence on the urinary organs, &c.  The dose in
powder is one to two grains,  which may be given twice  a day, in
the form of pills.   The  tincture, however, is decidedly the most
eligible mode of administering this substance internally, and the
following formula of our distinguished professor, Dr.  Dewees, is
particularly recommended to the faculty :—
              Dr. Dewees' Tincture of Cantharides.
        R Pulv. cantharid.      -    -     -    ^ij. 3ij.
          ----- cochineal      -    -     -    3ij.  gij.
          Spt. vin. prob.  -    -    -     -    8 pints.
     M.  Digest ten days, and filter.—Dose, 15 to 20 drops.

                       * See oil of cantharidin.
                              Q 
   COLCHICUM   AUTUMN ALE.


                       -------:o:-------


   This valuable plant is a native of Europe ; it has been cultivated
 in this country, but has proved much infefror to the English ; the
 climate is not adapted for its growth, and rarely produces seed  in
 this country.  The root and the  seed are both used.   Physicians
 should be more particular in their orders for this article, to specify
 whether the seed or root is intended ; they generally simply order
 colchicum, and leave it to the discretion of the druggist to  send the
 root or the seed.
  The root should be collected between the first of June and Au-
 gust;  if collected prior or after this time, its properties are very in-
 ferior, if not worthless :  great care should also be taken in drying
 it, for which purpose the root should be sliced, not dried whole, *
 as the internal part of  those dried whole, are generally  partially
 decomposed and mouldy.  It is owing to these circumstances, and
 particularly in the season of collecting the root, that so much dif-
 ference  of opinion has existed among authors  in relation to the
 properties of the colchicum, and that  so great  a  difference  of
 quality  actually  exists in  that which is  always found  in the
 shops. The celebrated  Eau Medicinale, for the cure of gout, owes
 its activity to colchicum; it  has been  highly recommended, and
 with just claims in gout and rheumatism, also as a diuretic and ex-
pectorant in dropsy and humoral asthma.   The most eligible pre-
paration of colchicum is  the vinous tincture, made by the follow-
ing formula:— 
Seed of Colchicum.                 123
                  Wine of Colchicum Root.
       R Rad. colchi. catus.....?6.
          Vin. alb......-     ftj.
     M.   Digest ten days, and filter.—Dose, 25 to 30 drops.



            SEED OF COLCHICUM.
  Dr. Williams, of Ipswich, England,  first brought the seed into
notice ; he considers them superior to the bulb, in the certainty of
their effects and the mildness of their ©peration.  Drs. Wood and
Bache consider  their virtues  analogous to  the  bulb,  and  to
have  the  advantage of not being liable to become injured by dry-
ing, and, I may add, not to become so soon deteriorated by age or
exposure.  The active properties of the seed reside in the husk or
shell.  It is unnecessary, therefore, to bruise  the seed to make a
tincture.   The seed  should be collected about the beginning of
August; they are ovate, globose, and about a sixteenth to an eighth
of an inch  in  diameter, of a reddish brown colour, exceedingly
tough and unyielding.  The seed of other plants are sometimes
mixed with them, and sold for them.  The most eligible prepara-
tion is the vinous  tincture, made  by the following formula:__
               Wine of the Seed of Colchicum.
      R  Sem. colchichi......32.
          Vin- alb.......ftj.
    M. Digest two weeks and strain—Dose 25 to 30 drops. 
ON
          AND  ITS  PREPARATIONS.


                         ---:o:---

   THrs is one of the most valuable and important of the medicines
recently introduced.  It is soluble in aether, and in alcohol; the
latter dissolving it proportionable to its degree of rectification.
Water does not dissolve more than  1-700th part of its weight.
   It is extracted from the mother waters of soda, prepared from sea-
weed, where it exists in the state of hydriodate of potass.   These
waters are obtained by burning the  fuci that arc found  on the
coast of Normandy, draining the water through the ashes, and con-
centrating the liquor.
   To obtain the iodine, an excess of concentrated  a«cid is  added
to these waters, and  the liquor is gradually brought to ebullition
in a glass  retort  furnished with a receiver.   The acid seizes on
the basis of the hydriodate and on the hydrogen of the hydriodic
acid,  so that the  result is sulphate  of potass, water, sulphurous
acid and iodine, which rises in violet-coloured vapours, passes into
the receiver with a small quantity of acid, and in that state is con-
densed.  In order to  purify it, it must  be washed,  mixed with
water containing  a little potass, and again distilled.   Dr. Coindit,
of Geneva, was the first to use the iodine as a medicine, which he
employed  with remarkable success  in the  treatment of goitre; it 
                On Iodine and its preparations.             125

has since been used both in Switzerland and France,  by several
physicians, who speak very highly of its effects as a medicine in
goitre, in scrofulous ulcers, &c, and quotes a number of cases of
the successful treatment of these diseases by  the use of iodine.
The iodine is now used in this country to a considerable extent;
it is generally employed in the form of tincture and ointment, for-
mulas for the preparation of which will be  given hereafter.  Dr.
Gardiner has pubfished in England a very interesting memoir on
the effects of iodine on the animal economy, and on its advantages
in the treatment of goitre, and scrofulous and tuberculous affec-
tions of the thorax and abdomen.
   Dr. Barron appears to have employed the remedy  with some
success in the treatment of scrofulous  phthisis, and certain other
tuberculous affections.
                   Tincture of Iodine.
       Take of alcohol 369                     1 ounce.
              Iodine                         48 grains.
   The iodine should be triturated fine with the alcohol  in a mor-
tar, and occasionally rubbed down in it; after standing twenty-four
hours it is fit for use, and  should be filtered before using, as there
is generally a portion of the iodine undissolved.
   It is given to adults in the  dose of from four to ten drops, three
times a day, in a glass of sweetened water; the quantity may be
gradually increased to twenty drops, (which contains about one
grain of iodine,) three times a day.
         Solution of Hydriodate of Potass.
     Take of hydriodate of potass                36 grains.
             Distilled water                       1 ounce.
   This solution is still capable of dissolving iodine, and of thus
forming an  ioduretted hydriodate of potass.  If we wish to procure 
126
On Iodine and its preparations.
the solution called Coindit's, ten grains of pure iodine must be
added to the solution of the hydriodate of potass described above.
  These preparations, whose mode of exhibition is the same as
that of the tincture of iodine, are employed as well as it  in the
treatment of goitre and scrofula; in the  latter case some tonic is
generally combined with it.
  M. Magendie, has for some time made use of the  solution of
hydriodate of potass both in hospital and private practice ; he  is
confident the  dose of this solution  may be increased to three gros
per diem, without any unpleasant consequences; debilitated and
very nervous women have  taken this quantity for many  weeks,
without the least appearance of derangement in any function.  In
this dose two  cases of cancer of the tongue recovered in the space
of a fortnight, in the incurable wards of L'Hospice de la  Salpe-
triere.   The women were affected  with this disgusting and horri-
ble  disease for many years, and admitted into  the hospital  as in-
curables ; one still remains there, having been three months under
treatment, and is going on very well.   In the same  place,   a wo-
man who had  for a long time suffered under  ulcerations  of the
tongue, has just received a complete cure from the use of the hy-
driodate of potass.
       Ointment of the Hydriodate of Potass.
    Take of hydriodate of potass                \ drachm.
            Axunge                          \\ ounce.
  Mix.—This may be used to the  exteqt of half a drachm night
and morning,  in the way of friction, upon a goitre or  glands en-
larged with scrofula-; at the end of a week, the  quantity may be
increased to a drachm or more, according to the age of the patient
and extent of the tumour.  Sometimes by these means a complete
resolution of  tumours is effected,  which  could  not be removed
entirely by saline solutions. This ointment has been successfully 
On Iodine and its preparations.
127
used in various cases of enlargement of the testicles, which had
resisted other means.  Sometimes, however, mere friction will not
do, and recourse must be had to both modes of exhibition; but in
general, more advantage seems to  be derived in scrofulous affec-
tions from the saline solutions.  The activity of this ointment may
be increased by adding from ten to fifteen grains of pure iodine to
form what, is called ointment of ioduretted hydriodate of potass.
                   Ointment of  Iodine.
       Take of iodine                         1 drachm.
               Axunge                        1 ounce.
   Powdei the  iodine and triturate it with the lard in a glass mor-
 tar.  This ointment is used in the same manner as that of the hy-
 driodate, in about the same quantity ; it is, however, not as much
 used as the hydriodate ointment, which latter is  in every way pre-
 ferable.
                  lodurets  of Mercury.
   The Proto-Ioduret of Mercury is prepared by uniting solution
 of hydrate of potass and protonitrate of mercury,  which precipi-
 tates the proto-ioduret.  It is of a yellow colour and insoluble in
 water ; according to Dr. Thompson, 162 parts contain 62 of iodine
 and 100 of mercury, or 25 of mercury and 156 of iodine.
    The deuto-ioduret is preyed by dissolving separately 70 parts
 of conosive sublimate, (deuto-chloruret of mercury,) and 100 parts
 of the hydriodate of potass, and  uniting the solution, when  the
 deuto-ioduret of mercury will be precipitated ; it is very soluble in
 the hydriodate of potass and in mercurial salts,  so that care must
 be taken not to apply an excess of either of them.  This prepara-
 tion contains 250 parts of mercury and 312 of iodine.  Hydriodic
 acid may be substituted for the hydriodate of potass in the prepa-
 ration of these iodurets.        ,
    These preparations are  employed in the form of ointment, tine- 
128            On Iodine and its preparations.
ture, solution, and pills,  and have proved a valuable remedy in
chronic syphilis and venereal ulcers.
      Ointment of Proto-ioduret of Mercury,
    Take of proto-ioduret of mercury            20 grains.
           Axunge                           l£ ounce.
  This ointment has been highly recommended in the treatment
of inveterate venereal ulcers, in which it is said to accelerate the
cicatrization.
    Ointment of the deuto-ioduret of Mercury.
    Take of deuto-ioduret of mercury          -20 grains.
           Axunge                           li ounce.
  This preparation is more active than the preceding, and is there-
fore to be used in smaller quantities.
      Tincture of deuto-ioduret of Mercury.
    Take of deuto-ioduret of mercury           20 grains.
  Mix.     Alcohol at 36°                     \% ounee.
  Twenty-six  drops of this tincture are nearly equivalent to one
eighth of a grain of the deuto-ioduret itself, it may be given to the
extent of ten, fifteen, or twenty  drops in a glass of distilled water, i
We are assured that it has succeeded in scrofulous complaints
complicated with syphilis.

Sulphuric JEther with deuto-ioduret  of Mercury.
    Take of sulphuric aether                    \\ ounce.
  Mix.     Proto or deuto-ioduret of mercury   20 grains.
  This being a more active dose than the preceding, must be ad-
ministered in smaller doses.
      Pills of the deuto-ioduret of Mercury.
    Take of deuto-ioduret of mercury             1 grain.
           Extract of Juniper               •  12 grains-
            Liquorice Prowder                  q. s. 
               On Iodine and its preparations.              129

  Mix, and make into eight pills;  two to be taken at first, morning
and evening, augmenting the dose subsequently  to four, at the
same periods.

       Pills  of the Proto-ioduret of Mercury
May be made in the same manner, and taken in the same dose.
  The combination of mercury and iodine must certainly be a me-
dicine of considerable activity, and from the effects of each of
them on the system in glandular affections, we might anticipate the
most favourable results from the compound  in scrofulous and ve-
nereal diseases.

              Liquor Ferri  Hydriodatis.
  This article  is generally sold under the name of Iodide of Iron.
It was first introduced in practice in  Philadelphia by our distin-
guished professor, Dr. Samuel Jackson, and has acquired consider-
able celebrity.  It acts as a m\Jd tonic and emenagogue, and brings
on a more healthy hematosis ; it has proved a valuable adjunct to
the common pectoral syrup in  coughs and pulmonary  affections;
the dose is from five to ten drops.  The following formula of Mr.
Durand, an improvement on the same recommended by Baup and
Caillot, is recommended to the profession:—
  Take of iodine     ^^                      10 drachms.
  Iron filings,  pure and  unoxidized               5 drachms.
  Distilled water                              12| fluid oz.
  Put the iodine in a porcelain capsule, with half the water, and
add the filings by small portions,  stirring the mixture with a glass
rod. The combination soon takes place, and the mixture acquires
an orange colour, gradually deepening to a dark red.  Wheu the
whole of the iron has been added, heat the mixture slowly by means
of a sand-bath  or spirit lamp, and stir "it contim*aHy; when the
union has  been completed  the   solution  becomes colourless,
                            R 
130
On Iodine and its preparations.
 and in this state is filtered ; and the residue on the filter is washed
 with the remaining distilled water previously heated to the boiling
 point.   The amount of the liquid obtained measures twelve and a
 half fluid ounces, and contains twelve and a half drachms of iodide
 of iron, or a drachm of the iodide to each fluid ounce. This liquid
 will become a deep  red by standing, some iodine being set free,
 and the oxide of iron precipitated.   This defect is remedied by
 putting in the solution some pure iron filings, which constantly re-
 produces the iodide of iron with any free iodine as  soon as disen-
 gaged.   The colour should be a light orange.  Drs. Wood and
 Bache states, it acts as a tonic and alterative, and may be given in
 various diseases in which it is desirable to stimulate the absorbent
 system, as in.scrofulous complaints  and visceral obstructions, at-
 tended with deficient action.   The average dose of the solution
 obtained by Mr. Durand's formula, is ten drops three times a day,
 gradually increased until some obvious impression is produced.
 Solution of the Iodo-Hydrargyrate of potassium.
  This  valuable preparation  has lately been  introduced *by Dr.
 Channing, of New York, who  has  used it with  great success in
 pulmonary  affections and  other diseases.  A highly interesting
 paper is published in the American Journal of Medical  Sciences,
 in February number for 1834.   He has prescribed it in the fol-
 lowing formula:—                   ^^
     R   Deutiod. Hydrarg.                       grs. iv.
         Hyd. Potass.                          grs. xx.
         Aq.- distillat.                              5j.
  M. ft. solut.   Dose, five drops three times a day, which  may
be gradually increased to ten drops.
  The  following  are such diseases  as uniform observation  has
proved to have more readily yielded, or to have been more promptly
benefited under its operation alone, than under any known treat-
 ment, viz.:— 
Extract of Nux Vomica.               131
Chronic Bronchites,	Colitis,
Hooping Cough,	Constipation,
Amenorrhea,	Dyspepsia,
Leucorrhoea,	Herpes,
Lithiasis,	Psora,
Aptha;,	Psoriasis.
Tonsillitis,	Anasarca,
Pharyngitis,	and
Chronic Gastro-Enteritis,	Scrofula.
Dr. Channing further states his acknowledgements to Drs. Mac-
nevin, Mott, Vanderburg, Wilson, Mason, Borrowe, and Wallace,
of New York ; and to Dr. Jackson of Philadelphia, for their aid in
proving the powers of the article. Some of these gentlemen, within
the last few months, have used this medicine extensively in their
practice, and fully concur  in  the  writer's  views  respecting its
wide application to disease, as well as its mode of administration.

                     Iodide of Lead.
   This compound was introduced as a remedy for scrofulous swell-
ings and ulcerations, and has  proved  highly useful in  venereal
ulcers and tumours.   Its most useful  exhibition is in  ointment,
made by rubbing one^^hm of the iodide in an ounce of simple
cerate.   It has also beenused internally in the same diseases, in
doses of from one quarter to half a grain repeated several times  a
day.
         Alcoholic Extract of Nux Vomica.
   The nux vomica is one of the most active articles of the materia
medica, and has lately been successfully employed in  the treat-
ment of paralysis.   M.  Fouquier,  who has had much experience
with its use and action, gives it in the form of pills, consisting of
two grains each.   The dose is two  pills daily for the commence 
132
Strychnine.
 ment, and gradually increased to ten or twelve, a number rarely
 exceeded.
   The constant effect of  this substance is to produce first in the
 paralyzed parts, and afterwards in the rest of the body, a succes-
 sion of shocks or contractions similar to those occasioned by gal-
 vanism.
   Magendie recommends  the pills to be made of one grain each,
 and to commence with one or two daily, increasing the dose until
 the desired effect is produced.   This is the dose I have generally
 seen prescribed by the physicians of this city.   A tincture may
 also be employed according to the following formula :—
     Tincture of the Extract of Nux  Vomica.
     Take of alcohol at 36°                       1 ounce.
             Dry extract of "nux vomica           3 grains.
       Dissolve.
   Of this a few drops may be given in any simple vehicle.   In
 this form it may also be used  by friction upon the  parts affected:
 it is a mode much employed  in  Italy,  and from  which  M. Ma-
 gendie has seen great effects result in his own practice.*
                       Strychnine.
   It would appear to be almost useless labour expended to obtain
 a more concentrated preparation than tlr^Pix vomica, or the ex-
 tract.   The crude substance,  however, like all  other articles  of
 the materia medica, is subject to vary in quality and strength, and
 to be affected by various circumstances to which it  may be ex-
posed, thus making the strength of the crude material vary; and
consequently, the extract differing in proportion to the  acting of
the nux vomica, and also in th^ variable modes  of its preparation.
 * As there are other tinctures of nux vomica, physicians who wish this article should
ticularly name the tincture of the extract of nux vomica.        -* 
Strychnine.
133
  Strychnine, as we generally see it, is of a grayish white, granu-
lar, or in powder;  this is owing to its too rapid crystallization: if
carefully prepared it is in the form of minute  crystals, which, by
the aid of the microscope, are found to consist of four-sided prisms,
terminated  by pyramids  with four  depressed  faces.  The sign
of its purity is  not reddening with  nitric acid, a degree almost
unattainable in strychnine procured  from nux vomica.   That
obtained from  St. Ignatius' bean is  purer, but the purest and
most easily  obtained is furnished by the Upas ; it is also obtained
from the snake root.*  The brucine exists with the strychnine  in
all the above articles, but in less proportion in the St. Ignatius :
and M. Magendie observes, " it is unfortunate that the bean of St.
Ignatius is so rare an article in commerce, as the strychnine con-
tained in it is nearly free from brucine, and could be readily ob-
tained from it in a state  of purity."
  Its action on the system is the same  as that of the extract  of
nux vomica, and is applicable  in the  same cases, though much
more powerful and requiring a less dose, and it might be entirely
unnecessary to have recourse to strychnine, if the extract of the
nux vomica were  always prepared in  the same manner, and ex-
empt from those variations in their effects arising from the differ-
ent modes  in  which  they are prepared; in  consequence  of the
greater uniformity of th^Ptychnine in this respect, it is in gene-
ral preferred.  In Germany and Italy accounts have been publish-
ed  of its successful employment.  It is generally employed in the
form of pills, which are made from the following formula:—-
                   Pills of Strychnine.
     Take of pure strychnine                      2 grains.
             Conserve of roses                    | drachm.
            Mix accurately, and divide into 24 pills.
* Lignum or Strychnos Colubrinum. 
134
Strychnine.
                Tincture of Strychnine.
    Take of alcohol at 36°                        1  ounce.
            Strychnine                           3  grains.
            Mix.
    Dose, from 6 to 24 drops, in draughts or common drink.
  The pills, where they can be  taken, are preferable  to the solu-
tion, in consequence  of  the extreme  bitterness and unpleasant
taste; for, although nearly insoluble in water 6667 times its weight,
at a temperature of 10° its bitterness will be distinctly percepti-
ble.   If a solution of strychnine made  in cold water,  and conse-
quently not containing above 1-6000 part of  its volime, be even
still diluted in a hundred times the quantity of the same fluid.*
  The strychnine is certainly a valuable remedy in paralysis, if
we regard the  writings of some of the  most distinguished  physi-
cians.   Dr.  Ratier states he  had occasion to see it administered
to a young man affected with paralysis, in pills containing each a
quarter of a grain.  In the dose of a grain and a half it occasioned,
but in a more considerable degree, the phenomena proper to the
nux  vomica;  viz., a  general titanic  rigidity,  with  twitchings,
which supervened  every  two  or three  minutes.   These  effeots,
which had at first alarmed the patient  and assistants, terminated
gradually in about three or four hours, and without any trouble-
some consequences.                ^^F
  Strychnine  readily unites with acids, and forms salts which are
crystallized and are  soluble ; this  must be remembered  when
giving strychnine  in common drink, for lemonade  and all acids
very much increase its activity.  The  following are some  of the
salts of stryohnine, sub-carbonate,  sulphate, hydrochlorate, phos-
phate, nitrate, iodate and hydriodate, it also forms salts with the
 acetic, oxalic, tartaric and hydrocyanic acids,  all of which are
 readily obtained, and form crystallizable salts.
• Majendie's Formulary. 
Brucine.                          135
  The salts of strychnine, in consequence of their greater  solu-
bility are more active, and consequently more intensely poisonous
than their base.   When the patient is habituated to the action of
strychnine, it may sometimes be advantageous  to substitute the
salts for the strychnine itself without increasing the dose. M. Ma-
gendie has used none of the salts except the sulphate, which has
produced most decided  relief in a case of paraplegia, given in a
dose of a twelfth  of a grain.

                            Brucine,
  This exists, as before stated, in nux vomica, and several of  the
articles  containing  strychnine ; it is analogous to strychnine, but
less intense, being in the proportion to  that of pure strychnine as
one to twelve; or  according to M. Andral, jr. six grains of brucine
are equal to one of impure, and a quarter of "■ grain of pure strych-
nine ; it is generally given in tJie form of pills or tincture, increas-
ing the dose gradually.    In medical use,  that which  is obtained
from the bark of the  brucea antidysinterica should be preferred,*
as that furnished by the nux vomica is rather  apt to  be  mixed
with a portion of  strychnine, which increases  its power and de-
ranges our calculation as  to the effects.  As it possesses the pro-
perties of strychnine in  a milder degree, it may be given  to the
extent of one, two, or even three grains, without apprehension as
to the consequences, in  the same cases  as the preparations of nux
vomica are found to benefit.   It  is probable  that much larger
  * Brucine is obtained by subjecting the inner bark of the brucea antidysinterica to a simi-
lar process to that directed for the preparation of strychnia, with this difference, that the
magnesian precipitate must not be so elaborately washed,—Brucine being much more soluble
in water than  strychnine, on account of the greater quantity of colouring matter which it
contains.  By evaporating the alcoholic liquors, the brucine is readily obtained in a resinous
form, not being yet sufficiently pure to crystallize. In its purification it must be combined
with oxalic acid which is to be again decomposed by magnesia, and the brucine separated by
alcohol, which being slowly evaporated in the open air, brucine will be obtained in a crystal-
lized form. 
136
Morphia.
doses may be given, but we must be attentively upon our guard.
M. Andral has given it in  cases  of palsy  with advantage, from
half a grain to five grains.  M. Magendie has used it successfully
in two cases of atrophy, one of the arm and the  other  of the leg.
The patient took six pills daily of one-eighth of a grain.  As it is
subject to variation of strength from  the frequent admixture  of
strychnine in it, the latter should be preferred, as being a  more
active and uniform medicine.
  Pills of brucine and  the tincture may be made  in  the  same
manner as those of the strychnine.   Brucine  forms salts in the
same manner as the strychnine, and being more soluble than bru-
cine itself, is more active and possesses some advantages.

                         Morphia*
  This is the anodyne or corlative principle of opium.   M. Robi-
quet prepares it by precipitating  a  strong  infusion of opium by
means of caustic ammonia ; filters and evaporates the liquid down
to a sixth part of its bulk; to this he again adds ammonia, and ob-
tains a fresh precipitate of pure morphia, which  he receives on a
filter and washes it with cold water ; when well dried, he sprinkles
it witlfa little alcohol, and passes the  spirituous liquors through a
filter, which carries with it a large portion of the colouring matter
and also a small  quantity of morphine^gjle  then dissolves the
morphine in acetic acid, and treats the solution with ivory black.
This mixture, being agitated frequently during twenty-four hours,
is finally projected on the  filter, and passes through in  the receiv-
ing vessels entirely colourless.  He next applies ammonia, and
the morphia is precipitated in the form of a white powder; if this
be again dissolved  in  alcohol,  and allowed to evaporate sponta-
neously, the morphine will be found in fine regular white crystals,
four sided rectangular prisms. Dr. Staples, an ingenious chemist of
this city, has obtained the morphia by a more simple process; his 
Narcotine.
137
formula is published in the Noith American Medical and Surgical
Journal of this city.
  Morphia unites with most of the acids, forming various salts of
these preparations ; the acetate and sulphate have hitherto obtain-
ed the preference.   Their proportion in respect to the opium is
an  eighth of a  grain  for a grain.  M.  Magendie  recommends
the syrup of these salts; four grains of the salt to a pound of syrup.
The sulphate is preferable to the acetate on account of its solu-
bility, being perfectly soluble in cold water.  The acetate is also
rendered perfectly  soluble in water by adding a few drops of acetic
acid to it.
  For a further description of morphia and its preparations,  see
the article opium.

                        Narcotine.
  This preparation is not used as a  medicine.   For particulars,
see description of it under the head of opium, in a preceding part
of this work.

                          Emetine.
  This is a  peculiar principle lately  found in  the  ipecacuanha.
M.  M.  Pelletier  and Magendie state that  this substance being
much more  active than thai ipecacuanha itself, without possessing
its disagreeable  taste or nauseous smell, might upon all occasions
be substituted for it with advantage.  Emetine is little  used  in
this country, much  less than  most of the other proximate prin-
ciples.
  To prepare emetine :—The ipecacuanha is reduced to a coarse
powder, and digested in aether at 60°,  to dissolve the  fatty odorous
matters.  Then  exhaust it  by alcohol in successive portions.
Place the alcoholic tinctures in  a water-bath, and re-dissolve the
residue in cold water; it thus loses a portion of  the wax and a
                              S 
138
Emetine.
little of the fatty  matter which still remain ;  it is only necessary
further to macerate it on carbonate of magnesia, by which it loses
its gallic acid, to re-dissolve it in alcohol, and to evaporate it to
dryness.
  The  emetine obtained in this way is not perfectly pure, but is
the kind altogether in use here ; the exceeding high price of the
perfectly pure and white emetine has excluded it altogether from
use here.  The  emetine obtained in  the above process presents
itself in the form of transparent scales of a reddish brown colour,
having  scarcely any smell, bnt  a  bitter, though not disagreeable
taste.
   The  action of the pure emetine to that  of the coloured, is as
one to four; particular care should therefore be observed in pre-
scribing emetine, to distinguish which kind you intend, or serious
mistakes might occur.  In prescribing emetine it should be recol-
lected,  that it is little soluble in water, and when we wish to give
it in an aqueous vehicle, it should previously be dissolved in a
little acetic or sulphuric acid:  emetine is administered under the
form of syrup or pastiles. M. Magendie has proposed emetic pas-
tiles as a convenient  form for children who cannot be made, with-
out difficulty, to  swallow liquids.
     Take of refined  sugar                       4 ounces.
              Coloured emetine       +■»         32 grains.
   From this make pastiles of 18 grains, one of which suffices for
 children, and three or four for  adults.

             Pectoral Pastiles of Emetine.
      Take of refined sugar                        4 ounces.
              Coloured emetine                 32 grains.
 For pastiles of nine grains. One is given every hour; if more fre-
 quently, nausea will be excited. 
Quinine and Cinchonine.               139
                   Syrup  of  Emetine.
     Take of simple syrup                        »jf
             Coloured emetine                   jq „rs
          Make a syrup.
   The above syrup may be substituted for the syrup of ipecacu-
 anha used in France.

        The Pastiles and Syrup  of Emetine
 May be made in the same manner as the  above,  by  using one
 fourth the quantity of pure emetine,  that is,  8 grains instead of
 the 32 grains of coloured emetine.
   For the alkalies of  cinchona bark, see the article cinchona.

               Quinine  and Cinchonine.
   The sulphate of quinine  is preferred; and in general use, it is
 prescribed generally in pills of one or two grains each, or in the
 form of mixture with gum arabic and cinnamon water; the mixture
 is objectionable on account of the  quinine being only partly solu-
 ble in water, and is merely suspended for a short time by the mu-
 cilage of the gum arabic.   The following I consider a more eli-
 gible mode of exhibition, as it forms a perfectly transparent and
 entire solution, which will keep unaltered  for any  length  of
 time :—
     Take of sulphate  of quinine                  8 grains.
            Alcohol                            3i.
            Acid sulphuric                     6 drops.
            Aqua cinnamon                     1 ounce
  Reduce the quinine  in powder, and add by degrees 3ii. of water
 in which the sulphuric acid is  mixed,  and as soon  as dissolved,
add the remainder of the cinnamon water and alcohol. 
140
Veratrine.
                         Veratrine.
  This very acrid alkaline principle is met with in all the plants of
the family of veratrum, and especially in the sabadilla, colchicum,
and white hellebore ; on account of its strongly purgative property
it can with advantage be substituted for these plants.

                To obtain the  Veratrine.
  The seeds of the sabadilla  are to  be treated  repeatedly with
boiling alcohol.  These tinctures filter while still nearly boiling,
which will deposit on cooling, whitish flakes of wax; the sub-
stance in solution, reduced to the consistence of  extract, is to be
taken up by cold water, and re-filtered. There then remains upon
the filter a small quantity of  fatty matter;  the solution  is  to  be
slowly evaporated.   A  precipitate  is  to be  formed of an  orange
yellow colour,  which exhibits the  characters of that colouring
matter which is found in almost all  woody  vegetables. A solution
of acetate of lead is now poured into this highly-coloured  liquid,
and there forms immediately a new and very abundant yellow pre-
cipitate,  which is separated by Alteration.   The lead is separated
by means of sulphuretted hydrogen; the liquor is  then filtered and '
concentrated by evaporation, afterwards treated by magnesia, and
again filtered. The magnesian precipitate is next expesed to boil-
ing alcohol, and the spirituous  fluids  being evaporated, yield a
pulverulent substance extremely acrid and  possessing all the alka-
line properties; by frequent solutions in alcohol and precipitations
this substance which is at first yellowish, will become very white,
and perfectly inodorous.
  Its  taste is very acrid, without any perceptible bitterness; but,
however  small the quantity taken in the mouth, it excites profuse
salivations.  It is perfectly inodorous,  but  must not be smelt too
closely, for even the trifling quantity carried by the air into the 
Veratrine.                      141
nasal cavities is often sufficient to produce violent and dangerous
sneezing; a quarter of a grain conveyed into the intestinal canal
readily produces very copious dejections and by a quantity trifling
beyond this, vomiting more or less violent is excited.   M. Ma-
gendie, however, has lately given it to the amount of two grains
in twenty-four hours, without excessive purging; in the case of
an  old man who had suffered  an apoplectic  attack ; which fur-
nishes another proof that the state of the nervous system  mate-
rially influences the action of medicines.
   M. Magendie thinks it should take the place of those pharma-
ceutical  preparations whose basis is either colchicum or hellebore;
they would thereby be rendered more powerful therapeutic agents,
and at once more convenient  and  certain.   By this change the
tincture  of colchicum, the  eau medicinale, and  some  others,
would lose that uncertain character which gives just cause of dis-
satisfaction with them.
   M. Magendie has proposed the following formula:—

                    Pills of  Veratrine.
     Take of veratrine                            i grain.
Gum arabic and syrup sufficient to make six pills; one  of  which
 is to be  administered, and if  no purging follows, three may be
given in the course  of the day.

                 Tincture of Veratrine.
     Take of veratrine                            4 grains.
             Alcohol                            1 ounce.
   This tincture may be given in the quantity of from  10,  15 to
 25 drops, in a cupful of any mild or simple drink.   It may be ad-
 ministered internally instead of the tincture  of colchicum, in  ana-
 sarca and other varieties of dropsy; and externally, in frictions, in
 the same diseases, and also in gout. 
142
Veratrine.
'{£rln Ratier's formulary one ounce  of veratrine is directed to be
   used with four ounces of alcohol, and the dose is directed in the
   same quantity as the above, prepared with four grains.  This is
   certainly a very great error and might lead to very 3erious acci-
   dents.
                 Solution of Veratrine.
     Take of sulphate of veratrine                 1 grain.
             Distilled water                       2 ounces.
                                                           *
   To be substituted for eau medicinale of Husson.
                 Ointment of Veratrine.
     Take of veratrine                           4 grains.
             Axunge                             I ounce.
   In external applications in cases  of  chronic rheumatism, ana-
 sarca, and gout. 
                        ---:o::---

                      TOBACCO.
  Nicotiana is so called from M. Nicot, by whom the plant was
first introduced ; and Tabacum from the island on  which it was
discovered.  It is narcotic and emetic ; in small doses it has been
successfully used in incarcerated hernia, and obstinate constipa-
tion of the bowels.  As an unguent or lotion, Dr. Chapman states
it is much employed in the popular practice of this country  to
clean foul ulcers,  to remove eruptions, as tinea capitis and some
other of these affections, and also in the shape of cataplasm, as a
discutient of indolent tumours.  The active principle of tobacco
is no doubt the essential oil, which  is  obtained by distillation, and
collected  from the water, on the top of which it will be found to
float.  The oil can be used for all the purposes for which the to-
bacco is recommended, by  graduating the  dose according to the
circumstances of  the  case.  It is conjectured by Dr. Paris*
that  the juice of the  cursed Hebanon, by which, according  to
Shakspeaee, the king of Denmark was poisoned, was no  other
than the essential oil of Tobacco :—
       -------------" sleeping within mine orchard,
       My custom always of the afternoon,
       Upon my secure hour thy uncle stole
       With juice of cursed hebanon  in a vial,
       And in the porches  of mine  ears did pour
       The leprous distilment,"-------------
*  Paris" Pharmacologia. 
144                       Tobacco.
   In the first place the learned commentator, Dr. Gray, observes,
 that the word here used (hebanon) was more probably designated
 by a metathesis, either of the poet or transcriber, for hebanon,
 i. e. henbane.  Now, it appears, from Gerarde, that tobacco was
 commonly called henbane of Peru, (hyosciamus Peruvianus,) and
 when we consider how high the public prejudice ran against this
 herb in the reign of James, it seems very likely that  Shakspeare
 should have selected it as  an agent of extraordinary  malignity.
 No preparation of  the  hyosciamus with which we are acquainted
 would produce death by application to the ear; whereas, the essen-
 tial oil of tobacco would, without doubt,  occasion  a fatal issue.
 The term distilment has also called forth  a remark from Stephens,
which is calculated to support this conjecture : " Surely," says he,
" the expression signifies that the preparation was the result of a
distillation." 
145
          ANTHEMIS  NOBILIS.

                        ---:o:---

                    CHAMOMILE.
  This plant is cultivated for  medicinal purposes in  Germany,
France, and Italy, and is generally known by the name of Roman
chamomile.  The flowers, which are large, are generally preferred:
this is an  erroneous  idea of the  characteristic  of their quality.
The flowers readily become  large and double by cultivation,  but
the active properties reside almost wholly in the internal disk.
The single flowers are therefore to be preferred as being more ac-
tive.   A great portion of the chamomile flowers in the  shops are
almost inert, as they are very soon  injured by age and exposure,
and  become, in a short time, worthless.   Physicians should be
very particular, therefore, to order them fresh, and not to get many
at a time, and keep them in a  close  bottle or drawer.  The fresh
are much cheaper than  some which have  been  long kept, even
at four times the price; and more attention  should  be given
to the quality than the price.  Chamomile is a mild tonic and feb-
rifuge medicine, and is frequently prescribed, and is considerably
used in families as a domestic remedy, in colds, fevers, &c.  The
infusion is the most eligible mode of using this article; a quart of
boiling water may be poured upon an ounce of the blossoms, and
when cold, a wine-glassful may be taken frequently through  the
day.
T 
146
                    ULMUS.


                 SLIPPERY  ELM.
  The inner bark is the part used  in  medicine.   The  Ulmus
Fulva, which produces this valuable medicine, is indigenous, and
grows in all parts of the United  States,  but most abundantly on
the  Alleghany mountains.  It is an excellent demulcent,  and is
recommended in dysentery, diarrhaea,  consumption, &c,  Its mu-
cilage is highly nutritious, and is also  found by recent experience
to be singularly beneficial when applied to cutaneous  eruptions,
chilblains, and various kinds of sores and ulcers.  The superfine
flour,  prepared by grinding  the interior  bark  and   passing  it
through a bolting cloth, is decidedly the best preparation.  This
flour is applicable to a variety of important cases; experience and
the  testimony of the most eminent physicians prove  it to be a
valuable medicine in all inflammations of the mucous membranes,
such as colds, influenza, pleurisy,  quinsy, dysentery, stranguary,
and inflammation of the stomach and bowels.   It is also a plea-
sant and salutary medicine and diet in consumption.
  The following mode of using it  is recommended :—Mix a tea-
spoonful of .the flour with as much sugar, stir them in a tea-cupful
of cold water, and season  with  nutmeg, or any  agreeable spice;
pour this into a pint of hot water, boil, strain, and  it is finished.
The jelly may be made thick  or thin, and seasoned  to suit  the
taste.  It may be taken in the same quantity as the arrow-root, is
as palatable, and far  preferable  as a medicine.   It  is prepared
in superfine flour, and neatly put up in convenient packages with
directions, at my CHEMICAL WAREHOUSE,  No. 301  MAR-
KET STREET,  Philadelphia. 
147
                       -------:o:-------

   This article is obtained by evaporating the juice of the plant,
obtained by wounding  the  leaves, and sometimes by expression.
There are three varieties in commerce.
   1st.  Cape Aloes.  This variety is almost entirely used in this
country, and is confounded with the name of socotpine, from which
however, it differs considerably  in appearance and sensible pro-
perties.  It breaks with a clear, bright, and almost glassy sur-
face, of a bright olive  colour approaching to black;  the powder
is of a greenish yellow colour.
   2d. Socotrine Aloes. This article is very rarely found genuine
in our country. It is frequently composed of Cape aloes, gamboge,
and  some aromatic gums, and occurs of  a  reddish brown colour
with a tinge of yellow.   The colour of the powder is a very light
yellow, and the taste, although very bitter, is accompanied by an
aromatic flavour.
   3d.  Caballine or  Foetid Aloes is seldom imported or used in
this  country;  it is prepared from the dregs or residuum  of the
other varieties, and used chiefly for horses.  The low price, how-
ever, of the Cape aloes has rendered it unnecessary to introduce
this  inferior article.   Aloes  is well known as a valuable cathartic,
and is frequently used as an adjunct to others of  the  same  class.
The  dose is ten grains. 
148
              AMMONIAOUM.

                     -----:o:-----

  Gum Ammoniac is the concrete juice of the ammoniac plant.
The juice exudes from Jhe plant  from innumerable punctures
made by an insect of the beetle kind.   It is generally imported
in cases from Calcutta.
  Ammoniac occurs in commerce of two kinds, in separate tears
and conglommerate masses.* Physicians should be very particular
in their oiders for this article to direct the gum ammoniac in tears,
and not in mass, as the  former is much superior in quality, and
can be used with  more convenience.  Ammoniac is always more
or less, mixed with  foreign matter, frequently with seeds of the
plant, sand, or other eartb, from which the pure  tears may, how-
ever, be readily separated ; but in the massive variety they are
all enveloped or consolidated.
  Gum ammoniac has been used with great advantage in chronic
catarrh, asthma, and other pectoral affections, and enters into the
composition of numerous formulas of  mixtures, pills, plasters,
&c. &c. 
149
                         -----:o:-----


  This gum resin is much more extensively  used within the
last two years  than it has been heretofore.  There is a very con-
siderable difference in the quality of it; a great portion of that
which comes to our market is  very inferior.   The Turkey myrrh
is the best; it has  a mild, aromatic, slightly bitter taste, and plea-
sant fragrant odour; occurs in  irregular fragments or masses, fre-
quently somewhat like tears, of a reddish yellow colour, and some-
what translucent,  and occasionally with small pieces of the bark
attached ;  it is brought from Arabia by the route of Egypt.  The
inferior  myrrh  is in large irregular masses of a  deep opaque
colour, and a harsh, disagreeable, bitter, and astringent taste, and
is known by the name of India myrrh.
   The Turkey myrrh, previously described, is worth three or four
prices of the other, and is, intrinsically, worth more than this dif-
ference.   Physicians cannot be too  particular in their inspection
 and examination  of this article, as the qualities of it are so very
 various. 
150
                    RHEUM.

