NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE Reference Division MEDICAL ASPECTS OF THE CIVIL WAR References and Notes to Accompany an Exhibit at the National Library of Medicine January-October 1961 Washington, D. C< February, 1961 mmmi mumnm tvz c./ INTRODUCTION The present exhibit, prepared in commemoration of the Civil War Centennial, features the Library's holdings of books and pictorial material of the Civil War Period. Material is exhibited in three different locations: Room 117, Room 107 and at the head of the stairs on the second floor. In Room 117, cases 1-3 feature material on military medicine, with some emphasis on the developments in military medicine and materiel; case 4 touches on research and development in the fields of medicine dur- ing the War; and other cases deal with the role of Women in the War, the "Yellow Fever Plot" and important publications of the Union and Confederate Statesc Colored lithographs of general hospitals line the walls of this room. In Room 107 (one case) material centers on Armory Square Hospital which was directly across 7th Street from the present Library. It is of special interest that some sections of the Library once occupied quarters in the Fisheries Building, still standing, and during the Civil War years a part of Armory Square Hospital. At the head of the stairs on the second floor, two cases called "April Fourteenth" exhibit Faber's sketch of President Lincoln on his death bed and portraits of the principle physicians who surrounded the President during his dying moments. Publications relating to Lincoln's last hours are also on display. MILITARY MEDICINE IN THE WAR From ineffective beginnings the Medical Departments of the Union and Confederate Armies had by 1863 developed relatively efficient medical services. Listed below are some selected references on military medicine in the War, published since 1950o Adams, G. W. Doctors in blue; the medical history of the Union Army in the Civil War. New York, Schuman, 1952. xii, 253 p. Confederate militarv medicine. [Editorial] JAMA 175: 394-5, 1961. Cunningham, H. H. Doctors in gray; the Confederate medical service. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press, 1958. xi? 339 p. Hall, C. R. The lessons of the War between the States, Int Rec Med 171:408-30, 1958, Kincaid, JQ E. Military medicine during the Civil War0 Univ Mich Med Bull 23:282-8, 1957. King, J. E., Shea, D. F. Shoulder straps for Aesculapius. Milit Surg 110:209-19, 1952. Medical aspects of the first battle of Bull Run. King, J. E0, Shea, D. FQ Shoulder straps for Aesculapius. Milit Surg 111:186-95, 1952. Role of Tripler andLetterman in the Civil War. King, J. Eo Shoulder straps for Aesculapius; the Atlantic campaign. Milit Surg 114:296-306, 1954. 1 King, J. E, Shoulder straps for Aesculapius; the Vicksburg campaign, 1863. Milit Surg 114:216-26, 1954. Preston, Re H. Hospital transports; with special reference to the Steamboat Allen Collier and the Cincinnati branch of the U. S. Sanitary Commission. Ohio Med J 53:1037-8; 1156-7, 1957„ Pritchett, C. P. The Blue soldier; his health, hisphysicians0 Ohio Med J 49:421-7; 514-8, 1953. Riley, H. D. Medicine in the Confederacy. Milit Med 118: 53-64; 144-53, 1956. Stark, R. B. Surgeons and surgical care of the Confederate States Army. Virginia Med Monthly 87:230-41, 1960. Sunseri, A. R. The organization and administration of the Medical Department of the Confederate Army of Tennessee. J Tenn Med Ass 53:41-5; 79-82; 166-73; 212-8; 326-31,1960. MEDICAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD The Army Medical Museum The Army Medical Museum was established by direction of Surgeon-General Hammond in 1862. One of the Museum's most notable contributions to research was the pioneering work in microphotography by Joseph J. Woodward (1833- 1884) and Edward Curtis (1838-1912). 