M'J't PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHORITY OF, AND DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO, $t* fttajtgtxi** Pto^t f&onottrafcU f9db» Council. THE SUBSTANCE OF THE OFFICIAL MEDICAL REPORTS, UPON THE EPIDEMIC, CALLED CHOLERA, WHICH PREVAILED AMONG THE POOR AT DANTZICK, BETWEEN THE END OF MAY AND THE FIRST PART OF SEPTEMBER, 1831, AS TRANSMITTED TO THEIR LORDSHIPS ; BEING AN ANALYSIS OF THE SAID EPIDEMIC DISEASE IN THAT CITY— FOUNDED UPON ACTUAL OBSERVATION AND ACCURATE INQUIRY: WITH IMPORTANT AND WELL-AUTHENTICATED FACTS RELATIVE TO THE SAME DISEASE, AS IT PREVAILED AMONG^PIWW^ OTHER PARTS OF THE NORTH OF EUROPE.^*. & By JOHN HAMETT, M.B^/oi *M* It was conceived not to be an Epidemic Disease, [in the contagious or communicable acceptation of the term,} but to proceed from a malignity in the constitution of the air, gathered by the predispositions of seasons. — Bacon. The proportion of epidemical diseases shews the aptness of the air to sudden and vehement impressions j the chronical diseases shew the ordinary temper of the place.— Graunt. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE WRITER, AND PUBLISHED BY S. HIGHLEY, 32, FLEET STREET. MDCCCXXXII. W?ASs \%2>& PRINTED BY G. HAYDEN, Little College Street, Westminster. F-'JL yfff. ***** TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE LORDS OF HIS MAJESTY'S MOST HONOURABLE PRIVY COUNCIL, * THE FOLLOWING PAGES ARE MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED, THEIR LORDSHIPS' MOST OBEDIENT AND HUMBLE SERVANT, JOHN HAMETT. London, Sept. 3rd, 1832. SUBSCRIBERS. -««os»— Argent, Samuel, Esq., Surgeon, Hinckley, Leicestershire Ash, Rev. James Pyle, Knightsbridge Ashford, John, Esq., Surgeon, Hinckley Babington, George, Esq., Surgeon of St. George's Hospital, Golden Square Baird, Andrew, M.D., F.R.S., late Inspector of His Majesty's Naval Hospitals, Hospital Ships, Prisons, Prison Hospitals, and His Majesty's Ships in Commission, Clarges Street, Piccadilly Barry, John, M.D., Patrick Street, Cork Bagnold, Thomas, Captain R.M., Knightsbridge Beatty, Sir William, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., Physician of Greenwich Hospital Blundell, Thomas Leigh, M.D., Woburn Place Bolton, Lady, Burnham, Norfolk Bolton, Rev. William, Norwich Bolton, Thomas, Esq., Brickworth House, Wiltshire — 2 Copies Bray, Rev. Joseph, Hinckley, Leicestershire Bree, Robert, M.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., George Street, Hanover Square Brodie, Benjamin Collins, Esq., F.R.S., Serjeant-Surgeon to the King, Saville Street Brookes, Joshua, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., Great Portland Street Burnett, Sir William, M.D., K.C.H., Head of the Medical Department in His Majesty's Navy, Welbeck Street Callanan, James, Esq., Barrister at Law, Cork Campbell, Captain John Norman, C.8., R.N. Carthew, Morden, Esq., Hon. East India Company's Madras Native Infantry Carthew, Edward, Esq., Hinckley, Leicestershire a SUBSCRIBERS. Chambers, William Frederick, M.D., F.R.S., Senior Physician of St. George's Hospital, #c, Lower Brook Street — 2 Copies Chaplin, George, Esq. Clark, James, M.D., F.R.S., George Street, Hanover Square Considine, Heffernan, Esq., Derk, Co. Limerick Considine, Heffernan, junior, Esq. Cooper, Sir Astley Paston, Bart., F.R.S., Conduit Street — 2 Copkz Coppinger, John, M.D., Camden Place, Cork Coppinger, William, Esq., Paris Cosgreave, P., Esq., Surgeon, .Surrey Street, Strand Costello, William 8., Esq., Surgeon, Parliament Street Crosse, John Green, Esq., Surgeon, Norwich Dalrymple, William, Esq., Surgeon, Norwich Dashwood, Robert, Esq., Surgeon, Beccles, Suffolk England, , M.D., Norwich Fincham, John, Esq., Superintendant of the Royal School of Naval Architecture, #c, Portsmouth Foley, Henry, M.D., Surgeon, Windsor Forbes, Charles F., M.D., F.L.S., Argyle Street Fossett, William, Esq., Charlotte Row, Walworth Frogley, , Esq., Surgeon, Hounslow Fry, Augustin, Esq., Surgeon, Desford, Leicestershire Fuller, Henry P., Esq., Surgeon, Piccadilly Gillkrest, J., M.D., Deputy Inspector-General of Army Hospitals Gillespie, Leonard, M.D., R.N. Girdlestone, Rev. Henry, Earlham, Norfolk Goodwin, Mr. Charles, Thavies Inn, Holborn Gordon, John, Esq., Saxlingham, Norfolk Goss, John, Esq., Surgeon, Paternoster Row Graham, Major, Admiralty Greig, Alexander, Esq., Surgeon, Upper Eaton Street, Pimlico Guthrie, G. J., Esq., Surgeon, F.R.S., V.P.R.C.S., Berkeley Street, Berkeley Square 2 SUBSCRIBERS. Halford, Sir Henry, Bart., M.D., G.C.H., F.R.S., F.