                         -----:o:-----

   There are several varieties of rhubarb in our market, Chinese,
 Russian,European and Rhaponticun.  The principal part, however,
 which is to be met with is the Chinese, and which is a very su-
 perior article.   Most of that which is sold at a high price in our
 market is Chinese rhubarb, which  has been prepared by rasping
 and cutting, or russifying, as it is termed.  I have  also  seen the
 English rhubarb (which is inferior to the China) thus russified, and
 sell at two or three dollars per pound, while the best quality of
 the  China rhubarb could be bought for 75 cents, or less.  Rhu-
 barb of good quality is moderately heavy and compact, of a lively
 yellowish colour, brittle, presenting when broken a fresh appear-
 ance, with reddish and yellow  veins  entangled with  white,  and
 an  odour aromatic, with a  slightly bitter and  astringent taste.
 When light, rhubarb is worm-eaten or porous; and  when very
 heavy, it is of inferior species or culture.
  The English rhubarb is more spongy and fibrous,  is  of a lighter
 colour than the Chinese, and is far inferior to it.   I have  never
 seen  any genuine  Russia or Turkey  rhubarb in  this  market.
 Fresh China rhubarb, of a good  quality, is little inferior to  the
 Turkey,  and superior to most which is sold  for  Turkey,  but
 which is, in fact, inferior kinds of Russia, East India, and English
 rhubarb artfully dressed up and sold under the name of  the best
Turkey at a high price. I would advise physicians to specify dis-
tinctly in their orders the Chinese rhubarb. 
151
           <a©a©   ©a®®i©»




  This valuable acid occurs in the crystalline form and is obtained
from the juice of limes and lemons.   The juice of the fruit is of
variable quality, yielding from 4 to 6 ounces of the crystallizable
salt to the gallon.
  It is  certainly a valuable  acquisition to the physician in the
country, who cannot always  have at his  command fresh lemons ;
and indeed in the city, where they are to be had, I think a decid-
ed preference should be given to this  salt, for its uniformity of
strength and its convenience of use, and possessing at  the same
time all the qualities which  are valuable or important in the fresh
lemon-juice.  In making the neutral mixture it is a valuable sub-
stitute for the fresh lemon-juice, and it is a subject of surprise it
is not more frequently prescribed.  In consequence of its definite
and fixed degree of acidity,  the proportion of the acid and alkali
can be definitely prescribed; and not suffering it to be left to the
uncertain judgment of inexperienced youth to neutralize the mix-
ture, by no other test than the taste, or its ceasing to effervesce, and
which frequently, if not always, is inaccurately prepared,   3i. of
the acid dissolved in two ounces of water is equal to a like quan-
tity of lemon-juice of the average strength.  3i. of the sub-carbo-
nate of potass will neutralize this quantity, to which, if 6 ounces
of water and  3ij. spt. nit. dulc.  is added, you have a beautiful
mixture,  forming the usual saline  draught prescribed  by  our
most distinguished physicians.  An  agreeable  lemonade may  be
formed for patients or for an agreeable beverage, by dissolving 3ss. 
152
Acid  Citric.
of the acid in a pint of water, to which a sufficiency of sugar, to
suit the taste, may be added.
  Lemon acid has of late been found much adulterated with tar-
taric acid, particularly some which has been received from France.
I have seen none from our own manufacturers  but what has been
pure.  As long as we can get a good article at home at a fair
price, we should not go abroad to pay  higher  for an inferior
article. 
153
Is a gentle laxative, usually prescribed  with  senna,  or  other
purgatives.
  It is the product of the fraxinus ornus, which is a native of the
south of Europe, growing  abundantly in Calabria, Apulia, and
Sicily.   It is obtained  by spontaneous exudation,  and especially
by making longitudinal  incisions, about three inches in length, in
one side of the tree, and continued from the base of the trunk to
the other branches. There are 3 varieties of manna in commerce:
  1st. The flake manna is the purest and cleanest; it is collected
in the month  of July  or  August,  and  is  in  irregular, unequal
pieces, with a rough encrusted surface, porous and brittle, of a yel-
lowish white colour.
  2d.   The common, or manna in sorts,  is in small fragments, of
a yellowish colour, mixed with a soft adhesive mass ; it is collect-
ed abo^   »™ beginning of October, when the heat  of the weather
has Jrfegun to moderate, and the juice does not concrete  so rapidly.
  3d.   The fat manna is collected about the  first  of November ;
the juice has now less disposition to concrete, and, flowing down
to the trunk, is received in a small excavation at the base;  it is a
soft viscid mass, of a dark  brown  colour, heavy, and containing
more or less impurities.
  The medical  properties of these varieties of manna  are  about
equal, although there is a very great disparity in their prices.  I
would recommend to the  physicians to use the manna en  sorte,
being fully equal to  the best flake in  its medical properties, and
at almost one half the price.   The pure  flake manna contains a
considerable  proportion of saccharine matter.
  The dose for adults is 1 to 2 ounces, but it is generally  given
combined with other medicines.
                              U 
154
                MOSCHUS.

                         -----:o:-----

   Musk varies considerably in quality, according to the locality
 where the animal  inhabits.  The  best is imported  from China;
 the colour is a deep brown with a  shade of red. The musk is con-
 tained in  a sac, which is oval, hairy, and projecting.   In the adult
 and vigorous animal the sac contains sometimes 2 to 3  drachms,
 but in the old ones seldom more than a % to 1 drachm, and in the
 young animals it is entirely destitute.  The sacs are convex and
 hairy on one side, flat and without hair on the other. The Chinese,
 which is the most highly valued, is in bags  of a rounder shape,
 covered with brownish yellow hairs, containing at most a drachm
 of large grain musk.  It is high time this article  was  expunged
 from the materia medica; there  has  probably not Won an ounce
 of pure musk sold for many years.  There is  no article in which
 there has been greater fraud or imposition ;<most of that which now
 comes from Canton and other places is in sacs, artificially made of
 leather, and sometimes bladder, on which hair is ingeniously at-
 tached to  one side, and the other  rendered extremely  like the
 natural sac ; this is filled with dried blood, animal  membrane, as-
 phaltum, and other substances, mixed with a few grains of musk.
 Sometimes a sac weighing more than an ounce dose not contain,
probably, more than 10 or 15 grains of pure musk, or sufficient to
give it odour; and some who vend the  article here, not satis-
fied with this, make several ounces  out of one by a further admix-
ture, or what they call granulation.  The faculty should open their
eyes to this detestable fraud, which has  been practised for years,
and continued to this day. 
155
MOXA.
—:o:—
  This substance is employed to produce an  eschar, by being
burnt slowly in contact with the skin.  The Chinese moxa is pre-
pared from the leaves of  the artemesia Chinensis ;  it is a fine la-
nuginous substance, and is prepared by beating the leaves in a mor-
tar.  A similar moxa has been made in France, from the leaves of
artemesia vulgaris, or common European  mugwort.  In  conse-
quence of the difficulty of obtaining these substances, various ar-
ticles have  been proposed as substitutes ; our distinguished pro-
fessor Dr. Jackson has used cotton impregnated with nitre.   It is
important that the impregnation should  be uniform.   It is pre-
pared  by  introducing one pound of cotton in a solution of two
ounces of nitre in a gallon of water, and a moderate heat applied
until all the liquor is evaporated.  The cotton, when dry, is  then
formed into cylinders, from a £ to 1 inch in diameter, and several
inches long.
  The following substitute is recommended in the Journal of the
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy :—
  Macerate strips of coarse cotton or muslin in a saturated  solu-
tion of the above salt, and when nearly dry, roll them tightly on
a piece of wire of the twentieth of an inch in thickness, until the
cylinder shall be about f  of an inch in diameter, or as thick as may
be thought desirable.  The roll must then be wrapped round very 
156
Moxa.
tightly with strong thread, and covered with a  piece of fine mus-
lin stitched over it.  The wire  may  then  be  withdrawn, and the
cylinder completely dried.  When wanted for  use, a small piece
of the requisite length may be cut off by a sharp knife, and fixed
on the part by a piece of adhesive plaster, having a cross cut in
the centre.  This moxa burns with a more uniform and steady ig-
nition than those prepared with nitre. 
157
   ACID  PYROLIGNEOUS, PURE.

           ACETICII  FORTIUS.

                     -----:o:-----

  There are two sorts of common vinegar in commerce, the white
and red.   The former from the acetification of white, and the lat-
ter of coloured wine. The red vinegar, however, can be rendered
colourless by filtration through animal charcoal.   Vinegar is pre-
pared from various substances and different processes ; in the Uni-
ted States it is chiefly prepared from cider.  Vinegar, when good,
is of a pale colour to a deep red, of an agreeable and penetrating
odour and pleasant acid taste.  Vinegar is sometimes adulterated
with sulphuric, muriatic, or nitric  acid, which  may be detected by
the usual tests, barytes, &c. &c.   The strong  acetic acid, or con-
centrated pyroligneous acid, is prepared from charred wood, which
yields several  valuable products, among which are empyreumatic
oil, tar, and an acid liquor.  The  impure pyroligneous  acid con-
sists essentially of acetic acid, diluted with various proportions of
water.
  Pure pyroligneous acid which is concentrated by the  separation
of the water, and in proportion to  the degree of  this separation is
the acid designated by numbers corresponding with the degree of
strength, &c.  Thus No. 6 is six times the strength of common
vinegar; No. 8 is eight times; and  so on in numbers, from 1 to 12,
and upwards.  No. 8 is the most convenient, and best adapted for
the use of the medical  profession; one pint  of  which added  to
seven pints of water, is equivalent to a gallon  of distilled vinegar
of the ordinary strength of the shops, and is much preferable, 
158
Pyroligneous Acid, pure.
being always of uniform strength, and possessing every advantage
and property of the latter.
   Pyroligneous acid diluted has been advantageously employed in
gangrene  and chronic ulcers.   Dr.  T. Y. Simans, of Charleston,
has published his successful treatment with  this remedy in the
fifth volume of the American Journal of Medical Sciences.
   It has the remarkable property of keeping  sound and good any
length of time, and in all climates.  It is a powerful  antiseptic in
contagious diseases; particularly grateful  as a fumigator;  pre-
serves  meat either cooked or raw, for days and weeks, in the hot-
test weather;  and, by washing the  part affected, completely re-
moves  must, taint, and even putrefaction from meat, fish, game, &c.
   No sea captain should be without  this invaluable  article,  and
for their convenience it is sold in bottles  containing one pint or
pound, as  it may be used for the conservation of fresh provisions
for sea-stores. All that is required is to dilute the acid with water
as directed above, and immerse the meat therein ; or, which would
be more economical, to sponge the meat carefully all over. 
PRUSSIC   ACID.
                       -------:o:-------

   This very powerful medicine was discovered by Scheele  in
 1770, although he could only obtain it mixed with variable pro-
 portions of water.  To M. Gay Lussac we are indebted for its ac-
 quisition in the state of purity.
   For the preparation of prussic acid see Coxe's dispensatory, and
 most of the chemical works.
   Prussic acid is readily  decomposed  if left to itself; in  well
 stopped vessels it sometimes decomposes  in  less than an  hour,
 and it can rarely be  preserved for any length  of time.  This cir-
 cumstance forms a considerable objection to its use.  It should be
 kept in  black  bottles, as light is found to decompose it rapidly ;
 its taste at first is an agreeable freshness, but soon becomes acrid
 and irritating.   Its odour is powerful and noxious, being insup-
 portable when not mixed with a considerable  quantity of air ; it
 then resembles the smell of bitter almonds. Its action on animals
 is very powerful; one  drop of the pure acid  introduced into the
 fauces of a remarkable strong dog  killed him instantly; a few
 particles applied to the eye  will produce  effects almost equally
 sudden.  The acid which we receive is not  so strong,  and is
 called medicinal prussic acid ; prepared, no doubt, from the  for-
 mula of Scheele, or the acid of Gay Lussac  diluted.   Prussic acid
 diluted according to  the formulas we are about to give, has been
 successfully employed in all cases of morbid irritability of the pul-
 monary organs; it is also  advantageously employed in the treat-
ment of nervous and chronic coughs,  asthma and hooping cough, 
160
Prussic Acid.
and where this symptom is sympathetic with an affection of some
other organ, as also in dyspepsia.
   The acid prepared by Scheele's process is very variable, in con-
sequence of the arbitrary discretion which the process allows the
operator.   That of Gay Lussac is much better  adapted for  use
when properly diluted, being of more uniform strength.  It is to
be mixed with six times its volume of distilled water.  This is the
preparation which M. Magendie has given the name of medicinal
prussic acid, and is about the strength of the prussic we  now re-
ceive, so that physicians can prepare it according to the following
formula:—

                   Pectoral Mixture.
    Take of medicinal prussic acid                     3i.
            Distilled water                           fei.
           Refined sugar                             gij.
        Mix.
  Of this mixture a table-spoonful may be taken night and morn-
ing.   The dose may be  gradually increased to five or six times
this quantity; it is very important that the mixture should be  well
shaken immediately before using it, to avoid serious consequences,
as the acid sometimes floats on the surface of the water.

                     Cyanic Syrup.
    Take of simple syrup                        1 pound.
          Medicinal prussic acid                 3i.
        Make a syrup.
  This preparation is  used in common pectoral drinks, and  as a
substitute for other syrups.
  In consequence of the variable strength  of the prussic acid, and
preparations made by different processes being- indiscriminately
sold,  the  faculty should  be  cautious in their prescriptions for it, 
Cyanuret of Zinc.                    161
 to ascertain if possible the strength of it, or to begin with a very
 small dose, which can be gradually augmented until he discovers
 what quantity would be most judicious to employ.
             Cyanurvt of pure Potassium.
   M. M. Robiquet and Villermer have proposed the solution of
 the cyanuret of potassium  as a substitute for the prussic acid, its
 action  on the animal system being the same ; whieh being an uni-
 form preparation, will  obviate  the inconvenience of the variable
 strength of the prussic acid.  This preparation has yet been little
 used in this country.
                   Cyanuret of Zinc.
   This preparation  of late has been employed in Germany instead
 of the  hydrocyanic  acid, and has obtained  the reputation of pos-
 sessing decided vermifuge powers.  The following is the mode of
 preparing a composition which  is apparently the one in vogue in
 Germany.
   M. Pelletier has succeeded in obtaining this preparation by the
 following process :  sulphate of zinc is precipitated by hydrocyan-
 ate of potass which forms a triple hydrocyanate of zinc ; which,
 being well  dried and calcined at a dull red heat, is converted into
 cyanuret of zinc  It always contains, however, cyanuret of potas-
 sium.
  This preparation  may be given in the same doses as cyanuret
 of potass, beginning with  one-fourth of a grain, and  advancing
gradually to a grain  and a half,  in a mixture, to be taken by spoon-
ful.  But caution should be particularly observed in its adminis-
tration.
  Dr. Henning reports  (in Hufleand's Journal for 1823) that this
medicine has  been  successfully employed  in  all cases where
prussic acid is applicable, more especially among children in cases
of worms.  He there gave one  grain with powder of jalap.
                            V 
162             Cyanuret of Iodine.—Solanine.
                  Cyanuret of Iodine.
  This preparation  has not yet been used in medicine, nor its ef-
fects on the animal  system yet ascertained.   M. Serullas is of the
opinion, from its composition, that it ought  to  produce powerful
effects on  the animal economy, and that probably, as a medicine,
occasion may be found for its employment.  It does not, however,
appear 4.0 be so deleterious as the nature of its elements  would
lead us to suppose.   M. Serullas tasted it, and several persons in
his  laboratory.   M.  Thenard had furnished M. Magendie with a
sufficient quantity of this substance, but was not able to report yet
upon its mode  of action.

                        Solanine,
  This alkaline principle exists in the leaves of the solanum dul-
camara, and is also found in the greatest abundance in the berries
of the solanum nigrum, where it exists in the state of malate.  In
order to obtain it the juice of these berries, when filtered, is  to be
treated with ammonia, which produces a grey-coloured precipi-
tate ; this deposit collected on a filter, washed and  treated with
boiling alcohol, yields by evaporation a salafiable base, which, if
the  berries have bee"h perfectly ripe, is in effect sufficiently  pure.
If the berries were green the solanine  will contain  a portion of
green colouring matter, which is with difficulty separated.  Intro-
duced into the stomach of a cat to the  amount  of two to  four
grains, it  produces  violent vomiting, followed quickly by a state
of drowsiness which lasts several hours.  The acetate is the only
salt of solanine which has been tried upon the human species. In
the  dose of a quarter of a grain it produces nausea,  but the ten-
dency to sleep has not been lemarked.
  From what has been reported of it, it appeals that solanine, like
opium may produce vomiting and sleep,  but  its emetic  powers 
Delphine, Urea, Sfc.                  163
seem to be more decided than those of opium ;  the narcotic pro-
perties are evidently much less so.  It has not yet been given in
cases of disease, but it may be employed wherever the extract of
solanum nigrum or that of dulcamara may be indicated.

                        Delphine.
  This alkali was detected in 1819 in  the seeds of the delphinum
staphisagria.   It has not yet been employed as a medicine, but if
the stavesacre possesses any  medical power, it no doubt resides in
this alkali ; it may therefore  be employed where this plant is ap-
plicable to diseases, and the  salts, of which it forms the base, will
there be preferable on account of their solubility.

                           Urea
Is the  immediate principle of the urine of mammiferious animals.
It  is  obtained by evaporating the urine  to the  consistence  of
syrup, forming a supernitrate of urea by nitric acid, and decom-
posing again by sub. carb.  potass, by which the urea is obtained
in crystals.
   M. Fouquier has employed the urea as a diuretic, though to M.
Bailey it does not appear to  possess that property;  the dose is from
fifty to sixty grains.  It does not appear to be a medicine likely
to be very important.

               Thrydace, or Laclucarium.
   M. Bidault de Villers had for a long time  employed the inspis-
sated juice of the garden lettuce, and  M. Francois  has  proposed
to renew its use under the name of thrydace.   He ascribes to this
substance  a sedative action milder than that of opium, inasmuch
as it is accompanied neither with constipation  nor  stupor.   The
dose is two grains.   "It is necessary," says  M. Francois, " to in-
crease rapidly the doses, and, for one or two days, to interrupt its 
164
Gold, Platina and Lupuline.
 exhibition, as the stomach very soon accustoms itself to its ac-
 tion.  It may be carried to the extent of eight grains, taken in
 three doses during the twenjy-four hours,  without any inconve-
 nience.

         Preparations of Gold and Platina.
   The preparations of gold have been highly extolled in invete-
 rate syphilitic affections.  With M. Cullerier, who has given them
 a persevering trial, they have  not  succeeded.  They are difficult
 to  manage, as much on account of their great activity as on ac-
 count of the facility with which they are  decomposed.  The dose  ,
 ought to be extremely small, not exceeding the fifteenth or twen-
 tieth of a grain.  The same observations may be applied to the
 salts of platina.
  Four preparations of gold are now employed in medicine :
  1st. The chloruret, or muriate of gold.
  2d. The chloruret, or muriate of gold and soda.
  3d. The oxide of gold.
  4th. The oxide of gold, by tin or purple powder of cassius.
  The muriate of gold is that  most generally employed in medi-
 cine and is preferable to the other preparations.

                        Lupuline
 Is the active principle of the hop, (humulus lupulus,) it is in the
 form of small  shining yellowish grains,  which cover the base of
 the strobiles of the hop ; it is of a golden yellow colour, of an aro-
 matic odour and pulverulent.   Upon analysis, it is found to con-
 sist essentially of rosin, a little volatile oil, and  a bitter principle;
 its taste is extremely bitter.   Magendie  states  it is  soluble  in
 water, alcohol and aether.  I have only found it partly so in aether,
 and that alcohol  was the best  menstrua.    M. Magendie  has not
recognized in lupuline the narcotic properties advanced by Pro- 
                          Lupuline.                       165

fessor Ives, of New York ; although this is one of the properties,
he observes, most readily manifested in his experiments with it on
animals.
  It may be administered in the form of powder, pills, tincture or
syrup.   It  can  be readily  reduced to powder, by mixing it with
two parts of sugar, and triturating, then gradually pound them to-
gether in a mortar.

                   Pills  of Lupuline
May be made of two grains each, it may be beaten into a pillular
mass without any adjuvant.

                 Tincture of Lupuline.
     Take of powdered lupuline                   1 ounce.
             Alcohol at 36°                      4 ounces.
  Digest it for six days in a close vessel, strain, press it strongly,
and  filter :  Magendie directs it made with two ounees of alcohol
and  when  pressed, sufficient alcohol  is added to make up three
ounces of tincture. This  is certainly objectionable,  for the quan-
tity  of alcohol which is added to the tincture would certainly be
preferable to add while digesting, as the two ounces  of alcohol
does not exhaust the lupuline, and barely covers it; four ounces is
quite small enough ;  and I even  think that  six  or  eight ounces
of alcohol would be preferable, and would then  be considerably
stronger than the tincture of hops.

                  Syrup of Lupuline.
  This is made by adding the tincture of lupuline to simple syrup.
The doses of these preparations are not yet accurately fixed, but
as the  lupuline  possesses no  poisonous quality, the  dose  may
easily be determined by the practitioner.
  Lupuline ha3 generally been  prescribed, in this city, in. doses 
166
Croton Tiglivm.
of two or three grains ; and I have been  informed by  several of
the faculty, that it possessed anodyne properties, and was a highly
valuable substitute for the hop.

                    Croton  Tiglium.
   The seeds of this  plant yield a very  acrid and powerful  purga-
tive oil.  One drop of the pure oil being a dose for an adult.  It
is  a native of the Molucca islands, and of the greater part of the
peninsula of India.  Dr. Burroughs informs us, in India the oil is
expressed from another plant a different species of croton.  This
article, although less powerful than the genuine croton oil, is an
active cathartic in doses of four or five drops.  The  croton oil is
composed of 45 per cent, of acrid principle, and 55 per cent, of
fixed  oil.  It is sometimes adulterated  with other fixed oils; they
can be detected by their less degree of solubility in alcohol, and
if adulterated with castor oil it is discovered by  its greater solu-
bility.  If cold alcohol dissolve less than 45  per cent., olive  oil
may be suspected, and  if more, castor oil is no doubt  present.
As these oils may be mixed in certain proportions, it may be diffi-
cult to detect them.   The physician must therefore rely upon the
person who he procures it from for its genuineness.
   I have taken considerable pains and great precaution to get the
article direct from an individual  upon whom I  can  place every
confidence.   Under  these circumstances, I have thought proper
to put up my oil in small vials, and to affix my written signature
to each on the outside envelope of the vials,  as a guarantee of its
purity.
   The dose for an adult is one to three drops, and  may be admin-
istered to those who  can take it in castor  oil; or where the sto-
mach is very irritable, it can be made  into pills with castile soap
or crumbs of bread ; it can also be given in emulsion or tincture,
where small quantities are required. 
Croton Tiglium.                    167
   It is obtained from the seeds by expression and boiling, simi-
 lar to  obtaining the castor  oil.   Dr.  Nimmo of Glasgow has ob-
 tained the oil by digesting the bruised kernels in sulphuric aether,
 by this process he obtained  from three hundred grains of the seed
 two drachms of the oil;  which had the  taste and medicinal pro-
 perties of the common oil of croton.
   The oil of croton may be  employed as an ordinary purgative,
 when  there does not exist any symptoms  of irritation  about  the
 stomach  or intestinal canal; it  should especially be  preferred
 when common purgatives have been administered without success
 in appolexies, in dropsies, and when  mechanical or other obsta-
 cles oppose the action of usual purgatives, but above all when it is
 requisite to produce action on the bowels speedily.
   It is recommended by Dr. Ainslee, of Madras, to be externally
 used in cases of rheumatic affections.
   A number of cases of obstinate constipation  is  cited by Dr.
 Kinglake, as having been cured  by a single drop of this oil given
 in the form of a pill.
   In this manner he cured  a  patient  labouring under colica pic-
 tonum., (See  Bulletin  des  Sciences "Medicales  Fevrier, 1824,
 page 145.)

              Soap of the Oil of  Croton.

   M.   Caventon, to obviate  the  inconveniences arising from the
 variation in  the size of drops, has prepared a soap according to the
following method.  Two parts of the oil, and one part of the liquid
caustie soda of the French pharmacopoeia, are to be triturated toge-
ther without heat.  When it has acquired consistence, it is poured
into a paper mould, and cut in slices to be kept in a large mouthed
stopper bottle.
  This soap has been given by M. Bailey,  in doses of from two  to 
168                   Oil of Euphorbia.
  three grains, in pills or solution, and the effect has been the same
  as oil of croton.
    The oil of croton may be advantageously used as an adjunct to
  other cathartic medicines, which would  increase the activity and
  not enlarge  the bulk.
   Professor Coxe suggests that a similar acrid  and powerful oil
  exists  in  the skins of the castor oil bean, and suggests the import-
  ance of experimenting upon them ; the seeds-, when taken into the
  stomach, most certainly in small quantities excite  very consider-
  able and increased action, more than equal to the quantity of oil
  which would result from ten times the  quantity of seeds ; it theie-
 fore must  be evident that there is still a  very active principle left
 in the residuum of the beahs, after the oil has been expressed ; and
 hence it is,  that the  hot-pressed oil is more active  than the cold.
 pressed, which, no doubt, arises  from pressing  the seeds more
 closely, and  the heat separating a portion of this acrid oil  from
 the skins.   There can  be  no doubt but that the opinion of Pro-
 fessor Coxe would be verified by experiments upon this article.

              Oil of Euphorbia  Lathyris.
   Dr. Carlo Calderirio obtained an oil from the seeds of the eu-
 phorbia lathyrus, or spurge, which may be used with  advantage
 foi the oil pf croton  tiglium, and which,  like  it, acts  in  a  very
 small dose.
   The oil is obtained by simple process of expressjon  ; fourteen
 ounces of seeds will yield six ounces of very prime oil.
   My friend, Dr. Milnor, of Allentown, New Jersey, about a year
 since, sent me some of the seeds of the euphorbia, which grew in
 the neighbourhood very abundantly.   I have expressed the seeds
 and obtained  the oil similar  to  that imported; since which  Mr.
Thomas Bellanger, of New Jersey, has  sowed  an  acre of this
plant, and manufactured considerable of the oil.   The  euphorbia 
Gentianine.
169
grows abundantly in this country, and will no doubt be extensively
cultivated, should full experience with the article justify its value
as a medicine.
   The  oil differs from  croton in not being acrid, nor possessing
an unpleasant flavour; it very much resembles the castor  oil; it
has the same colour, but not quite so dense, and does not possess
any odour.  It forms, like croton  oil, soap with alkalies.  The ac-
tion of  the oil of  euphorbia is purgative, and its effect is  very
certain  and  prompt.  " It is to be considered," says the" Italian
author, " as a very mild purgative ;  it does not produce vomiting,
cholic, or tenesmus ; it may be administered even in dysenteries,
when there  is irritation in the intestinal canal.  It  may be em-
ployed in all cases where Tt is desirable to purge gently, and with
a small dose of medicine.   The dose of the oil of spurge is from
four to eight drops ; children of two or three years may  take a-
dose of three drops in chocolate.   To very  irritable subjects an
emulsion may be given,  made  with  eight drops of the  oil, some
aromatic water, and syrup of orange pdel; this has in  several cases
produced very good effects.

                        Gentianine.
  This  is the active principle of  the gentian  root of commerce.
It is little soluble  in cold water,  but dissolves in boiling water ;
it is yellow, inodorous, possessing very  strongly the  aromatic bit-
ter taste of the gentian.  All which I have seen imported is of a
dark brown  colour, and is no doubt very  impure, resembling more
a common extract than any other of the alkaline or  proximate
principles.
  The gentianine  is obtained by  digesting the powder of gentian
in cold aether, which furnishes a green tincture ; this being filtered
and poured  into an open vessel, if sufficiently concentrated, will
deposit a yellow crystalline mass; this mass is to be  treated with
                             W 
170
Gentianine,
 alcohol, which  filtered and exposed to a strong heat,  the yellow
 crystalline  substance  begins  to  appear,  assuming at the close of
 the evaporating process a solid mass, extremely bitter ;  taken up
 again by alcohol, it is partially dissolved.  This last spirituous so-
 lution, besides the bitter principle of the gentian, contains an acid
 substance and the odorous principle also.   Upon evaporating  this
 liquid to dryness, washing the residuum in water,  adding a little
 calcined and well-washed magnesia, boiling and evaporating in a
 water-bath, the greater part of the odorous matter of the gentian
 is driven off, the acidity is removed by the magnesia, and the  bit-
 ter principle remains partly free, and partly in a state of combina-
 tion with magnesia, to which it imparts a beautiful yellow colour.
 Then, upon boiling this magnesia with aether, the greater part of
 the bitter principle is obtained pure, and is  insulated by  evapora-
 tion.   The tincture is the most preferable form for its administra-
 tion, and it may be made in the following manner:—
     Take of alcohol at 24°                        1 ounce.
             Gentianine                          5 grains.
   This may be substituted for the tincture of gentian, and used
 in the same circumstances.

                  Syrup of Gentianine.
    Take of simple syrup                         fti.
            Gentianine                           lrj grains.
        Make a syrup.
  This is one of  the best bitteis that can  be  employed  in scro-
fulous affections. 
<ciUL<o>mwmttv
                           OF

       LIME   AND  SODA.



  The advantages of these substances were made known in 1812
by M. Mazuyer, professor to the faculty of medicine at Strasburg.
At that time he employed them with great success, in the wards
of hospitals in which typhus fevers were then raging, and for the
purification of the theatres of anatomy.  M. Labarraque has de-
monstrated, by a great number of  experiments, that the chloruret
of soda was one of the most powerful agents for the instantaneous
annihilation of that disgusting fetor which is produced  by the
maceration of intestines in water.  The same gentleman extended
the use of the chlorurets to the purification of all animal sub-
stances under putrefaction, and many distinguished physicians
have used them as medical  agents.  A prize  of three thousand
francs to  M. Labarraque, and two thousand to M. Mazuyer, was
decreed by the Academy of Sciences, for this useful discovery.
  The method for preparing the chlorurets has been known for a
long time ; it will nevertheless be useful to describe the manner
in which M. Labarraque prepares them, in  order to obtain always
the  same compound.
                The Chloruret of Soda
Is prepared by dissolving five pounds of pure carbonate of soda*
* Soda Sub. Carbonas. 
172
Chloruret of Soda.
 in twenty pounds of distilled water.  Put the liquor into a flask
 of sufficient size, that it may be about three-fourths full.  Expose
 a glass balloon sufficiently large  to  contain four pints, having a
 long neck with a wide mouth, introduce into  it 567 grammes of
 hydrochlorate of soda, and 448 of the per-oxide of magnesia ; lute
 to the mouth of the globe a large curved tube, and a tube with a
 double curve for the introduction of  the weak acid ; place  the first
 tube into a flask  containing a small quantity of water for the pur-
 pose of washing  the gas, and from  this flask  should proceed a
 large curved tube, communicating with the vessel containing the
 saline solution.
   The apparatus being properly disposed, and the luting very dry,
 pour into the bent tube  the diluted acid cold,  and having been
 mixed for some hours with water, apply fire to the sand-bath, and
 continue the heat  until chlorine  ceases to be  disengaged.  The
 operation being finished, examine the strength of the product by
 its action in decomposing the sulphate of indigo.
   The chloruret of soda  has chiefly been employed in medicine,
 and has produced highly  satisfactory results, and has  succeeded
 in all cases in which it has been used for the removal of general
 or local infections.   Thus in  carbuncle, in  hospital gangrene, bad
 venereal ulcers, sloughing wounds,  or those  of the  phagedenic
 kind, rapid advancement  has been observed towards cicatrization,
 by the employment of the chloruret dilated in ten or fifteen parts
of water.   In numerous patients affected with ulcerated cancer of
the breast,  or of the uterus, which were in the hospital, it has been
 used daily as a lotion at the time of  dressing; by this means the
fetor of the discharge has been destroyed,  and  the  sufferings of
these unfortunate women have been  much  meliorated; and they
have found, from  the use  of these lotions,  their sleep has been
more tranquil.  M. Alibert has prescribed similar lotions with ad-
vantage for herpes exedens.   M. M. Roche and I. Cloquet have 
Chloruret of Lime.
178
found it equally useful in the  worst cases  of gangrenous ulcers.
M. I. Cloquet directs the diseased limb to be bathed in a solution
of one part of the chloruret, with from ten to fifteen of water, and
administer twenty-five or thirty drops of it in  a  pint of barley-
water.  It has been used as a  gargle in sore throat, as a lotion in
ulcerated gums exhaling an offensive odour.   M. Lisfranc has
used  it  extensively  in  burns and common  ulcerations;  for  this
purpose a solution of the chloruret, marking three degrees of the
chlorometer of Gay Lussac.

                 The Chloruret of Lime
Is prepared by placing the hydrate  of lime on shelves of a conve-
nient distance from each other. The gas is disengaged from a simi-
lar mixture to that employed for the chloruret of soda, and passed
into a chamber  containing the lime,  which must be occasionally
stirred, so that the chlorine may act equally on  all parts of it; the
hydrate of lime  sufficiently charged with chlorine becomes moist,
by which it is ascertained that the operation is about to terminate.
  This is a very powerful disinfecting agent, and can be used in
the following manner:—Previous  to examining an animal  body
in a putrifying state, it will be only necessary to procure a bucket
and mix the chlorate of lime with water.   Let a sheet  be  com-
pletely  moistened with this solution, and wrapt about the whole
subject, so that every part of it may be covered, and the putrid
odour will soon  cease.  If there be an unpleasant smell in pas-
sages, stair-cases, &C, let them be sprinkled with  the liquid.  C?,re
should be taken  to sprinkle  the clothwhich covers the  body fre-
quently with  this liquid, by  which means the offensive odour will
be prevented.  The chloruret of lime may be used with advan-
tage for the disinfection  of privies, water-closets, ships, stables,
hospitals, wards, &c, for which purpose it will be sufficient to di-
lute the chloruret in sixty times its  weight of water, and to sprin. 
174
Digestive Lozenges.
        kle the clear solution over the surface of the  objects or places
        which are intended to be purified ; a broom or watering  pot may
        be used for  the purpose, and a few minutes will be sufficient to
    *
        complete the disinfection.
          In wards with patients the solution is to be  poured into deep
        plates, and placed under the beds.  The infectious odour cannot
        spread, because it is destroyed in proportion  to its formation, in
        consequence of the continual  disengagement of chlorine.
          Several physicians and surgeons of the hospital have made a use-
        ful application of  these  substances in the.  treatment of bums,
        chronic inflammation of the jnucous membrane, &c.   M. Lisfranc
        has used the following preparation successfully in  burns :—
             Chloride  of calcium (marking three de-
               grees of the chlorometer of Gay Lussac)           34.
             Water                                           Ifei.
i          This solution  has also been used as an injection in the case of
        chronic catarrh of the vagina or bladder, and has been equally em-
        ployed in the treatment of gangrene.  Besides its  utility as a dis-
        infecting agent,  it appears also to exert a beneficial influence on
        the progress of cicatrization.
        Lozenges of Bicarbonate  of Soda, or Digestive
                                Lozenges.
           These lozenges  have proved highly beneficial in the treatment
        of dyspepsia, and have been found useful in  promoting digestion,
        by  saturating the free acid of the stomach, which is  essential to
        the complete solution of the aliment.
           Foimula for preparing the digestive lozenges of M. D'Arcet:__
             Take of dry pure bicarbonate of soda           5 grammes.
                    Fine white sugar in powder             95   (j0.
                    Mucilage of gum tragacanth prepared
                        with water                        q, s>
                    Essential oil of mint                  2 or 3 drops. 
Liquid Chloride of Soda.               175
   Let the bicarbonate of soda and refined sugar, each reduced se-
 parately to a fine powder, be put into a very dry bottle.   Shake
 the bottle well, that the powder may be thoroughly mixed.  Tako
 any quantity of this powder, let it be well mixed on a marble slab
 with a sufficient quantity of mucilage of gum tragacanth  and oil
 of mint; form the mass into lozenges weighing about one drachm
 dry them in  the  air or on a stove.  As these lozenges attract
 slightly the  moisture of the atmosphere, they ought to be kept in
 well-stopped bottles, cr in a dry place.  They may be flavoured
 with any other essential oil, or with the balsam of tolu, which is
 very suitable for that purpose.
   Much benefit has been obtained from the use of these lozenges,
 taken immediately when  the functions of the stomach are found
 to be in a deranged state ; if taken  before a meal, the digestive
 functions will be performed with more facility.   These lozenges
 being  very useful to  assist  digestion, ought to be prescribed be-
 fore  and after a meal to patients affected with gout or calculi.