2 Library of the Surgeon General's Office, U. S. Army (now National Library of Medicine) From 1862-1866, the Library of the Surgeon General's Office, U. S0 Army, was located in the headquarters of the Surgeon General of the Army, adjacent to the Riggs Bank Building at the northwest corner of 15th Street and Penn- sylvania Avenue, N. W. In 1864 (May), the Library numbered 1,365 volumes and in 1865 (October), 2, 253 volumes. The importance of the collections of the Library for the production of the Medical and surgical history of the War of the Rebellion has been attested to by J. J. Woodward in the Introduction, volume 1, Medical History: "The great Medical Library which my colleague Surgeon John S. Billings, has [been] enabled. „. to collect for the benefit of Medi- cal Officers and of the Medical Profession of the country, has afforded me opportunities for the study of the ancient and modern literature of the subject [Alvine] Fluxes not heretofore enjoyed by any American medical student " Medical Schools In the North medical schools continued to operate without dislocation. Chairs of military surgery were established and new schools were founded. In the South, however, all medical schools except the Medical College of Virginia closed. The College is said to have played an important role in training Medical Officers for the Confederate Army. 3 The National Academy of Sciences The National Academy of Sciences was established through an act of Congress in March 1863 to give the government technical advice in connection with the conduct of the Ware The Academy seems to have acted in the interest of the Medical Department of the Army only once. On January 14, 1864, at the request of the Acting Surgeon-General of the Army, a Committee on the Question of Tests for the Purity of Whisky was established, with Benjamin Silliman, Jr. as Chairman „ The Committee submitted its report January 6, 1865. Pharmaceutical Research The War gave special impetus to pharmaceutical research The Squibb Laboratory in Philadelphia and the Wyeth and Brothers Laboratory at first developed drugs for the Army but when these failed to keep up with the needs of the Army, the Army constructed two laboratories of its own; one of these was the United States Army Laboratory at the northeast corner of Sixth and Oxford Streets, Philadelphia. The operation of this Laboratory has been described by its Assistant Chemist, C. Lewis Diem% in his article, United States Army Laboratory. Amer J Pharm 78:559-74, 1905o The Navy had operated its own pharmaceutical laboratory since the 1840's and this con- tinued in operation throughout the War. 4 The blockade of Southern ports produced an acute shortage of drugs in the Confederate States. This story is told in: Franke, N0 H. Pharmaceutical conditions and drug supply in the Confederacy^ Madison, Wisconsin, American Institute of the History of Pharmacy. 1955, 45 p. (University of Wisconsin. History of Pharmacy Department. Contribution No. 3). SOME NOTABLE MEDICAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE WAR The greatest single publication of the war was the Medical and surgical history of the War of the Rebellion (Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1870- 1888), prepared by the Office of the Surgeon General, U. S. Army. This work, in six large volumes, remains the most comprehensive source of information on the medical and surgical aspects of the Civil War. The first of a long line of publications on neurosurgery issued by Army Surgeons is the celebrated Gunshot wounds and other injuries of nerves, (Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1864), by S. Weir Mitchell, George R, Morehouse and William W. Keen. The volume was based on research carried on at Turner's Lane Hospital, Philadelphia. The activity of the Medical Branch of the Provost Marshall General's Bureau produced the monumental Statistics, medical and anthropological 5 of the Pr o vos t -M ar shall - Gener aT s Bureau derived from records of the examination for military service in the armies of the United States during the late War of the Rebellion of over a million recruits, drafted men sub- stitutes, and enrolled jnen, compiled under the direction of the Secretary of War by J„ H. Baxter, vols. 1-2, (Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1875)e The U„ S. Sanitary Commission is perhaps best known for its practical work in camps and hospitals and for its fund raising activities. It, how- ever, sponsored a series of publications of great extent. The most important of these were published in series as Sanitary Memoirs of the War of the Rebellion Some of the great medical journals of the country had been published in the South; with the War all of these ceased publication. In order to keep Confederate Medical Officers and civilian physicians informed of advances in medicine the Confederate Surgeon General's Office published The Confederate States Medical and Surgical Journal. Vols, 1-2, Jan, 1864 - Feb. 1865. THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE WAR "The presence of female nurses in hospitals.,. was not only one of the out- standing novelties of the War, but an event in American social history. The 6 War opened the gates of a great profession to women at a time when their economic opportunities were scarce." Adams, G. W. Doctors in blue. New York, Schuman, 1952, p. 176. Some Selected Recent References on Nurses in the War Baker, N. B. Cyclone in calico; the story of Mary Ann Bickerdyke. Boston, Little & Brown, 1952. 