&A., P.R.C,p. Curzon Street, May Fair Hall, D. J., M.D., Eastbourne, Sussex Hammerton, Thomas, Esq., Surgeon, Piccadilly Hammerton, John, Esq., Surgeon St. George's Hospital Hammick, Stephen L., Esq., Surgeon, F.R.S., Cavendish Square Harrison, John, Esq., Surgeon, Argyle Street Hawkins, Caesar, Esq., Surg. of St. George's Hosp., Half Moon Street Hewett, Cornwallis, M.D., Physician of St. George's Hospital, Berke- ley Street, Berkeley Square Hewgill, Arthur, M.D., Harleston, Norfolk Hill, , M.D., Leicester Holland, Henry, M.D., F.R.S. %c, Lower Brook Street Hutchins, Henry, Esq., Surgeon St. George's Hospital Hutchison, A. Copland, Esq., Surgeon, F.R.S., Duchess Street, Portland Place Jay, Henry, Esq., Surgeon, Sloane Street — 2 Copies Jenks, George, M.D., Brighton Johnson, James, M.D. #c, Physician Extraordinary to the King, Suf- folk Place, Pall Mall East— 2 Copies Johnson, John Godwin, Esq., Surgeon, Norwich — 4 Copies Keate, Robert, Esq., Surgeon, F.R.S., P.R.C.S., Albemarle Street King, Thos., Esq., Surg., [M.D., Paris], Hanover Street, Hanover Sq. Lennard, John Barrett, Esq., Park Street, Westminster Library of the Royal College of Surgeons, London Lumsden, Matthew, Esq. M'Grigor, Sir James, Bart., M.D., F.R.S., Medical Director- General of the Army, Camden Hill, Kensington Macleod, Roderick, M.D., Henrietta Street, Cavendish Square Magrath, Sir George, M.D., F.R.S., Plymouth Maton, William George, M.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., V.P.L.S., New Street, Spring Gardens Morrah, James, Esq., Surgeon, Sloane Street, Chelsea 3 SUBSCRIBERS. Neville, H. W., Esq., Surgeon, Esher, Surrey Nugent, Christopher, Esq., Worthing, late Consul-General at Chili Palmer, William, M.D. Paris, John Ayrton, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., Dover Street Pearse, George, Esq., Surgeon, Marsham Street, Westminster Priest, Richard, Esq., Surgeon, Harleston, Norfolk prior, , Esq., Surgeon [R.N.} Royal Sovereign Yacht Quarrier, , M.D., Portsmouth Scott, James, M.D., Physician of the Royal Naval Hospital at Haslar Seymour, Edward James, M.D., Physician of St. George's Hospital, Charles Street, Berkeley Square Sigmond, George G., M.D., F.S.A., Dover Street Snelson, Samuel, M.D., Surgeon, Polesworth, Warwickshire Stevenson, Thomas, Esq., Surgeon, Edgeware Road Swayne, Stephen, M.D., R.N., Devonport Thatcher, Drummond, Esq., Surgeon, Bulstrode Street Tweedie, Alexander, M.D., Ely Place, Holborn Vance, George, Esq., Surgeon, Sackville Street Vidal, , Esq., Surgeon, Aveley, Essex Walker, R. 8., Esq., Surgeon, Curzon Street Warren, Pelham, M.D., F.R.S., Lower Brook Street Weir, John, M.D., late Senior Medical Commissioner in the Navy, Claremont Terrace, Pentonville Wilson, James Arthur, M.D., Physician of St. George's Hospital, Curzon Street Windsor Book Club Wood, O. C, M.D., Brompton Crescent Wood, Thomas, Esq., Surgeon, Bolton Street, Piccadilly Yates, Holt, M.D., Wilton Crescent, Belgrave Square 4 INTRODUCTION. After all that has been said by so many observers, at home and abroad, upon the subject of the disease, called Cholera, it may, perhaps, be deemed superfluous for me to present to the public, the Substance of my Official Reports upon it. Having been commissioned by Government, in June 1831, to proceed to Dantzick, in order to investigate and report upon the Epidemic raging in that City, and having, with all the zeal and diligence I could possibly command, accomplished the object of my mission, agreeably to my instructions, and the discretionary power granted me, vivd voce, by the Lord