 Carpenter's   Concentrated  Liquid Chloride  of
                           Soda.
   In consequence of a pestilential disease of a  highly malignant
and fatal character, having prevailed over a large  portion of Eu-
rope, and swept off thousands wherever it approached, having at
length  invaded the borders of our territory,  and is now iaging in
New York, and will, no doubt, traverse our whole  country ;  it is
an'object of the highest possible  consideration, to  use every  pre-
caution to prevent its approach, as well as to mitigate its deleteri-
ous influence when it may appear among us.   As it no doubt ori-
ginates from an impure atmosphere, either endemical or imported,
any thing which will purify and sweeten the air, by removing all
offensive exhalations and neutralizing their pestilential influences,
will be admitted  by all to be an expedient of the greatest possible 
176
Liquid Chloride of Soda.
utility and importance.  M.  Labarraque has demonstrated  by a
number of experiments that  the chloride of soda is one of the
most  powerful agents for the instantaneous annihilation of the
most offensive odour of animal or vegetable decomposition.  The
chloride of  lime  has been recommended in consequence of being
a less expensive article,  and within  the  reach of all classes;
it, however, is inferior to the chloride  of soda, from  many disad-
vantages which  it possesses  compared with the soda, and for all
the finer purposes of its application, particularly in family use.
This  preparation of the chloride of soda is a transparent  clear
liquid,  and a much neater  preparation;  ready for immediate
use, and of specific strength, so that accurate directions  can be
given for its application in the  various purposes for which  it  is
recommended.
  The  chloride of lime  is of very  uncertain strength, differing
more  or less in every parcel which is made, and  therefore cannot
be so much depended  upon  for a certainty of effect, in any spe-
cific quantity  or proportions of strength graduated for the  various
purposes of its application.
  The  chloride of soda has  lately been considerably employed in
medicine, and has produced  highly  satisfactory results, and has
succeeded in  all  cases in which it has been used for the removal
of general or local infections.   Thus in  carbuncle, in hospital
gangrene,  bad venereal  ulcers,  sloughing wounds,  or those  of
the phagedemic kind, rapid advancement has been observed towards
cicatrization by the use of the  chloride in ten or fifteen  parts of
water.  In numerous patients affected with ulcerated cancers which
were in the hospital, it has been used daily as a lotion at the time
of dressing; by this means  the fetor  of the discharge has  been
destroyed, and the  sufferings  of these unfortunate beings  much
meliorated, and they have found from the use of these lotions that
their sleep has been  moic tranquil.   M. Alibert has prescribed 
                    Liquid Chloride of Soda.               17?

 similar lotions with advantage for herpes exedens.   M. M. Roche
 and J. Cloquett  have found it equally useful in the worst cases of
 gangrenous  ulcers.  M. J Cloquett directs  the'diseased limb to
 be bathed in a solution of one part of the chloride with from ten
 to fifteen of water, and administer twenty-five or thirty drops of it
 in a pint of barley water.   It has been  advantageously used as a
 gargle in sore throat, and as a lotion in ulcerated gums exhaling an
 offensive odour.   M. Lisfranc has used it extensively in  burns
 and common ulcerations with decided benefit.
   For foul ulcers, a wine-glass of chloride must  be mixed with
 as much as five times  that quantity of pure water, and pledgets of
 lint must be dipped into this wash  and then laid over the ulcers.
 This dressing to  be renewed twice a-day.  If the sore becomes
 red and angry, the wash of five parts water must be still further
 diluted ; if, on the contrary, the  sore does not change its appear-
 ance, it  must be dressed once or twice with chloride  and water,
 half and half, so as to dispose to a slight inflammation, which is in-
 dispensable to convert fetid and  running ulcers into simple sores.
 The healing then progresses rapidly.  The moment the chloride
 is applied upon an ulcer the disagreeable smell is destroyed.
   Open cancers can be cleaned with  tepid or cold water contain-
 ing one twentieth of the chloride of soda.
   For the tinea  capitis, or  scald head, the  chloride should be
mixed with an even quantity of pure water, and the affected parts
moistened with this liquid twice  a-day.
   The lint and cloths which have served for the dressings of fetid
ulcers  instantly lose their smell on being  dipped into water con-
taining one thirtieth of chloride.
   The chloride, highly diluted, has been  found very advantageous
for all the purposes of the toilet; from twenty to twenty five drops in
a glass of water,acting  as a bracing and preserving wash, prevents
the spread of tetters, and cures certain cutaneous diseases.
                             X 
178
Liquid Chloride of Soda.
   A person afflicted with a serious  illness, or suffering with fetid
 ulcers, vitiates the air of the apartment in which he is  confined,
 much to the injury of both patient and assistants.  The air in these
 circumstances can be rendered perfectly pure, by putting a spoonful
 of the chloride into six spoonfuls of water on  a plate under the
 patient's bed.
   Those about to approach or tend on the sick who are ill with con-
 tagious disorders,  such as small-pox, &c, will find it very well to
 rinse  the hands in water, chlorided one twentieth, and to use a
 smelling bottle of concentrated chloride, &c.  After touching or
 handling the sick  the chloric wash to be repeated.
   Whenever animals or human  beings, healthy or unhealthy, are
 crowded together,  the air becomes loaded with animal emanations,
 and acquires deleterious  properties.  These emanations can be
 destroyed by sprinkling chloride  diluted with twenty-five or thirty
 parts of water, or  by placing in some corner, out of sight, vessels
 containing the chlorided water, which in no case can be at all inju-
 rious,  no matter what the quantity.  This mode of purifying the air
 is indispensably necessary in lazarettoes, hospitals, prisons,'poor
 houses, large work-shops, churches, seminaries, convents, students5
 halls, dormitories of colleges, and lodging-houses, cabins  of ships,
 court-rooms, theatres when crowded,  or drawing-rooms when filled
 to excess on levee days, &c. &c.
  Sprinklings  of chlorided  water are more especially necessary
 when some epidemic or contagious malady rages ; they should be
 resorted  to as preservatives  against  the hurtful influences of
 marshes, and the neighbourhood of rotten hemp or flax, &c.  They
are of  use also in epidemics among cattle.   In places where silk-
worms are  raising, or, indeed,  wherever the air can be rendered
 noisome by exhalations, which, when accumulated, produce fatal
 effects.
  In cases  of asphyxiation from  the fixed air of drains, sewers, or 
                   Liquid Chloride of Soda.               179

masses of putrifying animal substances, the patient must be made
to breathe the concentrated chlorine; and sprinklings of chlorided
water must be made in the room, to put him completely under the
influence of the.disinfecting agent.
   In warm weather, if the slaughter-houses are sprinkled with the
chlorided water, the meat will keep sweet longer in consequence.
   In larders or safes, especially in the country, when, oftentimes,
provision for the week must be laid in  at once, the meat can be
kept fresh  by there being  placed at hand  a  vessel of chlorided
water, to be changed daily.  For meat that has  become stale, a
mere immersion into water chlorided one fourteenth will destroy
all smell, and the meat, after having been washed in fresh water,
may be cooked and eaten without offending the palate orinjuring
the health.

    Particular  Uses and Mode of Application.
   To keep Fresh Meat,  Game, &c. in the hottest weather, and
to restore  when  tainted:—Immerse into, or  sprinkle  the liquid
over the article, according to circumstances, two or three times
a-day—hang it to dry.   No flies will touch  it. Rate of dilution :
1 part by measure of chloride to 60 of water.
   To preserve Cooked Meat, pour  a little of the diluted solution
into a plate, and put it where the meat  is kept.
   To purify Bad  or Dirty Waters :—Stir up, and add one pint
of the undiluted chloride to 120 gallons water.
   Bleaching Liquid for  Linens, Muslins, Lace, &c.:—Let the
articles  remain in the liquid from 2 to  4  hours;  then be well
rinsed.  Rate of  dilution : 1 part chloride to  15 parts water.
   Removing  the  stains of Port Wine, Tea, Coffee, Fruit,
Mildew, &c.,from  White or Buff Linens:—If the stain be small,
apply a little of the  undVuted liquor  to the spot; but if large, im-
merse the  stained part in it; if it be a stain  which the solution is 
ISO               Liquid Chloride of Soda.

capable of acting upon, it will be discharged in a  few minutes.
Rate of dilution : equal parts.
  From Muslins or Lace :—Never  use the undiluted liquid, but
in all cases immerse them, whether the stain be large or small, and
rinse well.   Rate of dilution : equal parts.
  For removing Ink Spots and Vegetable Stains from Engrav-
ings :—Wash the print with  the solution: when  the  stains are
removed, wash with water  and a  sponge  until the  smell  has
ceased.   Rate of dilution: 1 part chloride  to 20 parts water.
  To  sweeten Casks:—After being  scalded or steamed, rinse
them with the liquid.   Rate of dilution:  1 part chloride to 60
parts water.
  To prevent Infection from Small Pox, Measles, Cholera
Morbus, Scarli:t and Typhus Fever, &c.:—Sprinkle the diluted
liquid around the  bed and upon the floor; keep  some  in open
dishes in the chambers  of the sick;  soak the linen  of the patient
in it, and afterwards rinse before sending to wash.   Rate of dilu-
tion: 1 part chloride to 60 parts water.
  To disinfect the  Chambers of the Sick, to purify  the air in
Hospitals,  Wokkhouse=, Prisons, Ships, Crowded  Places,
Colour Manufactories,  &c.:—Sprinkle the floors occasionally
with the diluted liquid; expose it in dishes; moisten linen cloths
in it, and suspend them in the apartment or place to be disinfected,
renewing twice or thrice a-day, and  let the fetor regulate the fre-
quency  and strength.   Rate of dilution:  1 part chloride to 60
parts water.
  For purifying the Air between Decks  of Ships :—Sprinkle the
decks during the day, and  suspend  some of the  fluid in buckets
between decks during the  night.   Rate of dilution : equal parts.
  To sweeten Bilge Water, and to purify Sugar Ships :—Throw
one or two bucketsful down the pump-well, until  the smell ceases.
Rate of dilution:  1 part chloride to 60 parts water. 
Liquid Chloride of Soda.
181
  To remove Mildew in Sails :—Moisten the part affected, and
continue the application so long as it shall appear necessary.  Rate
of dilution : equal parts.
   Night Chairs, or any vessels in which putrid matter has been
kept:—Rinse out with a little of the solution, and when in use
put one glassful into the chair or pan.   Rate of dilution: 1  part
chloride to 60 parts water.
  To disinfect Clothes, Linen, &c, especially of patients infected
with Contagious Disorders :—Immerse the articles'in the liquid,
and they may be withdrawn immediately, completely disinfected ;
or the clothes may be hung in a closet, with a quantity of the di-
luted solution placed in a shallow vessel.   In cases of a malignant
nature,  let them remain in the liquor a couple of hours, and after-
wards rinse.   Rate of dilution:  1 part chloride to 60 parts water.
  To disinfect Sewers, Drains, Cess-Pools, Privies, &c. :—First
throw down a quantity  of clean water, and  afterwards a  pailful
of diluted solution.  If not successful, repeat the application after
10  or  15 minutes.   In empyting  unusually dangerous sewers
place a  pailful by each workman; wash the nostrils occasionally,
or moisten a sponge with the liquid, and let it be fixed near  the
mouth and nostrils.  Rate of dilution :  1 pint to 2 pails.
   To disinfect Dead Bodies, and for the use of Undertakers',
Coroners, and Jurvmen, and to pievent the necessity of early
interment in warm weather:—Wash the body occasionally with
the solution, sprinkle the floor often, or surround the  corpse with
a sheet well moistened with the solution, and renew the moisten-
ing frequently. Rate of dilution: 1 part chloride to 60 parts water.
   To destroy Garden Insects :—Water frequently with a garden
pot.  Rats of dilution :  1 part chloride  to  20 parts water.
   To clean Vines from Animalcule :—Wash the stem. Rate of
dilution : 1 part chloride to 4 parts water.
   To destroy Canker, Decay, or Fungus  Fruit-Trees :—Wash
and water well.   Rate of dilution: 1  part chloride to 2 parts water. 
182
Digitaline.
  To destroy Bed-Bugs, and remove their offensive odour.  Wash
the joints of the bedstead, and all parts of the floor and wall where
their presence may be suspected.   Rate of dilution:  1 part chlo-
ride to 20 parts water.
  Asphyxia :—Breathe the undiluted chloride.
  To purify Stables contaminated by disease, as Glanders, &c. :
—Wash the walls, racks, mangers,  &c. with the solution, sprinkle
the floor with a watering pot, and rinse  all with plenty of clean
water.  Rate of dilution : 1 part chloride to 60 paits water.
  For the purpose of extensive fumigation, dilute  the  chloride
with twenty parts of water, and add to it a mixture  of sulphuric
acid and water, in the proportion of one part of the former to ten
parts of the latter; and after  the removal of every  living thing
which is not to be destroyed,  close the apertures.
  Glanders, Staggers, Farcy, Greasc, Foot-Rot,  Foulness in
the Hoof, &c :—Wash the nostrils and  parts affected frequently.
Rate of dilution : 1 part chloride to 12 parts water.
  Prepared and sold  at  Carpenter's  Chemical Warehouse,  No
301 Market Street, Philadelphia.

      *'■'                Digitaline.
  M. Augusti Leroyer has obtained the  active  principle of digi-
talis, which he has  obtained  in well-defined crystals  of various
forms.  M. Leroyer has made the following experiments with it;
—he dissolved a grain of digitaline \n three gros of distilled water,
which he  injected into the abdomen  of a  middle-sized  rabbit;
after some minutes the respiration became slower, the pulse, which
was rapid, fell to sixty, and became very irregular; all  the  vital'
phenomena became  gradually extinct:  it died without  agitation
and without distress, like falling asleep.  A grain and  a half  of
digitaline was dissolved in half an ounce of water, and was inject.
ed into the jugular vein of a  middle-sized dog : he died in fifteen 
Phosphorus.
183
 minutes.  The arterial blood of the animals  which have been
 killed by this substance presents a very strong venous colour, &c.
 &c.   It appears  that the deleterious principle in solution in the
 blood acts directly upon the nervous system.
   This substance has not yet been employed as a medicine, and
 nothing therefore can yet be said  of it3 action on the human
 system.

                       Phosphorus.

   This substance has been little used in medicine :  it  lids lately
 been much extolled  by Dr. Lobstein. The diseases in which it has
 been given with great success, according to the author, are, ex.
 treme prostration of strength, obstinate intermittent fevers, rheu-
 matic and gouty affections, &c. &c.
   Bertrand Pelletier, who has made very extensive and useful re-
 searches respecting  phosphorus, has pointed out a very excellent
 method of preparing this substance for medical purposes.  This
 process consists of putting six grains of phosphorus, cut into small
 pieces, in an ounce  of sulphuric aether;  this mixture must be oc-
 casionally agitated for three or four days.   The dose of this medK
 cine  is from  ten to fifteen drops in a glassful of barley water,  or
 any convenient vehicle, and repeated, so that  from  120 to 150
 drops may be  taken in the space of three or four days.  This
 liquid may be used in frictions also, when such are deemed neces-
 sary.   M. J. Pelletier objects to these preparations in  which the
 phosphorus is dissolved in a  volatile fluid, only such as  aether and
 essential oil, because exposed to the air and  heat of  the body.
 driving off the menstruum the phosphorus remaining per se, may
'influence by heat and friction ; but with fat or fixed oil this incon-
 venience will not take place, because the substances not being
 volatile, cannot leave the phosphorus. 
184
Salacine.
                         Salacine.

  This new and valuable article of the materia medica is  the al-
kaline principle of the willow bark, and has acquired considerable
reputation in Europe as a substitute for quinine.  The following
is the process for preparing it, as recommended by M. Peschier'
—The bark of  the willow is  to be dried, crushed, boiled for one
or two hours in water, and the liquid separated by a cloth and
powerful pressure.   Sub-acetate of lead is to be added as long as
precipitation occurs; the whole filtered; the clear liquor boiled
with carbonate  of lime sufficient to decompose the excess of ace-
tate of lead ; saturate the acetic acid, and remove the colour. Be-
ing left to settle, the clear liquor is to be decanted, the deposit is
to be washed twice or thrice, the washing liquor added  to  the
former, and the whole evaporated to the consistence of an extract.
This extract, while hot, is to  be put on bibulous paper, and press-
ed for some hours;  after which, it is to be digested  in alcohol of
s. g. 0.847, the fluid filtered and concentrated, when it will yield
crystallized  salacine, very white and pure.   Salacine,  when  thus
prepared, and administered in doses  of three to five  grains, re-
peated at intervals of one hour during the apyrexiaof intermittent
fevers, is said to be  found  effectual  in  arresting their  progress
with more certainty  than the sulphate of quinine.  Salacine (ac-
cording to M. M. Pelouze and  Jules Gay Lussac) when  pure,
forms white crystalline prismatic needles.   It  has a  bitter taste,
and somewhat the odour of willow  bark.   One  hundred parts of
water  dissolve 5. 6  parts  of salacine at 67° F.; at 212° F. it ap-
pears to dissolve in any proportion.   It is equally soluble in alco-
hol, but aether and oil of turpentine take up no portion of it.
  This article has lately been introduced here, and  as far as it 
Salacine.                       185
has yet been used, has given  the  most entire satisfaction.   Dr.
Miller, of Lancaster, informs me he has successfully treated seve-
ral cases of intermittents  in  which quinine appeared to have no
effect, and which readily yielded under the use of the  salacine;
and from the experiments which he has made with it, is fully of
the opinion that it is a very valuable medicine, and more efficient
than the quinine.
Y 
                    SMILAX


        ®&M 8iUP410MHMLil»


                      -------:o:-------


   This  article differs very materially in quality according to the
locality in which it grows.  It is brought to us from various foreign
ports ;  that which is by far the most superior is brought from the
bay of Hindorusj by which name it is designated and distinguished
from the others in commerce : it is  packed in bales covered with
skins, in a number of small bundles, weighing altogether about
100 pounds.
   The Carraccas sarsaparilla is imported  from Laguira; it does
not come in round bundles, but packed in  loose roots  in oblong
bales, about the same weight as the former.  It is inferior to  the
Hindorus.
   Large quantities of sarsaparilla is also imported from the Mexi-
can port3 of Vera Cruz and Tampioca but it is inferior to either of
the others.
   The Brazilian, commonly called in Europe the Lisbon sarsapa-
rilla, seldom reaches this country, as it commands  a more ready
sale and higher prices than here. It  grows in  the  country  be-
tween the sources of the Orinoca and the  Rio Negro ; it is cele-
brated in South America by the name Rio Negro, and is consider-
ed there and in Europe  the most valuable  variety of this drug.
Experience, however, in making the  extracts from both,  has
proved, without doubt, the superiority of the Hindorus. 
                      Smilax  Sarsaparilla.                 187

    This highly valuable article of our materia medica has been
  variously represented.  The greater part of our most respectable
  physicians, however, concur in the opinion that it is a medicine of
  very useful powers in venereal, scrofulous, and mercurial diseases.
  When combined with  mezerion, guaiacum, sassafras, dulcamara,
  &c. dec. becomes one of  the  most efficient compounds  for depu-
  rating the blood and removing most constitutional diseases arising
  from this cause.
    This preparation has been  much recommended in scrofulous
  and rheumatic affections, and in some of the chronic diseases of
  the skin.  Quarin regarded the  compound decoction of sarsapa-
  rilla as the most useful  remedy  we possess  in gout:  Sydenum
  also considered it useful in this affection,  and Scudemore says it
,  sometimes proves beneficial  during the state of convalescence.
  The mezerion, one of the ingredients of the compound sarsapa-
  rilla, is recommended in venereal and mercurial diseases, and in
  chronic cutaneous eruptions.   Dr. Cullen  states that he found it
  successful in diseases of this kind.  Lauris sassafras, another of
  the constituents of the compound sarsaparilla, has also been re-
  commended by some of the best authors.   Alibert speaks  very
  favourably of its virtues in rheumatic affections ; he administered
  it frequently at the hospital St. Louis, and it  always appeared  to
  him, he observes, to exert a  manifest  action  on the cutaneous
  emunctories.  He mentions a case of chronic  rheumatism which
  yielded to the infusion of  sassafras, after a great variety of other
  remedies had been tried ineffectually.  He also speaks of two
  cases of gout, in which the sassafras was employed with complete
  success.   Professor Eberle also states that he has known the  con-
  tinued  use of an infusion effectually to cure a  case  of inveterate
  rheumatism; he further states, that it has generally been employed
  in the form of infusion, but the oil is the most efficient, and there-
  fore the best preparation.   Guaiacum, another of the ingredients 
188
Smilax  Sarsaparilla.
 of compound sarsaparilla, stands high  in the estimation of almost
 every physician.   " In the  treatment of rheumatism," says a dis-
 tinguished author, " it has long  been considered  as  peculiarly
 serviceable, and is unquestionably a remedy of very considerable
 value in this disease."   " It has also been prescribed," continues
 the author, " in affections arising from  the influence of mercury,
 and in such cases I have had several striking examples of its use-
 fulness."   Mr. Pearson says, " I have given the decoction of guai-
 acum with the best effects to a great  number  of patients, in cu-
 taneous diseases, in ozaena, and scrofulous affections of the  mem-
 branes  and  ligaments."
   From what has been said from the most respectable  sources of
 authority, in  support of the different articles constituting the com-
 pound sarsaparilla, it would appear most unquestionably to be a
 medicine, when combined  and properly prepared, possessing the
 most valuable properties, and deseiving the particular attention
 of the faculty.
   The preparations of sarsaparilla have most generally been impro-
 perly made,  and there can be no doubt but the variable opinions
 which have been entertained of its properties by different physi-
 cians and writers have arisen entirely from the various modes of
 its preparation.  The compound decoction of sarsaparilla requires
considerable boiling to take up its active and soluble matter ; this
 I do not say from speculation, as many have done, but from  actual
experiments  repeatedly  made, for the purpose of ascertaining
 and establishing the fact; and I have found, that after several days'
boiling, these ingredients,  (and  particularly  the  sarsaparilla)
contained a very considerable proportion of  extractive  matter,
quite as active as that obtained by  the  first boiling.  It has been
foolishly suggested that decoction injures its active properties, and
that it should be only macerated and not boiled ; this would merely
wash off the  dirt which adheies to the roots, together with some 
            Compound Fluid Extract of Sarsaparilla.       189

of the decayed corticle fibre which is more or less found among
the freshest roots we receive ;  this may give a little colour to the
decoction, and may be mistaken for its active principle.  After
undergoing this operation  the root would be in a good condition
to begin the decoction.  I  have  experimented with various men-
struum upon the roots of sarsaparilla, and find that successive and
alternate ebullition and digestion in water and proof spirit is the
best, producing a more active  preparation of the root than any
other, and in a larger quantity.  Alcohol is the next most active
menstruum, but it is altogether objectionable from the increased
expense incurred in its preparation, producing an extract possess-
ing no advantage whatever  over the above.

Geo. W.  Carpenter's Compound Fluid Extract of
                       Sarsaparilla,
For purifying the blood and removing all diseases arising from ex-
cess of  mercury, exposures and imprudences in life, chronic con-
stitutional  diseases arising  from an impure state of the blood, &c.
&C. &C.
   This article is now prescribed by some of the most distinguished
physicians  in  this  city, and has proved more efficient in practice
than any preparation of sarsaparilla yet offered to  the public.
For the advantages it possesses over the ordinary preparations, see
Professor Dewees' valuable work on the  Practice  of Physic, and
most of the late standard works on medicine.
   Numerous preparations of sarsaparilla and various modes of pre-
paring them, have been given, all of which, of course, will differ
according to the mode of preparation  which each individual may
adopt.   It is,  therefore, an object of the highest consideration and
importance, that we should have a standard preparation of uniform
strength, and  possessing the  most advantages;  also, the trouble
and difficulty which patients are subjected to in  making the de- 
 190        Compound Fluid Extract of Sarsaparilla.

 coction and syrup has rendered it a still further object of impoit-
 ance to procure a preparation  of  it in a  more  convenient form
 than those usually prescribed.   Sarsaparilla, as  before stated, re-
 quires considerable  boiling to  take  up the extractive matter, and
 it has, consequently,  most frequently been improperly made by
 those unacquainted with pharmaceutical preparations.  To obviate
 these difficulties, I have made  a number of experiments to ascer-
 tain the most effectual means of extracting the virtues of the com-
 pound sarsaparilla, and to  discover the most eligible form of pre-
 paring it  for exhibition, which has resulted to my most  entire
 satisfaction; and it is with much pleasure I now offer to the faculty
 my compound fluid extract of sarsaparilla,  which possesses all the
 virtues of this medicine in a highly concentiated degree.   It pos-
 sesses numerous advantages over sarsaparilla, its syrup, decoction,
 and solid  extract, and is intended as a  preparation of much easier
 portability, not liable to injury by  long keeping, and consequently
 better adapted to the use of persons  travelling or residing abroad.
  The fluid extract of sarsaparilla is a more convenient article
 than the solid, the latter requiring some trouble and difficulty to
 dissolve it, while the  former is immediately dissolved when it is
 put into water,  and is consequently immediately tit for use.
  As the  decoction will rarely  keep  more than twenty-four hours,
 particularly in warm weather, it would be exceedingly troublesome
for  the patient pdt under a course of sarsaparilla, which has to be
 taken for  some  time, to be obliged to prepare the decoction every
 day, besides getting a very weak and inferior preparation from the
 short time he would  have to boil  it, not taking  up perhaps  one
 fourth of  its active principle.
  The syrup, which is the common preparation  generally  used,
 has still further objections;  it being  the decoction prepared in the
common way, overloaded with sugar, which is exceedingly objec-
tionable, as it will be necessary for the patient to surfeit, and  not 
            Compound Fluid Extract of Sarsaparilla.        191

unfrequently nauseate his stomach with a large portion of saccha-
rine matter in taking  a dose of the decoction, which is generally
weak, so  that not unfrequently it might be said with propriety
that he is taking a dose of sugar  rather than sarsaparilla, as  the
former exists in  a large  proportion  in the preparation.  We fre-
quently hear of concentrated syrups of sarsaparilla, which is simply
change of name for  the same article, as it is impossible, when a
fluid is saturated with  sugar, to take up an extra portion  of any
substance ;  and  if the decoction is much concentrated, a portion
of the fluid extract  which it holds would be precipitated by the
sugar.   I will not in this place call in question the essays of one
of my fellow competitors to support or refute the value of the ex-
tract of sarsaparilla, but might quote numerous authors whose
opinions have considerable weight andinfluence, and whose experi-
ence and observations would entirely sink and outweigh those who
are little acquainted with the subject, and who, from want of experi-
ence, aided by prejudice, have fallen into  the greatest absurdities.
I will simply select one on the present occasion, which is published
in the Medico-Chirurgical Review for July 1830, Vol. 18, No. 41,
page 162:—"Observations on the Extract of Sarsaparilla in venereal
Affections, dec, by Benjamin Traver's, F.R.S., dec. drc." Speaking
of the compound of syphilis and mercury, he states that no remedy,
next to the  adjustment of diet, is  equal to the extract of sarsapa-
rilla.   The  extract dissolved in  water or milk is the menstruum
which I rely most upon in these cases ; its power  is  extraordinary,
more so than any other drug which  I am acquainted  with.   To
regard it as inert, as a mere diluent or an offensive nutrient, ia
either a proof of very limited  experience or very prejudiced ob-
servation.   It is in the strictest sense a tonic, with this invaluable
attribute,  that it is applicable to a state of the system so sunken,
and yet  so irritable,  as  renders other substances  of  the tonic
class unavailable or injurious. 
192        Compound Fluid Extract of Sarsaparilla.
  "We take the liberty of marking in italics," says the distinguished
editor, Dr. Johnson, " the passage respecting sarsaparilla, because
we most cordially concur with Mr. Travers in the statement which
it contains in favour of the valuable  properties of the extract of
sarsaparilla."
  The compound fluid extract of  sarsaparilla which  I have pre-
pared  has decidedly  proved one of the most popular medicines
ever introduced in Philadelphia.   There has been a little clamour
against it by some of my worthy competitors in trade, (this must be
expected  in all valuable and extensively used articles; it  was so
with quinine, and  some of our most inestimable medicines,) but
all sinks into insignificance when  compared  with its  general ap-
probation by the faculty,  and its* extensive  use by some  of our
most distinguished physicians.   It has already been sent to almost
every populated section of the United States, and whether in town
or country, hospital or private practice, it has invariably given to
patient, and practitioners  the most decided and unequivocal satis-
faction, and produced the most  salutary and  beneficial  effects.
Nunveroui letters have been received from some of the most dis-
tinguished physicians in  the country, and from  the professors of
several medical colleges,  all recommending in the  highest teims
the value of this"nied(icine, and its superiority over other prepara-
tions of sarsaparilla.   Several cases of secondary syphilis, mercurial
and scrofulous diseases, have entirely recovered in the  incurable
wards of  our public institutions, which had for many years resisted
every  mode of treatment which could  be devised.   These cases
furnish striking examples of the salutary effects  of this medicine
 in arresting some of the most inveterate diseases, after the glands
 were destroyed and the bones already affected.
   The dose of the fluid extract is two tea-spoonsful, morning and
 night, in a glass of  water.   Two table-spoonsful added to fifteen
 ounces of simple  syrup,  immediately produces a mixture similar 
Compound  Fluid Extract of Sarsaparilla.       193
to a pound of the compound syrup of sarsaparilla, and the same
quantity added to fifteen ounces of water instantly forms a mixture
equivalent to a pint of the Lisbon  diet drink.
   One bottle of the fluid extract of sarsaparilla, is fully equal to  a
gallon of the syrup or decoction as it is generally made.
   Two  grains of corrosive sublimate carefully dissolved in a small
portion  of alcohol or water, and added to the syrup above formed,
will be  similar to the anti-scrofulous and syphilitic remedies lately
introduced under various names.
   The fluid  extract of sarsaparilla is  now prescribed by some of
the most distinguished physicians in this city, and  has been more
efficient in practice than any preparation of sarsaparilla yet offered
to the public.  For the advantages it possesses over the ordinary
preparations, see Professor Dewees-' valuable work on the Prac-
tice of  Physic, and most of the late standard works on medicine.
   Professor Gibson, of vthe University of  Pennsylvania, has suc-
cessfully  employed this medicine,  and has recommended its pro-
perties  in his lectures to the medical class, and considers it superior
to the preparations of sarsaparilla commonly in use.
   Professor  Eberle, in the last  edition of his Therapeutics, vol.
2nd,  page 206,  makes the  following  remarks:—" Carpenter's
compound fluid extract of sarsaparilla is a very neat and excellent
prepatation. It possesses all the  active properties of the rofll in a
highly concentrated state, a table-spoonful being equivalent to half
a pint of the ordinary decoction.  I have used it  in several  in-
stances with decided benefit.  From the smallness of  the dose it
is peculiarly adapted  for administering this remedy to children."
   Professor Frost, of the Medical College of South Carolina, has
written to me of the salutary effects  of this medicine in a case of
secondary syphilis,  by using  two bottles, united with small doses
of the perchloride of mercury, and his high  opinion of this medi-
cine, and its superior advantages over the ordinary preparations of
sareapariJla.                     Z 
194        Compound Fluid Extract of Sarsaparilla.
   Extract of a letter from Dr. Samuel R. Haywood, of LouisburgV
 North Carolina, dated May 7, 1833.
   Dear Sir,—I have made trial of your compound fluid  extract
 of sarsaparilla with the  most complete  success in chronic rheu-
 matism, where the joints were very much swelled ; and I now have
 a case of scrofula upon  both of the fore arms; and it has been so
 decidedly beneficial as nearly to have restored both my patients;
 but I am  now entirely out of it, and must request you to send me
 two dozen bottles as soon as possible.
 Mr, Geo. W. Carpenter.      SAM'L. R. HAYWOOD, M. D.
   The above preparation of sarsaparilla is decidedly the most effi*
 fcient mode in which this valuable medicine can be used.  It is
 far superior to any syrup of sarsaparilla which can be  made, for a
 fluid saturated  with sugar, as the syrup, is incapable of holding
 much extractive matter  in solution.  All the syrups  which  are
 made are  weak preparations, and  the term concentrated syrup is a
 delusive application.  This will also apply to the various nostrums
 prepared  from  sarsaparilla, as panaceas, dec.  dec. dec, which fre-
 quently depend for their activity on corrosive sublimate, or some
 active mineral, which should not  be  used except under the direc-
 tion and superintendence of a physician.   One bottle  of the fluid
 extract  of sarsaparilla is  equal  in  activity to several bottles of
 panacea :  one  bottle of the fluid extract of sarsaparilla added to
 sufficient water and sugar, will make one gallon of compound syrup
 of sarsaparilla as strong as that made in the usual process.
  Two tea-spoonfuls may be taken morning and night in a glass-
of water.
  Two table-spoonfuls of the fluid extract, added to fifteen ounces
of simple syrup, immediately produces a mixture similar to'a pound
of the compound syrup of sarsaparilla; and the same quantity added
 to fifteen  ounces of water, instantly forms  a  mixture  equivalent
to a pint of Lisbon diet  drink. 
           Compound Fluid Extract of Sarsaparilla.        195

  I might quote numerous authorities in addition, of  the  most
respectable character, but sufficient has been said to establish the
character of  this preparation, and its decided superiority to the
ordinary preparations of sarsaparilla.
                         CAUTION.
  After the  reputation of any valuable medicine  is established
with considerable expense, trouble, and many experiments by the
proprietor, he should receive the benefit of it.   He is sometimes,
however, interrupted by  spurious  imitations of his preparations,
made by the ignorant, who prepare inferior and frequently entirely
different compounds, and sell them under the same name, and on
the reputation of  the  genuine medicine, copying  the  directions,
and putting it up in the same bottles and form ; thus  frequently
deceiving the public and injuring the reputation of valuable medi-
cines.   Under these circumstances, I would beg the faculty to  be
extremely particular in their orders for the extract of sarsaparilla,
 and to observe that each bottle will have my  written signature,
 without which none will be genuine.
   A.copperplate label is also on the  outside of each  bottle, on
 coloured paper, as a caution.

                  Oil of Black Pepper.
   This article is precipitated in the preparation of piperine.   It
 contains all the heat and  acrimony of the pepper in a  very pow-
 erful degree, and  is no doubt the active principle of it.   A portion
 of this oil is always combined with the piperine,  to which it no
 doubt  owes its effects.  We find all the sensible characters of the
 piperine to increase or diminish in proportion to its degree of pu,
 rity, or as it may be more or less  combined with  the  oil; hence
 it is that the pure white crystals of piperine are without taste, the
 yellow crystals possessing considerable heat and acrimony, and 
196
Copaiva.
 the dark greenish crystals are extremely active and powerful, con-
 taining nearly fifty per cent, of oil.  One drop of the oil of black
 pepper is equal to four grains of piperine.   One drop of the oil of
 blaek pepper added to three grains of quinine will greatly  increase
 the powers of that remedy.
   Physicians should  be  extremely particular in their orders for
 this article, as  an oil  of pepper has been obtained by  distillation,
 which is entirely different from the above  preparation, possessing
 comparatively little or none of the active principle of the  pepper;
 the above  preparation is a fixed oil, and of course cannot be ob-
 tained in this way. The  object was, no doubt, to obtain a  cheaper
 preparation, but it will not answer the purpose  at all, and would
 therefore be dear at any  price.    As it has been sold for  the true
 preparation, I make these observations that physicians may be on
 their guard in relation to it.  1 received some time since  a  letter
 from a highly  respectable physician in Virginia, stating that he
 had been induced  to make trial of the oil  of black  pepper from
 reading an article of mine  on the subject in the American  Journal
 of Medical Sciences, that he had written  for some of  it, and had
 obtained an article which did not in any way correspond with my
 description of it, either in the appearance of the article or in any
of its sensible characters.  I requested him to send me on  some
of it to examine, and I was much surprised to find it was  the dis-
 tilled oil of pepper which had been sent to  him instead of that ob-
 tained in the process of piperine;  and it is more  than probable
others have been equally  disappointed.-

                          Copaiva.

  Balsam Copaiva is  obtained by boring  or wounding the trees
near the trunk, from which it exudes copiously; it is a thin limpid
fluid at first, but in time  acquires a yellow colour  and  a  greater 
Oil of Copaiva.
197
"consistence.  The copaiva tree which  produces the  balsam is a
native of South America and the West India  islands.   It is com-
posed of oil and resin in nearly equal proportions.   The  oil may
be readily distilled ; it is as transparent as water, and as  thin as
most of the  essential oils; all the medical properties of the copaiva
reside in the oil.   The rezih is entirely  inert.   The oil  forms a
beautiful mixture with sweet spirits nitre and  cinnamon water.
The copaiva is  readily administered (to those who cannot take
the liquid balsam)  in a solid state.  (See solidified copaiva.)  A
great deal, however, of this article is  rendered  almost inert by
the process of its manufacture, and physicians  should therefore
be particular in getting the solidified copaiva  from those who they
can depend  upon furnishing a good article, or they  may get an ar-
ticle not at  all superior to common rosin.  The effects of the co-
paiva are well known  to be stimulant, diuretic, and slightly pur-
gative.   It is successfully  used in the treatment of  gonorrhea and
gleets, and  its virtues may  be greatly  enhanced by means of
other articles as adjuvants.  I have combined it  with sarsaparilla
and cubebs, and several diuretics, and  the compound has  proved
the most efficient preparation yet  discovered  in the treatment of
gonorrhea, gleets, dec; one bottle of it seldom fails  to cure a case.
See Carpenter's compound of sarsaparilla, cubebs, and copaiva.

                     Oil of  Copaiva.
  This oil is obtained  by  distillation from the balsam, and is a
valuable preparation.  It contains all the virtues of the balsam in
a concentrated state, and being more limpid than the  balsam, it
is administered with less inconvenience, and  is altogether a very
considerable improvement in the exhibition of copaiva, and alto-
gether preferable to the common balsam.   The dose of this oil is
five -to eight drops.  When distilled in glass vessels, and pure^ it
is preferable to naptha for preserving potassium. 
198
Cubebs.
                          Cubebs.
  Piper Cubeba.—This species of pepper is a native of Java, Ba~
favia, Guyana, and the Isle  of France.   They are about the size
of a small pea, of a blackish or greenish colour, covered with veins
reticulated over  the surface of  the berry, and finished  with
a short stalk.   The active  properties of cubebs  reside in a vola-
tile oil which is obtained by distillation, of a greenish colour and
a fragrant and agreeable smell.   Cubebs are diuretic and slightly
purgative ; they are also gently stimulant, with a decided determi-
nation to the urinary organs.  In gonorrhea and  gleet they have
long been used by the earliest practitioners, and  are  to  this day
extensively used and with the most decided success; they  are a
valuable adjunct to copaiva  in gonorrhea, and the oil is the most
eligible mode of using it.   In a preparation which I have lately
introduced to public attention, called compound  sarsaparilla, cu-
bebs and copaiva, these with several other diuretics are combined.
It has proved more successful  in gonorrhea that any medicine
which has yet been offered.   It is also an active ingredient in my
compound fluid extract of buehu, which is  decidedly  one  of the
most popular articles which has been for a long  time introduced
to public attention,

                      Oil of Cubebs.
  This oil is obtained by distillation from the cubebs.  It is a
very active preparation, and possesses all the virtues of the cubebs j
and being a very concentrated preparation, is much preferable to
the crude substance, which is objectionable from  the  bulk of the
dose, which is otherwise unpleasant.   This is a  valuable adjunct
to the oil or  balsam copaiva ; ten to twenty drops to an ounce of
balsam  will  greatly increase  the  powers  of  that  remedy in
 gonorrhea. 
                     Carpenter's




        For making Saline Draught or Neutral Mixture.

                          ——:o: <

   t know of no article so desirable to the practitioner as the above
 preparation, for either city or country practice.  When made ex-
 temporaneously for prescriptions with the lemon juice and salt of
 tartar, it is frequently not  exactly neutralised, and the object and
 effect of the medicine is thus lost.   It is also  much more  conve-
 nient, and at the same time less  expensive, and  being identical
 with the mixture fresh made with lemon juice and salt of tartar, is
 certainly in every respect preferable.  It only requires t6 dissolve
 one drachm of this salt in  four eunces of water, and you have at
 once the neutral mixture similar  and equal in every respect as
 before said, to that prepared with fresh lemon juice and salt of tar-
 tar.  To the country practitioners this preparation is inestimable*
 as it furnishes him the means of ascess to a highly valuable medi-
 cine, which he otherwise would be cut off from, by the scarcity j
 difficulty, and frequent impossibility of getting  lemons -in  inland
 towns, and they are frequently not to  be had in some parts of the
 season in our  ports.   It is  unnecessary to quote any thing in re-
 lation to the value of this medicine as a refrigerent in fevers, dee*
dec. as it is appreciated and highly valued by every intelligent phy-
sician.
  This article will no doubt be altogether  used when its preper- 
200               Black Oxide of Mercury.
ties become generally known.  Wherever it has yet been  used,
it has given the highest degree of satisfaction, and  produced the
most, beneficial effects.
               Black Oxide  of Mercury,
For extemporaneously making the blue  pill  according to the
popular opinion, that the mercury is in the state  of oxide in blue
mass.
  One fourth of a grain of the black oxide is equal to three grains
of blue pill. This medicine is highly approved of by  many phy-
sicians, and preferred by them to  the blue mass.
       Carpenter's Compound Tonic Extract.
  This article is a compound of some of the most  active vegetable
alkalies, being composed of cornine, quinine, piperine, capsicine,
6fc  fyc.   It has proved more efficient than any preparation yet
employed  in the treatment  of intermittents,  arresting the par-
oxysms in cases which resisted quinine  and  other  remedies in
large  doses.  For  an account of the cornine, see  Dr. Morton's
valuable paper in  the Philadelphia  Journal of the  Medical and
Physical Sciences.   For an account of the piperine,  see my paper
in the American Journal of  the Medical Sciences.