278 p. Gumming, Kate. Kate: the journal of a Confederate nurse By Kate Cumming. Edited by Richard Barksdale Harwell. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press, 1959. xx, 321 p, Marshall, M. L, Nurse heroines of the Confederacy. Bull Med Libr Ass 45:319-36, 1957. Of special inter st is the career of Dr. Mary Walker who was appointed Contract Surgeon March 1864. Two articles about Dr. Walker are: Phillips, B. First woman doctor in the Army. Med Woman's J 51(l):25-6, 1944. Poynter, L, Dr. Mary Walker, M.D, Pioneer Woman Physician. Med Woman's J 53(10):43-51, 1946. 7 WAR HYSTERIA "Yellow Fever Plot" A once sensational episode of the War was the "Yellow Fever Plot." The story grew out of allegations introduced into the trial of the Lincoln con- spirators that a Dr. Luke Pryor Blackburn (1816-1887) of Kentucky had gone to Montreal as a Confederate agent and there had planned the use of what would now be called bacteriological and chemical warfare against the North. The testimony reads in part as follows: "The Dr. Blackburn to whom I referred.. „ is the same that packed a number of trunks with infected clothing for the purpose of introducing pestilence into the states... "Dr. Blackburn stated that his object in having these goods disposed of in different cities, [New York, Philadelphia, and Washington] was to destroy the armies or anybody they came in contact with... All these goods, he told me, had been carefully infected in Bermuda with yellow fever, small pox, and other contagious diseases... "The goods in the valise, which were intended for President Lincoln I understood him to say, had been infected both with yellow fever and small pox. „. and I afterward heard that it had been sent to the President... "It was [further] proposed to destroy the Croton Dam at New York. Dr. Blackburn proposed to poison the reser- voirs and made a calculation of the amount of poisonous matter it would require to impregnate the water so far as to render an ordinary drought poisonous and deadly., „ Strychnine, arsenic, prussic acid, and a number of others were spoken of as the poisons he proposed to use." 8 Pitman, Benn, Comp, The assassination of President Lincoln and the trial of the c onspi r at or s. New York^' T865. Passim, Additional testimony implicated Dr. Montrose AD Pallen (1836-1892), a well known St. Louis physician. Drs. Pallen and Blarkburn were quickly tried in the public press and in the editorials of medical journals, with the result that Dr. Pallen was expelled from the American Medical Association at its 1865 meeting in Boston. The principal witness against the doctors was shortly proved to be a fraud and a liar and Dr. Pallen was restored to membership in the American Medical Association at its 1866 meeting. The immediate fate of Blackburn seems to be unknown. By 1867, however, he had returned to the South and in 1879 he was elected Governor of Kentucky, It is perhaps of some local interest to note that Dr, Joseph M, Toner, a prominent Washington, D. C. physician, stood out in the above dealings in vain opposition to the prevailing hysteria. Samuel A, Mudd, M.D, (1833-1888) Dr. Mudd's trial for complicity in the assassination of Lincoln^ his con- viction, imprisonment and eventual pardon (Feb* 13, 1869) has been the subject of a number of books and medical articles. Many scholars be- lieve that Dr. Mudd was a victim of "war hysteria, " 9 Three recent references are: Gardner, J, U. Samuel A. Mudd, M.D. Bull. NY Acad Med 30:626-9. 1954. Mudd, Nettie. The Life of Dr. Samuel A, Mudd. Marietta, Georgia, Continental, 1955. 363 p. Shapiro, E. Samuel A. Mudd. N Engl J Med 258: 701-2, 1958. Portrait. APRIL 14, 1865 THE ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN The President was shot shortly after 10 p. m., April 14, and died about 7:20 a. m., April 15. Several doctors attended him, first in the box at Ford?s Theatre, and later at the Peterson House across the street where he had been carried. Dr. Charles Leale, the first physician to reach the President in the theatre box, and Dr. Charles Taft, who was also present, have published accounts of Lincoln's last hours. These and some secondary sources are: Case.