President of the Council, I cannot but hope that the Substance of my Reports, comprising authentic details of that Epidemic, which proved so exceedingly fatal in proportion to the number attacked, and of the question of the contagious or communicable nature of Cholera, upon which the opinions of practitioners seem to be still divided, will prove neither unserviceable to the profession, nor uninteresting to the public. INTRODUCTION. In order that the reader may fully perceive the nature and extent of the complicated and arduous service assigned to me, it will be necessary to give the following extracts from the Instructions, with which I had been furnished previously to my departure on my mission to Dantzick. 1. " The history of the rise and progress of the Epidemic at Dantzick, by tracing out, if possible, the first persons attacked, and ascertaining from them, their families or neighbours, whether they were residents or had come from any place where the disease prevailed ; and, by following up and tracing the his-V tory of persons or families as they were successively attacked, to ascertain, if possible* whether the disease derives its origin from any local or atmospheric influence, or from imported contagion j and, should there be any reason to suspect this last cause, it would be most desirable to ascertain whether it had been introduced by means of persons or effects. 2. " Its characteristic symptoms. 3. " Attention more particularly to the degree of resemblance which the complaint prevailing bears to, the plague, or to that which is known, under the name of Cholera, in the territories of the East India Company, as well as to the effect of climate and changes of temperature, in mitigating, aggravating, or altering its symptoms. 4. " Its real nature. 5. "In as far as can be ascertained, the remedies found to be most efficacious for its alleviation or cure, -j 6. v Whether the disease is contagious or not. 6 INTRODUCTION. 7." " Whether it is communicable by inanimate matter, and as to the possibility of the infection being conveyed by goods," In order to arrive, within a limited time, at conclusions upon these several points of the epidemic, much diligence in observation and minute inquiry into its actual progress were necessary ; and the greatest pains were taken, not only by myself, but by Mr, Gibsone, the British Consul in Dantzick, that the details furnished should be well authenticated. Without details, indeed, it is manifest that no decided inferences can be drawn, — especially in such a complicated investigation. My Official Reports, comprising a series of well-authenticated facts, and my views of the disease, as founded thereon, were, therefore, necessarily iong.* But as neither the Substance of my Reports, nor authorized extracts afterwards drawn up from them, have been published by Authority, it naturally reverts to myself to record, at least, such details as are necessary to establish the conclusions at which I had arrived. It may be here stated that, on accomplishing the object of my mission to the best of my ability, I sailed from Dantzick on the sth of October, — and did not land in England until the 12th of November. I was induced to come all the way by sea, in consequence of having twice before made the same voyage, in a short * The French Reports of the late Epidemic at Gibraltar take up two pretty thick octavo volumes, together with Plans, shewing, very properly, those places where it prevailed, and those which escaped, or comparatively escaped it. 7 INTRODUCTION. time, at the same time of year; but, owing to adverse and stormy weather setting in soon after sailing, I was, in this instance, 39 days on my passage. On arriving in London, I learned that a Committee of the College of Physicians had received instructions to draw up, in a concise form, the facts in my Reports connected with the Epidemic at Dantzick, together with the description and treatment of the disease. This task the College transferred to myself, and my Reports were directed to be given up to me, accordingly. I