                        CAUTION.
  This compound is entirely original with me,  and severafof the
constituents only prepared by me,  yet the name  has been borrowed
for another preparation, and my directions copied word for word,
and has no doubt been sold  on  the reputation of  mine.  I would
recommend the faculty to be extremely  cautious and particular
in their orders for this preparation, and I am sure  they will not be
disposed to patronize innovations  of this kind, but give preference
to the true and original article. 
Red and Calisaya Bark.               201
                Ext. Sem.  Stramonii.
  This is a very active and  highly valuable medicine.  Dose one
fourth of a grain.   For a full account of this article, see  a  paper
published in the 7th volume of the Medico-Chirurgical Transactions.
                  Extract of Quinine.
  This is  the residuum of the preparation of quinine, and is pre-
ferred by some to the sulphate, as it comes much lower  than the
former, being but one third the price : it would be well for physi-
cians to satisfy themselves of its value.  Two grains are considered
equal to one grain of the sulphate of quinine.
Carpenter's Selection of  Cinchona, or  Peruvian
                          Bark.
   There is no  article of the materia  medica in which there has
been more fraud  and deception than  Peruvian  bark: the author,
under these circumstances, has been extremely particular in the
selection of these species, and has them put up in packages with
 his written signature on each, as a guarantee of their purity and
 his responsibility, if they should prove otherwise.
                  Superior Red Bark,
 Selected  with great care  from  the cinchona oblongifolia, and
 put up in pound and ounce  sealed cylindrical packages.  The red,
 when pure, is the best species of Peruvian bark:  it contains both
 the alkalies, quinine and cinchonine, in considerable proportions.
               Superior Calisaya Bark.
                    (calisaya arrollenda.)
    This is the  best  species of yellow bark, and derives its name
 from the province in which it is collected.  It is the  bark which
 yields quinine in greater proportion than other species: it is neatly
 put up in sealed cylindrical packages of pounds and ounces.
                             2A 
202
Cornus Florida.
         Superior Loxa,  or Crown Bark.
  This bark was more esteemed in Spain than any other species,
and was selected for the royal family ; hence the name crown bark.
This is a milder bark than the red or Calisaya; its product is cin-
chonine.  It agrees better with the  weak and delicate stomach
than the stronger barks.  This, like the preceding, is put up  in
sealed packages of pounds and ounces.

                   Maracaibo Bark.

  This is the bast species of what is called common or low-priced
bark; the best bark is cheaper at a higher price than the present
difference of cost which exists between the different kinds of bark.
There is no advantage whatever in using inferior bark, but all the dis-
advantages  arise from it; still  there are many that will  have it,
because it is lower priced.   To such I would  recommend  the
Maracaibo bark, being  much superior to the  Carthagena, and at
an equally low price.
  For a full and detailed account of all the varieties of bark which
occur in commerce, see the article cinchona, in  a preceding part
of this work.
                    Cornus Florida.
  The common dogwood grows in almost every section of the Uni-
ted States, and most abundantly in the middle states.  It is tonic
and astringent, and possesses properties similar  to the Peruvian
bark, and has been successfully used in intermittent fevers :  its
taste is bitter, astringent, and slightly aromatic.   The bark of the
root is the most active.  Dr.  Walker speaks highly of the medicinal
properties of this article.  It owes its  medical virtue to a peculiar
alkaline principle which  I have denominated cornine, and which
has proved fully  equal if  not superior to quinine, in its tonic and 
                     Sulphate of Cornine.                 203

febrifuge properties.  See Dr. Morton's interesting communication
upon the subject in the Philadelphia Journal of Medical Sciences.
In consequence, however, of yielding this salt in so very minute
comparative proportion to what the quinine is yielded by the cin-
chona, it is even more expensive than the latter.
                Sulphate of Cornine.
  It gives me much pleasure to announce the discovery which I
made of an alkaline base in  the Cornus Florida, which I have de-
nominated cornine, and which with  acids form neutral salts, the
sulphate of which has proved a highly valuable tonic febrifuge.
This article  has been  very carefully and accurately  described
by Dr. Samuel G. Morton, of this city, in the Philadelphia Journal
of the Medical and Physical Sciences; and from the most respecta-
ble sources in the medical profession from  various parts  of the
United States, where this article has been sent, the most corrobo-
rating evidences have been received of the  unequivocal success
of the cornine in the treatment of intermittent and remittent fevers,
in the same doses as the quinine ; and the only circumstance which
precludes its competition with that substance, is  the minute com-
parative proportion of cornine yielded by the Cornus Florida.  If,
however, at any time we should fail in our supplies  of cinchona,
which  is not  impossible, or even improbable, we shall  then be
able to supply its place by this principle of the Cornus Florida.
          Extract of the Cornus  Florida.
  The Cornus Florida yields a beautiful extract resembling very
closely that of cinchona, differing, however, in its sensible charac-
ters from the  extracts of the superior species of the Peruvian bark,
by being less bitter and  more astringent.  The following is tie
most eligible mode for preparing this extract .-—Evaporate in a sand
or water bath a tincture of the bark, made by digesting it in proo 
204
Cornus Circinata.
spirits in the proportion of two ounces of the former to a pint of
the latter, suffering it to stand for at least a week before straining,
occasionally during this  time submitting it for a few hours to a
moderate heat, and thereby facilitating the solution.
  This  extract,  from its most prominent and sensible characters,
is unquestionably much more active than the  common extract of
Carthagena  bark, and is  a preparation admirably adapted in all
cases where the cornus may be employed-with advantage: and in
consequence of being a concentrated  preparation, separated from
the ligneous and insoluble portions, and containing less gum and
mucous matter, (which constitutes so large a portion,) is certainly
much preferable to the crude substance, and no doubt will be resor-
ted to by many country practitioners as a useful expedient, particu-
lary in  those places where this  article is in profusion, and where
bark of good quality  is frequently  very scarce, and sometimes
even unknown.
                    Cornus  Circinata.
   This plant is a native of this country, and is  recognised in va-
 rious parts of the United States by  the name  of the  mountain
 willow, white rind and round-leaved  dogwood.  It may be found
 in many parts of that extensive tract of land from Canada to Vir-
 ginia.  Professors Morson and Ives are entitled to the credit of first
 having introduced this plant into medical practice : these gentle-
 men recommend it very highly  for  its astringent and  tonic pro-
 perties, and have successfully used it in intermittent fevers and
  dysentery : an infusion of the bark is recommended as the most
  eligible preparation.  Dr. Brown, who has also used this article
  with much  success, prescribes it  in powder  and  tincture.   It
  contains, like the Cornus Florida, an active salifiable  principle,
  which I have demonstrated cornine.   The  alcoholic  extract is
  piobably the most eligible mode of using this article. 
Extract of Cornus  Circinata.             205
           Extract  of Cornus Circinata.
  The cornus circinata is a more  astringent substance than the
Florida ; an extract may be made from it by the same process as
that of the former.   The cornus circinata, has been very success-
fully administered in cases  of dysentery by Professor Ives, of
New Haven (see Dr. Robinson's interesting essay on this article
in the North American Medical  and Surgical Journal.) 
                 CARPENTER'S

  OIL  QF VrfJYTmARlDIJY.

                       -----:o:-----

  This is a new and highly valuable article ; and I have no doubt,
from the many  advantages which it possesses, that it will entirely
supersede the common mode  of blistering; a few drops  rubbed
two or three times on the part will effectually  draw  a full and
complete blister, with little or no pain, and without the necessity
of applying any thing on it to assist the  operation.  This is cer-
tainly preferable to applying a plaster, which often gets removed
from one place  to another, and thus frequently vesicates a greater
surface than was intended or required; and  sometimes, from this
frequent transition, only partly vesicates, and causes considerable
pain without having produced the effect  intended,  or  being any
benefit whatever to the patient. A piece  of paper which has been
made to imbibe this oil  forms an excellent blister, which may be
accommodated  accurately to the shape of any part, however  irre-
gular.  The vesication thus produced is so exactly circumscribed,
that the blister formed corresponds with the sharpest angles which
may be given to the paper employed.*   One drop is sufficient to
make a blister  of the size of a quarter  of a dollar. On  such places
where the skin is thicker or more solid than those which are less
exposed and covered with clothing, it requires that the oil be ap-
plied two or three times in the course  of one or two hours, or that
the part to be blistered  be covered  rather more with the oil; this
* It would be better to rub the oil well on the part before applying the paper. 
                      Oil of Cantharidin.                  207

however will be seldom necessary, as blisters arc most frequently
applied on parts which do not require this particularity.
  It begins to draw in four, five, or six hours, according to the
place where it is applied.
  In some cases it may be advisable to cover the part with a little
soft paper or linen where it will  likely get rubbed;  but  in  -most
cases no protection whatever is  necessary.  After the blister is
cut, and the lymphatic water is discharged, it will be of great ser-
vice to press the epidermis close to the skin, and in most cases it
heals in twenty to forty-eight hours.
   When  a rubefacient  is  wanted,  one  drop  dissolved in  ten
or  fifteen  drops of sweet  oil, or  mixed with  lard, will answer
that purpose ; and for its convenience and ready application, will
be better adapted than any preparation I am acquainted with.
   One ounce of this oil contains the vesicating properties of nearly
one pound of cantharides. Its use is so mild, that, generally speak-
ing, it produces a blister without the least disagreeable sensation,
except on those places where muscles, nerves, or tendons  are in
a state of compression.   We trust, an article possessing so many
advantages will receive  the sanction  of the faculty.
   P. S. We are pleased  to find, since the above has been written,
 that  a number of experiments made by several  distinguished
members of the faculty, have resulted in the most satisfactory
 manner,  and entirely  corroborate the  above statements.    We
 therefore can offer the above preparation with the highest  degree
 of confidence.

                          CAUTION.

   To guard against spurious imitations  of this article, each vial
 will have  the  written signature  of the proprietor on the outside
 envelope of the same. 
208
Extract of Black Pepper.
              Extract of Black Pepper.

  Digest one pound of coarsely ground black pepper in four pints
of diluted alcohol  for four days, occasionally submitting it to  a
temperature near ebullition, in a water bath; filter and evaporate
to the consistence of an extract.
  This is found also to be an active  remedy in intermittents, in
doses of 2 or 3 grains.  In  a soft state  it has proved very con-
venient to give consistency to piperine and quinine, for the for-
mation of pills, while at the same time it  increases their  activity,
The extract of pepper in every formula I have seen is directed 10
be prepared with water.  This forms a much less  active  prepara-
tion, and possesses several inconveniencies to which the former is
not subject.
  1 have employed  both the white and the  black pepper in the
above preparations ; and although it is stated by most authors that
the white is milder than the black, I  have found it to yield more
piperine, and an extract of much more acrimony and activity, and
to contain much less colouring matter.  The constituent princi-
ples of pepper are piperine, oil, resin, fecula, and colouring matter.

                         Calomel.
   This is decidedly the most valuable of  the mercurial  prepara-
tions, and there is no article of the materia medica which a physi-
cian should be more particular in than calomel, as it is more liable
to be improperly prepared without any evident signs of  the  fact,
than any other preparation.  It frequently contains a portion  of
corrosive sublimate, which does not in the least alter its external
appearance.  It is  therefore  an  object of the highest importance
for the physician to test his calomel before using it, unless he gets
it where he can place the most implicit  confidence.  Corrosive
 sublimate may be detected, if present in calomel, by precipitation
• 
                            Calomel.                       209

 being produced by the carbonate of potash, in a solution made by
 boiling the suspended sample with a small portion  of muriate  of
 ammonia in distilled water.  A more simple mode, and one which
 will generally answer the purpose, is by rubbing the calomel with
 the pure water of ammonia; it should become intensely black, and
 not exhibit any trace of an orange  hue: also  lime-water,  which
 is a  more delicate test than  ammonia, for the corrosive sublimate.
 The modes of preparing calomel are various; that by sublimation
 appears to be preferable and is the process now generally adopted
 in the preparation of calomel.  It has been suggested that the pre-
 cipitated calomel is more free from corrosive  sublimate ; this  is
 altogether a mistaken  notion, as the precipitated is quite as liable
 to contain the muriate, and also the sub-nitrate.  AVhen properly
 made, the sub-muriate  obtained  by precipitation scarcely differs
 from  that obtained by  sublimation.   Gottling found no other dif-
 ference, than that the precipitated sub-muriate became gray* when
 triturated with lime-water, whereas the sublimed  sub-muriate be-
 comes black.   But he exposed to heat half an  ounce of the pre-
 cipitated sub-muriate in a subliming  apparatus ;  scarcely a grain
 of a reddish matter remained fixed,  and the sublimed matter now
 became black when triturated with lime water, and differed in no
 respect from the sub-muriate prepared in the ordinary way by sub-
 limation.   It would  therefore seem to be an improvement in the
 process to sublime the sub-muriate after it is precipitated, espe-
 cially as by that operation  it would be- most effectually separated
 from any sub-nitrate which might be mixed with it.   Calomel can
 be rendered completely free from corrosive sublimate by repeated
 washings in large  quantities  of  water,  the  latter being (soluble,
while calomel is not.   The English  calomel is generally prepared
 * Messrs. Kurlbaum & Co., chemists of this city have prepared a very superior precipi-
tated calomel, which instantly becomes black with lime water, and shews no trace of a
gray or orange colour; it is a very pure and excellent article.
                              2B 
210
Tartar Emetic, dpc.
 with great care, and free from corrosive sublimate, and has conse-
 quently been preferred by our physicians, who prefer giving a high
 price for it, to be more certain of obtaining a pure article.   I am
 exceedingly pleased, however, to find that the calomel prepared
 by Messrs. Farr dc Kunzie, of our own city, is  equal to any of the
 English I have ever  seen,  and physicians and others can safely
 rely upon this calomel being equal to any  of  the imported obtain-
 ed by* sublimation or precipitation.

                      Tartar Emetic.
   This article, so important to the physician, is another which he
 should be extremely careful in puichasing, as  it is liable to  vary
 considerably in activity.  It should always be  purchased by him
 in crystals.  The following are the characteristics of its purity :—
 A solution of it in distilled water ought to furnish a gold-coloured
 precipitate with dilute sulphuret of potash, or ammonia;  a preci-
 pitate  soluble in nitric acid with acetate of lead ;  and  with lime-
 water a white and extremely thick precipitate, dissolving with fa-
 cility in pure nitric acid. If the crystals deliquesce, the presence
 of other  salts may be inferred, and they ought  to readily and to-
 tally dissolve in water, forming a clear solution,  both previous to
 and after adding the wine, in making the antimonial wine.

                   Vegetable Extracts.
  These are a highly valuable and  important class of medicines,
 and there is none in which there is a greater disparity in the qua-
 lity; some of them are extremely active, while the same is almost
 inert at other times, owing to the  various  modes  of preparation,
the time they have been kept, and other circumstances which influ-
ence their condition.  It  requires the physician to be more discri-
minating in this class of  articles than any other in the  catalogue
of medicines  ; he should be particularly guarded in the purchase 
                      Carbonate of Iron.                  211

of them, also in keeping them  well  protected from the  air and
light, in a cool situation and not accessible to dampness; he should
be particular in ascertaining the manufacturer of the extracts, in
order that he may know whose preparation he can rely most upon
and  having discovered a person  who  makes  good extracts, he
should under no circumstance use any other.  I have found of the
imported extracts those made by Mander, Weaver, & Mander are
superior to any I have ever seen; they are of uniform strength,
and can always be safely relied upon.  I have made arrangements
to be constantly supplied with extracts from this house, and physi-
cians can always receive these  extracts at my Chemical Ware-
house, 301 Market Street.

                   Carbonate of Iron.
  The carbonate of iron is one of the most excellent and safest
chalybeates; it may be given from five  to twenty grains,  but all
chalybeates answer better  in small doses frequently  repeated ;
hence it is the chalybeate waters, aided by saline  medicines are
so beneficial.
  Physicians should always prefer the precipitated carbonate, and
should also be particular in knowing it to be properly made.  The
rubigo ferri (sub-carb. ferri)  is a very imperfect preparation, and
large quantities of it is now manufactured in a very rough and
careless manner; I have seen considerable of it which I found, on
examination to be near one half whiting.  In  the Medico-Chirur-
gical Review, vol. xviii. No. 42, for October 1830, is an interest-
ing paper from the Glasgow Journal, on the pharmaceutical pre-
parations of the precipitated carbonate of iron.   The British phar-
macopaeias direct a watery solution of sulphate of iron and sub-car.
bonate of soda to be mixed, and the resulting precipitate to be col,
lected on a filter and dried.   The precipitate at first is white, but
soon becomes of a dark green colour, and very bulky in substance. 
212
Carbonate of Iron.
Exposed to the air, the colour charges to a rusty yellow,  the  ef-
fect of oxygen.   A decomposition is  produced according to our
author in the following manner.
   The precipitated carbonate of iron  consists of carbonic acid
combined with the black oxide, which  black  oxide  readily com-
bines with more oxygen, forming the red oxide of iron; but as the
red oxide cannot, like the black, retain carbonic acid in combina-
tion, this acid  flies off:  so that,  in the yellow matter alluded to,
an additional dose of oxygen has taken  the place before held by
carbonic acid.   The yellow colour is owing to the red  oxide ex-
isting in combination with water, or to use the language of modern
chemistry, a hydrate, and the yellow colour is changed  to red
whenever we apply so much heat as will  drive  off the  combined
water.  Then the red oxide of iron, or colcothar of  vitriol alone
remains.  The consequence is, that what is sold in shops for pre-
cipitated carbonate of iron contains no more than a trace*of that
substance, and is frequently nothing more than colcothar  of vitriol.
" This colcothar," the author observes, " is not less different from
carbonate of  iron in its medicinal effects than  its  chemical pro-
perties."
  I have seen patients of different ages and sexes  swallow  for a
fortnight, at  the rate of  half  an ounce per  day of   colcothar
of vitriol, without producing any apparent effect, except that their
stools were coloured by the powder to a reddish hue, indicating
that it had passed through the body unaltered.  Whereas, I have
seen a healthy man made sick by a dose of a quarter of a drachm
of genuine carbonate of iron, and made to pass, in consequence,
dark greenish black stools for two days after; and I have seen simi-
lar effects produced on patients who had been unaffected  by coir
cothar of vitriol. The sickness, however, is not produced after the
the first or second day. 
                       Carbonate of Iron.                  213

  These observations deserve the attention of the profession in
these days when carbonate of iron is so mueh in use.
  We give the remaining part of the  paper in the author's own
words.
  " From the preceding observation it is easy to gather, that the
two defects to be avoided are exposure to  air and heat.  Both of
these defects I  propose to avoid by forming the precipitated car-
bonate into an electuary, thus*;—
  Take of sulphate of iron and sub-carbonate of soda each eight
ounces;  powder each salt, and dissolve them separately in warm
water; if necessary and filter.  Being filtered and cool, mix the solu-
tions in  a deep vessel  capable of holding one or two gallons of
water, which fill up cold, stir; let it subside, and then decant the
clear liquor from the precipitate;  fill up again with water, and like-
wise again decant, and repeat this operation two or three times, so as
to separate the soluble salts, next put the precipitate on a filter of
cotton or linen cloth, supported by a  square frame.   When the
water has ceased to pass, gather into one  hand the edges  of the
filter, so as to  make it a  sort of bag, and with the other twist
round from the holding hand, downwards, so as to squeeze out the
remaining water.  The precipitate will  now have the appearance of
clay too  soft for moulding.   With soft sugar and aromatic powder
in suitable proportions make  it into an electuary.
   Thus  we obtain  a carbonate of iron uniform  in its properties,
hardly deteriorated by the  process it undergoes,  and  little liable
to change by keeping.
  The precipitated carbonate of  iron while yet moist  is soluble
in carbonic acid ;  hence  a tea-spoonful of  the above electuary is
soon  dissolved in a glass'of ginger beer, except the aromatic pow-
der it contains.   It may be asked,  therefore, whether an eligible
medicine might not be obtained  by uniting this  preparation  with
Jbe  ginger beer  powders; the excess of carbonic acid in them 
214  Carpenter's Aromatic Chalybeate Ginger Beer Powders.

would dissolve the  iron, and you would have  a highly agreeable
draught with all the chalybeate properties of this highly valuable
medicine.
  G. W. Carpenter is pleased to inform the  faculty he has pre-
pared the  above  preparations in the most careful manner, and
given them the following names, by which physicians can always
designate them when they wish these preparations prepared by him.
  Carpenter's Aromatic Chalybeate Confection.
  This article, since I.have had the pleasure of preparing it, has
been used by a number of the most respectable physicians, and has
given the  highest  degree of satisfaction, and  who  accord  fully
with the writer in the review.

  Carpenter's Chalybeate Ginger Beer Powders.

  These powders form an extremely pleasant and agreable draught,
and from  their tonic  and chalybeate properties,  aided by the
stomachic effects of the fine purified ginger in their composition,
render them an extremely valuable medicine, and adapted to many
cases  of weak and diseased  state  of the stomach and  bowels.
They have already been extensively used, and have given in all
cases the highest  degree of satisfaction, and  produced the most
salutary and beneficial effects.
  They can at all times be used as  a wholesome and agreeable
beverage, and will be found highly valuable medicine in dyspepsia.
  Physicians should be  very  particular in their orders for these
powders to designate  them particularly, as they  are essentially
different from the common ginger beer powders usually sold.
  From full experiments carefully made  with the preparations of
iron, as suggested above, the most satisfactory results have occurred,
and there appears to be no doubt but that it deserves all the at- 
Compound Fluid Extract of Buchu.          215
tentionofthe  faculty, which  the writer claims, that it will re-
ceive their sanction and approbation from its decided superiority
to the ordinary preparations and  of iron, will entirely supercede
their use.
mi
  Diosma Crenata.—This plant is a native of the Cape of Good
Hope, and the natives have long used the leaves in a variety of
diseases.  It has proved by sufficient experiment in  this county
to be a safe and valuable remedy in most complaints of the urinary
organs, particulary gravel, chronic inflammation of the bladder and
urethra,  retentions or incontinence of  urine.   It has also  been
recommended in chronic reheumatism and cutaneous affections.

Carpenter's  Compound Fluid Extract of Buchu.
                   Diosma  Crenata.

  For diseases of the bladder, obstructions of urine, chronic goni-
norhea, and gleets of long standing.
  The Buchu leaves (Diosma Crenata) have been highly recom-
mended for diseases of the bladder, by some of the  most distin-
guished physicians in Europe ; and when united with cubebs and
diuretics, have effected some  extraordinary cures, a few cases of
which will  be given hereafter.  In order that physicians may have
a uniform preparation of this valuable medicine, made in  a careful
manner, with proper proportions and specific doses adapted to the
disease, George W. Carpenter is pleased to  announce his Com-
pound Extract of Buchu, which he recommends to the  medical
profession as a concentrated  preparation of  this article, and the 
216           Compound Fluid Extract of Buchu.
 most convenient  mode  in  which it can  be exhibited,and which
 will obviate the necessity of preparing the decoction, which is al-
 ways attended with trouble and expense, and always differs more
 or less in strength, according to the mode of preparation which
 different individuals adopt, and not unfrequently much impaired, if
 not totally rendered inert, by the injudicious and unskilful manage-
 ment of those unacquainted  with phaimaceutical preparations.
 This compound will therefore overcome  all these difficulties, and
 being of uniform  strength, and ready prepared for the patient, can
 be administered with more certainty of success by the practitioner,
 and with less trouble  and expense to the  patient.  Under these
 circumstances  this medicine has been prepared expressly for the
 use of the faculty, and will no doubt receive  their approbation
 and encouragement.
  Among various highly satisfactory  accounts of the value of the
 Buchu in diseases of the bladder, obstructions of urine, chronic
 gonnorhea, gleets of long standing, dec,  I will quote a few case3
and  remarks  by Dr. Ephraim McDowell,  a highly distinguished
physician and member of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland,.
published in the Transactions of the King and Queen's College of
Physicians.
  A variety of  remeclies have been advised,  says Dr. McDowell,
for chronic inflammation of the bladder, dec. which, when neglect-
ed, extends to the urethra and kidneys, producing a train of severe
local as well as constitutional  symptoms.   Its original  cause fre-
quently cannot  be discovered in many cases; we wifl, however,
find  it frequently  succeeding to mismanaged gonnorhea, neglected
 retention of urine, diseases of the prostrate  glands, strictured ure-
 thra, or calculous affections.
  In some cases,  as, for example, when it depends on diseases of
 the prostrate gland, we can do little more than palliate urgent symp-
 toms ;  in other instances much may be effected. 
Compound Fluid Extract of Buchu.          217
  A variety of remedies have been advised for these diseases ;
most of them I have repeatedly tried  with little or no effect, be-
yond  that of being in some degree palliative.  The Compound
Buchu, having been lately strongly recommended, I was induced
to make trial of it, and my experiments have resulted in  the most
satisfactory manner, having succeeded in saving the most inveterate
cases, in which I  had no hopes of success.   I will quote  a few for
example.

                       Case  First.
   The first  case  in  which  I  used  it, was  apparently a hopeless
one, recommended to me by a medical friend in December, 1821.
James Thomson, aet.-------upwards of six years ill, emaciated
and greatly debilitated; lower extremities  paralytic.    When he
passed his urine it was generally either with great difficulty, from
its being loaded with  a large quantity  of  slimy,  tenacious and
stringy matter, or else involuntarily.  His bowels were habitually
costive, appetite totally gone.  He had been under the care of so
many medical practitioners, without the least benefit, that I feared
little could  be done for him.   I  passed a bougie in the first in-
stance, to ascertain the state of urethra, which I found rather irri-
table.  I also used several  of the common  remedies for irritable
bladder with no effect, at  thegsame time closely attending  to the
state of the digestive organs ;  lastly, I gave  the compound Buchu,
 which  gave immediate relief.  In six  days after I found his ap-
 petite  and  strength  improved, able to  walka firmly, the mucous
 much diminished in quantity, capable of retaining his urine some
 hours, and no longer passing it involuntarily.  His own words to
 a medical friend were nearly the following  :
    "Instead of being disturbed  every  five minutes during the
 night by painful erections, or by the desire of making water, I
 can sleep some hours at a time : no involuntary passing of  urine.
                              2C 
218           Compound Fluid Extract of Buchu.
I can walk stoutly through my room, and even up stairs without
help; my appetite is excellent; the heart-burn gone ;  the sediment
in the urine greatly diminished.  I feel a strength in my back and
loins unknown to me  for years."  He continued to improve for
a considerable time, but being unable to obtain any more of the
Buchu, he in some degree relapsed; his condition, however, infi-
nitely improved, and  a short further continuance of the  Buchu
would restore him to entire health.

                        Case Second.
   Philip Dwyer, aged sixty.seven years, sallow complexion, ema-
ciated, ill for three years ; complains of severe pain  in the pubic
region, particularly before he passes water.  Great irritability of
bladder, passing water in small quantities every quarter or half
hour during the night; during  the day can occasionally retain it
for two or three  hours.  Less irritability when using much walk-
ing exercise ;  when sitting, is affected with a stinging or scalding
sensation  in  the prostrate  region.   Urine generally white or
muddy.  Frequently passes a large  quantity of slimy, pale yellow
coloured  mucous, voided with  great difficulty, and soon putrefy-.
 ing; is much relieved by its  expulsion from the  bladder.  Is
greatly debilitated, and has lost much weight.  Tongue  loaded
with yellowish mucous.  Thirst. No appetite.  Bowels generally
constipated,   No enlargement of the prostrate glands could be
felt.
   Previous History.—:Never had gonorrhea.   Has been  a  tem-
perate liver,   The disease  commenced three years ago, first with
 slowness  and difficulty  in passing water, which  was  followed
by frequent micturition.  He attended the Talbot dispensary for
 five months, and left  town apparently cured.   He relapsed how-
 ever, in a month, and returned to the dispensary, May 13, 1822..
 He was ordered to a pint of the Aqua Calcis daily, twenty drops of 
              Compound Fluid  Extract of Buchu.          219

the muriated tincture of iron three times daily, an opium suppository
(three grains) every night, and purgative pills to be  taken occa-
sionally;
  May 24.  Up five times last night to pass water;  slime in less
quantity; can expel his urine with more force.
  May 29. Worse; up  fifteen times last  night.  The slime has
not been discharged for some days;  since its stoppage great irri-
tability  of the bladder has existed.  Prescribed the  Buchu, and
continued the use of muriated tincture of iron.'
  May 31. Reports  that he has been better for the last two nights
than for years previous.  Passed a large quantity of slime yester-
day, which came away "readily ; up but four times last night.
  June  7. Continues better.
  June  9. Great irritability of the bladder.  A painful swelling
in pubic region; no  mucous discharged for  some days.   This
relapse  arose from not being able  to procure  the Buchu during
the last  week.   The Buchu repeated as before, also the muriated
tincture of iron.
  June  21.   Much  better.   The  slime was discharged  after
taking the medicine twice ; up but twice last night.
  The Buchu continued as before.
  July 5. Continues mending.
  August 4.  Called on me to say he continues well, and has been
able to follow his ordinary occupation  as  a labourer for the last
month, and considers himself radically cured.
                       Case Third.
  Henderson Waters a debilitated and emaciated man, aged thirty.
one years, visited me August 4, 1822, with my friend Dr. Cum-
ming, found him labouring under much fever.   Urine dribbling
almost constantly from him, or else passing it in the  quantity of
half an ounce every five minutes;  the urine  loaded  with slime;
lower extremities totally paralysed, the  upper nearly so.   His 
220            Compound Fluid Extract of Buchu.
lower limbs rigid, and frequently  jerked up under him by painful
spasms; severe pains in the soles of his feet; much irritability of
the rectum.  The glans penis in a state of slough, from keeping
it constantly immersed in the urinal.   The last  dorsal vertebrae
more proniinent than usual:  no pain caused  by its forcible pres-
sure.  The usual  remedies were applied by two eminent physi-
cians who had been attending him without success or benefit.
   June 8.  Put on the use of the  Buchu as the last case.
   August 10.  Can-retain his urine for  half an hour  at a time;
little or no pain in the bladder;  strength and appetite improved.
The sloughs detached from penis, sore healthy; a slight  slough
over the trochanter major, from pressure- and  debility; ordered
nourishing diet, and to continue  the Buchu.
   August 20. (Reported by Dr. Cumming.) In every respect bet-
ter ; can now retain his urine for two or three hours at a time; no
uneasiness in  the bladder.  For some days past, sitting up; looks
greatly improved.   Tongue, pulse, and bowels natural.  Paralytic
affections of lower extremities, as before.
   August  30.  At his work as a  watchmaker.   Can  retain urine
for four or five hours ; health good ; limbs much stronger.
   January 8.  Continues as last reported and is entirely recovered.
   In dyspepsia it appeals to be a valuable auxiliary to other medi-
 cines.  I had an opportunity  of meeting  with a case of gravel, of
 the uric acid  kind, in a sedentary and  dyspeptic individual; the at-
 tack coming  on whenever the digestive  organs  were deranged,
 and frequently lasting with much severity for three days, attended
 with violent pains, shooting in the course of the ureter to the gro-
 ins, testicles, and anterior part of the thigh ; much fever,  restless-
 ness, and  irritability ; any excess in drinking wine invariable pro-
 duced an  attack.    He has  been in the habit, for the  last three
 years, of taking the Aqua Kali Caustica whenever attacked, and
 usually continued for a considerable time, in quantities of one 
Compound Fluid Extract of Buchu.         221
ounce daily.  In a late paroxysm he took it along with the Buchu,
a white precipitate  in  the urine in large quantities resulted; he
then omitted the alkali, and took the Buchu alone.  He recovered
rapidly ; both the white and  red precipitate ceased to  recur, and
he has had no attack of it since.
  The above accounts of Dr.  McDowell are entitled to the highest
degree of confidence, being a  man highly distinguished in the
medical profession, and of large experience from the most exten-
sive practice.
   Numerous certificates and letters have been received from dis-
tinguished physicians in various parts of the United States, who
have employed this medicine with great success, substantiating
fully the  evidence given by Dr. McDowell ; and who speak in the
highest confidence of its valuable properties.  I will quote one or
 two for example.
   The  following is an  extract of a letter from Dr. A. A. Evans,
 an eminent physician of Elkton, Maryland, whose observations are
 entitled to the fullest share  of  public confidence.
   The subject, a respectable widow lady, aged  about  forty  years,
 had been under  the care of an intelligent physician for something
 like eighteen months before I saw her.  He had given her,  as she
 stated to me, a variety of medicines without much relief. Indeed,
 she had become materially worse than she was in  the early part of
 her disease.  When I visited her for the first time, she laboured
 under great uneasiness in the region of the  bladder, with an &U
 most incessant inclination to void urine.   Whenever a few drops
  collected in the bladder she was compelled to arise from her bed
  and discharge it.   There was, at times,  a discharge of mucous
  with the urine.   She was much exhausted by the  irritation  of the
  disease and want of sleep;  had but little appetite, and a  quick,
  irritable pulse.  She had in the course of her disease become af- 
222           Compound Fluid Extract of Buchu.
i
flicted with leucorrhcea, and a partial prolapsus uteri, which wefe
relieved by injections, a pessary, dec. but the difficulty in the uri-
nary apparatus continued unmitigated.
  After trying all the remedies which my reading and experience
suggested with but temporary relief, her patience, as well as my
own, (she lived a considerable distance from me,) became exhaust-
ed, and  she determined  to  leave off all medicine  for  a  while.
Shortly after seeing her for the last time, you sent me one of your
bottles of the Buchu, which 1 sent her  by. the  first opportunity,
with a request that she would give it a trial. She did so, and when
the bottle was finished, she sent her son to inform  me  that the
medicine had given her more relief than any thing  she had  ever
tried ; but that she  wa3 not entirely well, and wished me to send
her another bottle :  not having any more  on hand, I gave her your
address, since which time I have not seen her, but heard some
time back that  she  was up, and  attending to the  affairs  of her
family as usual before her disease.
                    Yours, with respect,
To Mr.  G. W. Carpenter.          A. A.  EVANS, M. D.
  July 24th,  1831.                           Elkton, Maryland.

  The following case is an  extract of  a letter from  Dr.  W.  S.
Wallace,  an intelligent physician of  extensive  practice at Earle,
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.
   Mr.-------, aged twenty-eight years, having laboured under a
disease  of the bladder  and urinary  passages  for upwards  of two
years ; the symptoms were a difficulty in  passing'urine, accompa-
nied  with great pain,  the urine passed by dribble, sometimes  al-
most amounting to  a suppression ; occasionally a sharp lancinating
pain in  the prostate gland, but no enlargement could be felt; with
irritability of the rectum.  Having  tried many remedies without 
             Compound Fluid Extract of Buchu.          223

any benefit, I was induced to try your compound Fluid Extract of
Buchu, and am happy to say with  the most decided benefit.  Be-
fore using three bottles of it, the patient could urinate freely
Without pain, and all the above symptoms entirely gone, which
has not been the case before with  him since the commencement
of the disease.  I am decidedly of the opinion that it is one of the
most powerful diuretic medicines I am acquainted with.
                    Respectfully yours,
To Mr. G. W. Carpenter.         W. S. WALLACE,  M. D.
   Aug. 1st. 1831.                Earle, Lancaster Co., Penr.'a.

   This medicine has also been successfully prescribed in a num-
ber of similar cases by our distinguished professor, Dr.  Physick,
of this city.
   The above preparation of the buchu is manufactured  and sold
only by Geo. W.  Carpenter, at his Chemical Warehouse, No. 301
Market Street, Philadelphia.
   Dose for  grown persons two tea-spoonfuls three times a day,
which may be made  more agreeable in a little sugar and water, if
necessary.
   This  medicine will be found particularly serviceable in gonorr-
hea, or clap, and gleets of long standing.  •

                        CAUTION.

   After the reputation of  any valuable medicine  is established
with considerable expense, trouble, and many experiments by the
proprietor, he should receive the benefit of it.   He is sometimes,
however, disappointed by spurious imitations of his preparations,
made by the ignorant, who prepare inferior and frequently entirely
different compounds, and sell  them under the same name, and  on 
224           Compound Fluid  Extract of Buchu.

the reputation of the genuine medicine, copying the directions,
and  putting it up in the same bottles and form ;  thus frequently
deceiving the public and injuring the reputation of valuable medi.
cines.  Under these circumstances, I would beg the faculty to be
extremely particular in their orders, and to observe that each  bot-
tle will have my written signature, without which  none will be
genuine. 
                 CARPENTER'S

     SARATOGA  POWDERS,

                        FOR MAKING

CONGRESS SPRING OR SARATOGA  WATERS.

                        ---:o:--—

  There is, perhaps,  scarcely an individual in the United States
who is not acquainted, either by experience or report, with the
salutary effects of  the Congress  Waters  at Saratoga.   From
thirty to  fifty  thousand persons  annually visit these springs,
many from the remotest sections of the  United States, and some
from the West Indies,  and  other foreign places.   The great ex-
pense in visiting the springs excludes  the greater portion of the
community, (more than nine out of ten,) and the bottled water,
from its high price, prevents its use to the extent of being service-
able, and confines it to a small number.  It appears to be a serious
evil that so valuable an article should be so restricted that com-
paratively few should be able to enjoy what is so conducive to ge-
neral health in  the hot weather  of oui  summer  months.  From
these circumstances, Geo. W. Carpenter is pleased to announce
the preparation of the above powders,  containing all the essential
substances with which these celebrated springs are  impregnated,
and from which the waters of the  Congress Springs at Saratoga
are precisely and effectually imitated.   With a view to accommo-
date the public, and to bring  into general use so convenient  and
                           2 D 
226
Saratoga  Powders.
 valuable a substitute for these waters, he has been induced to go*
 very extensively into the manufacture of them, and to  put them
 at a price to be within the  reach of most persons.  For the accom-
 modation of the public, agents have been  appointed in all the
 cities and principal inland  towns, to give a general circulation to
 so  useful an article throughout the country.  The public are re-
 commended to make trial  of these powders, as he finds,  by ex-
 perience, and from the opinion  of the most eminent of the  fa-
 culty, that the water made  from them possesses the same medical
 qualities, is as effectual in  its operations, and precise in taste as
 that taken immediately from the  springs.   These powders are
 therefore recommended as a valuable remedy in all cases  where
 Saratoga Waters are prescribed.
   Persons on  sea  voyages, or residing at  a distance  from the
 springs, and in warm climates, will at once perceive the great ad-
 vantage of making use of these powders, which besides being more
 portable and less expensive than the bottled water, will keep with-
 out injury for any length of time ; and as they are equal in medi-
 cal effect to that taken fresh from the springs, they are certainly
 much preferable from the many advantages they possess.
  These powders are superior to the Seidlitz, inasmuch as they
 are equally aperient and agreeable, and at the same time possess-
 ing tonic and  chalybeate qualities in a superior degree, and are
 consequently better adapted to weak and debilitated constitutions
 than any other cathartic in use.
  It is  now scarcely two years since the  introduction of  these
 powders, in which time they have been sent to almost every po-
pulated section of the United States, and have given in all places
 the highest degree of  satisfaction.   They are now  extensively
 used throughout the southern states, where they are highly appre-
 ciated by the faculty, and  extensively employed by the most dis-
 tinguished physicians.   They have elicited from the professors of 
                      Saratoga Powders.                  227

several medical institutions, and from highly distinguished indi-
viduals in various places, voluntary acknowledgments of high
commendation on  their valuable properties.   The reputation and
demand which Carpenter's Saratoga Powders have acquired, will
no doubt be an inducement for the ignorant to attempt their pre-
paration ; the proprietor has already received frequent complaints
that spurious and inferior imitations have  been made, and that
sales are effected on the reputation and character of his prepara-
tion.  I deem it justice to the community to apprise them of these
facts, that they may be on their guard.   They should be particu-
lar to specify in their  orders  " Carpenter's Saratoga Powders,"
otherwise they may get a different article from what they  intended.
   We are  pleased  to find that the imitation  powders are not pa-
tronized by the  faculty,  but  are objected to wherever they are
known; in  many cases, however, they are purchased by individuals
who are not  acquainted with the circumstances, and do not dis-
cover the fact until they begin to make use of them.   The pro-
prietor has received numerous letters on  the subject of this griev-
ance, and a number of expressions of dissatisfaction have appear-
ed in various Journals and Gazettes of the Southern states, where
these powders are most used.  The  following is from the South-
ern Times and State Gazette  of July 11, 1831, published at Co-
lumbia, South Carolina.
   " I copy with pleasure  the editorial article* from  the National
Gazette of Philadelphia, because I can safely  and honestly say
the compliment is deserved.   There are some very inferior imi-
tations of Carpenter's  Saratoga Powders, which are by  no means
worthy of  public notice, compared to Carpenter's.   As  a summer
laxative, equally pleasant and efficacious as the water, these pow-
ders may be relied upon."
* See National Gazette of June 22, 1831. 
CARPENTER'S
                        COMPOUND

   SYRUP  OF  LIVERWORT.