— A.L-, aged 56 years... In: U. S. Army. Surgeon-General's Office. The medical and surgical history of the War of the Rebellion (1881-1865). Part I. Surgical volume. Second issue. Washington, Govt. Print. Off<,, 1875. p. 305-6. Summary of the case including the post-mortem. 10 EisenschimL 0o The case of A.L. — aged 56; some curious medical aspects of Lincoln's death and other studies. Chicago, Abraham Lincoln Book Shop, 1943. 55 p. Gilmore, H, R. Medical aspects of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Proc R Soc Med Lond 47:103-8, 1954. Leale, C, A. Lincoln's last hours, n.p., 1909, 16 p. Purtle, H. R, Lincoln memorabilia in the Medical Museum of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Bull Hist Med 32:68-74, 1958, Shutes, M. H. Lincoln and the doctors; a medical nar- rative of the life of Abraham Lincoln. New York, Pioneer Press, 1933. 152 p. Taft, C. S. Last hours of Abraham Lincoln, Med Surg Reporter 12:452-4, 1865. Reprinted: Chicago Med J 22:227-31, 1865; Chicago Med Examiner 6:310-4, 1865; Brit Med J 1:569-70, 1865. Tee van, W. F. How were the fractures of the orbital plates of the frontal bone of the late President Lincoln produced? Lancet (London) 2:105, 1865. Woodward, J, J, [Report of the autopsy on the body of President Abraham Lincoln] 4 p. Handwritten (Photocopy), A Note on Lincoln?s Eyes "Photographs of Lincoln show an apparent deviation of his left eye upward.., Ophthalmologists have postulated defects in Lincoln's extraocular muscle function; namely, left hyperphoria and hypertropia (vertical deviation)," Adelson, S0 L, Lincoln's health. Harper Hosp Bull 18:117-9, 1960, p, 119. 11 Crisp, W. H. The eyes of Abraham Lincoln. Amer J OphthSer. 3, 15:754-5, 1932. Holt, E, E. Abraham Lincoln. Ophth Rec (Chicago) 23: 389-93, 1914. "Diagnois of heterophoria not only from a portrait but from the diplopia which occurred., „ in 1860." Maxey, E. E. The effect of impaired vision on Lincoln* s personal habits. Northwest Med 25:310-2, 1926. Mitchell, S. Diagnosis of heterophoria from a portrait. OphthRec (Chicago) 23:224-6, 1914. ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF SECRETARY OF STATE SEWARD Seward (already disabled from a carriage accident) was severely attacked by one of the assassins (Payne) in his home on the night of April 14th. Dr. Tullio S. Verdi, a Washington homoeopathic doctor and personal physician to Seward, wrote: "Full particulars of the attempted assassination of the Hon. Secretary Seward, his family and attendants." This was published in the Western Homoeopathic Observer of May 15, 1865, and in other homoeopathic journals. Surge on-General Joseph K. Barnes, having heard of the attempted assassination, came to the Seward home and aided Dr. Verdi in treating the wounded Secretary of State. Illustrative of the bitterness of one of the chief medical controversies of the times was the censure of Barnes for consulting with a homoeopathic physician, introduced at the annual meeting of the Medical Society of the State of Ohio (reported in the Medical and Surgical Reporter 13:30, 1865). 12 PICTORIAL MATERIAL EXHIBITED LITHOGRAPHS Room 117 U. S. Army. Citizens Volunteer Hospital, Philadelphia. Interior and exterior views showing exterior of hospital in center with ward scene, laundry, kitchens, drug room and other interior views grouped around center illustration. Color lithograph by P. S. Duval & Son, Philadelphia [1864?] U. S. Army. Douglas and Stanton General Hospital, Washington, D. C. View of entire installation. Located at New Jersey Avenue & S Street extending to 2nd & K Streets. Color lithograph by Charles Magnus, 1864. U. S. Army. Finley General Hospital, Washington, D. C. View of entire installation; unfinished Washington monument and Capitol in background. Located north of Boundary Street (now Florida Avenue) onBladens- burg Road. Color lithograph by Charles Magnus, 1864. U. S. Army. Lincoln General Hospital, Washington, D. C. View of entire installation with reference key to numbered buildings. Located on East Capitol Street (about a mile from the Capitol). Color lithograph by Charles Magnus, 1864. 