                        ----:o:----

                  Hepatica Triloba.

  This plant has proves to be a safe and valuable medicine for
coughs spitting of blood, consumption, and liver complaints.
  Most of the medicines mace  use of for the above diseases, are
of a  stimulating  nature, composed generally of rezins and bal-
sams in alcoholic solutions, which, although  sometimes giving
temporary relief, in almost every instance where  they are freely
used, aggravate the disease and reduce the strength of the patient.
  This article possesses  superior advantages over these prepara-
tions, its  action being of a tonic, invigorating and strengthening
nature, thus overcoming the  disease by promoting expectoration
and gradually increasing the strength  of the  patient, and this
without being attended with any unpleasant effects; it also agrees
with the stomach in all  cases, and is a pleasant and agreeable
medicine to take.
  It  has generally been administered in the form of tea or decoc-
tion ; this has most frequently been impioperly made by those un-
acquainted with pharmaceutical preparations, and has brought this
medicine in disrepute, preventing its application in many cases
where it would otherwise have proved highly useful and beneficial.
  To guard against these inconveniences, and to bring before the 
                Compound Syrup of Liverwort.             229

public a concentrated preparation of this valuable article of uni-
form  strength,  George  W. Carpenter is pleased to announce the
preparation of Compound Syrup of  Liverwort which will obviate
all the disadvantages above described.   This preparation is as ac-
tive as it can be made from the  fresh plant, and  the virtues  con-
siderably improved by the  tonic and  expectorant medicines which
have been selected as adjuvants.
  Directions.—Dose for  grown persons, a table-spoonful three
or four times a day when the cough  is troublesome; for children,
a tea-spoonful may be taken in the same manner.
  N. B. During the cough the  patient will find much advantage
from taking a dietical jelly made of the flower  of slippery  elm.

Remarks  on  Carpenter's  Compound  Syrup  of
                       Liverwort.
  It is scarcely one year since the introduction of this preparation, in
which time it has been sent to almost every populated section of the
United States, and has in all places been highly approved of by the
faculty, and  prescribed by the most  distinguished physicians, and
has given in all cases the most  decided and  unequivocal stisfac-
tion, and produced the most salutary and beneficial effects—and
in numerous instances elicited, from the most distinguished mem-
bers of  the medical profession, (for  whose use,  and under whose
direction the  article is expressly prepared and  respectfully sub-
mitted,) voluntary  acknowledgments of high commendation upon
the valuable properties of this medicine.
  The following are a few extracts from letters of highly respect-
able physicians,  addressed  to the subscriber on the subject of the
above preparation.
      From Dr. S. P. Hereford, of Haymarket, Virginia,
  Whose observations on the liverwort are entitled to the  high- 
230             Compound Syrup of Liverwort.
est consideration.   His experience  with this  plant is perhaps
superior  to any other medical man in our country, and the public
are indebted to him for  many valuable  and interesting  essays on
the subject, in our periodical journals and papers.

              From the National Intelligencer.

   As phthisis pulmonalis, or consumption  of the lungs has been
emphatically styled an approbrium medicorum, and as it has for
its victims all ages and sexes, and a large portion of the young and
beautiful, it becomes the paramount duty of every humane physi-
cian to contribute  in  any  way he can towards arresting in its
march  this terrible disease.   With an eye to this purpose, I  have
strenuously recommended, and do still recommend the Liverwort,
particularly Carpenter's compound syrup, which I  consider the
most valuable mode in which it can be  exhibited, being a concentra-
ted preparation of the fresh plant, with valuable expectorant medi-
cines selected as adjuvants; and although I have never recommended
it as a medicine indiscriminately adapted to all cases, yet I am fully
persuaded that it has done more signal service than any other sin-i
gle remedy, so far as  experiments with it has been made, or ac-
cording to  the extent it has acquired the public confidence  ; but
we are too apt to  appreciate lightly, or invest with little conse-
quence, things which have the external appearance of simplicity;
while those which are enwrapt in secrecy, or  have a mysterious
character, allure, fascinate or inspire us with confidence and ad-
miration.
                                T. B. HEREFORD, M. D,
   Jan. 18, 183Q.                         Haymarket Virginia^
   From Dr. William Watson, a highly respectable physician of
Bedford Springs, Pennsylvania, whose  extensive practice and ex-
 perience entitles his observations to the highest public confidence, 
                 Compound Syrup of Liverwort.            231

                               Bedford, June 27th, 1830.
  Dear Sir—You were pleased to send  with my medicines  two
bottles of your Compound Syrup of Liverwort.  I have a favour-
ite tservant boy, who was taken with pneumonia  inflammation, in
November last, which resisted all the remedies and means I  have
been able to apply.  For some time I have considered him to  be
in the hetic state of phytisis, having purulent cough, much expec-
toration, night sweats, great emaciation, dec   Under these cir-
cumstances, without any expectation of benefit, I gave him the two
bottles you sent me as directed,  and immediately the fever aud
expectoration  diminished,  the  sweats  were  removed, and his
strength and cheerfulness increased.  I  had a quantity of the herb
gathered, a syrup  made in the usual way, but notwithstanding the
free use of this syrup, he immediately declined, and  he is now in
the state in which he was when he commenced with your prepa-
ration.  I believe a cure Would have been effected by a few more
bottles of your syrup.   As I  wish to give it a fair trial, you will
please to send me a dozen bottles by the earliest opportunity, and
oblige,
                  Yours, dec.
                          WILLIAM W. WATSON, M. D.
To G. W. Carpenter.

  We are pleased to hear the  above case of Dr. Watson's has re-*
Covered under the further continuance of this preparation.
  The following extract from Dr. Thos. F. Slaughter, a highly re-
spectable and skilful physician of  Orange Court House, Virginia,
is additional evidence of the valuable properties of this medicine.

       Orange Court House, Virginia, June 1, 1830.
   Dear Sir—I  made  trial  of Carpenter's  compound syrup  of
liverwort, in  the  case of a lady, an old patient of mine, who had 
232             Compound Syrup of Liverwort.
been reduced from extreme corpulency and robust health, by her
disease, to the verge of the grave;  she  used only one bottle of it,.
and has ever  since been rapidly improving in  health and appear-
ance, which is attributable to the  use of this medicine.  She is
solicitous for its further  use, which  I cannot gratify her in till
I receive more of the article. I am anxious to make a fair trial of
it in this case, as well for scientific purposes as for the great value
of the life of the patient.
                   Your's respectfully,
                        THOMAS F.  SLAUGHTER. M. D.
  To Geo. W. Carpenter.

  The  following extract from Dr. Richard M. Hill, a very respect-
able physician of Gholsonville, Virginia, is  an additional testi-
mony of the value of this preparation.
  Dear  Sir—I am now  making trial of your compound syrup  of
liverwort, a few bottles  of which I obtained in Petersburg, and,_so
far, am highly pleased with its effects, and  consider it admirably
suited  to the cases in which it is recommended.

                     Yours, truly,
                              RICHARD M. HILL, M. D,
  The increasing reputation and extensive demand  for the com-
pound  syrup  of  liverwort is perhaps greater than any medicine
ever yet offered to public attention within the short period since
its introduction.
  This has given rise to a number of imitators, who endeavour to
effect the sales, of various preparations, to which they affix the same
name,  and occasionally dispose  of it  on the reputation which my
medicine has justly acquired.  I mention this fact  in order that
physicians may be on their guard,  and to request them to be par-
ticular in their orders,  to  specify distinctly George W.  Carpen^ 
                    Compound Syrup of Liverwort.             233

   ter's compound syrup of liverwort, or  they may get a different
   article from what they intended to order; and the same course may
   be recommended to all my preparations.
     A large number of letters have lately been received, containing
   voluntary acknowledgements of high commendation  upon this medi-
   cine, and the following  are indiscriminately selected from a large
   pile, all corroborating the statements herein given.
     Extract of a letter from Dr. W. A. Anthony, a respectable physi-
   cian of Pittsylvania Court House, Virginia, dated August 19th, 1833:
     Dear Sir,—I take pleasure in  communicating to you,  by my
   friend Captain Bennett,  the effects resulting from the use of your
   compound lately introduced in practice in the southern climate.
     I have  used your extract of liverwort  in  several cases of chro-
   nic asthma with the most unparalleled success, and in this charac-
   ter of disease I think it  an incomparable article.  I have used it
   in two cases of  pneumonia biliosa, when one patient had been
   given out, and the other despaired of, and succeeded in relieving
   both, and if our facilities were greater for procuring your articles,
   I would use them much more in my practice.
   To  Mr. Geo. W. Carpenter.         W. A. ANTHONY. M. B.
     Extract  of a letter received from Dr. R. W. Walker, a respect-
   able physician of extensive practice in  East Baton Rouge', Lou-
i   isiana, dated Feb. 15, 1833:
     Dear Sir,—I have found your  compound syrup  of liverwort
   very valuable  andefficient in pulmonary irritations, where there
   have been  no  organic lesions; or even in cases of evident disor-
   ganization, an excellent palliative.   That which I obtained from
   you  direct was good, but some  purchased from a druggist in a
   neighbouring village, in Mississippi, made  by some other person
   of the north, in  imitation, produced much disorder of the stom-
   ach and bowels, and proved wholly inert as an expectorant.   Under
   these circumstances, I  would advise physicians  to be on their
                                2 E 
234            Compound Syrup of Liverwort.
guard against spurious  imitations of Mr. Carpenter's medicines.
  To Mr. Geo. W. Carpenter.         R. W. WALKER, M. D.
  Extract of a  letter from Dr. Christian Garber, a respectable
physician of Lancaster county, Penn. dated May 15, 1833:
  Dear Sir,—I must here make mention  of a  very protracted
case of spasmodic croup in a little patient of mine, four years old,
which readily yielded to your compound syrup of liverwort, in
combination with small doses of tartarized antimony.   After one
or two active emetics had been administered, the spasms returned
with full  vigour;  after taking four tea-spoonfuls of the syrup,
with l-16th grain of tartar emetic, the spasms entirely left the
little girl.  I continued the antimony twenty-four hours longer,
and left off giving the syrup, without any other medicine, and the
patient recovered rapidly.  I consider the liverwort in combina-
tion with tartar emetic a medicine of much more utility in the
above disease than any I  have ever made use of in my practice.
   Extract of a letter from Dr. John  Slavens, a distinguished phy-
sician of Mount Sterling, Kentucky, dated September 4, 1833:
   Dear Sir,—I have  found youi  compound syrup of liverwort
fully to realize all that has been said of its virtues by yourself and
 other writers, and it  is with pleasure I confidently and heartily
 recommend it to the medical profession, under the full impression
 they will find it, on fair trial, an invaluable  medicine in pulmo-
 nary consumption and hepatic affections.
                                  JOHN SLAVENS, M. D.
    To Mr.  G. W. Carpenter.
    Extract of  a letter from  Ebenezer  C. Ledyard, a  respectable
 druggist of Mariana, Florida, dated Aug. 20", 1833:
    Dear Sir,—Your compound syrup of liverwort is a very valu-
 able medicine for coughs, colds, consumption, dec.  The physi-
 cians have witnessed the most beneficial effects from its use.
                                       E.  C. LEDYARD.
    To Mr. G. W. Carpenter. 
Compound Syrup of Liverwort.            235
   Extract of a letter from Dr. Richard A. Foster, a respectable
physician of Prince Edward Court House, Virginia, dated Septem-
ber 15,1833:

   Dear Sir,—I have had an opportunity of trying your compound
syrup of  liverwort, (hepatica  triloba,) and I  must add, that if  it
succeeds as well in  the hands of others as  it  has in  mine, in
future it  will be one of the most approved remedies in pulmonary
affections.  The case in which I.used  it was a chronic catarrh,
which had not been  at all alleviated  by antimony, squills, and a
variety of other remedies.  It was given in doses of a table  spoon-
ful three times a day, and continued for five  or six days with de-
cided benefit, and has now almost entirely relieved the patient.
When I commenced the use of this medicine, the case  was very
violent, a distressing cough, very  copious expectoration, pain  in
the chest, dyspnoea, irregular fevers,  and restless nights, all  of
which are now relieved, except a slight cough with some debility,
from which  he is now gradually recovering.   I  will thank  you  to
send  me  two dozen more bottles of the syrup.  I am so well
pleased with the quality of your medicines, and the manner which
they are put up, dec, that I shall in future obtain all my supplies
from you, and can confidently recommend your  establishment to
the notice of the faculty, particularly those  in  the country, who
are obliged to dispense medicines to their patients.
                              RICHARD Av FOSTER,  M. D.
   To Mr. G. W.  Carpenter.

   Extract of a letter from  Charles P. Cummins, a respectable
physician of Franklin county, Pennsylvania,dated October 14,1S33:
   Dear Sir,—So far I am highly  pleased with  your  compound
syrup  of liverwort, which I lately ordered  from you.   Both my
patients  for which  I obtained it, have been already materially 
236             Compound Syrup of Liverwort.

benefited by it, and I think a short continuance with the medicine
will effect a perfect cure.
                              CHAS. P. CUMMINS, M. D.
   To Mr. G. W. Carpenter.
   Extract of a letter from Dr. Daniel T. Hays, a respectable phy-
sician of Washington  county, Maryland,  received October 25th,
1833:
   Dear Sir,—Having had a patient afflicted with a chronic inflam-
mation of the lungs,  and having seen an advertisement in  the
Hagerstown paper of Victor Thompson, druggist, having received
a supply of your compound syrup of liverwort, I procured a bottle
of it, and  in a short time I saw the good  effects of it,  and imme-
diately procured a  few more bottles of it, and with it and several
simple sedatives I actually cured her, since which time I  have
procured  several dozen  bottles of your preparation in  Baltimore,
and have made it a regular antidote.  I confidently recommend it
to the  faculty as being  the best preparation of the kind that has
ever appeared before the public.
                                DANIEL T. HAYS, M.  D.
   To Mr. G. W. Carpenter.
   Extract of a letter from Dr. C. M. Hill, a highly  respectable
physician of  Birdsville,  Burke cofknty,  Georgia,  dated  October
18th, 1833:
   Dear Sir,—I have had a severe and almost constant indisposi-
tion during the summer  and part of the fall; however, my health
is now  nearly restored; and I think I am indebted to your valuable
compound syrup of liverwort for it. My indisposition was catarrhal,
attended  with a most distressing cough.   After the stage of ex-
citement  had passed  away, leaving considerable pulmonary en-
gorgement, I placed myself upon the use  of  your syrup, and I de-
clare unequivocally, that I never had any article to afford me such
prompt and decided relief; its effects were  of the most soothing 
Compound Syrup  of Liverwort.            237
and  tranquillizing nature.   For  the  bottles you sent with  my
medicines, please accept my warmest thanks.
                                       C. M. HILL, M. D.
  To Mr. G. W. Carpenter.
  Extract of a letter received from Dr. C. G. Ballard, a respect-
able practitioner of Wegtport, Oldham county, Kentucky :
  Dear Sir,—I am very much pleased with several of your new
compounds; I  have  used your  compound syrup  of liverwort in
two cases, one of which was a protracted case of asthma, and  the
other incipient phthisis pulmonalis, in both of which cases I have
realized all that has been said of its virtues, and most heartily concur
with the rest of your friends in  recommending it to the medical
faculty, under the firm belief that  it will be found on fair trial an
invaluable remedy.               Yours respectfully,
                                        C. G. BALLARD,
                          Westport, Kentucky, March 2, 1834.
   To Mr. G. W. Carpenter, Philadelphia- 
                CARPENTER'S

                       COMPOUND

      CERATE  OF  COPAIVA,

A valuable Application in  Burns, Scalds,  Wounds, Ulcerations,
                 and Sores of various kinds.
  It has long been a desideratum to obtain  a preparation of the
above character for the use of families ; a convenient application
which can always be at hand when accidents occur, and which
will afford immediate relief.  G.  W. Carpenter is pleased to an-
nouce the introduction of the above preparation, as possessing
all the qualities here described, and with much  pleasure recom-
mends it  to the faculty and public, as a safe, pleasant, and soothing
application for all external irritable wounds, or inflamed surfaces.
  It has been fully tested in private practice, and the result has
been of the most satisfactory and beneficial character.
  In burns, scalds, wounds, ulcerations and sores of various kinds,
no application has been productive of so much benefit, and  it is
confidently recommended to the public as an article upon whose
virtues they can confidently rely.  Mild, soothing, and gentle in
its effect, it is  particularly applicable to burns ; it allays the heat
and irritation of the parts in a short time, and quickly induces the
healthy process.
  Every  family in the city  and country should supply themselves
with  this preparation;  it is superior to  most of the ointments
which are obtruded upon the public, and  may be advantageously
employed in all cases where a mild and stimulating application is
required. 
Cerate of Copaiva.                  239
  The following letter has just been received from Dr. Alexander
C. Draper, of this city :—
  Dear Sir,—I have for some time past adopted in my practice
your compound cerate of copaiva, and have been much pleased
with its effects.  In burns,  ulcerations, and anthrax, I have de-
rived in almost every instance the most decided benefit; and in these
affections, I know of no application equal to it in power and effi-
cacy.  It is in burns unquestionably superior to the Kentish or
turpentine ointment, and in general, it will be found to speedily
accomplish the purpose for  which it is  designed.   While physi-
cian in the Southern Dispensatory and Moyamensing Alms-house,
I employed the cerate of copaiva in a large number of cases, and
I recollect of no instance in which it has disappointed me in my
expectations.
   I cheerfully add my testimony to this compound, and think it
an important and valuable addition to our remedial agents in those
 affections for which you recommend it.
              Your obedient servant,
                         ALEXANDER C. DRAPER, M.  D.
 To Geo. W. Carpenter.            Philada., April 29,1834.

    Prepared and sold, only, at G. W.  Carpenter's Chemical Ware-
 house, No. 301 Market Street, Philadelphia.
    As there may be attempts of imitation, the proprietor will affix
 his signature as a guarantee of its genuineness. 
           COMPOUND FLUID EXTRACT OF

                   BONESET.

                        ---:o:---

              Eupatorium  Perfoliatum.
  This  preparation is combined with Peruvian Bark, Colombo,
Centaury, and other vegetable tonics, and is a valuable prepara-
tion in Intermittent Fevers, General Debility, Loss of Appetite, fyc.
  The valuable tonic and diaphoretic properties of the eupatorium
are well known to every  practitioner of medicine  who  has had
any experience in his profession.  Its usefulness as  a febrifuge
and tonic in curing intermittent and other fevers, is well known
to every person who lives in the vicinity of its production, where
large quantities are annually collected, dried, and sent to distant
cities.   It is said to have been employed in the earliest periods
by the Indians in intermittent fevers, as the chief remedy on which
they relied, and has proved highly successful  in the hands of me-
dical men of eminent standing of the present day.   Distinguished
authors  of the latest period ascribe to it valuable properties as a
tonic in dyspepsia, indigestion, and'general debility of the consti-
tution arising from various causes, particularly after fevers.
  The valuable properties of Peruvian bark,  Colombo, and cen-
taury, selected as adjuvants in this preparation, are too well known
to the faculty to attempt a description, and their combination in
this preparation, in which all their active properties are concen-
trated and united in equitable proportions, must at once convince
them of the character of this medicine and its valuable properties 
              Compound Fluid Extract of Boneset.          241

as a tonic and febrifuge.  And as the constituents are openly and
candidly communicated to the faculty, they cannot ascribe  to it
the odious epithet which secret medicines are justly entitled to.
  I have been applied to by a number of physicians to prepare
an extiact of the eupatorium thus  combined, that  would obviate
the trouble and difficulty of preparing the decoction, which is al-
ways attended with inconvenience  and greater expense, having to
be prepared  fresh daily ; and it is most frequently improperly made
by those unacquainted with pharmaceutical preparations, thus fre-
quently presenting an obstacle to its general use.
  The proprietor has  thought it advisable, under  these  circum-
stances, to prepare an extract of it, combined as before described,
which he now offers to the faculty as a preparation containing all
the active properties of these substances in the most concentrated
form, and in the most  eligible mode of exhibition, and which he
offers with pleasure to the  profession, as it will no doubt be
extensively  prescribed  by them as a valuable remedy in fevers
and debility, and as a useful auxiliary to quinine, in the more ob-
stinate stages of  intermittents.  Its usefulness and convenience
will no  doubt be fully appreciated by physicians in  the country,
who have not the convenience of an apothecary to compound their
preparations, and whose engagements will not allow their atten-
tion to it, and consequently, in many cases, must be under the ne-
cessity of confiding in  those who are entirely ignorant of, and un-
qualified to prepare their medicines.  To such this medicine can-
not but be a great desideratum.
  Prepared and sold only at my Chemical Warehouse : GEO. W»
CARPENTER, No. 301  Market Street, Philadelphia.
2F 
CAUTION
                             TO





  I must beg leave to  call the attention  of my medical friends
and the faculty in general, who wish  to  get my preparations, and
who do not send  their orders direct to  my establishment, to be
particular to order  " George W. Carpenter's" preparations. I urge
this in consequence of several  attempts having been made to imi-
tate my preparations by the ignorant and inexperienced.
  After the reputation of any valuable  medicine  is established
with considerable expense, trouble, and  many experiments by the
proprietor, he  should receive the benefit of his  improvement or
discovery  as long as he continues to prepare the article in a satis-
factory manner, and gives his attention to it and his business. He
is sometimes,  however,  annoyed by the  spurious imitation of his
preparations, made by the ignorant and. careless, who have not
genius or  industry  to invent or  discover any thing, or to make any
improvement of their own ; but when they see any thing establish-
ed and like to  become popular, they will steal the name and copy
the directions, and embezzle the reputation of it to appropriate to
themselves.  These apish propensities should not be countenanced
in this enlightened age.
  They are a class of people who should receive no support from
the faculty or  the community, but their mean designs  should  re-
ceive the reproach  and  indignation  of the profession.   They pre- 
                    Caution to Physicians.                 243

pare inferior, and frequently entirely different compounds, a kind
of  hodge-podge composition, which they sell under the same
name, and on the reputation of the genuine medicine;  copying
and pilfering the directions ;  putting them up in the same bottles
and form ; thus deceiving the public and injuring the character and
reputation of valuable medicines.   The author regrets the neces-
sity of having repeatedly adverted  to this subject  in  the present
work, but the evil cannot be too repeatedly censured ; under these
circumstances I hope the faculty will indulge me with these re-
marks, and will see the necessity, when they wish any of my pre-
parations, to be particular in their orders to state it explicitly, and
to guarantee their genuineness I will affix my  written signature
to each article.
                                   G. W. CARPENTER. 
CATALOGUE
          OF
           SHOP  FURNITURE,
                         AND
   Surgical  Instruments,
      FOR A PHYSICIAN AT THE OUTSET OF HIS PRACTICE ;
                     $reparrtr at
               CARPENTER'S
     CHEMICAIi   WAREHOUSE,
                     JYo. 301,
           MARKET STREET,
                   PHILADELPHIA;
Where the articles can be procured of the most unexceptionable
   quality, put up in the neatest and most careful manner, and
        as  low as those of like character can be had in
                Philadelphia or elsewhere.
                      -----:o:-----
  It is often a difficult task for the young practitioner to call to
mind the various articles which he will requiring at the outset of
his practice, and particularly to proportion the quantities.  In the
annexed list are all the essential articles required for practice in
the proportion which they are generally consumed.  The quanti-
ties are made small, which is preferable at the commencement of
practice,  as they can be increased  as they may  be  required.
Those residing at a considerable distance, and require  some time
to receive their medicines after they are ordered, it would be ad-
visable to increase the quantities of some of the most  important
articles. 
Catalogue of Medicines.                  245
                                                            lb. oz.
Antimony, Tartrat.   -       -              "  .       .          4
  Emetic, purgative, and diaphoretic, dose half grain to one scruple.
             Febrifug.  (James' Powder.)          -        -       1
  Diaphoretic, 5 to 10 grains.
Alcohol, 36,      -     -        -        -        .        .-2
  Stimulant, used as a menstruum or vehicle for other medicines.
Aqua Ammonia,        -        -        -        -     .   -       8
  Stimulant and diaphoretic, dose  10  drops diluted with water;
  externally in frictions.
Acid Muriatic,         ......       4
  Stimulant, externally, 2 to 4 ounces in foot-baths, internally half
  drachm to 1 drachm in each pint.
Acid Nitric,    ......       4
  Stimulant, diuretic.    In lemona  e, by drops, until an agreeable
  acidity is produced.
Acid Sulphuric,         .....       8
  Stimulant, dose 20 to 30 drops in 2 pounds of water.
Acid, Pyroligneous Concentrated,       -       -         -       4
  Astringent,  refrigerent when diluted, dose of the concentrated
  acid 1 scruple to 1 drachm, or common acid 1 ounce.
  One pint of this concentrated acid added to seven pints of water,
  instantly produces a mixture similar and equal,  in every respect,
  to the distilled vinegar of the shops.
Acid, Tartaric,          ,       -        -       -         -       4
  Refrigerent, dose 12 to  30 grains in solution.
Acid, Citric     ------       1
  Refrigerent, dose, 10 to 15 grains in  a pint of liquid.
  One drachm of this salt dissolved in 2 oz. of water, instantly pro-
  duces a mixture equal to a like quantity of fresh lemon juice, and
  for many purposes of medicine is even preferable, being always
  of uniform strength.
Acid (or Flor.) Benzoin,        -        -       -               ss-
  Stimulant, dose 10 to 20 grains.
Ammonia, Carbonate,           -
  Stimulant, dose 5 grains to 1 scruple. 
246
Catalogue of Medicines.
                                                           lb. oz.
Anodyne, Hoffman's,    ...       -        -        s
  Anti-spasmodic and anodyne, dose half to 2 drachms.
Arsenic, alb. crude,      -----        1
  Tonic, (externally an escharotic,) dose 1-10 to 1-2 grain.
Arsenic,  Fowler's Solution of   -       -       -        -        4
  Febrifuge, 5 to 15 drops.
iEther, Sulphuric,       ...       -        -        4
  Diffusible, stimulant and anti-spasmodic, dose 1-2 to 2 drachms.
Spt. Nitre, dulcis,       -       -       .       -        -1
  Refrigerent, diuretic, and anti-spasmodic, dose 20 to 40 drops.
Aqua Rosarum,         -       -       .        -        -   1
  Slightly astringent.
Arrow Root, Bermuda,   -       -       -       -        -   1
  Nutrient.
Argent. Nitrat.         --••-%
  Tonic, anti-spasmodic and escharotic, half to 4 grains.
Blue Pill, mass,          -----        2
  Stimulant and anti-syphilitic, dose 5 to 8 grains.
Boras, Sodas,     ..--..        4
  Detergent, 1 scruple to 1 drachm,  in gargles.
Bismuth, oxyd. alb.      .....        1
  Tonic and anti-spasmodic, dose 2 to 12 grain?.
Burgundy  Pitch,        -       -       -       -        -   l
  Externally rubefacient.
Black Drop,     --....       1
  Anodyne and sudorific, 5 to 15 drops.
Balsam Copaiva,        -        ....       8
  Astringent, dose 20 to 60 drops in any emollient mixture.
Solidified Copaiva,       -----       2
 . Two four-grain pills are equal to a dose of the balsam.
 Oil of Copaiva, in vials,        -        -        -   % doz.
   This may be  used in the same manner as the balsam, dose 5 to 10
   drops. 
For a Country Physician.
247
Balsam Tolu,    ....
  Dose 10 to 30 grains.
Black Oxyde of Mercury,       ....
  For extemporaneously making Blue Fills,  1-4 grain equal to  4
  grains of the latter.
Bac. Juniper,   ......
  Diuretic and cordial, infusion, a tea-cupful every 3 or 4 hours.
Cubebs,        .......
  In gonorrhea, 20 to 30 grains.
Oil  of Cubebs,           .....
  This is a valuable adjunct to copaiva, 10  or 15 drops added to a
  copaiva mixture will  increase its virtues considerably in cases of
  gonorrhea.
Sulphur, sublimed,      .....
  Laxative and diaphoretic, dose 1 to 3 drachms.
Bol  Armeniae,   ......
Perkins' Blister Cloth,          -        -       -   1  box.
  A  very convenient article for  the country physician, being„roady
  spread for immediate use.
Creta, ppt.      ......
  Antacid and absorbent, dose 10 grains to 2 scruples.
Carb. Ferri,     ......
  Tonic and emenagogue, dose  from 4 to 20 grains twice a day.
Carb. Magnesia,         .....
  Absorbent, purgative, used for acidity in the primavia, and cases
  of  poisoning by  sulphuric acid, dose from 1 scruple to 2 drachms.
Canella alba.   ......
  Stimulant and slightly tonic, dose from 10 grains to 1 drachm.
Citrated Kali,            .....
  This is a very valuable medicine in fevers;  1 drachm dissolved
  in  4 oz. of water instantly produces the saline mixture, similar
  and equal in every respect  to that prepared with fresh  lemon
  juice and salt of tartar.
Pulv. Colocynth,         .....
  Drastic purgative, dose 2 to  10 grains.
lb. oz.
l 
248
Catalogue of Medicines
                                                            lb.  oz.
. Cream of Tartar,       -       -        -        -        -  2
   Purgative, diuretic and refrigerent, dose 4 to 6 drachms.
 Catechu,        ......       2
   Astringent, dose  3 scruples to 1 drachm in infasion or mixture.
 Cochineal,       -       -       -        -        •        -       1
   Anti-spasmodic and anodyne, in whooping cough.
 Cort. Peru.  Rub.       -       -        -        -        -  I
   Tonic, febrifuge,  and antiseptic, in adynamic intermittent fevers,
   scorbutus, gangrene, &c.
 Cort. Peru,  (common) or  Carthagena,    ...       8
   l-12th the value of the former.
 Cort. aurant.     .       -       -        -        -        .       1
   Refrigerent.    In fevers  and inflammations  1  scruple  to 1
   drachm.
 Cort. Mazerion,          .....       4
   Stimulating diaphoretic, dose 1 to 4 grains.
 Caryophillum,          -        -        -      -       -          4
   Tonic, stomachic, and emenagogue, dose 6 to 12 grains.
 Cassia,       ......          4
   Stimulant,  cordial,  dose 10  to 20 grains.
 Calomel,     ......          8
   Purgative,  vermifuge and syphilitic, dose 1 to 12 grains.
 Corrosive Sublimate, .....          i
   Dose  1-4 to £ grain in solution.
 Cera. alb.    -       -        -        -      - -       -          3
   External application in the composition of cerate.
 Denarcotised acidulous tincture of Opium,                       8
   This will bo found very useful in cases where opium and common
   laudanum disagrees with the patient.   This  is sedative without
   the stimulating properties of opium.  Dose 15  to 25 drops.
 Secale  Cornut. pulv.          ....          j
   In parturition, dose 20 to 30 grains in powder.
 Einplast. Epispastic,          ....          g 
For a Country Physician
249
                                                           lb. oz.
Emplast. Adhesive,           ....          8
          ditto, spread  on linen,      .        .     \yd.
          Dyacylony simple,           ...          8
             ditto,     cum. gum      ...          8
          Roboians,   .....          g
Extract Gentian,     .....          1
  Tonic and stomachic, dose 1 to 4 grains.
Extract Colocynth, Comp.    ....          i
  Cathartic, 5 to 10 grains.
Extract Hyosciami,           ....          l
  Narcotic, anti-spasmodic, and resolvent in all nervous disorders,
  dose 1 to 2 grains.
Extract Cicuta,        .....          l
  Narcotic, anodyne, and  resolvent, dose 2 to  10 grains, externally
  in cataplasms, lotions,  &c. in  scirrhus and cancerous affections.
Extract Stramonii,    .....
  Narcotic  and resolvent  in epilepsy, histcria, corea and cancer.
Extract Glycyrrhiza,                                 >■          1
  Demulcent in allaying coughs, dose £0  to 60 grains.
Carpenter's Precipitated Extract  of Bark,               -        1
  Two grains of this extract are  equal to one grain of the sulphate,
  and is at one third the  price.
Carpenter's Compound Fluid Extract  of
  Sarsaparilla,                                      i doz
  One  table-spoonful of this extract  added to a pint of water, in-
  stantly produces the Lisbon diet drink of the usual strength.  It
  is particularly recommended to the faculty as an active  prepara-
  tion of sarsaparilla, and  for its convenience and portability.

                            CAUTION.
  The  reputation and demand for this article has induced base imitations of
it, against which the faculty should be on their guard.
Caustic, Potass.       .....          i
  Used externally as an escharotic.
                                2G 
250
Catalogue of Medicines
                                                           lb. oz.
Cantharides          .....           4
   Internally, stimulant and diuretic ; and externally rubefacient and
  epispatic, dose 1 to 3 grains.
Conserv. Rosarum,    -----           4
  As a vehicle for other remedies.
Elaterium, (Clutterbuck,)  -        -        -        -             £
  Dose 1-8 to 1-4 grain.
Flor. Chamomile,      -----        4
  Aromatic and emenagogue, dose, in infusion, from 2 scruples to
  2 drachms.
Fol. Senna Alexandria,     -
  Purgative, 2 drachms to 1 ounce, in infusion.
Fol. Digitalis.         .....           2
  Diuretic and sedative,  dose 1 to 5 grains.
Fol. Uva Ursi,        .....           l
  Astringent and diuretic, dose 1 scruple to 1 drachm two or three
  times a day.
Fol. Sabina,     ......
  A powerful stimulant, with  diaphoretic, emenagogue and anthel-
  mintic properties, dose 5 to 10 grains two or three times a day.
Opium,         ......         4
   Narcotic, anodyne and sudorific, dose ^ to 3 grains.
Manna, Flake,         .....           4
  Laxative, dose for children 1 to 4 drachms, adults 1 to 2 ounces.
Camphor,   -       -        -        -       -       -           5
  Sedative, vermifuge  and sudorific, dose 2 to 20 grains suspended
  in emulsion.
Gum Myrrh, Pulv.  -         -         -         -        -         2
  Tonic, vermifuge, emenagogue  and stimulant, scarcely  used
  except externally, dose 15 to 30 grains.
Gum Assafcetida,      -       -        -                '.           3
  Antispasmodic, dose 12 to 30 grains; in enema £ drachm.
Gum Guaiac, ......           4
  Sudorific and antisyphililic, in gout, rheumatism, syphilis, &c, dose
  2 to 1 drachm in  powder ;  tincture. 1 drachm to 1-2 ounce. 
For a Country Physician.
                                                         lb.
Gum Aloes,  ......
  Drastic purgative, dose 5 to 30 grains.
Cum Ammoniac,     .....
  Stimulant and expectorant, dose (5 to 20 grains in emulsion.
Gum Kino,  -..,..
  Tonic, astringent and febrifuge, tincture £ to 1 drachm; powder
  15 to 30 grains.
Gum Gamboge,        .....
  Drastic  purgative, in  passive dropsy, chronic jaundice, vermes,
  &c, dose 5 to 15 grains.
Gum Scammony,     -       -        -        -
  Drastic purgative, dose 5 to 20 grains.  This is the Alleppo scam-
  mony, the Symrna is very inferior, and should not be used.
Gum Arabic,         .....
  Demulcent and pectoral, dose £ to 1 ounce.
Glyster Pipes,   -        -        -       -       i doz.
Hydriodat Potass,     -       -       -       -       -
  See the  remarks on this article and Iodine in a preceding part of
  this work.
Iodine,       ......
Kermes Mineral,      .....
  Diaphoretic, expectorant and emetic, dose 1 to 2 grains.
Patent Lint,           -
Magnesia,  Calcined,         .       .       -       -
  Antacid and purgative, dose 1 to 2 drachms.
Oleum Olivarum,          .       .       -        1 bot.
  Purgative, emetic and demulcent, dose £ to 4oz.
Oleum Bergamot,  .        .        .       •       1  oz.
  Used in giving fragrance to cologue water and other articles.
Oleum Lemon.       -        -       - -    -
  Used the same.
Olem Ricini,           -                .       - 2 bot.
   Purgative, dose 3ij to gij. 
252
Catalogue of Medicines
                                                           lb. oz.
 Oleum Cinnamon,        ..,..]
  Stimulant, cordial, dose 2 to 5 drops.
 Oleum Caryophilli,                                   v           1
  Tonic, stomachic, and emenagogue, dose 5 to 10 drops.
 Oleum Carui     ......       1
  Stimulant and carminative, used as an adjunct to purgative pills,
  dose 1 to 10 drops.
 Oleum Juniper,         -----       1
  Carminative, diaphoretic and diuretic, dose from 2  to  10  drops.
  It is sometimes given in dropsy, and may be added to foxglove
  when given in pills.
 Oleum Lavender,        -       -        ...       1
  Stimulant and cordial, dose 1 to 4 drops.
 Oleum Sabina,          .....       1
  Stimulant, diaphoretic and emenagogue,,dose from2to 6 drops.
 Oleum Wormseed,      .....       1
  Anthelmintic, 10 to 20 drops.
 Oleum Menth. Pip.             ....       1
  Stimulant and carminative, dose 1 to 3 drops.
 Oleum Sassafras,        .....       l
  Stimulant, sudorific, and diuretic, in chronic rheumatism and cu-
  taneous affections, dose 2 to 10 drops.
Oleum Croton Tig.      ...          l  vial.
  Purgative, 1 to 2 drops.  See full account  of it in a preceding
  part of this work.
Oil of Black Pepper,    ...          l  vial.
  This is much more active than the piperine,  one drop of  which
  is equal to 3 grains of the latter.  It is a valuable adjunct to qui-
  nine, 1 or 2 drops added to 6 grains  will greatly  increase the
  powers of that medicine.
Oil of Amber, rectified,                                          l
  Stimulant, anti-spasmodic, and rubefacient,  dose  from 5  to  12
  drops.
       Anniseed,         -        -        -       -        .        2
  Carminative, dose from 5 to 15 drops, 
For a  Country Physician.
253
                                                           lb. oz.
Merc. Precipit. Alb.    .....        1
  Externally, in the form of ointment for cutaneous eruptions.
Merc. Precipit. Rub.    .....        4
  Escharotic, externally incorporated with cerate or other ointments.
Piperine,        ......        £
  This is highly approved of by the faculty as an adjunct  to qui-
  nine in intermittent  fevers.  For a full  and detailed  account of
  this article, see a preceding part of this work.
Pill Boxes,      ....       2 papers.
Pulv. Jalap,     ......       8
  Purgative, dose in powder, 15 to 30 grains.
Pulv.  Rhei,     -                -        -        .        .       8
  Purgative, dose 30 to 40 grains.
Pulv. Ipecac.   ------       4
  Emetic, purgative, and diaphoretic, dose in powder 15 to 30 grs.
Quicksilver, (hydrargyrum)     ....       4
  Vermifuge, in decoction 1 pound of mercury to 2 pounds of water.
Rass. Lig. Quassia,     -----       4
  Tonic, stomachic and febrifuge, dose in powder from 1 scruple to
  1 drachm, infusion 1 to 2 drachms, tincture half drachm  to 1 oz.
Rad. Gentian,  ------       8
  Bitter, tonic and febrifuge, tincture half to 2 drachms.
Rad. Colombo, -        -        -        -        -        -  1
  Stomachic and anti-emetic.  Employed in nervous affections of
  the stomach, dose half drachm to 1 ounce.
Rad. Colombo Pulv.     -----       8
Rad. Serpentaria,        -        -..      -       -        -        4
  Tonic, febrifuge, and diaphoretic, dose  from 1 to 2 drachms in
  infusion.
Rad. Seneka,   -----                4
  Stimulant, expectorant, and diaphoretic, dose, decoction, half to
  1 ounce ; powder 10 grains to half drachm.
Rad. Spigelia,  -        -        -        -
  Vermifuge, dose 2 to 4 drachms in infusion. 
254
Catalogue of Medicines
                                                             lb. oz.
Sarsaparilla,     -        -       -        n.               -   1
  Sudorific, in syphilis, diseases of the skin, gout, and rheumatism ;
  dose, decoction 1 to 2 ounces ; the fluid extract is the best prepa-
  ration, see a preceding part of this work.
Rad,  Scilla,     .....                4
  Diuretic, emetic, and expectorant, in dropsies, fyc. dose from 4 to
  12 grains, oxymel and syrup, 2 drachms to half an ounce.
Rad.  Glycynhiza,       .....        8
  Mild demulcent, in decoctions generally,  and joined  to other re-
  medies.
Rad.  Valerian,  ------        4
  Anti-spasmodic, tincture 25 to 60 drops, dose> in powder 20 to 30
  grains.
Sponge,  fine,    ------        2
Sem.  Fceniculi, ------        4
  Carminative, used with  senna and other purgative medicines.
Sem.  Anisi,     .        .      .  -        .       .        .        4
  Used same as  the above.
Sulphate Quinine,                                                 i
  Tonic and febrifuge, dose 1 to 5  grains.
Compound Syrup of Hepatica,        -        -     % doz.
  This is a valuable tonic and expectorant  medicine,  and will  be
  highly useful in most cases of pulmonic and hepatic  affections.
  For  a full aqeosnt of this article see a preceding part of this work.
Sup.  Carb. Soda,        -        -        -        -       .        4
  Stimulant, diuretic, and sudorific, dose 20 to 40 grains.
Sapo.  Castile,   -        .        -        .        .        .'4
  Aperative and dissolvent, used as an  adjunct to aloes and other
  purgatives in pills,  externally in  fomentations, lotions and baths.
Sulph. Zinci.   -----.,
  Dose 1 to 5 grains, externally in solution.
Sulph. Copper,'         .        .
  E-xtornally  in solution. 
For a  Country Physician.                 255
Spermaceti,
  Demulcent, emollient, dose 1-2 to 1 drachm in the form of emul-
  sion, externally in the composition of several  ointments.
Salts, Glauber   .....
----Epsom     .....
  Purgative, 1  1-2 to 2 ounces.
Sal. Tartar, (Sub.  Carb. Potass.)
  Deobstruent, diuretic and antacid, used in saline draughts neu-
  tralised with lemon juice.
Sal. Rochelle,   ......
  Purgative, 1-2 to 2 ounces.
Sal. Soda, (sub. carb.)   .....
  Antacid, diuretic, dose 10 to 20 grains.
Sal. Ammonia, (muriate,)        ....
  Diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge and tonic, dose 10 grains to 2 scru-
  ples, externally discutient.
Sal. Nitri,        --....
  Refrigerent  and diuretic,  and when externally applied, cooling
  and detergent; dose 10 to 15 grains.
Sal. Martis,      ---...
  Tonic and febrifuge, dose from 1 scruple to half a drachm in so-
  lution or pills.
Sac. Saturni,     -        -        -        .        .
  Styptic and  anti-sudorific, externally 2 drachms to 1 ounce in a
  pound of water, internally, 1 grain ih pills or solution.
Sulph. Potass,   ---...
  Purgative, dose half to 2 ounces in water.
Ung. Merc. Fort.        .....
  Externally applied.
Ung. Citrini,    ......
  Externally applied,  stimulating and  detergent in hepatic and
  other cutaneoufe eruptions.
lb.  oz.
l 
256
Catalogue of Medicines
Carpenter's Compound Fluid Extract of Spigelia,  i dot.
  .This will be found a very convenient article for the practitioner,
  and can be administered without difficulty  to  children, the dose
  being small and not unpleasant.  It will be found one of the most
  efficient vermifuges yet introduced.

Carpenter's   Compound  of  Sarsaparilla,  Cubebs   and
   Copaiva,         .        -        -        -       4 doz.
  An efficient remedy in  gonorrhea,  gleets, strictures, Sec.

Carpenter's Oil of Cantharidin,     -        -      2 vials.
  This will be found a very convenient article for children, it pro-
  duces speedy vesication by rubbing a„drop or two on the part.

Carpenter's Compound Extract of Boneset,         \ doz.
  A valuable tonic and febrifuge in fevers.

Carpenter's Compound Cerate of Copaiva,         \ doz.
  This will be found one of the most  efficient remedies in anthrax,
  and burns, and as a soothing and healing application to all ulcer-
  ated surfaces.

Carpentei's Saratoga Powders,      -        -       i  doz

  This is a valuable medicine where  the stomach is debilitated, and
  ordinary medicines cannot be retained. Ii is much preferable to
•the Seidlitz Powders, being equally aperient, and at  the same time
  possessing valuable tonic and chalybeate effects.

Carpenter's Compound Extract of Buchu.             2 bot.

  This is a new article highly valuable in diseases of the bladder.  It
  is recommjfcded by soaie i.f the most  distinguished physicians iri
  the English Medical Journals. For a full account of it see a prece-
  ding part of this work.

Composition Mortar and Pestle,  -        -        -       No.  1

Glass  Funnel,     -                                           "1
Graduated Measure,       -        -        -       -          "1
Scales and Weights,       -       -       -        -   l set.
Spatluas, different sizes,   -        -        -        -          "2
Sheep Skin,       .....          "1
Syringes, Penis,   -        -       -       -  .     -          "6 
257
                   For a Country Physician.

Syringes, Female,
  Ho.  Enema, pint,
Stomach Tube, elastic,   -
Scarificator,
Cupping Glasses, -
Thumb Lancets,  -
Catheters, elastic,
Bougies,
Pocket Case of Instruments,
Teeth Extracters, in case,
Breast Pipe,
Nipple Shells,
Quart Specie Bottles,
  Do.  'Tinctures,
Pint Species,
Do.  Tinctures,  -
Half pint  Salt mo.
  Do.    Tinctures,
4 oz. Tinctures, -
Wrapping Paper, blue and  white,
Assorted Vials,
Vial Corks,
 The following articles can always be  had at  Carpenter's  Chemi-
   cal  Warehouse, and are frequently  wanted by the physiciam.
   who has become established in successful practice.
 French Skeletons on Wires—male and female.
  These are very superior, the  bones are white as  snow, the teeth perfect,
 and put together in the most neat and substantial manner, and  with the
 greatest anatomical precision.
   Arterial Preparations.
   Very complete arteries and veins injected, and muscles displayed.
   Dissected Heads and separated Craniums.
                               2H
	■			« 3 " 1 " 1 " 1 " 6 tt 2 " 6 " 6
	-	1	set.	
	-	1	do.	
	-		No. 1	
	-			" 4
	■			" 12 " 12 " 12
	-			" 12
	-			" 6
	-			" 6
	-			" 6
	-			qrsi: 3
	-		gross. ^	
	.			do. 1
 
258
Catalogue of Instruments, 6fc.
  Heads sawed in various ways.
  Ditto, with Dr. Gall's phrenological  marks, illustrating his sys-
tem of Phrenology, and referring by numbers to his work.
  French Anatomical Preparations, preserved in alcohol.
  Superior Skeletons unwired perfect  from 10 to 20  dollars, ac-
cording to quality.
  G. W. C. always keeps on hand a large assortment of London
and American Surgical Instruments of all descriptions, of the most
superior quality.
  He will also at any time have made  to order, any description of
surgical instruments which may be wanted.
  Very superior sets of Cupping Instruments, in  mahogany cases
with exhausting syringes, &c.   They are now in  general use in
this city, and are much preferable to the ordinary mode of cupping.
  Pill Machines, to make from  12 to  24  pills, and size from 1 to
4 grains.  They will be found a very  convenient and highly use-
ful  article for the physician who has a large practice.
  Superior French Syringes  of every  description, for  the  ear and
eye ; Penis, Female, Enema, Stomach  Pumps, &c. &c.  These are
made of block tin, and are much superior to the pewter syringes;
they are made very true, being bored and turned, instead of cast;
and work as true as an air pump.
  Eye Glasses, to wash the eye without  the necessity of  bathing
it with a cloth, which frequently irritates, and only has access to
the exterior.  25 cents each.
   Very neat small cases for filing, plugging, and scaling the teeth.
   Obstetrical Models,  or  machines  of  leather, with  mannakin,
complete, for illustrating the practice of obstetrics.
   Obstetrical instruments of every description, all complete and
 of  the best quality.
   Splints for the thigh, each aim, and legs,  all complete. 
                   For a Country Physician.               259

  Amesbury's Apparatus for Fractures of the Leg and Thigh.
  Vaccine Virus Bottles for preserving the virus.
  Having made arrangements with one of the Vaccine Physicians
of this city, physicians in the country will be supplied with fresh
virus, by application to the subscriber, on the lowest terms.
  "Having made preparations particularly for supplying physicians
in the country, they can at all times depend upon receiving every
article carefully selected, of the  choicest and most unexception-
able quality, and  their  orders will receive the most prompt and
particular attention."
   Breast Pumps  in mahogany boxes, with stop-cocks.
  Silver-eye Syringes in boxes, with gold and silver probes.
  Brass Injecting Syringes for anatomical preparations.
  Brass and Block-tin self-injecting Syringes, with elastic tubes ;
a very superior and neat article.
  Very superior  Block-tin  Enema  syringes.   Quart, pint, half
pint, 4 and 2 oz.   These are much superior to the common pew-
ter syringes usually sold, and are the kind  recommended by Pro-
fessor Dewees in his practice of medicine.
   Stethescopes of various patterns and sizes; mounted with ivory
 and plain.
   Elastic Enema  Syringes.
   Do. Penis  Syringes, a new article ; the injection liquid can be
carried in the syringe.
   Minum Measure, a  very convenient article to measure drops.
   Superior Silver Lancet cases, for 2 and 4 Lancets.
   Medical Spoons, to administer remedies to children.
   Bleeding Vessels, graduated from 1 to 16 oz ; a very useful and
 convenient article.
   Suspensary Bandages, silk and cotton.
   Evans's genuine Lancets, a very superior article.
   Medical Saddle Bags, for the country practitioner. 
260  Catalogue of Instruments, tyc.for a Country Physician.

  Fine Bleached Sponge, a very superior article for surgical use.
  Porcelain and Human Teeth, very superior, and imported  to
order from France, and  kept constantly on hand.  The  human
teeth are in bottles containing eight teeth of the front upper row.
Gold, Silver and Tin Foil for plugging. Materials and apparatus
for the  manufacture of porcelain teeth. 
©AfAMWl
                             OF

          SURGICAL,  INSTRUMENTS

                Used in Practice, fyc


  It will no doubt be interesting to the practitioner to have a list
of the surgical instruments now in use, with a description of the
contents of the  different sets and cases, which are put up under
various names.
                      Lythotomy.
  In a neat mahogany case, containing the following instruments:
Dr.  Physic's Gorget, with 6 blades of different sizes.
4 pair Forceps,  different sizes
4 Male Sounds,
4 Male Staffs,
1 Female Sound,
1 ------- Staff,
1 Scoop,
1 Hamula,
1 Scalpel,
1 pair of Forceps, with a screw for breaking stone
                      Amputating.
       In a neat mahogany case, containing the following:
1 Capital Saw,
1 Metacarpal do. 
262          Catalogue of Surgical Instruments.
2 Capital Knives,
1 Catline  Knife,
1 pair Artery Forceps, with  slider,
1 Scalpel, steel handle,
1 pair Bone Nippers,
1 Tourniquet,
12  Curved Needles,
1 Tenaculum.
                      Trepanning.
       In a neat mahogany case, containing the following:
2 Trephines,
1 Elevator,
1 Hey's Saw,
1 Scalpel, with Raspiter,
1 Brush.

                       Midwifery.
        In a neat leather case, containing the following;
 1  pair Forceps,
 1  Vectis,
 1 Crotchet,
 1 Perforating Scissors,
 1 Blunt Hook.
                     Dissecting.
  In a neat mahogany or  morocco case, containing the following;
6 Scalpels,
1 Single Hook,
1 Double hook with a joint, 
              Catalogue of Surgical Instruments.           263
1 pair Forceps,
1 Silver Blow Pipe,
1 pair Scissors.

     Pocket Instruments. JSo.  1, or fourfold.
  In a neat morrocco case with a lock,containing the following:
1 pair crooked Scissors,
1 ---- straight  do.
1 ---- Dressing Forceps,
1 ----  Dissecting do.
1 Director,
1 Spatula,
2 Silver Probes,
1 Tonsil Forceps,
1 Curved probe-pointed Bistouryj
1 Large Scalpel,1
1 Gum Lancet,
1 Abscess Lancet^
1 Tenaculum,
1 Small Scalpel,
1 Straight Spear Bistoury,
1 Silver Female Catheter,
1 Physic's Forceps and Needlej
6 Curved Needles,
1 Thumb Lancet,
1 Physic's Guarded Bistoury,
1 Seaton Needle.
    Pocket Instruments.    No. 2, or threefold.
  In a neat morocco case with a lock, containing the following:
1 pair crooked Scissors,
1 ---- Dressing Forceps, 
264           Catalogue of Surgical Instruments.

1 pair  Dissecting  do.
1 Director,
1 Spatula,
2 Probes,
1 Tonsil Forceps,
1 Curved probe-point Bistoury,
1 Straight Spear    do.
1 Large Scalpel,
1 Tenaculum,
1 Abscess Lancet,
 1  Gum      do.
 1  Thumb    do.
 6  Curved Needles.
     Pocket Instruments.   No. 3, or twofold*
        In a neat morrocco case with a lock, containing
1 large Scalpel,
1 pair straight Scissors,
1 Curved Spear Bistoury,
2 Probes,
1 Tenaculum,
1 Spatula,
1 Pair Dressing Forceps,
1 Director,
1 Gum Lancet,
1 Thumb Lancet,
6 Curved Needles.

                   Eye Instruments.
                  In a neat case, containing
3 Knives,
1 Iris Knife, 
              Catalogue of Surgical Instruments.           265
2 Needles, curved and straight,
1 Curette and Hook,
1 silver Speculum,
1 pair  Forceps,
1 ----Curved Scissors.
                      Phlebotomy.
Silver Spring Lancets, button-trigger,
  Do.    do.    do.     lever,
Brass    do.    do.     do.
----Horse     do.     do.
German silver Spring Lancets, a neat and cheap article.
Thumb Lancets,
Lancet Phlemes.
                       Cupping.
             In a neat mahogany case, containing
6 Glass Cups with brass caps and valves, and a Breast Glass for
    exhausting the breast,
1 Brass Pump or Exhauster,
1 *Scarificator, improved.
  * Or with German scarificator.
                        Cupping.
                  In a neat mahogany case.
6 Glass or Horn Cups, with stop cocks and breast glass,
1 *Scarificator, improved,
 1 Brass Pump, or Exhauster,
  * Or with German scarificator.
                              21 
266          Catalogue of Surgical Instruments.

                        Pessaries.
Doctor Dewees's silver gilt,
      do.        do. plain,
      do.       flexible metallic,
      do.       ivory,
      do.       wood,
Gum Elastic,
Glass Pessaries, a new article, and recommended  by Professor
      Dewees.
                   Teeth Extractors.
        In a neat morocco case, containing the following :
1 Foxe's Key, spring bolt,
1 Curved Forceps, double joints,
1 Straight   do.        do.
1 Tooth Punch,
1 Gum Lancet.
  Any other key can be substituted for Foxe's, if desired, but it
is decidedly the best for extracting teeth generally.
  Instruments for scaling and plugging the teeth, in neat morocco
cases, containing
12 Scalers and Borers, assorted.
    Also cases of six   do.                               /
  These are very neat instruments, and are much used, the price
being very low.
                   Teeth Instruments.
Hinge Fulcrum Key, with a spring bolt, ivory handle,
       Do.               do.         ebony  do. 
               Catalogue of Surgical Instruments.          267
Dr. Foxe's Key, spring-bolt, ivory handle,
    Do.                  ebony  do.
Dr. Clarke's  improved Spring Key, with a  pivot, ivory  handle,
    Do.      do.       do.                     ebony   do.
Curved  Turn Key with a  pivot,
Plain Fox's Key, ebony handle,
Curved  Common Key,
Straight  do.     do.
Curved  Forceps, double joints,
Straight    do.     do.
Hawk's Bill do.     do.
Pelican  — do.     do.
Forceps, common joints,
Curved Tooth Punches,
Straight  do.    do.
Tooth Files,
Gum Lancets.
                         Trusses.
Eberle's ivory patent,
  Do.  do.    double,
  Do.  wood do.
  Do.  do.    do.
Ivory Turnpads,
  Do.     do. double,
Wood     do.
  Do.     do. double,
Leather   do.
  Do.     do. double,
Plain Ivory Turnpads
  Do.         do.  double, 
268           Catalogue of Surgical Instruments.
Opposite sided do.
  Do,        do.    double,
Bellows Head do.
  Do.         do.    double,
Common spring Turnpads,
  Do.         do.    double,
  Children's   do.
  Do.         do.    double,
Umbilical,
Suspensory.

                Catheters and Bougies.
 Silver Male,
   Do. Female,
 Flexible Metallic Male,
   Do.     do.     Female,
 Gum Elastic Male,
 ---------- Bougies,
 Flexible Metallic do.
 Rectum Catheters and Bougies.
                     Miscellaneous.
Curved Trochars, for bladders,
Straight   do.   Lancet-pointed,
  Do.     do.   Angular,
Polypus Forceps,
Double Canulas, for extracting polypi,
Tubes for Tracheotomy,
Dr. J. K. Mitchell's Spine Apparatus,
   Do.     do.    with improved chair,
 Bulloeg's Sound, 
              Catalogue of Surgical Instruments.           269

Bullet Forceps,
Doctor Physic's Tonsil Instrument,
Scarificator for Tonsils,
Dewees's Obstetrical Forceps,
Heighton's     do.     do.
Boudelocque's  do.     do.
Hall's         do.     do.
Davis's         do.     do.
Seabold's       do.     do.
Improved Breast Glasses and Pump, in case,
Syringe and Elastic Tube for extracting poison from stomach,
Doctor Bond's Oesophagus Forceps,
Stethoscopes,
Cooper's Bistoury,
Doctor Physick's Guarded Bistoury,
Improved Womb Syringes, in cases,
  Do.    Ear    do.
Hare-Lip Pins,
Silver Lachrymal Pins,
Probangs.
  In addition to the above, the author will  have made to order
any description of instruments used in the practice of surgery. 
CATALOGUE
                             OF



                   PREPARATIONS,

                On hand, and furnished  at

       Carpenter's Chemical  Warehouse.

                       ------:o;------

Preparation of the adult, entire, exhibiting the muscular and ner-
           vous systems, arterial and  venous  circulation, with
           the heart in situ.
   Do.     of different ages, from the adult to the fetus.
   Do.     of the adult, muscular and nervous.
   Do.         do.    muscular, nervous and arterial.
   Do.     of the head, showing the  sinuses of  the dura mater,
           tentorium, and all the preservable parts of the head
           and its  appendages, as the submaxillary and parotid
          glands.
   Do.     of half of the head, showing the encephalic circula-
           tion, duct of Steno, and parts pertaining to the section
          of the head.
   Do.    of the trunk, with  the heart, diaphragm, kidneys, and
          bladder in natural situation, connected by the  ure-
          ters, rectum, uterus  in the female,  thoracic and ab-
          dominal nerves, superior and inferior mesenteric ar-
          teries, entire. 
            Catalogue of Anatomical Preparations.          271

Preparation of a section of the thorax and abdomen, showing the
           vena azygos, thoracic duct, splanchnic nerves, and the
           intercostal nerves, arteries and veins.
   Do.    of the hand or foot injected with mercury, showing the
           dermoid vessels minutely.
   Do.    of the penis,  showing the corpora  cavernosa, corpus
           spongiosum uiethras, glands penis, vena magna ipsius,
           with the arteries attached.
   Do.    of the young subject, showing the circulation of the
           fetus  in utero.
   Do.    of the upper  and lower extremities, muscular and
           nervous.
   Do.        do.     do.    do.    and arterial.
   Do*        do.     do.     do.    and venous.
   Do.    of the adult heart, with the vessels connected
   Do.    fetal  do.
   Do.    of the stomach, showing the cardiac  and pyloric ori-
           fices, with and without the duodenum attached.
   Do.    of entire or separate portions of intestines, exhibiting
           the arterial and venous circulation.
   Do.     of  larynx, trachea, pharynx, and oesophagus attached,
           chordee  vocales and thyroid gland.
   Do.     of the testicle injected with mercury.
   Do.     of the placenta, showing its circulation.
   Do.     of the side view of the pelvis, showing the penis, blad-
           der, rectum, and vesicular seminales.
  Do.     of the ligaments, either of the whole subject, superior
           or inferior extremities.
   Do.     of the pelvis ligamentous, with the fetal head, for the
           study of midwifery.
 These, with many other anatomical preparations not mentioned 
J72          Catalogue of Anatomical Preparations.

in the  list  will  be furnished, carefully put  up, and  sent to any
part of the country.
   They are prepared in such a manner that insects will not touch
them, and they will retain their perfect state and beauty for years.
   Every part of the preparation is retained in its natural situation,
in order that it may not only serve as a guide to the surgeon, but
 for the student of anatomy. 
THE FOLLOWING IS A
LIST  OF    ARTICLES

           Which should be purchased by a
AT  THE  OUTSET   OF  HIS  BUSINESS.
The quantities to  be proportioned according  to  his  location and
                 extent of the  business anticipated.
 Antimony Tartrate,
    "    crude
           "  pulv.
    "    Sulph. Aur.
    "    Glass of
 Alcohol, 36 deg.
 Aqua Fortis
 iEthiop's Mineral
 Arsenic, white pulv.
    "   Fowler's solution
 Ammo. Carbon.
 Acid, Benzoic
  "  Citric
  "  Muriatic
  "  Nitric
  "  Oxalic
  "  Pyroligneous
  "  Tartaric, in crystals
  "    "  pulv.   "
  "  Prussic ■
 .Ether, Sulphuric
  "   Nitrous
 Aqua Ammo.
 Anodyne, Hoffman's
 Arrow Root,  Bermuda
 Argent. Nit.
 Blue Pill, Eng.
 Blacking, Paste
 Bole Armenia
 Borax, refined      »
Borax, prude
Brimstone, roll
   "     flour
Bac. Juniper
 "  Lauri
 "  Cubebs
Bismuth, oxide
   "   metallic
Blood Root
Bees' Wax
Bed pans, earthen
   "    pewter
Burgundy Pitch
Barbadoes  Tar
Balsam Copaiva
 Balsam Sulphur
   " ,  Peru
   "   Tolu
 Black Drop
 Cantharides
    "     pulv.
 Cobalt
  "   pulv.
 Cayenne, American
    "   African
 Cera alb.
 Caustic Potash
 Cream  Tartar pulv.
 Creta Ppt.
 Cort. Peru flav.
  "   "    "  pulv.
  "    "   rub.
  "    "    "  pulv.
 Canella alb.
 Cascarilla
 Coit. Anchusa
  "  Angustura
  "  Sassafras
  "  Aurant.
  "    "   ground
 Cochineal
 Cowage down
 Castor Fib.
 Colocynth pulv.
 Cloves
 Court Plaster
 Silk paper
 Coc. Ind.
 Corros.  Sub.
 Charcoal pulv.
 Corks, vial
  "  bottle common
  "    "   velvet
 Chlorine Tooth Wash
 Dragon's Biood
Dover's Powders
Essence of Sprute, for beer
   "    Rose
Ens. Veneris
Ergot

           2k
Emp. Epispastic
  "   Hydrargyri
  "   Roborans
  "   Saponis
  "   Adhesive, superior
  "   Diac. cum Gum
  "    "  Simple  .
Extract of Jalap
        Logwood
         Butternut
        Hyosciami
         Gentian
  "     Belladona
  "      Taraxici
         Rhubarb
        Valerian
         Rhatania
        Balsam Copaiva
         Cicuta
        Glycy. opt.
            "    refined
Flowers of Roses
   "   Chamomile
   "   Lavender
   "   Althea
French Chalk
Fol. Anthos
 " Digitales
 " Senna Alex, best
 "   "   India opt.
 " Uva Ursi
Gum Thus
  "  Hemlock
  "  Tragacanth
  "  Galbanum
        "     strained
  "  Arabic, Turkey
  "   "   India
  "  Scammony, Aleppo
        '"     Smyrna
  "  Gamboge
  "  Opium
  "  Camphor
  " Myrrh, opt. Turkey 
27 4                 List  of Articles for a Druggist.
 Gum Myrrh, India
  "   Assaf'cetida, best
  "   Boiz.,ic
  "   Kino
  "   Ammo. opt.
  "   Guiac.
  "   ,M;istic
  "   Aloes
 Ginger Root
  "      "  powdered
  "      "  Jamaica
 Glyster Pipes
 llarmwgate Salts
 Hord. Pearl
 Honey
 Lint, English
 Lemon Syrup, opt.
 Isinglass, Kussia Sheet
    "    American
 Iodine
 Ivory Syringes
 Iceland Moss
 Morphine
 Musk
 Magnesia Carb.
    "     calcined
Manna, Flake
 '" small "
 "    sorts
 Nux Vomica
 Oat Meal
 Orris Root, opt.
  "    "   pulv.
 Otto Rose, pure
 Oil Anniseed
 " Wormwood
 " Cubebs
 " Valerian
 " Copaiva
 " Peppermint
 " Wormseed
 " Savine
 " Fennel
 " Almonds
 " Olives
 " Lemon, pure
 " Bergamot, pure
 " Ricini opt.
 " Cassia "
 " Lavender, spike
 «s     "    garden
 " Juniper    "
 " Origanum, pure
 « Anthos     "
 '< Carraway  "
 '-. Cloves     "
 « Spearmint
 « Wintergreen
 « Tanzy
 " Pulegi
 « Amber, rectified
 « Spruce
 ec Hemlock
 « Fir
 « Croton in vials
 « Orange
 « Sassafras
 » Linseed
Pocket Lights
Precipitate, Red
Phosphate of Iron
Qua-sia Wood, rasped
Quicksilver
Rad. Gentian
  "     "   pulv.
  "  Colombo India
  "    "    pulv.
  "  Ipecac.
  "    "   pulv.
 Rad. Rhei India, opt.
  "    "    "   pulv.
  "   Gallangal
  "   Hiliebure
  "     "     pulv.
  "   Glycy.
  "   Scillse
  "   Strp. Verg.
  "   Seneka
  "   Spigelia, roots only
  "     "   with stalks and
            leaves
  "   Jalap,  pulv.
  "   Curcuma ground
  "   Sarsaparilla
  "   Colchicum
  "   Anchusa
 Saunders Wood ground
 Sponge, coarse
   "    fine bleached
 Sem. Cardamom
  "   Colchicum
  "   Chenapodii
  "   Fennel
  "   Annis
  "   Coriander
  "   Fenugric
  "   Sinapis Carui
 Sal.  Martis, real
 "   Succini
 "   Nitre, refined
 "   Diuretic
 "   Absynth
 «   Tartar
 "   Ammo. Ind.
 «     "    English
 "    Soda
 "   Rochelle
 "      "    pulv.
 "   Glaub.
 "   Epsom
 Sugar of Lead, white
 tup. Carb. Soda
  "    "    "  pulv.
 Sulph. Quinine,
 Sperm Ceti
 Soda Powders
 Seidlitz Powders
 Sago
 Slippery Elm Bark
 Spirits of Tar
 Sjringes,  P. P.
   "   female
   "    1 oz.
   "   2oz.
   "    10 oz.
   "   16 oz.
   "   self 24 oz. in boxes
   «     "  16 oz    "
   "     "  10 oz    "
   «     «   6 oz    "
Spatulas, from 3 to 12  inch
   assorted
 Trusses, common
   "    patent, several kinds
 Tin Foil
Tartar Vitriol
 Tamarinds
 Tonqua Beans
 Turpeth Mineral
Tincture Mur. Iron
Ung. Althea
  "  Stramonium
  ';  Baziiicon
  "  Merc. Fort.
  "    "     "  Mit.
  •'  Citron
  "  Simplex
  "  Carb. Zinci.
 Wafers, opt.
   "    "  2d.
 Wash Balls
 Windsor Soap, F.ng.
 While Vitriol crystallized.


      BRUSHES.

 Extra Fine  Ground Paint
    Brushes, assorted  from
    No. 7 to 0000
 Common Faint Brushes, as-
    sorted from No. 5 to 00
 Sash  Tools, assorted  from
    No. 1 to 8
 Oval Varnish Brushes, assort-
    ed from No. 6 to 1
 Flat  Badgers'  Brushes,  in
    knots, assorted from No.
    lto4
 Thick Flat Badger,  in tin,
    assorted from 1 to 4 inch
 Flat Camels' Hair in tin, as-
    sorted from J to 4 inch
 Thick Plat Bristle Varnish
    in tin, assorted from No.
    1 to 8
 Fine Bristle Grainers, assort-
    ed from 1J to 4 inch
 Veining  Brushes,  assorted
    from No. 1 to 4
 Artists' Fine Pencils, 6 sizes
    bound in silver  wire, 6
    sizes bound in  brass, 6
    sizes bound in' thread, 8
    sizes flat in tubes
 Sable Pencils, flat and round
             tubes assorted
  "      "  Long and Short
             Red
  "      "  Black in quills
 Camels' Hair Pencils long &
    short, assorted
 Camels' Hair Pencils, goose
    quills single
 Camels' Hair Pencils, goose
    quills assorted
 Camels' Hair Pencils, Swan
   "     "    "    Duck
   "     "    "    Crow
   "     "    "    Pigeon
 Gilders' Tips, Badgers' hair
   ''•      "   Camels'  u\
 Redding Brushes
 Tar Brushes, short handle
 "      "   long   "
 Sprinkling Brushes,  No. 1,
    2,3,
Masons' Colouring Brushes,
    No. 1, 2, 3
Flesh  Brushes, assorted from
    No. 1 to 8
 Tooth Brushes  from  3 to 5
               row'd
  "      "   3 " solid back
  H      <C   4 U U    it
  "      "   4 " fluted &
                   carved
  "      "   4 " solid back
  "      "       Trepanned


    SUNDRIES.
 Diamonds, Glaziers'swivel
Emery
Blacking, Sponge
Boxes, Pill, paper
  "     " wood 
List of Articles for  a Druggist.                 275
Boxes, Wafer  1 oz.
     No. 1, 2, 3
 "   Fancy assorted
Thermometers
              Ivory handle pivot bolt tooth
                  keys
              Ebony  handle  spring  bolt
                  tooth keys
              Ivory handle hinge fulerum
                  tooth keys
              Common do.    do.   do.
              Suspeusary bandages, cotton
                  "         "      silk
              Evan's Lancets, best
                 "      "   imitation
              Common   "  shell handles
              Gum Elastic Catheters
                "    "    Bougies
                "    "    Nipple Shields ■
                "    "    Pessaries
                "    "    Setons
                "    '"    Stomach  Tubes
                "    "    Rectum Bougies
              Double Canula
              Bullet Forceps
              Polypus "
              Bone    "
              Dissecting "
              Dressing Forceps
              Breast  Glasses   and  Air
                   Pumps for drawing the
                  breast, in case
Am.7in boxes, Breast Glass and  Air pump
 Jujube Paste, French, opt.
 Jewellers' Rouge
 Glue, Russia
  "  American best
 Ink, India
 Chalk
 Gillypots. with covers
 Ink, Liquid
  "  Powders
 Ink Indelible
 Mortars, Iron, from a pint to
        5 gallons
     "  Wedgwood
     "  glass
 Pink Saucers, large
   "     "     small
 White Rosin
 Common "
 Tar
 Pitch
 Soft Turpentine
 Medical Spoons
, Su.reh
 Soap, Castile
   "  Windsor, Eng.
  Patent  Medicines.
PiHs, Lee's Windham
 «    «   jjew London
 "  Anderson's Eng.
 "      "      Am,
 "  Hooper's Eng.
 "     "     Am.
 "  Rush's
Opodeldoc, Steer's
    "      Liquid
Itch Ointment
Haarlem Oil
Anderson's  Cough
    large and small
Balsam, Turlington's
British Oil
Bitters, Stoughton's
Bateman's Drops
Cephalic Snuff
Dalby'« Carminative
Essence Peppermint
Eyewater, Carpenter's
Godfrey's Cordial
Gowlaud's Lotion
Erasive Salts
Salts of Lemon
Worm Tea
Wormseed Oil
Effervescing Magnesia
Patent Barley in papers
           without case
       Scissors, curved and straight
       Silver Stiles
       Probangs
       Silver Probes,
       Midwifery Forceps
       Tourniquets
       Trocars
     -  Scarificators, Am.
           "        German
       Tooth Files
       Plugging and Scaling inst'ts
       Gum Lancet9
       Tenaculums
       Abscess Lancet
       Seton Needles
Drops, Silver Male Catheters
         "  Female "
       Flexible Metallic Catheters
       Curved Needles
       Scalpels
       Trephines
       Amputating  Knives
            "       Saws
       Catline
       Hair-lip Pins
       Spring Lancet Blades
       Tooth Claws
       Vectis or Lever
       Crotchets
       Blunt Hooks
       Ear Syringes
       Perforating Shears
       Syringe for the Eye
Slippery Elm Bark in papers ivory Nursing Tubes,  new
               ■■■               article
Surgeons' InstrnmentsMetacarpal Saws
Amputating Cases           Hay'9Saws
Trepanning  "
Dissecting    "
Couching
Stcthescopes
Maw's Domestic Instruments
Pocket Cases cont'g 12 insts.
  a     «    «    16 "
  u     u    u    22 "
American Spring Lancets
German    "      "
Dentists' Cases, 6 instrum'ts
    «     «   12     "
Ivory handle spring bolt tooth
    keys
  GLASS  WARE, &c.
Ureast pipes
Eye Glasses
Cupping "
Electrical Cylinders, assort-
    ed from 4 to 12 inch
Funnel" assorted
Globes for lseches 1,1i,2 gali
Med. Chests square assorted
    from 1 to 8 oz.
Graduate Measures, 1, 2,3,4,
    6, 8, 12, and 16 oz.
Preston's Salts, bottles cut
   "      "    "   plain
Nipple Shells
Nursing Bottles
   "    Flasks
Retorts and Receivers* plain,
    10, 8, 6, 5, 4,3,  2, 1£, and
    1 gallon ; 2 and 1 quart;
    1 pint, \ pint, and l gill.
Tr'.biilated Retorts and Re-
    ceivers, 10, 8, 6,5, 4, 3, 2,
    1 and \ gallon ; 1 quart,
    1 pint, \ pint and 1 gill.
2 gal. Salt Mouth  with  stop-
    pers, 1 gal. i do. \ do. J
    do. l-16th do.
3 gal.  Specie  Cap'd Jars, 2
    do. 1 do \ do. \ do. §  do.
    l-16th do.; 4 and 2 oz.  do.
3 gal. Tincture Hot. ground
    stop. 9, do. 1 do. J do. |
    do | do. l-16th do.; 4, 1,
    and 2 oz.
Urinals
Vials from J to 8 ounces
Assorted Vials
Bateman's "
British Oil Vials
Turlington's "
Es9. Peppermint Vials
Godfrey's Cordial  "
Haarlem Oil      "
Opodeldoc, Steer's "
  "   Liquid     "
Cephalic -Snuff    "
Cale'd Magnesiia   "
Cologne Water    "
    "      " Fancy patterns
 Ca9tor Oil Bottles
   "    "    "   pint


       PERFUMERY.
Hair Powder,  scented  and
    plain
 pearl Powder
 Vegetable Rouge
 Milk of Roses
 Cold Cream
 Cream of Amber
 Naples Compound Tablets
 Pomatum, French, in pou,
     "       "     rolls
 Vinegar of Rouge
 Florida Water, large size,
   "     "   small "
 Cologne Water, plain
    »      "   Gothic
    «     "   Burel
    "      "   Column
 Lavender Water, fancy
     "      "    J pint bot.
 Antique Oil in round boxes
 Macassar Oil, g.-nuine
     "     "  imitation
 Bear's Oil, large size
   "    "  small  "
 Orange Flower Water
 Bear's Grease in pots
   "     "   in vials

      DYE STUFFS, &c.
 Fig Blue
 Annatto
 French Berries 
276
List of Articles for a Druggist.
:ia
Argol
Logwood
Fustic
Brazilletto Wood
Nicaragua, La Hache
Ground Camwood
  "    Logwood
  "    Fustic
  "    Brazilletto
  "    Nicaragua
Indigo, Bengal
  "   Spanish float
Sumac
Nutgalls
   "   ground
Madder tJmbro.
Blue Vitriol
Oil Vitriol
Alum
Copperas
Woad
Cudbear
     Paints, c\c.
White Lead, dry
  "    "  ground in
   No.l and 2
Red Lead
Black Lead
Orange  "
oil,
Spanish Brown
    "     "  Bristol
Venet. Red, Eng.
  "    "  Am.
French Yellow Ochre
American  "   do
Chrome    "
King's     "
Stone Ochre
Litharge, coarse
    "   fine
Prus. Blue, Eng. No. 1 and 2
  "    "  Am.     "   "
Chinese Vermillion
English
Verdigris, dry
Terra de Sienna
Rotten Stone .
Ivory Black
Rose Pink, Eng.
Whiting
Paris White
Turkey Umber
    "     "  ground
Gum Copal
  "  Shellac
Spirits Turp.
Copal Varnish, Furniture
  '^     "    sup. article
  "     "    Coach
Mastic   "
Japan   "
Venetian Turpentine
Bronze, Copper Yellow
  "     "     "   extra
  "   Red
  "   Scarlet
  "   Crimson
  "   White Metal
  "   Green
Pumice Stone
  "     "  ground
Red Chalk
Blue Paint, ground
Distilled Verdigris
Putty
Carmine, No. 1,2, and 3
Drop Lake,  " "   "
Sap Green
Chrome Yellow
  "    Green
Flake White
Lamp Black, Eng.
  "     "  Am.
  "     "   small papers
  "     "   Germantown
Blue Black
Frankfort Black
Mineral  Green
Purple Brown
Vandike "
Blue Verditer, No. 1 and 2
India Red
Cream White
Ultramarine
Cobalt Blue.
                 CARPENTER'S  CHEMICALS.