13 U. So Army. McKim's Mansion General Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland. View of entire installation; soldiers drilling in foreground. Made about spring 1862, prior to expansion. Handwritten numbers on buildings with key added below. Color lithograph by E. Sachse & Co,, 1862. U, S. Army. Mower General Hospital, Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania. View of entire installation; train in right foreground. Color lithograph by P. S. Duval & Son, [1864?] Room 107 U. S. Army. Armory Square Hospital, Washington, D. C View of entire installation with the Capitol in background. This Hospital was constructed during the summer of 1862. Lithograph by Charles Magnus. PHOTOGRAPHS Room 117 Ambulance Corp of the 57th N. Y. Infantry removing the wounded from Marye's Heights, May 2, 1864. Both the two wheeled ambulance, dreaded by casualties because of its jolting, and the more merciful four wheeled ambulance are shown. At the battle of Gettysburg the Ambulance Corps of the Union Armies consisted of some 1000 ambulances. 14 Federal soldiers wounded on Maryevs Heights (1864), after the second battle of Fredericksburg. Rough surgery has been performed on the field. Group photograph showing Dr. Jonathan Letterman, Medical Director of the Army of the Potomac, with his staff, in front of a tent in a wooded area. Old Farm House at Fair Oaks, Virginia. This house was used as a hospital in June of 1862, by the troops of General Joseph Hooker. Ogrinal Brady photograph. The Red Rover, the first full-fledged American Navy Hospital Ship (1862). Riggs Bank Building at the northwest corner of 15th Street & Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W. The small two story building set back from the sidewalk, at left, housed the Library of the Surgeon General's Office (now the National Library of Medicine) in 1864. Surgeon dressing a wounded forearm at a field hospital. Unidentified surgeon performing an amputation in front of a tent hospital. U. S. Army. Armory Square Hospital, Washington, D. C. Ward in Armory Square Hospital, with mosquito nets draped above each bed. U. S. Army. Group of military men and women, members of the U. S. Sanitary Commission seated in front of a tent at the General Hospital, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. "View from the battlefield... July 1st, 2nd, and 3rd [1863] by Tyson Brothers, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. 15 U, S. Army. Ladies Home General Hospital, New York. Exterior view from corner, dispensary entrance at left, with patients and nurses at front door and at windows, hansom cab parked outside the front entrance. Color photograph by G. G. Rockwood & Co. U. S. Army. Lincoln General Hospital, Washington, D. C. Photograph showing Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul, who nursed at Lincoln Hospital, in front of their living quarters and chapel. U. S. Army. Lincoln General Hospital, Washington, D. C. Photograph showing gangrene tents located on the hospital grounds. U. S. Army. Lincoln General Hospital, Washington, D, C. Photograph showing the interior of ward four. This ward contained fans over each bed, and fans were connected to a machine which could be operated by one person. Room 107 U. S. Army. Armory Square Hospital, Washington, D. C. Interior view of Ward K at the Armory Square. The photograph was entitled "Incidents of War" and was published by A. Gardiner of Washington, Do C. 16 Chapel at Armory Square Hospital, The Capitol can be seen in the background. A group of five soldiers with leg amputations at Armory Square Hospital. The name of each soldier and his regiment is listed below the picture. 2nd Floor Landing The Faber sketch, executed after the body of the President had been removed, is said to have been checked for historical accuracy by Barnes and Woodward. The positions assigned to those present agrees with the accounts of Leale and Taft. Drs, Barnes, Crane, and Stone are readily identified in the sketch. The identification of Dr. Leale is perhaps less certain. Room 202 Group photograph showing the staff of the surgeons of the U, S. Armory Square Hospital. Among the physicians shown are Dr. Do W. Bliss, Commander of the hospital and Dr. Charles A. Leale, in charge of the Commissioned Officers Ward at the hospital. 17 PORTRAITS JOSEPH K, BARNES, 1817-1883 M. D, University of Pennsylvania, 1838, Surgeon-General, U„ S. Army, 1864-1882, On the night of April 14th Dr, Barnes first attended Secretary Seward at the Seward Mansion. He then went to the Peterson House, where he attended Lincoln, until the President's death at 7:30 a.m., April 15th. In the Faber sketch, Barnes is shown seated in a chair at the side of the bed looking at his watch. In 1881 Barnes was consultant to D. W. Bliss in the case of President Garfield. CLARA BARTON, 1821-1912 Miss Barton has been called a one-woman relief agency. She visited numerous battlefields and helped either by temporary nursing or by distributing the relief goods she had collected. She was the prime mover in the founding of the American Red Cross (1881-1882) and was its first president. JEDEDIAHH. BAXTER, 1837-1890 M. D. University of Vermont, I860, Chief Medical Purveyor of the U. S. Army, Surgeon-General, U, S, Army, August 16- December 4, 1890, He was for a time physician to President Garfield. His exclusion from the wounded President's bedside by D. W, Bliss, let loose the utmost bitterness in local medical circles, JOHN SHAW BILLINGS, 1838-1913 M, D. Medical College of Ohio, 1860. Served in the field and in Army hospitals until 1864, where he was assigned to duty in Washington in connection with the Medical and surgical history 2? 1*1? War of the Rebellion, In the fall of 1865, Billings received or "assumed nominal charge of the Library of the Surgeon General's Office (now National Library of Medicine), a position he held until 1895. During much of his tenure as Librarian, the Library occupied quarters in Ford's Theatre. 18 LUKE PRYOR BLACKBURN, 1816-1887 M, D. Transylvania University, 1834. Dr. Blackburn was a cen- tral figure in the "Yellow Fever Plot. " He was elected Governor of Kentucky in 1879. D. WILLARD BLISS, 1825-1889 M. D, Western Reserve, 1845. In charge of Armory Square Hos- pital (1862-1865), Dr. Bliss was in charge of President Garfield from the time he was shot until his death (July-September 1881). Carte-de-visite, Brady photograph dated 1865. CHARLES H. CRANE, 1825-1883 M, D, Harvard University, 1847. Surgeon-General, U. S. Army, 1882-1883. In the Faber sketch Dr. Crane is shown supporting the head of President Lincoln, Original carte-de-visite photograph. EDWARD CURTIS, 1838-1912 M. D. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York. Dr. Curtis assisted Dr. J, J. Woodward at the Lincoln autopsy. He was as- sistant to Woodward at the Army Medical Museum from 1864-1870 where both did pioneering work in microphotography. In 1869 Curtis co-authored with John Shaw Billings a report on cryptogamic growths in cattle disease, one of the earliest investigations on the subject of the bacterial causation of disease. Original carte-de-visite photograph. 19 DOROTHEA D1X, 1802-1887 Appointed to provide nurses for hospitals in the Washington area, April 1861. Appointed Superintendent of Female nurses without territorial limits, June 1861. Miss Dix had acquired an inter- national reputation for her work in behalf of a humane treatment of the insane and mentally defective, ROBERT FLETCHER, 1823-1912 Dr. Baxter acknowledges the assistance of Dr. Fletcher in the preparation of Statistics, medical and anthropological, etc. It is believed that Fletcher wrote the 25 page "Outline of the history of athropometry" in this work, in addition to compiling the bibli- ography. Dr. Fletcher served as a regimental surgeon and medi- cal purveyor during the War. For the last 36 years of his life he was connected with the Library of the Surgeon General*s Office (now the National Library of Medicine), where he was Principal Assistant Librarian, Editor of the Index-Catalogue and the Index Medicus. JAMES C HALL, 1805-1880 M= D, University of Pennsylvania, 1827. A prominent Washington, D, C. physician, Dr„ Hall was present at the Peterson House during the President's last hours. He took no part in the profes- sional care of the President, however. Dr. Hall is said to have attended professionally every President from John Quincy Adams to Lincoln. 20 WILLIAM A. HAMMOND, 1828-1900 M, Do University of the City of New York 1848, Surgeon-General, April 259 1862-August 18, 1864. The Union Army had four Surgeon- Generals during the Civil War Period. Thomas Lawson was Surgeon- General from the beginning of the War until May 15, 1861 (he had been Surgeon-General since 1836); Clement Alexander Finley from May 15, 1861 to April 14, 1862; William Alexander Hammond, April 25, 1862- August 18, 1864; and finally Joseph K, Barnes was Surgeon-General from August 22, 1864 through the end of the War and until 1882, Of the above, Finley and Hammond had difficulties with Secretary of War Stanton. Finley resigned as a result of these and Hammond was even- tually court mart ialed. His case was a cause celebre for many years among medical circles. General Hammond is considered to have been one of the Army's greatest Surgeon-Generals. He established the Army Medical Museum, ordered