The following articles  are very popular and saleable, and are extensively
                 used wherever they have bee.n introduced.

Carpenter's Compound Fluid Extract of Sarsaparilla, for extemporaneously

  making the Lisbon diet drink.  One table-spoonful is equal in strength to

  1 lb. compound syrup of sarsaparilla, or a bottle of panacea.  Price $9  00

  per doz.

Carpenter's Compound Fluid Extract of Buchu, (Diosma Crenata,)  a valu-

  able medicine for diseases of the  bladder,  chronic gonorrhea, &c.  Price
  $16  00 per doz.

Carpenter's Compound Syrup of  Liverwort, (Hepatica Triloba,) a safe and

  valuable medicine in hepatic and pulmonary affections. Price $5 per doz.

Carpenter's Oil of  Cantharidin, for producing speedy and certain vesication,
  by simply rubbing the parL   Price $6 00 per doz.

Carpenter's Oil of Sinapine, a most valuable rubefacient, and acts instanta-
  neously on its application. Price $6 00 per doz.

Carpenter's Citrated Kali, foe extemporaneously making the saline draught
  or neutral mixture.   Price $5 00  per doz.

Carpenter's Saratoga Powders, for  making Congress Spring or  Saratoga

  Water equal to that  fresh from the spring.  Price $4 50  per doz.
  CAUTION.—The reputation of my Saratoga Powders  has induced numerous imitations
  which have been sold on the character of my preparation.  Physicians who wish the  genu-
  ine article, will  pleaso write their orders, " Carpenter's Saratoga Powders," as they may
  get the spurious compound.                             G.  W. CARPENTER.
Carpenter's Chalybeate Ginger Powders, a valuable remedy in dyspepsia and
  indigestion.   Price $4 00 per doz.

Carpenter's Precipitated Extract, of Bark, fully equal to Quinine in the same
  doses.  Price $1  00 per  oz. 
Carpenter's  Chemicals.                   277
Carpenter's Compound of Sarsaparilla, Cubebs and Copaiva, the.'most valua-
  ble and effectual remedy yet discovered in gonorrhea,  gleets, &c.   Price
  $li 00 per doz.
Carpenter's Compound Fluid Extract of Pink Root, (Spigelia Marilandica,)
  the most safe and efficient vermifuge yet introduced. Price $6 00 per doz.
Carpenter's Tonic Extract,  composed of Quinine, Cinchonine, Piperine, Cap-
  sicine :  is a much more active preparation than Quinine in intermittents.
  Price $4 50 per oz.
Oil of Copaiva.  Price $2 50 per doz.
----- Cubebs.  Price $3 50 per doz.
Carpenter's Compound Cerate of Copaiva, a valuable remedy for burns, fresh
  cuts, and sores of every kind.  Price $2 and $4 per doz.
Carpenter's Compound Extract of Bone set, (Eupatorium Perfoliatum,) a very
  valuable febrifuge.  The  valuable properties of the Eupatorium are known
  to every practitioner of medicine.  Price $9 00 per doz.
Carpenter's Essays on the Materia Medica, containing a full account of all the
  new and popular medicines, their doses, uses, and mode of administration. 
                         LIST  OP
DRUGS   &   MEDICINES
   WHICH SHOULD BE PURCHASED BY A COUNTRY STOREKEEPER.
   It is a difficult task for the Country Storekeeper, at the commence.
ment  of business, to  know the different  kinds of Drugs and Medi-
cines he should supply himself with, in  order to have a complete as-
sortment.  Every article in the annexed list will be found saleable,
and offering a better profit to him in retailing, than any other kind
of Merchandize he can select, and it w ll therefore be  to his ad-
vantage to make the assortment  complete.
 Aqua Fortis
 Sulphuric Acid, or Oil of Vitriol
 Tartaric Acid
 .33ther Sulphuric by the  lb.
   do      do   in vials
 Sweet Spts. of Nitre by the lb.
   do    do     do   in vials
 Alcohol, or Spts. of Wine
 Smelling Salts by the lb
   do     do  in fancy  bottles by
   the dozen
 Com. Sal Ammonia by the lb.
 Tartar Emetic by the lb.
   do     do   in v'als
 Black Sulphuret of Antimony by
   the lb.
 Spts. of Hartshorn by the lb.
 do      do     in vials by the doz.
 Balsam Copaiva by the lb.
  do    do    in vials by the doz.
Calomel by the lb.
  do     in vials by the doz.
Camphor by the lb.
Spts. of Camphor by the lb,
 do      do    in vials by the doz.
Cloves
Powdered Ginger
Antimonial Wine, in vials
 Blistering ointment by the lb.
   do     do   in boxes by the doz.
   do     do   spread on sheets
 Peruvian Bark, viz.
     Red Bark,
     Yellow or Calisaya
     Common Bark,
       Put up in Ibj. and  oz. papers
 Verdigris
 Blue Vitriol
 Liquorice Ball
 Refined Liquorice by the lb.
  do    do in boxes by the doz.
 Gum Aloes
 do  Arabic
 Assafoetida
 Gum Myrrh
Opium
 Gum Tragacanth
Laudanum by the lb.
   do     in vials
Magnesia,  Calcined, by the lb.
   do      do  in vials by the doz.
 Nutmegs by the lb.
Sweet Oil  by the gallon
  do in quart, pint, & half pint bot.
 Castor  Oil  by the gallon
 Lump  Magnesia 
List of Drugs and Medicines for a  Country Storekeeper.   279
Castor Oil, in qt. pt. and half pt. bot.  Superior Jamaica Ginger, Ibj. equal
Burgundy Pitch                      in strength to 4 or 51b. of common
Sugar of Lead                        ginger
Red Lead                          Castile Soap
White Lead, dry                   Mustard by the lb
  do    do  ground in oil              do    in vials by the dozen
Pearl Ash                          Sponge, fine
Sal. .Eratus                         do    coarse
Pot Ash                           Borax crude
Saltpetre                            do   refined
Cream of Tartar                    Roll Brimstone
Sulphate of Quinine by the oz.       Flour of Sulphur
  do         do    in solution, in  White Vitriol
  vials by the dozen                Rhubarb Root
Pink Root                            do     do     in powder by the lb.
Race Ginger                         do    do     in vials by the doz.
                 CARPENTER'S  CHEMICALS.
The following  articles are very popular and saleable, and  are extensively
                used  wherever  they have  been introduced.
Carpenter's Compound Fluid Extract of Sarsaparilla, for extemporaneously
  making the Lisbon diet drink.  One table-spoonful is equal in strength to
  1 lb. compound syrup of sarsaparilla, or a bottlo of panacea.  Price $9 00
  per doz.
Carpenter's Compound Fluid Extract of Buchu, (Diosma Crenata,)  a valu-
  able medicine for diseases of the bladder, chronic  gonorrhea, &c.   Price
  S1G 00 per doz.
Carpenter's Compound  Syrup of Liverwort, (Hepatica Triloba,)  a safe and
  valuable medicine in hepatic and pulmonary affections.  Price $5 per doz.
Carpenter's  Oil of Cantharidin,  for producing speedy and certain vesication,
  by simply rubbing the part.  Price $6 00 per doz.
Carpenter's Oil of Sinapine, a most valuable rubefacient, and acts instanta-
  neously on its application.  Price $6 00 per doz.
Carpenter's Citrated Kali, for extemporaneously making the saline draught
  or neutral mixture.   Price $5 00 per doz.
Carpenter's Saratoga  Powders, for making Congress Spring or Saratoga
  Water equal to that fresh from the spring. Price $4 50 per doz.
   CAUTION —The reputation of my Saratoga Powders has induced numerous imitations
  which have been sold on the character of my preparation.  Physicians who wish the genu-
  ine article, will please write their orders, « Carpenter's Saratoga Powders   as they may
  get the spurious compound.                            G- w-  CARPENIi-.K.
Carpenter's Chalybeate Ginger Powders, a valuable remedy in dyspepsia and
  indigestion.   Price $4 00 per doz.
Carpenter's Precipitated Extract of Bark, fully equal to Quinine in the same
  doses.   Price $1 00 per oz.
Carpenter's  Compound of Sarsaparilla, Cubebs and Copaiva, the most valua.
  ble and effectual remedy yet  discovered in gonorrhea, gleets, &c.  Price
  $1) 00 per doz. 
280   List of Drugs and Medicines for a Country Storekeeper.
 Carpenter's Compound Fluid Extract of Pink Root,  (Spigelia Marilandica )
  the most safe and efficient vermifuge yet introduced. Price $6 00 per doz.
 Carpenter's Tonic Extract, composed of Quinine, Cinchonine, Fiperine, Cap-
  sicine: is a much more active preparation han Quinine in intermittents.
  Price $4 50  per oz.
 Oil of Copaiva.   Price $2 50 per doz.
-----Cubebs. Price $3 50 per doz.
Carpenter's Compound Cerate of Copaiva, a valuable remedy for burns, fresh
  cuts, and sores  of every kind.  Price $2 and $4 per doz.
Carpenter's Compound Extract of Boneset, (Eupatoriurn Perforatum.) a very
  valuable febrifuge.  The valuable properties of the Eupatorium are known
  to every practitioner of medicine. Price $9 00 per  doz.
Carpenter's Essays on the Materia Medica, containing a full account of all the
  new and popular medicines, their doses, uses, and mode of administration.
Anderson's Pills
Bateman's Drops
British Oil
Indelible Ink
Cologne Water
Fancy Soap
Court Plaster
Cough Lozenges
Ess. of Borgamot
------Lemon
------Cinnamon
------Cloves
------Peppermint
Godfrey's Cordial
Eye Water
Haarlem  Oil
Patent  Medicines,   &c.
                 Ink Powder, black and red
                 Ink in bottles, black
                     do        red
                 Itch ointment
                 Lemon Acid
                 Lee's Pills
                 Carpenter's Pills
                 Worm Tea
                 Opodeldoc
                 Preston's Smelling Salts
                 Seidlitz Powders
                 Sodaic    do
                 Wine Bitters
                 Worm Tea
                 Wormseed Oil
Paints  and  Miscellaneous  Articles.
Annatto
Black Lead
Chalk, White
  do  red
Chrome Yellow
  do   Green
Copperas
Logwood
Fustic
Gum Copal
    Shellac
Indigo
Lamp Black
Litharge
Prussian Blue
Putty
Red Lead
Rotten Stone
Smalts, Blue, Brown, Green & Red
Spanish Brown
Terra de Sienna
Turkey Umber 
List of Drugs and Medicines for a Storekeeper.
281
Black Varnish  for leather, by the  Vial Corks
  gallon ; and in quart, pint and half  Bottle do
  pint bottles, by the doz.            Assorted Vials
Copal Varnish for  cabinet ware, by  Fig Blue
  the gallon ; do. in quart, pint and  Tapers
  half pint'bottles                    Glue
Venitian Red                      Pocket Lights
Spts. Turpentine by the  gallon; do  Pomatum
  in quart, pint, and half pint bottles  Sealing Wax, red and black
Yellow Ochre                      Vomits of Tartar Emetic
Whiting                           Doses of Calomel and Jalap
Ivory Black                        Wafers by the lb.
Shoe Blacking                      do   in boxes by the doz.
2L 
CATALOGUE
OF
CHEMICAL  TESTS AND APPARATUS,
FOES ALE AT
Carpenter's  Chemical  Warehouse,
PHILADELPHIA.
  These articles are all chemically pure, and prepared expressly
for lectures and experimental opeiations.
Acetate	of Alumina	Solu.	Acids Fluoric	
d	Baryta	Cryst.	" Citric	Cryst.
(<	ditto	Sol.	" Hydro-Chloric	
«	Cobalt	Sol.	" Nitric	
u	Copper	Cryst.	" Nitrous	
«	ditto	Sol.	" Nitro Muriatic	
((	Iron	Cryst.	" Oxalic	Cryst.
a	Lead	Cryst.	" ditto	Sol.
«	ditto	Sol.	" Phosphoric	
'<	Silver	Sol.	il Phosphorous	
t<	Soda	Sol.	" Hydro-Cyanic	
i<	ditto	Cryst.	" Succinic	Cryst.
<i	Zinc	Sol.	" ditto	Sol.
«	ditto	Cryst,	" Sulphuric	
Acid	Acetic		" Sulphurous	
«	Arsenic	Solid.	" Tartaric	Cryst.
«	ditto	Solu.	" ditto	Sol.
(i	Arsenious	Solid.	Alcohol	
.<	ditto	Solu.	Ammonia	
«	Benzoic	Cryst.	Ammoniuret of Cobalt	
i<	Boracic	Cryst. '	do Copper	
1 
Catalogue of Chemical Tests and Apparatus.       283
Ammoniuret of Nickel
Arseniate of Potassa        Cryst.
            Soda            Cryst.
Baryu                     Solid.
    ditt°                  Sol.
Benzoate of Ammonia      Cryst.
    do        do           Sol.
    do      Lime          Sol.
Borate of Soda              Dry.
Bi-Carbonate of Ammonia    Sol.
Bi-Carbonate of Ammonia   Solid.
Carb  Ammonia            Cryst.
             ditto          Cryst.
            Baryta          Solid.
    "       Potassa         Dry.
             ditto           Sol.
Carb.       Soda            Dry.
             do             Sol.
"           Strontia         Precip.
Ether       Acetic
"           Hydro-Chloric
"           Nitric
"           Sulphuric
Flux  Black
    "       White
Fluate of Ammonia         Sol.
Ferro-Cyanate of Ammonia  Sol.
    do        Baryta       Sol.
    do        Potassa       Sol.
    do          do         Cryst.
    do        Mercury      Cryst.
    do          do          Sol.
Hydro-Sulphuret of Ammonia
Lime                       Sol.
Hydro-Chlorate of Ammonia Cryst.
    do            ditto      Sol.
    do        Baryta        Cryst.
    do         ditto         Sol.
    do        Cobalt        Sol.
    do        Platinum      Sol.
    do        Iron          Sol.
    do        Lime         Cryst.
    do         do          Sol.
    do        Gold          Sol.
Hydro Chlorate of Strontia   Cryst
    do         do          Sol.

    do        Tin          Sol.
    do        Zinc          Sol.
Nitrate of Ammonia         Cryst.
    do        Baryta       Cryst.
    do         ditto        Sol.
    do        Bismuth      Cryst.
    do         ditto        Sol.
    do        Coppor       Cryst.
    do         ditto        Sol.
    do        Iron         Sol.
    do        Lead         Cryst.
    do        do          Sol.
    do        Lime        Cryst.
    do         do          Sol.
Nitrate of Mercury         Cryst.
     do   do               Sol.
Nitrate of Mercury, without heat Sol.
     «<        Silver        Cryst.
    »         ditto        Sol.
    "        Strontia      Cryst.
     "      ,   ditto         Sol.
Oxalate  of  Ammonia      Cryst.
     do          ditto      Sol.
Phosphorus
Phosphate of Soda and Ammonia Dry.
Phosphate of Ammonia      Sol.
    do         Soda         Sol.
    do         do           Dry.
Potassa                     Solid.
    ditto                   Solu.
Papers Brazil
     do Tumeric
      do Litmus
     do Galls
Papers Ferro-Cyanate of Potassa
     do Starch
 Soda                     Solid.
ditto                       Solu.
 Strontia                   ' Solid.
 ditto                       Solu.
 Succinate of Soda           Sol.
1 
284       Catalogue of Chemical  Tests and Apparatus.
Succinite of Ammonia	Sol.	Sulphate of Potassa Cryst
Sulphate of ditto	Cryst.	do ditto Sol.
do Iron red	Sol.	Tincture Brazil
do Soda	Sol.	do Galls
do do	Cryst.	do Litmus
do Silver	Sol.	do Tumeric
AR9A1		BAWV&
Retort Stands		Hydrometers for Nitric Acid
Balance & Weights		1 oz. Flasks
Spirit Lamps		8 oz. ditto
Blow Pipes		Assay Jars
Platinum Wire		do do graduated
Forceps		Glass Funnels 3 inch
Platinum Foil		do do, 1 1-2
Silver CrucrWes (pure)		Pint Retorts
Platinum do		Gill db
Sets Hessian Crucibles		do Receivers
Steel Mortars and Pestles		Test Tubes
Wedgwood Mortars and Pestles		Glass Rod and Tubes
Wedgwood Evaporating Disl	les	1 oz. Bottles Stopped
Hydrometers for Sulph. Acic	I	1-2 do do
ditto Spirits		6 oz. do do
ditto Ether		1-4 oz. do do
 
CATALOGUE
                            OF

 CHEMICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL APPARATUS,

            UTENSILS  &  MATERIALS

Manufactured by a distinguished Artist of this City, and will be
               furnished at  moderate prices at

         Carpenter's Chemical Warehouse,



1  A portable Chest, containing various sized glass-stoppers and
   corked  bottles,  and tin  boxes filled  with  Acids, Alkalies,
   and  such Salts, Earths, Metals, and other ingredients as  are
   necessary for making the  Gases, and conducting the ordinary
   routine  of Chemical Experiments.  A  Wedgwood  Mortar,
   Pestle, Funnel, and nest of Evaporating Dishes.  A glass
   Funnel, graduated glass Measure, two small glass Retorts  and
   Receivers; a Stand  with rings  to  support  same; a  Spirit
   Lamp; a copper Sand  Bath;  a Thermometer; twelve Test
   Tubes arid stands for same;  a small tin  Pneumatic Trough,
   and nest of glass Jars for  collecting gases; a ditto for mercury.
   A pair  of  small  Scales  and  Weights;  a Blowpipe; a  sus-
   pended  Magnet, with Tests  and Filtering papers—being all
   that  is necessary for conducting a  complete course of Chemi-
   cal Experiments on a small scale.   As the  whole  packs into
   one small case, this apparatus will be found invaluable  to those
   who  travel, or have  not  access to a laboratory, or the means
   of procuring chemical apparatus or ingredients.
      The above is made of two  sizes, and varies in price accord-
   ing to the number and quantity of its contents, and the size of
   the  instruments.
2  A small Chest, applying more particularly to the chemical ex-
   amination of minerals, ores, and mineral waters, containing all
   the necessary tests and re-agents,with a Blow-pipe,Lamp, Scales 
286   Catalogue of Chemical and Philosophical Apparatus.

   and Weights for specific gravities, a silver Crucible, platina
   Capsule  and Forceps, steel Hammer and Anvil, a  Goniome-
   ter, Magnifying Glass, glass Flasks, &c.
3  A smaller ditto, limited  to the blowpipe examination only of
   mineral substances, and containing all the necessary apparatus
   for that purpose.
4  The same on a smaller scale, and made up in the form of a mo-
   rocco leather pocket book.
5  N. B. All the brass instruments  for the above are made also
   in silver, at  an extra charge.
6  Neat Mahogany Cabinets with drawers, locks and keys, contain-
   ing from one  to five hundred select specimens of Minerals,
   Shells, Fossils, or an assortment  of each for study, according
   to the  size and rarity  of the specimens.  Catalogues  with
   name  and localities attached to each.  Also, Dr. Green's casts
   ot" tm Trilobites.
   GENERAL  IMPLEMENTS FOR A  LABORATORY.
16  Open-mouthed white  glass Jars with  tin tops, for fitting  up
    Laboratoiies, as follows: one gallon,  half gallon, quart, pint,
    and half pint.
17  Wide-mouth Bottles with glass ground stoppers—quart, pint,
    eight, six, four, and two ounces.
18  Narrow-mouth white glass  stopper Bottles for fluids—quart,
    pint, eight oz.  or half pint, four, two, and one oz.
29  Glass Measures graduated to ounces  and drachms—two  and
    one oz. Drop Measures.
20 Ditto  graduated to cubic  inches and decimal parts—four
    inches, three inches and under.
21  Glass Funnels—quart, pint, and half pint.
22  White Wedgwood or English porcelain  Funnels—half pint,
   pint, and quart.
23 Do. Mortars and Pestles—No. 0, or quarter pint, No  1, half
   pint; No. 3, pint;  No. 4, quart.
24 Ditto Evaporating Dishes or Pans, in nests of five each.
25 Ditto Tubes  to pass through furnaces.
26 Small Test Tubes. 
      Catalogue of Chemical and Philosophical Apparatus.  287

27 Mahogany Stands to hold six of the above.
28 Glass and Enamel Stirring Sticks.
29 Dropping Tubes.
30 Plain Retorts of white glass—quarter pint, half pint, pint, one
    and a half pint, and quart.
31 Ditto tubulated, quarter pint, half pint, pint, pint and a half,
    and quart.
32 Mattrasses or Receivers for do. of white glass  and plain—
    three and a half inches diameter, four and a half inches diame-
    ter, six inches diameter, and eight inches diameter.
33 Ditto tubulated, two and a half inches diameter, four and a half
    inches  diameter, six and a half inches diameter,  and eight
    inches diameter.
34 Welter's  Tubes of safety.
35 Woolf s Bottles with two necks, pint, quart, and three pints.
36 Ditto with three necks, pints.
37 Bent glass tubes to use with same.
38 Perforated Corks to use with same.
39 Cast Iron Mortars and Pestles.
40 Brass and bell metal do. turned.
41  Triangular iron Trivets, to support hot crucibles, retorts, &c.
42  Small flexible lead Pipe, for conducting gases.
43 Do. of flexible copper for do.
44 Filtering  Paper, purified by boiling in distilled water.
45 Test Paper of Litmus, Tumeric, &c.
46 Bags of Caoutchouc or India Rubber.
47 Flexible weighing and levigating Knives of best kind.
48 White Tiles or Slabs of Marble and ground glass with Mullers
ARRANGEMENT OF PARTICLES  OF MATTER, CRYS-
   TALLOGRAPHY, AND DEFINITE PROPORTIONS.

58 A Case containing fifty Cubes of Wood, differently  coloured,
   and with names and other remarks upon them for explaining
   the Atomic Theory, and composition of all substances, as ar-
   ranged by Dr.  Green. 
288    Catalogue of Chemical and Philosophical Apparatus

59 Sliding Scales of Chemical  Equivalents, in  which Oxygen is
   called eight, as taught in  the schools of America.
60 Do. according to the notation of Berzelius, where it stands at
   ten.
61 Models in white wood of the six primitive  crystalline forms,
62 Ditto of the four forms ascribed to integral atoms.
63 The above and many other forms of  Solids and crystalline ar-
   rangements, cast in prepared Plaster of Paris.
64 Systems of wooden Spheres and Spheroids to explain Wollas-
   ton's hypothesis.
65 Dissecting Models in wood, for  explaining the laws of decre-
   ment on the sides and angles of crystals, according  to  their
   size and intricacy.
66 Rauy's or Carangeau's Goniometer, for measuring the angles
   of Crystals.
67 Dr. Wollaston's Reflecting Goniometer, reading the angles to
   minutes in a mahogany case.
68 A  pair of brass Plates with handles, for showing attraction of
    cohesion.
69  A pair of lead Plates for same object, with iron handles.
70  A Steelyard and Weight  mounted in mahogany frame, for as-
    certaining the force with  which these bodies are held together;
    serving also for the Magdeburg hemispheres.
71  Cork Balls of various sizes.
72  A pair of plate glass Planes, for demonstrating the ratio capil-
    lary attraction.
73  A set of six Tubes of different bores for the same.
74 The same mounted in a frame, with Reservoirs to hold different
    fluids.

            CALORIC AND ITS APPLICATIONS.
 §4 Dr. Black's portable Furnace, of plate iron, lined  with fire
    brick, with its accompanying apparatus, consisting of cast iron
    rings to diminish the aperture, a cast iron sand bath ten inches
    .diameter, two muffles and  tra\ s, a box of cupels, two nests of
    Hessian crucibles, one ditto of black lead, two pieces of gun
    barrel, a poker, shovel, coal and crucible tongs, crucible earth
    stoppers for all the holes, and four feet of strong iron chimney
    pipe, complete for work. 
     Catalogue of Chemical and Philosophical Apparatus.  289

     This furnace, though portable, answers allthe purposes, in
   a laboratory,;of the most  expensive brick construction.  It
   will fuse the metals, work cupellations for assaying or enamel-
   ling, produce the gases that require heat, and is  very  conve-
   nient for  passing  them  through heated tubes.  It admits of
   a much larger sand-bath, if required, and produces very little
   radiant heat to annoy the operator.  It weighs about two hun-
   dred pounds in its complete state; but when good fire brick
   and loam  can be procured, itmay  be  most advisable to have
   it in the skeleton form, andjESit  when fixed, which reduces
   its weight to sixty pounds.  ^^^
85 A two-gallon copper Still, to fit into the, above, with a worm
   tub, rendering it a most complete fire apparatus for any labo-
   ratory.
86 Knight's Portable Table Plate Iron Furnace :  has all  the ap-
   paratus and conveniences of the above, and the same articles
   attached to  it on a smaller scale.  It  works with charcoal
   upon a table, but being much  smaller will not produce so in-
   tense a heat.  It weighs about forty pounds.
87 A Portable Blast Furnace, capable of producing immense heat;
   is made of three large sized lead pots, bound with iron.  It is
   urged by a pair of double bellows, fixed in a convenient frame.
   The bellows apply  to other purposes.
88 Black-lead Pot  Furnaces, of all sizes.
89 Pokers, Shovels, Tongs, Gun Barrels, cast and wrought iron
   Grates, &c.  for the above.
90 Cast Iron  Cones for assaying.
91 Ditto Ingot and Button Moulds.
92 A pair of Brass Cupel Moulds.
93 The like made  of boxwood.
94 Pure Bone Ashes for cupellation.
95 Crude red Argol for flux.
96 Anvils for assaying.
9? Black-lead, Hessian,English and Wedgwood Crucibles or Melt-
     ing Pots, of all sizes, in nests.
98 Muffles, Muffle Trays, Crucible  Stands and Covers.  Skittle
   Pots and earthen Tubes.
99 Plain and  tubulated earthen Retorts.
                            2M 
290
Catalogue of Chemical and Philosophical Apparatus.
100 Lamp Furnaces, or Argand Lamps, with single wicks, of ja-
    panned tin and copper chimneys, with strong wire frames to
    suppoit Retorts, Evaporating Dishes, &c, and one  copper
    sand-pot or bath.
101 The like mounted on an iron stand, with three iron rings and
    adjusting screws.
102 The Stand alone, without the lamp.
103 A handsome japanned Argand Lamp on brass pillar and foot,
    with tin shade, glass and copper chimney, and three polished
    brass rings, with a copper sand-bath over same, forming an
    elegant parlour reading lamp, as well as one of great utility
    for chemical purposes, such as filtering with three funnels at
    once, as well as heating bodies, and supporting tubes  ?*nd
    other apparatus.                                      I,
104 The brass Stand with three shifting brass rings, but nojlamp.
105 The three Rings with the Stand, in polished brass and'iron.
106 Argand Lamps of any of  the  above forms, made  wfri two
    concentric wicks.                                     *~'\
107 Spirit Lamps of glass, with single tin burners.            ,
108 Do. with screwed brass burners.                       /
109 Ditto with ground glass caps, to  prevent evaporation of fthe
    alcohol.                                             f
110 Spirit Lamps all of brass, with two burners and  gfound air-
    tight cap.
Ill Ditto with three sets of burners, and three caps.
112 Blowpipe Lamps in tin and brass, of several constructions.
113 A Blowpipe Table Of pine wood, with double bellows to work
    by the foot, and large tallow lamps for boiling glass, bend-
    ing and sealing tubes, and many  chemical operations.
114 Blowpipes, of brass,  viz.; common jeweller's,  Cronstadt's
    fixed ball, Accum's tin cone ;  Pepy's screw ball, water guard
    and two jets;  Bergman & Gahan's with side sets; Pepy's
    portable  ditto, with pivot jet;   Dr.  Wollaston's  Portable
    Tube.  The  above are  made  all in silver, or with  silver
    mouth pieces, and platina jets.
115 Tilley's Hydraulic Blowpipe and Lamp, in japanned tin—can
    be used with  oxygen or common air, and is very convenient
    to such as cannot maintain a constant blast with the mouth. 
      Catalogue of Chemical and Philosophical Apparatus.   291

116  Newman's Compression Blowpipe of copper, with condensing
     syringe, stopcock, bladder and lamp for oxygen gas, in ma-
     hogany case.
117  Gurney's Oxy-hydrogen Blowpipe, with safety apparatus.
118  Dr. Hare's Oxy-hydrogen Blowpipe, being the best and safest
     apparatus of the kind, and forming two convenient gas hold-
     ders for using gas for other purposes.
119  Brass and steel Blowpipe Forceps, with platina points.
120  Silver and  platina  Spoons,  Capsules,  Foil  and  Wire for
     holding .substances while acting upon by the blowpipe.
121 Thick wax Candles for the blowpipe: very useful to travellers.
122  Bladders  with stopcocks, to supply blowpipes with oxygen,
     hydrogen, &c.
123  The CElopile, or self-acting Blowpipe, worked by the vapour
     of boiling alcohol with the spirit lamp, safety valve, and vari-
     able jets, handsomely  fitted  up in brass work.
 124  Cast-steel Hammers, for detaching fragments of minerals, to
     operate upon  with the blowpipe, or for  breaking specimens,
     of the  forms recommended  by Wollaston, Berzelius  and
     M'Culloch.
125 Polished tin, copper, and silver-plated  Concave Mirrors,
     mounted on stands, for show ing the effects of radiating caloric,
     according to  their size, mounting and finish.
 126 Two Stands with iron ball, wire cage for ice, and a shelf to
     support a thermometer, to accompany the above.
 127  Leslie's Radiator, or cube of tin, with black, white, polished
     and glass sides, on a pillar and foot, to show,the radiation of
     heat from boiling water through these various surfaces.
. 128 Two arms and  cups fixed to the above for holding bits of
     phosphorus.
 129 Large Watch Glasses to freeze water by evaporation of ether.
 130 Leslie's Apparatus for freezing water over sulphuric acid in
     exhausted receivers.
 131 Dr. Henry's Freezing Apparatus by muriate of lime and snow.
■ 132 Pepy's Freezing ditto.
 133 Two Tubes to freeze water by boiling ether.

              MEASURE OF  FREE CALORIC.
 143 Chemical Mercurial  Thermometer, with hinged boxwood 
292   Catalogue of Chemical and Philosophical Apparatus.

    scale, extending from the freezing point ef mercury to 600°
    of Fahr.
144 The like, a naked tube, with the division engraved on the
    glass;  to be used with strong acids.
145 Thermometers with a scale extending to 212° and upwaids.
146 Sanctorio's Thermometer on a large scale.
147 Air Thermometer on the construction of Sanctorio reversed.
148 Leslie's Differential Thermometer, with stand and cover.
149 Self-registering, or day and night Thermometers, on one scale.
150 Ferguson's Pyrometer, for expansion of metals.
151 Dr.  Green's  Calorifitor, to show the  unequal  conducting
    power of substances.
152 Cylinder and Plate with hole in two forms, for showing ex-
    pansion.
153 Bars of Brass and Iron  attached to each other, to explain
    Compensation Pendulums.
154 Large Thermometer Tubes fitted with water, spirit, oil, &c.
    to show relative expansion, the whole being on one frame to
    dip into  hot water.                             J
155 Wollaston's Cryophoru3.
156 Glass Boltheads and Flasks for experimenting'upon heated
    fluids.                                  /
157 Candle Bombs or Crackers, for expansive p^wer of steam.
158 Rupert's Drops, of green glass.
159 A Palm Glass to boil spirits by heat of the hand.
160 Pulse Glasses.

      AIR PUMPS AND PNEUMATIC APPARATUS.
170 Double Barrel Table Air Pump—three sizes.
171 Ditto larger and very perfect, to stand on the ground.
172 Single Barrel Table Air Pump.
173 Syphon Guages for above.   Barometer do.
174 Brass Stopcocks, three sizes.
175 Guinea and Feather Plate, with three drops.
176 Tall Glass for ditto.
177 A pair of three inch brass Hemispheres.
178 Bell to ring in vacuo—three constructions.
179 Lead Weights, and Bladder in frame.
180 Single Transfer Plate with Stand and Jet Pipe. 
      Catalogue of Chemical and Philosophical Apparatus.   293

181 Tall Glass for same.
182 Double Transfer.
183 Brass Plates, with wire drawing through  a collar of leather.
184 Glass quart Flasks to weigh air, answering also for electrical
    luminous bottle.
185 Plate and Cup for shower  of quicksilver.
186 Ground Receivers for the air pump.
187 English Barometer Tubes.
188 Exhausting Syringe.   Condensing ditto.
189 Glass Syringe to ignite amadou.  Ditto in brass tube.
190 Copper Ball and condensed Air Fountain, with syringe and
    revolving jets.
191 Apparatus  to fire gunpowder in vacuo.
192 Lead Weight .to screw  on a small exhausting syringe.
193 Air Mills, to show resistance of the air.
194 The Water Hammer, or water sealed  in an exhausted tube.
195 Hand and Bladder Glasses.
196 The Torricellian experiment, with tall glass receiver to cover.
197 The Bacchus Experiment, for illustrating  spring of air.
198 The Lungs Glass, with brass cap.
199 Glass Fountain, by spring of air.
200 Small Balance.with cork and bubble of glass and counterpoise.
201 Breaking Squares, fitted to act by spring or pressure,  with
    brass caps.
202 The Glasses alone, to fit into caps.
203 Wire Cages to place over same, and prevent accidents  in
    case of explosive experiments.
204 Plate, Stop-cock and Bent Pipe, with a tin  lamp, for fire-damp
    experiment.
205 Double male Screw, adapting pieces for stop-cocks and other
    apparatus.
206 Double female do. do.                x
207 Brass Caps to fit stop-c'ocks, for  cementing on to open-top
    receivers.
208 The like small, to cement to retort necks.
209 A set of large Models of Valves used in air and water pumps.
■210 Square  tin Frames of wire gauze  of different fineness, for
    experiments on flame. 
LIST
OP
                 FRENCH  AND  ENGLISH

         CHEMICALS,   «fec,

                          Xmportefc

                     And always kept  on hand at

Carpenter's Chemical Warehouse,  Fhilad'a.
-.•Ot-
Acid, Acetic, No. 6, in 4 lb. bottle9

    This concentrated acid is six times the
       strength of the distilled Vinegar ge-
       nerally sold.  One pint of this pure
       acetic acid, added to seven  pints of
       water, instantly produces a pure ve-
       getable  colourless  vinegar,  of the
       proper strength for the use  of Apo-
       thecaries and Druggists.