the preparation of the Medical and surgical history of the War of the Rebellion, recommended the for- mation of an Ambulance Corps, suggested the development of an Army Medical School, etc. A recent article on Hammond is: Drayton, W. S. William Alexander Hammond, 1828-1900; Founder of the Army Medical Museum, Milit Surg 109:559-65, 1951. DAVID LOW HUNTINGTON, 1838-1899 Dr, George A. Otis, 1830-1881, prepared the first two surgical volumes of the Medical and surgical history of the War of the Rebellion. Owing to the death of Otis in 1881, Major David Low Huntington prepared the final surgical volume, Dr, Huntington was Librarian of the Army Medical Library, 1896-1897, WILLIAM W. KEEN, 1837-1932 M. D, Jefferson Medical College, 1862. Co-author of Gunshot wounds and other injuries of nerves. In 1893 Dr. Keen was Dr. J. D, Bryant's assistant during the now well known 'secret operation' on President Cleveland for cancer of the palate. 21 ALBERT F0 A. KING, 1841-1915 M, Do Columbian Medical College, 1861; University of Pennsylvania, 1865. Attended Lincoln in the box at Fordvs Theatre and later in the Peterson House, Dr, King held the rank of Acting Assistant Surgeon, U, S. Army at the time. CHARLES A. LEALE, 1842-1932 M, D. Bellevue Hospital Medical College, 1865. He was the first physician to reach President Lincoln in Ford's Theatre and was in charge of the President until the arrival of Dr. Stone at the Peterson House some 40 minutes later. Dr. Leale was in charge of the wounded Commissioned Officers Ward, Armory Square Hospital, at the time of the assassination. He held the rank of Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Volunteers. Leale published an account of the events of the evening in Lincoln's last hours (1909). In the Faber sketch Leale may be pre- sumed to BeTthe voungish man in civilian dress, standing between the bed and the wall, with his hands clasped in front. JONATHAN LETTERMAN, 1824-1872 M. D. Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, 1849. As Medical Director of the Army of the Potomac, Letter man organized an Ambulance Corps during the Peninsular Campaign. This organization was improved at Antietam and perfected at Gettysburg. It has been said that the principles of Letterman's plan formed the basis of the ambulance organization of most armies of the world down to World War I. JOHN FREDERICK MAY, 1812-1891 M. D, Columbian Medical College, 1834. Washington, D. C, physician. 22 SILAS WEIR MITCHELL, 1829-1914 M. Do Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, 1850. Leading American neurologist. Author of many works on neurology and nervous and mental diseases. Dr, Mitchell later acquired addi- tional fame as a novelist and poet. His novel Westways (1913) describes the War from the point of view of a surgeon at Gettys- burg. BASIL NORRIS, 1828-1895 M. D, University of Maryland, 1849, White House physician during the terms of Presidents Johnson and Grant, Original carte-de-visite photograph. ROBERT K. STONE, 1822-1872 M, D, University of Pennsylvania, 1849, President Lincoln's personal physician. Dr. Stone arrived at the Peterson House sometime before 11 o'clock and assumed charge of the case. Stone was a prominent Washington, D, C. physician. CHARLES S. TRIPLER, 1806-1866 M, D. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, 1838. Medical Director of the Army of the Potomac, 1861-1862. Thoroughly discouraged by the problems of his command, he asked for reassignment, and was replaced by Letterman, July 1862. Tripler was the author of a number of military medical manuals. His best known manual was on the medical examina- tion of recruits. Nine editions of this manual were published between 1858 and 1903. Original carte-de-visite photograph. 23 TULLIO SUZZARA VERDI, 1829= 1902 Washington, D. C. homoeopathic doctor and personal physician of Seward. MARY E, WALKER, 1832-1919 M, D. Syracuse Medical College, 1855. Dr. Walker was a volunteer medical assistant during the early part of the Civil War. She was appointed Contract Surgeon in 1864, thus becoming the first woman army doctor in the United States. JOSEPH J, WOODWARD, 1833-1884 M. D. University of Pennsylvania, 1853, 34th President, American Medical Association, 1882/1883. Performed the autopsy on President Lincoln. Author of numerous books on military medicine. Pioneer in microphotography at the Army Medical Museum. Prominently associated with the case of President Garfield, July-September 1881. Original carte-de-visite photograph. 24