 "   Citric, Eng.  white
 "   Oxalic, London
 "   Prussic, Scheele's 1 oz. vials
 «     "   German   do
 "   Tart. pulv. English,  pure
 «    "    "   American
Amnion. Carbon, in jars and bottles
  "       "   Aromatic, 1 lb. bottles
Antim. Pulv. Febr. 1 lb. bottles
 "      "  1 lb.  papers
 "    Tartaris, pulv.
 «        "     "  1 lb.  papers
 ">       "  Crystals, English
 «        "     "     French
Aqua Rosse, opt. in pint bottles
Antimony, Golden Sulphur, pure
Ammonia, Nitrate of, pure
Aventurihe, white
   "     yellow
Acidulated Lemon Drops, Lofdon, 5 and 10
                      lb. cans
   "      "     "   Jib. cans
   "     Rose, 5 and 10 lb.    "
   "      "   Jib.         «
Asbestos, in J lb. boxes
Bird Lime, 1 lb. pots
Bolus Knives, cocoa  handles, (best steel,)
   from 34 to 12 inch blades
Boxes, Pill, (card,) London
  "  Tooth Powder, No. 1,2,3, (white wood)
      assorted, labelled, and varnished, Lon-
      don made and well seasoned
  "  Lip Salve, No. 1 and 2
Boxes, Steel, Tinder, plain
 "     "     "   engraved
 "   Pill, glazed paper, white edges
                      gilt   "  2 sizes
Boxes, Fancy, (6 patterns,)
Boxes for Soda Powders,
 "  forSeidlitz  "
 "  Phosporus, flat, tin
 "      "     round, tin
 "  Plain round paper, 1 oz.
 "  Coloured, French Pill, high and low
 "  White Metal, Shaving
 "  Jeweller's Paper, in nests of 6
 "  Square Paper, in nests of 6, from 3 to
       9 inches long
 "  for single Powder  Puffs, embossed
       paper
Bougies, Wax
Black Drop, Howit's
 "    "   Braithwait't
Brome, 1 drachm vials
Brucine,   do
Barytes, pure,
   "    Muriate of
   "    Nitrate of
Boule de Mars
Bismuth, Metallic
   "    Oxide of, Pelletier's
Blow Pipes, to fill Otto Rose Vials
Beans, St. Ignatius, or Feve St. Ignace
 "   Tonqua
Brushes, London Tooth, common, silver wire,
   "      "     "  Trepanned
   "      "     "  marked" Youths' and
                    Misses'"
   "   for Portrait Painters, Badger's Hair,
   "       "       "     Martins'
   "        «       "    Bristles,
   "       "       "     Camels' Hair,
                         short
   "       "       "     Camels' Hair,
                         long
Bronze, pale 
List of French and English Chemicals, $c.
295
Bronze, Yellow
   "    White
   "    Crimson
   "    Green
Balances, Salter's patent
Conf. Senna, l lb. pots
o 'i .?Vs*;. Gall.  4lb. pots,
Colchici. Vinum.  l lb. Wles
         1 inoture
   "   Sem. fresh
Calcis. Murias, l  lb. bottles
Cheltenham Salts, efflorescent
Court Plaster, black
  "      "   pink
Corn Rubbers, Prout's, fin ereat «.■,,.»„!
«»• VUI  i'n bales of ffofKgro


Chalk, French, white
Cobalt, Oxyde of, pulv.
  "   blue
Carmine, in 1 oz. papers
    "    superfine Cochineal
Cinchonine
Cardamom Seeds, fresh
Calomel, London, genuine
Dragon's Blood, Reed, superior
Delphine, 1 drachm vials
Dentists' Composition Leaf
Emp. Adhesive, Eng. (linen)
  "  „  " .   .   "  cotton
  "  Hyd. Ammon.
  "   Diachylon
  "  Adhesive
Ext. Colocynth. C.
 "   Sarsaparilla, C.
      One ounce of this extract,  added to
        one quart of water, instantly forms
        the compound decoction of Sarsapa-
        rilla, of the London Pharmacopeia.
  "  Hyosciami
  "  Conii, Eng.
  "  Belladona do.
  "  Aconite, do.
  "  Opium, dry, Pelletier's
  "  Angelica
  "  Balsam Copaiva, concent'd. Pelletier's
  "  Black Pepper
  "  Belladona, pure
  "  Nux Vomica, alcoholic
  "  Opium, demorphinized, pure
  "  Toxicodendron
  "  Aloes
  "  Black Hellebore
  "  Cicuta, 1st. and 2d. quality, French
  "  Dandelio, Pelletier's
  "  Fennel
  "  Kahinca, for the dropsy, by Pelletier
  "  Gentian
  "  Jalap
  "  Rhubarb, watery .
  "  Rhatania
  "  Valerian
Eau Medicinale de Husson, for the gout
Ear Trumpets, of silver and natural shells
 "      "     Pointer's patent Gum Elastic
 *'      "     double
Elaterium, Clutterbuck's
    "      Pelletier's
Emetine
Essence of Ginger, Oxley's
Evaporating dishes, 10 in a set
Formulary of  the Paris Hospitals, in En-
           glish, by Ratier
     "     Magendie's in English
     «         "       French
Flacons, Toilet, painted and gilt porcelain,
        newest patterns
   "   glass, moulded, assorted forms
 Flor. Spor.
 Funnels, Wedgwood,
 Gum Ammon. Colat. 1 lb. pots
 Gold Beaters' Skins, London
 Grains de Same Dr. Frank's, in boxes,
 Oold, Mu riate of; 2 drachm vials
  "  Oxide of,   1    «    «
 Gum Elastic Bougies
  "    "       '?  hollow
        "    Catheters
  "    "    Rectum Bougies
        "       "    Catheters
        "    Pessaries, round
   '    "       «    oval
  "    "    Seton Tapes
  «    «    NjPPle Shields,
  .,    ..     "   .  "    and boxwood
  "    "    Stomach Tubes
  "    "    Bougies, armed
        "    Injection bam
  " t.  "       "       <f small
 trentianine
 Gowland's Lotion, genuine
 Hyd. Cum. Creta.
  " Sulph. Nigr. 1 lb. bottles, English
 Hat or Green Issue Cloth
 Hydrometers for Spirits
        "    Sirup
        "    Alum
        "    Borax
        "    Rochelle Salts
        "    Epsom   do.
        "    Salt Petre
&<     "    Ether
 x      "    Oil of Vitriol
 g      "    Blue Vitriol
        "    Aqua Fortis
        "    Chlorates
        "    Beer or Sacharometers
        " _   Concentrated Acids
Heads, Articulated, Human
   "   Sawed in vairous ways
   "   Doct.  Gall's, marked
Horn Scoops, for Apothecaries' drawers
Issue Plasters, stamped, (Sandwell's)
Issue Peas, Orange, assorted
  "  Iris,           do.
Iodine, 1 oz. phials
   "  Salts of,  1 oz. phials
Iron,  Chlorate of
Jujube Paste, in neat  glazed  paper boxes,
    containing 1 oz. each, with  directions
    and show bills
Jujube Paste by the pound
Jalap, Resin of
Kermes' Mineral, No. 1 and 2
Lake, Crimson, English, No. 00
  " fine  "        "         2
  "  "   "        "  .       3
  " dark "        "
  "   Purple      "
  "   Yellow      "
Lancets,  Laundy's genuine
   "     Simpson's   "
   "     Evan's      "
   "       "      imitation
Lancet Cases, black shagreen, 2, 3, 4,  and
            6 holes
   "     "  plain black paper
Lozenges, Eng.:—Horehound, Iceland, Gin-
    ger, Tolu, Coltsfoot, Anniseed, Ipecac,
    Fluted Lemon, Jujube, Paregoric, Rhu-
    barb, Pontrefact, Otto Rose, Nutmeg,
    Squill, Aromatic,Chalk, Magnesia, Gum 
296          List of  French and English Chemicals, fyc.
    Arabie,  Cinnamon,  Clove,  Soda  and
    Peppermint, Ginger and Soda, Bicarbo-
    nate Soda, and Bath Pipes
 In neat oval bxs. eng^d labels, con'g 1 oz. each
    The same in bulk.
 Lozenges, Peppermint, in boxes
    «       "      per lb.
    «      Ching's  Worm
 Liq. Ammon. Concent. (1 lb. bottles)
    This highly concentrated fluid is jised in
      chemical experiments, and for impart-
      ing pungency to  smelling bottles. It
      is about six times the strength  of the
      Liq. Ammon.  of commerce.
 Liq. Ammon. Aromatic
  " Arsenic, Fowler's, (1 lb. bottles,)
 Lint, patent. No. 0, 1, 2, 3
 Liquorice, refined English, (10 lb. cans)
 Lycopodium
 Lupuline, very superior
 Leaves, Digitalis, French
 Lime, Chlorate of, in crystals,
  "   Phosphuret of
 Lunar Caustic, (45 per cent, silver)
 Labels, gummed, for druggists, 200 in a box
1  "    Deatli Head, for Prus. & Oxalic Acid
 Magnes. Calcin.  opt. in J, J, and 1 lb. bott.
    "      " ,  "   in S lb. boxes
 Mortars and Pestles, Wedgwood's pat. dur.
No.
0000
 000
  00
  0
  1
  2
Diam.  inch

     3
     3|

     4
     5
     Si

     n
     8
     8i
     9
     °i
    101
    11
    "i
    12*
Measure.
 2  oz.
 2  «
 3J "
 6  "
 8  "
 12  "
2 pints
3J  «
4J  "
S\  "
7J  «
10
Mortars and Pestles, 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. Sth. 6th.
                  and 7th. sizes
    "    «    «   Bell Metal,  3 pints, 2
    and 4 quarts, \, 1, and 2 pints
Mercury, Cinnabar of
    "    Iodide of, (Proto)
    «     "    «  (Deuto)
    "    Cyanure of
    "    Phosphate of
    "    Prussiate of
Morphine, Sulphate of, 2 drachm vials
    "    Acetate of
    "    Muriate of
    «    Pure
Manganese, Oxide of, free from Iron
Mahogany Medicine Chests, fitted with bot-
    tles, and lined with silk velvet
Musk, in grain, half and 1 oz. vials
  "   in pod, 10 oz. canisters
Medical Spoons
Narcotine
Nickle, Metallic
Oil Cubebs, pure, English
 " Pimento
 " Roses
 " Rhodium
 " Almonds, essential, English
 "    "        «     French
 " Laurel
 " Ambergris
 " Chamomile, essential
Oil Carnation, (ffiillet)
 " Cochlearia
 " Melisse, (Balm)
 " Mille Fleurs
 " Jonquil le
 " Orange Flowers, (Neroli)
 " Sandalwood
 " Toxicondendron
 " Vanilla Beans
 " Cardamoms
 " Sarsaparilla
 " Valerian, pure
 " Violets
 " Coriander
 " Cedrat, (Citron Flowers)
 " Jessamine
 " Lavender, Garden, French
 "     "       "     English
 " Limette, (Lime Flower)
 " Bergamot
 " Lemon
 " Orange
 " Origanum, (red  Thyme)
 "     "      (white  "  )
 " Rue
 " Rosemary
 " Savin
" 5?^
" Tub
      berose
 " Cloves
 " Cassia
 " Anis
 " Cajaputa
 " Wormwood
 " Wormseed
 " Wintergreen
 " Sassafras
 " Carraway, English
 " Juniper
 " Succin. Rect English
 " Naptha, purified
 " Croton, English
 "    "   Pelletier's, in boxes
 " Spurge, (Euphorbia Latyris)
 " Sweet Almonds
 " Bitter   "          '
 " Purified, Watchmakers', 1 oz. vials
Pipes, Ivory, for injection bags,
Pill Tiles, Wedgwood's, 7 by 9 and 8 by 10
  "   "  graduated 8 by 10
Pill Machines, 1 to 5 grains, and 12, 18, 24,
    and 30 pills, according to  size
Pills, Hooper's,  stamped genuine
  "  Scott's, Anderson's do.   do.
Pill Hydrarg. 1  lb. pots
Potassse Carbon. 1 lb. bottles
Putty Powder, super, No.. 5
Presses, Patent  Portable, for  making Tinc-
                   •    tures, small size
   "      "      "      larger
Plaster Spatulas, No. 1  •
Plaster Cicuta,  French
Paste, Bragg's Chemical Polishing
  "  Hafford & Co.'s
Powder, Bragg's Plate
   "    Sago, new article, in tin 1 and J lb.
    boxes
Drop Measures, for measuring from 1 to 100
    drops
Latin Labels for bottles and  drawers, very
    neat, for different size bottles, from 4
    oz. to gallon
Proof Stoppered Vials, in Russia Leather
    cases, £ oz.  1, 2, 3, and 4 in a case
Proof Stoppered Vials, in Russia Leather
    cases, 1 oz.  1,2,3, and 4 in a case
Vials, for Otto Roses,
  "  French J oz. glass stoppers 
List of French and English  Chemicals, $c.
297
Y «U» F««ench * oz- Sla»» stoppers
       "     ^ cc       »i
	i<	cc
12	(«	IC
16	cc	l(
20	cc	cc
24	«	IC
i 1	cc it	large mouths
	cc	it
2	cc	cc
 ?owder Puffs, each in a gilt edge figured
              paper box
          "   in gilt edge boxes of £ dozen
             and 1 dozen each
 phosphorus
 lungents, Moulded, plated tops
    "     White and coloured
    "     Cut, plated
    "      " silver plated
    "     Col'd.    «
    "     Flat col'd., new article
 Potassium
    "    Cyanure of
 Jiperine
 Picrotoxine
 Platina Wire, for Dentists, assorted sizes
   "  Plates and Bars
   "  Sponge
 Pocket Lighu, round,
   "      "   square
   "      "  Matches, in boxes
 Paper, Filtering
  "      "    No. 2
  "   Assorted, coloured, glazed
 Poor Man's Friend
 Potash, Oxymuriate of, French
  "   Acetate of, or Sal. Diuretic
  "   pure
  "   Iodate of
  "   Hydriodate of, in 1 ounce  vials
Paraguay Roux, for tooth-ache
Pectoral Gum, Regnaulfs
Porcelain Pots, J, J, and 1 oz., 3 forms
Eouge, Jeweller's
Robinson's Patent Barley, in J lb. papers
    «       "    Groats,      do.
 Rhubarb, Pulv. China, pure
    "     "   Turkey do.
 Rad. Mazerion
 "  Rhei, Turkey
 "  Valerian, pulv. pure
 "   Turbithe
 "   Polypode
 "   Pareyra Brava,
 Rass, Conni Cervi
 Scales, flat beams, oak boxes,  5, 5£, 6, 6£, 7,
    and 8 inch
 Scales, round beams, oak boxes, 5, 5£, 6,6§,
                   7, and 8 inch
   c<     cc      cc  no boxes, 5£ inch
   cc     <.      «  mahogany boxes, brass
                   pans, 6 inch
   cc     cc      «  brass pans, 6 J & 7 inch
   c     '<      "  glass pans, 6, 6£, and
                     7 inch
   cc     cc      cc  giju, pans, No. 2; 6,
                   6£, and 7 inch
   cc     cc      «  brass pans, No. 2; 6,
                   6£, and 7 inch
   "   Diamond
   "   Elegant brass, on mahogany stands
 Scales, Nicholl's patent, London, a new
          and convenient article
   "    Nicholl's, on stands
   "    round beams, Japan Boxes, for me-
          dicine Chests
   "    flat beams, Japan Boxes, for medi-
          cine Chests
 Scale Pans, glass
 Saucers, Pink, small size, Reeves'
    "   Peach,    "       "
    "   Purple    "       "
    "   Blue     «       "
    "   Assorted colours, in a dozen
    "   large, same assortment of colours
           as small
 Stanni, Oxyde, Ppt.
 Salicine, new tonic
 Scammony, Smyrna
 Spunk, 1st quality
 Strontian, Muriate
    '•'     Nitrate
    "     pure
 Suspensary Bandages, cotton
    "         "     silk
 Skeletons on wire, male
    "        "   female
    "    not wired
 Strychnine
 Sulphur, Hydriodate
 Sulph.  Quinine, Pelletier's
 Sulphate of Rhubarb,  (Rhubarbarine,)
 Soda, pure
  "  Iodate of
  "  Hydriodate of
  «  Chlorate, Crystals
 Sodium
 Snuff, English, lb. and £ lb. jars, 12 kinds
 Sarsae,  pulv. London
 Saffron, Eng.
   "    Spanish
 Scent Bottles on cards
 Skins, French, No. 1
  "   English, No. 1,  2, 3,4
  "   Split, French
 Sal. Diuretic
 "  Acetosella
 «   Prunel.  Glob.
 Scillae, pulv. London
 Salts, Preston's, cork stoppers
  "     "     glass stoppers
Sieves, Cyprus, in nests of 12
Soap, White Windsor
Thermometers, Pocket, red cases
     ««       Cylinder  do.
     "       Block Tin
     "       Brewers' Boxwood
 Tweezers, English, on cards
Tin Foil, 12 sheets to the lb.
Twine, French, red
  "   English, white
Thrydace, or Lactucarium
Teeth, Human, eight front upper
  "   Mineral
Tannim
Tapers, in boxes of 90 each
 Titanium, pure
   "     Oxide of
Tooth Wash, Hudson's Botanic
Ultramarine, (de Guimel)
Veratrine, 1 drachm vials
Varnish, fine French,  Picture
Vaccine Virus Bottles,  Dr.  Plunket's  in
   Russia eases
 Vanilla Beans, No. 1,
   "      "       2,
   "      "       3,
 Wafers, red, in 1 lb. bags, 1st. quality
2N 
90S         Lnt «f French and English ChuokaU,  4fc.
W«fe»„red, in J rib. bag*, 2d. guaaty
                        3d.
aol'4.   M
  cc     <c
black   "
red in J lb. boxes
4th.
1st.
*d,
1st.
1st.
1st.
  "    col'd note, 3 lb. do. 1st.  •
  "    black J.lb. do.    1st.  '
  "    red Notarial, 1st. quality
  "    transparent, Nate
  "    Pea, red and coloured
  "    fancy coloured
Weights, Brass, solid, 1 lb. down
Weights, brats, cased, 1 lb. down,
   «r      «~«,i»fl  4 1b.  »
   ««       "  eup  4 lb.  "
   "     snnk in mahog. blocks, 4 lb. down
   «     drachm
   '*     grain
   <•     diamond
Wax, common red, for sealing bottles
Zinc, Cyanide of
Zinci, Acetas
Superior Poreelain Canopy Top Jars, Blue,
    Green, Fawn, and Cream colours, from
    1 oz. to half gallon; a very neat and su-
    perior article. 
                G. W. CARPENTER'S
            Compound Fluid Extract of


             (spigelia marilandica,)

  Tht most effectual Worm-destroying Medicine yet discovered.


  There is no disease of so extensive a character among children
as worms, which aggravate all other diseases, and are the chief
cause of fevers, bowel complaints; and chronic and nervous dis-
eases incident  to childhood, which are numerous and frequently
fatal.  It is a fact much to be regretted, that thousands of children
are swept off, or are rendered feeble, pale and emaciated through
the first stage of life, which leads  on to pulmonary complaints,
&c. &c.  Most of the remedies made use of for this disease are
strong drastic medicines of a poisonous character, which debilitate
the stomach, and  often  materially injure the health of patients.
The oil of wormseed, which has been recommended and is pre-
scribed at present by  the faculty, is so deteriorated  by adultera-
tion and mixture, or the product of inferior seed, that no depend-
ence whatever can be placed upon it.  The worm  tea, as it is
commonly called, composed chiefly of  pink root, is made so  very
inferior, almost wholly of stalks and leaves, that it is nearly  worth-
less * and there is no preparation in a convenient form of exhi-
bition which is considered safe  and approved of by the faculty.
The pink root is considered  by all  who are acquainted with its
properties to be one of the  safest and most  effectual  remedies.
There  is,  however, considerable of  that which is  sold  almost 
300
Compound Fluid Extract of Pink Root.
 worthless, containing but a small portion of the root;  it also re-
 quires considerable care and attention in extracting its properties,
 which is not generally done by those  unacquainted with pharma-
 ceutical  preparations.  Under  these  circumstances, G. W. Car-
 penter has thought it advisable to prepare an  extract of the spi-
 gelia, combined with seveial of the vegetable remedies most ap-
 proved of, for  the convenience of the faculty, particularly those
 in the  country, and feels assured he will be supported by them in
 the introduction of this article,  whose composition is known and
 can be prescribed by them in safety and confidence, and will be
 the means of putting down the various nostrums  introduced by
 the ignorant and inexperienced, and which are productive of se-
 rious evils to the community.   This article will be carefully pre-
 pared  of  uniform strength, and can be administered with safety
 to persons under any circumstances.
   There  is no  disease which produces  so much disturbance in the
 system as worms.   Not only do they aggravate ordinary diseases,
 but they  give rise to a great variety of very alarming anomalous
 affections. The whole train of spasmodic  and convulsive diseases
 may proceed from the irritation by worms in the alimentary canal.
 Cholera, epilepsy, catalepsy, tetanus, paralysis, mania, and convul-
 sions,  as well as a variety of other  nervous and convulsive affec-
 tions, are not  unfrequently the  immediate effects of this cause.
 Besides these  diseases, worms have also been known to produce
 pleurisy, pains  in the side, dysentery, remitting fever, dropsy of
 the brain, chronic and spasmodic  cough,  &c. &c. &c.
   Among the symptoms which  indicate the presence of worms,
 the following are the most common and striking:—A pale, leaden
coloured,  and occasionally flushed countenance; a bluish streak
 under the eyes  ; these are dull and heavy, the  pupils are either
dilated or much contracted; the lower eyelids and upper lip swell,
especially during the night while sleeping; great itching in the
nostrils, which  causes the patient to pick his nose;  foul breath; 
Compound Fluid Extract of Pink Root.        301
   disturbed sleep, during which the patient grinds his teeth, is apt
   to scream out and start up suddenly, as if frightened; tingling in
   the ears ; giddiness; interrupted speech; palpitation of the heart;
   a dry and  spasmodic cough; irregular and  depraved  appetite,
   which is either entirely suppressed or exceedingly voracious ; the
   stomach swelled and hard ; looseness of the bowels; costivenes3;
   unnatural slimy stools; pains in the bowels,  wasting  of flesh,
   convulsions, fits, palsy;  and, finally, death.

                      REMARKS.—January 1834.
     It is  now about one year since the introduction of this medi-
   cine, and the proprietor  is pleased to find, after a full trial and ex-
   tensive use of this preparation in the hands of the faculty, the
   most flattering accounts  have  been  received of  its  decided
   anthelmintic properties.  Numerous letters have also  been re-
   ceived from distinguished members of  the medical  profession in
   various parts of the  United States, all corroborating and substan-
,   tiating the valuable properties which this medicine has justly ac-
   quired.
     The  highly valuable medicinal qualities of the spigelia is ac-
   knowledged by every medical writer of experience.  Some fool-
   ish objections have  been raised  by ignorant people of supposed
   deleterious properties, which  they imagine is contained in pink
   root, and hence  pronounce it a dangerous remedy ; some of them
   probably to give more claim to a favourite  nostrum which the same
   fancy, or probably interest may have  induced them to suppose  bet-
   ter adapted.' The following remarks of the distinguished medical
   author, Dr. Paris, will dispel these cobwebs of the imagination, and
   at once set the subject at rest, by exhibiting its true properties.  He
   decidedly gave preference to spigelia over all other remedies,  and
   considers it so safe and valuable that he  recommends it to chil-
   dren even where there are no worms, and asserts  its efficacy to be 
302         Compound Fluid Extract of Pink Root.
conspicuous in abating the violence, and frequently in altogether
subduing what is popularly denominated Worm feter; a fever pe-
culiar  to children, and  characterised by a very rapid pulse, dry
hot skin, circumscribed  flush  on the  cheeks, red lips, a peculiar
mottled or speckled appearance of the tongne, owing to its being
but partially covered by the dingy white slimy scutf upon it, con-
stipated and distended bowels, with pungent heat externally, and
excessive nervous irritability.   This disease appears to be seated
in the  mucous membrance of  the  alimentary canal, and although
it may arise from, or be  connected with worms, it probably ori-
ginates more frequently from other sources of irritation; in either
case the spigelia, combined  if necessary with some more actively
cathartic medicines, is perhaps  the best of all remedies for this
species of fever.  In relation to the small vine which is sometimes
mixed with the  spigelia, and to which narcotic and  poisonous
properties have been ascribed by these same deluded alarmists,
the same distinguished  author asserts to be entirely inert,  as he
demonstrated  by preparing  a strong infusion of it, and also, by
eating freely of it  without experiencing any sensible effects.—
See Paris' Pharmacologia, page 315.
   The following have been indiscriminately selected from a large
number of letters received from physicians  of the highest re-
spectability, all expressing  the  most favourable  opinion of this
medicine, and  ascribing to it the most safe and active anthelmin-
tic properties.
   Extract of a letter received from Dr.  George Halberstadt a re-
spectable physician of Pottsville, Pennsylvania :
                                 Pottsville, May 31, 1834.
   Dear Sir,—1 have used all the compound extract of pink root
 which you sent me, in my own practice,  and I have found it easy
 to administer  to children, and  a very active and highly useful 
Compound Fluid Extract of Pink Root.         303
     preparation to the country practitioner. I will thank you to send
     me four large bottles more of it  with the medicines you are put-
     ting up for me.
                            Respectfully yours,
     To Mr. Geo. W. Carpenter.        G. HALBERSTADT, M. D.
       Extract of a letter received from Dr. C. H. Jordan, of Person
     county, North Carolina:—
                            Person County,  N.  C. May 27, 1834.
,      Dear Sir,—I have used some of your compound fluid extract
     of spigelia  since I received it  with  the most happy results.  It
     was an extreme  case, and worms were destroyed  in considerable
     numbers until scores were brought away.  I consider it a valuable
I     remedy, and will continue to use it whenever opportunity occurs.
                               Yours respectfully,
     To Mr. G. W. Carpenter.           C.  H.  JORDAN, M. D.
       Prepared and sold only, by GEORGE W. CARPENTER, at
     his ■Chemical  Warehouse, No. 361, Market Street, Philadelphia. 
               CARPENTER'S
      CONCENTRATED COMPOUND
                           OF


                 Cubebs and Copaiva.

   The above preparation is a combination of the proximate prin-
ciples of those substances, and are united in  such proportions as
are  usually  prescribed  for gonorrhoea, gleet,  strictures,   &c.
This preparation  has superior advantages  over the crude sub-
stances, the dose being  very small, and  not  unpleasant to take.
It is compounded in the most neat and eligible mode for the con-
venience of the  faculty,  being in a very  portable and condensed
form, and at all times ready for use, and will keep without injury
any length of  time.  Full directions accompany the preparation.
   This medicine has but very recently been introduced, and has
already acquired a high degree of reputation ; it is daily increas-
ing in use among the faculty, and  has given in all cases the high-
est degree of  satisfaction.   I select the  following letter from  a
large number corroborating the statement  of the writer of the pre-
sent one  here submitted.
   Extract of a letter from Dr. John W.  Lott, a respectable physi-
cian of Middlesex county, New Jersey, dated September 13th,
1833 :—
   Dear  Sie,—I have cured several cases of the  gonorrhoea with
your compound of cubebs, sarsaparilla, and  copaiva, and am now
using it in three other cases.   One  was a case of only three or
four days' standing.   The symptoms were severe for a recent case; 
             Sarsaparilla, Cubebs  and Copaiva.            305

I put him under the use of your concentrated preparation, and in
the course of four days, with the assistance of injections, a com-
plete cure was  effected.   The second case was a young man,
about  twenty-eight years of age, had been  labouring under  a
gonorrhoea for some  weeks, had been under  the medical  care
during the time with  but little relief.  Called  on me about the
1st of August; I gave him a bottle of your medicine, to be used
according to your directions.   He then had swollen glans penis,
a discharge of a thick, yellow, greenish matter, occasionally tinged
with blood, painful smartings  in urinating, a frequent desire to
urinate, and painful erections  of the penis  or cordee: I ordered
only simple injections of water, that I might have a fair opportu-
nity of seeing the full effects of  your medicine, and after the use
of four bottles, a complete  cure was effected.  In your medicine
 you have the  virtues  or active principles of the  best medicines for
 the cure of gonorrhoea, besides  a  medicine rather pleasant than
 otherwise; my opinion  is,  taking  into consideration the  active
 properties of your medicine, with its pleasantness to take, there  is
 no medicine in use equal to it for the cure of gonorrhoea.
                                   JNO.  W.  LOTT, M.  D.
   To Mr. G, W. Carpenter.
   Prepared and sold, only  at  G.  W. CARPENTER'S  Chemi-
 cal Warehouse, No.  301, Market street, Philada.
20 
CARPENTER S
   BEDFORD  SPRING  POWDERS,

                       for making the

     Waters of the Celebrated Bedford Springs.

   The water of the celebrated Bedford Spring, as a gentle aperi-
ent and tonic, is equal, if not superior to any native spring in the
United  States.
   It is resorted to, annually, by numerous persons, in various parts
of the United States, who have experienced the most salutary and
beneficial effects from the use of it.
   The difficulties which persons are subjected  to  in getting the
bottled  water at a distance, and the expense of visiting the springs,
has confined its use to  a much less number than would be pleased
to enjoy the  advantages of it.  Under these circumstances, Geo.
W. Carpenter, with much pleasure, announces the preparation of
the above powders, containing all the essential substances with
which these springs are impregnated, and  by which the waters of
the Bedford Springs are effectually imitated.
   For the accommodation of the public, agents will be appointed
in all the cities and principal inland towns in the United States,
to give  a general circulation to  so useful an aiticle throughout
the country.
   They are a safe and gentle purifier of the blood, and afford great
relief to those of plethoric habits residing  in crowded cities with-
out sufficient exeicise, and those who participate freely of the
luxuries of life.  From its  mild aperient  and tonic properties, it
will be found particularly serviceable in dyspepsia and indigestion, 
                  Bedford Spring Powders.               307

of which numerous persons have entirely recovered by the use of
this  water.  Persons on sea voyages, or residing  at a  distance
from the springs, and in warm climates, will at once perceive the
great advantage of making use of these powders,  which besides
being more portable and less expensive than the bottled water, will
keep without injuring any length of time.
   0&~ These  powders are  superior to the Seidlitz, inasmuch as-
they are equally aperient  and agreeable", and at  the same time
possessing valuable tonic and chalybeate qualities,  and are conse-
quently better adapted for weak  or debilitated constitutions than
 any other cathartic in use.
   Manufactured and for sale only by G. W.  CARPENTER, at
 his  Chemical Warehouse, No. 301 Market Street, Philada. 
 
Acetate of Morphia, Solution of   -              -       -    31
Acid Acetic, fort.    .                                  157
----Citric       -      .       .       .       .       .   151
----Prussic  -      -      .       .       .       .      j5g
-----------* Pectoral Mixture of -       .       .       -   160
------------Cyanic Syrup of -       -       .       .      160
----Pyroligneous, pure  -       .       .       .       -   157
Ammoniae, Gum      -      -       .       .       -      148
Anatomical Preparations, Catalogue of    -       -       -   270
Anthemis, Nobilis    -       -       -       -       .      145
Antimony Tartrate      -      -       .       -       -   211
Aloes, (Cape, Socotrine, and Caballine)       -       -      147
Apparatus, Chemical and Philosophical, Catalogue of    -   285
Aromatic Chalybeate Confection     -       -       -#      ib.
                            B
Bark, Peruvian   -      -      -       -       -       -    48
----Calisaya ------       53
-------------Arrolenda        -       -       -       -    54
—.----------Plancha                                    **•
-------------False      -      -       •       •       •    ib.
Pale, or Loxa    -       -       -      -      -      55
----Red
----Injured by age
56
60 
310
Index.
Bark, Adulteration of - -	Page 61
----Precipitated Extract of -	64
----Maracaibo ....	- 77
----Choice Selection of	201
Bedford Spring Powders -	- 306
Blue Mass	109
Black Oxide of Mercury -	- 200
Boneset, Compound Fluid Extract of -	240
Brucine -	- 135
Buchu, Compound Fluid Extract of	215
                            c
Carpenter's Chemical Warehouse, Description of      -       19
Carrageen, or Iiish Moss  -       -       -       -       -    83
Cantharides  -       -       -       ■       -       -      121
Caballine Aloes -      -      -       -       -       -    147
Cape Aloes   -        -       -       -       -       ■       ib.
Cantharidin, Oil of       -       -       -       -       -   206
Calomel      ......      208
Catalogue of Anatomical Preparations    -       -       .   270
----------Chemical Tests and Apparatus    -       -      282
■           --------and>Philcsophical Apparatus       -   285
----------Medicines, &c. for a Physician   -       -      244
-----------------------------Druggist       -       -   273
------------■----------------Country Storekeeper      277
----------Surgical Instruments       -       -       -   261
----------French and English Chemicals   -       -      294
Caution to Physicians    .....   242
Chlorides of Lime and Soda    ....    270
Chamomile      -       -       -       .       .       -   145
Carbonate of Iron      .....    210
Chalybeate Ginger Powders      -       -       .       .   214 
                           Index.                       311
Cinchona, Adulteration of            .       .       -      61
         Calisaya       .       .       .       .       -53
         History of  -      .      .      .      .       48
——---Maracaibo     .      .      .       .       -    77
--------Oblongifolia       .       .       .       .       56
--------Loxa   -       .      .      .       .       -55
Cinchonine, Sulphate of      ....       59
Cinchona, Precipitated Extract of       ...    64
Cinchonine and Quinine      ....      199
Citric Acid       ......   151
Citrated Kali         .....      199
Colchicum Root   ......   122
-----------—Wine of      ....      123
---------Seed of       -      -      -              -   124
-------------Wine of      -       -       -       "!       H>-
Copaiva Balsam   -       -       -      -      -      -  196
------Solidified     -       .,      -       -       -       74
------Oil of......197
------Cerate of            -       -       -       -      238
Chemicals, Catalogue of  -       - „    -      -      -  294
Compound of Sarsaparilla, Cubebs, and  Copaiva      -      304
Confection, Aromatic Chalybeate  -       -  •               211
Cofigress Powders     -       -       -  .
Compound Tonic Extract -
Cornus Florida   -
___________Extract of        -                        203
                                                       204
Circinat.
________Extract
Cornine, Sulphate
Crenata Diosma, Extract
Croton Tiglium
225
200
202
205
203
215
167 
312
Index.
Croton Tiglium, Oil of    -       -       -       -       -107
Cubebs, Oil of       -       -      -      -      -     198
Cyanic Syrup     -       -       -       -       -       -  150
Cyanuret of Potassium       -                          161
■■——----:— Zinc        •       -       -       -          ib.
t '    -----Iodine   .....     162

                           D
Delphine -       *       -       -       .       -       -  163
Digitaline    -      -       -      -      -      -     182
Druggist, Catalogue of Medicines, &e. for a      -       -  273
Diosma Crenata,  Extract     ?      -      -      -     215
Denarcotized Extract of Opium   -       -       -       -   26
-----------Acidulous Tincture of Opium  -      -      17
Doses of Medicine       -       .              -       -  244

                            E
Elm Bark    -                                        146
Emetic, Tartar    ......  210
Emetine      ---...     137
—-----Pastiles  of       -       .       .              -  138
-------Syrup of           .      .      .      -     139
Ergot    -       -       .       .       .              -  119
-----Wine of       -----      iJ.
Eupatorium Perfoliatum  -                              241
Extract of Bark, Precipitated                             65
■.--------Black Pepper  *       P       .       .       -  104
--------Buchu, Compound        -      .      .     215
--------Boneset, Compound    -       -       .       .  240
------Compound Tonic    ....     200
--------Cornus Florida        «...  203
------■-------- Circjnat    -                          205 
                         Index.                        31

Extract of Mustard   .             -      -       -      72
    ——- Nux Vomica, alcoholic -      .       .       .131
            Tincture of
Opii   .
    Denarcotized  -
Fat Manna
132
 26
 26
201
          Quinine
          Rhubarb    .       .      .
        - Sarsaparilla, Compound        -      .      .   i8g
        - Spigelia, Compound       .       .       -      299
Extracts, Vegetable      .      .      .      .      .240
English and French Chemicals      .-       ,       .      294

                           P
153
Feni Carbonat   -      .     ... .      .      _      .  211
----Hydriod- Liquid    -                              129
Flake Manna    -       -      -      -       .      .  240
Fluid Extract of Buchu  -                              215
------------Pink Root      ....  299
----------— Sarsaparilla     -      . •     .      -  189
Fol.  Senna       -       .       .      .       .      -  ]07
Flu Anthen Nob -              ....  145
French and English Chemicals, Catalogue of     -      -   294
Cum Aloes      -      -      .             .      .  147
----Ammoniac  -      -      -      -      ,      .  14«
----Myrrh.     -      -      -      -      -      .  149
Gentianine      -       -      -      .      .      .  169
---------Syrup of     -       -       ...      -  170
Ginger Powders. Chalybeate     -       r-      -      -  214 
314                       Index.
Gold, Pieparations of

Hepatica Triloba Syrup
Hydriodate of Iron, Liquid  -
-----------Potass, Solution
-----------------Ointment
Hydragyri. Mass.
H
164

228
129
125
126
109
Iodine
-----Tincture
-----Ointment
Ioduret of Mercury, Proto
Deuto
Ointment of
Pills of  -

Ointment of
Tinct. 0f
Sulph. ^Eth.
Pills of  -
Iron, Hydriodate Liquor of  *
lodo Hydrargyrate of Potassium
Iodide of Lead
Iodine, Cyanurete of -
Iron, Carbonate of
Instruments, Surgical, Catalogue of
                            K
Kali, Citrated   -
                            L
Lead, Iodide
Lime, Chloride  -
124
125
127
127
128
129
127
128
ib.
128
ib.
129
130
131
162
211
261
131
173 
Index.
315
Liquid Chloride of Soda
Liquor Ferri Hydriod
Liverwort, Compound Syrup of
Lupuline  -
--------Pills of   -
--------Tincture of
-- Syrup of
M
Manna       ....
Medicines for a Physician, Catalogue of
           1---Druggist,     do.
—    ■■------Storekeeper,   do.
Meloe Vesicat.
Mercury, Black Oxide
■-------Experiments on
 Proto and Deuto lodurets
---------------Ointment
Tincture
Pills
Morphia
Solut. Acetate of
Moss Irish  -
Moschus
Mixture, Pectoral   -
Moxa
Myrrh, Gum


Narcotine
Nux Vomica, Extract
M
Tinct
NicotianaTabacum
-	. - 517
-	- 129
-	- 228
-	- 164
-	- 265
-	- ib.
■	- 165
_	- 153
■	- 244
-	- 273
	- 277
-	- 121
■	- 200
-	- 109
-	- 127
■	- 128
-	- ib.
-	■ 129
30,	33, 136
-	- 31
■	- 83
-	- 155
-	- 160
-	- 155
-	- 149
.	- 31
•	. 131
•	. 132
.	. 143
 
316
Index.
                             o
Oil of Black Pepper
-----Croton
----------- Soap of
-----■  Copaiva                 .
-----  Cubebs
------ Cantharidin      *-
-----  Euphorbia Lathyris
-----  Sinapine
-----  Tobacco
Ointment Hydriod. of Potass
--------Iodine
---------Proto Ioduret of Mercury
-------- Deuto   do         do    s
---------Iodide  of Lead .
---------Veratrine
Opium, Turkey    .      .      ■•• *
—■-----East India
------English
------Extract of
------Denarcot. Acid. Extract of
---------------------Tincture
------Dr. Hartshorne's Acet'd Tinct. of
------Rezin Coutchouc, Oil and Acid
------Manufacture of    .
Oxide of Mercury  .

                             P
Pastiles of Emetine
Peruvian Bark
Pectoral Mixture   . 
                           Index
 Pepper, BIack, Extract of
 T    *----OH of
 Phosphorus
 Pill, Hydrarg.
 PiUsofProtoIoduret of Mercury
     — Deuto   do
 "       Srtychnine
        Lupuline
 *------ Veratrine
 Piperine  .
 Platina. Preparations of
 Potass, lodo-Hydrargyrate, Solut. of
 ------Hydriod Solut   .
_"--------------Ointment
 —-----Cyanuret
 Poppy, Cultivation of
 Preface to the 1st Edition
 -------------2nd Edition^
 Prussic Acid
 Pyroligneous Acid
 Piper Cubeba, Oil of
 Powders, Chalybeate Ginger
 ------- Saratoga
 --------Bedford Spring
 Physicians,  Caution  to
 -------- Catalogue of Medicines for
 Preparations, Anatomical, Catalogue of
 Pink Root, Compound Extract  of   .
Q
Quinine, Sulphate
—-—■ ■■•'.- Extract
     317

  .   104
105, 195
     183
     109
     129
     128
     132
     165
     144
      92
     164
     130
     125
     126
     161
      38
       5
      11
     159
     157
     198
     215
     225
     306
    224
    244
    270
    299

     62
    20J 
318
Index.
 Rhubarbine       -
 Rhubarb, Syrup of   -
 --------Extract of
 Rheum       -
 Red Bark        ....

                             s
 Salacine      -
 Saratoga Powders
 Sarsaparilla   .....
 ---------Compound Fluid Extract  of  -
 ---------Cubebs and Copaiva, Compound of
 Scammony       ....
 Senna
Secale Cornutum  -
---------------Wine of     *. ^
Selection of Peruvian Bark     ^^
Sinapine, Oil of
Solidified Copaiva
Socotrine Aloes
Soda  Chloruret
Soda, Chloride  Liquid
Soda Lozenges
Soap of Oil of Croton  .
Solanine   ....
Solution Hydriodate of Potass.
-------lodo. Hydrargyrate of Potass
Slippery Elm Bark
Spigelia,  Compound Extract of
Spanish Flies
Stramonii, Sem. Extract   .
 81
 89
 90
150
 56 
Index.
Strychnine
--------- Pills of
          Tincture of
Sulphate of Quinine   .
---------Rhubarb
Surgical Instruments, Catalogue of
Syrup of Liverwort
      - Emetine
------- Cyanic
------- Lupuline
■"■       Gentianine
319

132
 ib-
134
 62
 87
261
228
139
162
165
170
 Tartar Emetic .
 Tincture of Deuto and Proto-Iodurets of Mercury
 --------- Iodine     «...
 --------- Extract Nux Vor^J  .
 ---------Opii Denarcot.
 ---------Lupuline
 --------- Opium, Hartshorne's
 --------- Strychnine
 --------- Veratrine  ....
 Tiglium Croton   ....
Tonic Extract
Tobacco          .
u
Ulmus
Urea
210
128
125
132
 27
165
 29
134
HI
166
200
143
146'
163
Vegetable Extracts
         *
210 
 320

 Veratrine  .
 ---------Pills of
 ---------Tincture of
 ---------Ointment of

 Wine of Ergot
-<------ Colchicum Root
-----------------Seed
Index.
140
141
 ib.
142

119
123
 ib,
Zinci Cyanuret
161
                  ERRATA
Pags 939, eleventh line for Dispensatory, read Dispensary. 
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