received all back, except Medical Report A, containing a mass of circumstantial evidence, in support of my conclusions, that the disease had not been imported into Dantzick, and that it did not prove contagious in that city. This Report, it will be proper to state here, comprised certain authentic isolated cases of Cholera, and the four first acknowledged cases of the Epidemic, which had all occurred previously to the first arrival of vessels from Russian ports, together with authentic communications from the physicians in charge of the different Cholera Hospitals, and from Dr. Baum, Physician-General of the Town Hospital. This important document I was unable to recover, although I made proper inquiry for it. It appeared that the Board of Health, instituted in the beginning of the Summer of 1831, had duly received the medical report in question ; but that, at the time of my arrival in London, it was not in possession of the Committee of the College of Physicians, — subsequently instituted, and at the same time, 1 believe, with the Central Board of Health, — as will appear 8 INTRODUCTION. from the following extract of a letter, dated Nov. 30th, 1831, from the Secretary of the Committee of the College to me : — " I have to regret extremely that I did not send you Medical Report A before you quitted London. One of the Members of the Board, who did not hear it read publicly, took it home, and never returned it, — and I have been unable to recover it. I must again express my great regret in having exposed you to additional trouble." The Committee of the College would, I need not say, most certainly have delivered up that Report with the rest, had it been in their possession. In a question of such vital importance as that of the contagion of Cholera, it is not a little singular that such a document should be thus missing. Had any accident happened to me whereby my papers had been lost on my passage home, or had I left Dantzick without getting the rough drafts of my Reports authenticated, which I might have done but for the friendly and judicious advice of Mr. Gibsons, the British Consul there, my Reports, with only the remaining facts furnished in support of my conclusions, though highly important in themselves, must appear deficient. — The isolated cases, and the four first cases of the Epidemic, contained in that Report, I have inserted in the history of the disease ; and the communications from the physicians before-mentioned, in the article of the Question of the Contagion of Cholera at Dantzick, considered solely from Facts. Finding, on my arrival, that the principle of con- 9 INTRODUCTION. tagion had been adopted by Government,— and as my details upon the subject, with the inferences drawn from them, were decidedly in opposition to that principle, I had some reason to apprehend that such extracts as I had to make from my Official Reports, would not be published, — still, as containing so many facts of high importance to the public, I imagined that they would not be overlooked. Having, without delay, made out Extracts from my Official Reports, " they were approved of, [as I was assured by authority ,~] without one dissentient voice, by the Committee of the College of Physicians," — and recommended to the Privy Council in the following terms : — (i The Committee of Physicians, to whom the Reports of Dr. Hamett upon the Cholera Spasmodica at Dantzick were submitted by His Majesty's Privy Council, have approved of the accompanying Extracts, and recommend the printing of them for the public information, as a very valuable addition to the present knowledge of the disease, procured by great diligence and painful and unremitted observation." From this official recommendation, it evidently appears that the Committee of the College behaved in a liberal, — as, indeed, they previously had in a courteous manner to me. Pursuant to this recommendation their Lordships ordered my Extracts to be printed,* and a proof copy was, in due time, sent to the Superinten- * An attempt was now made by the Superintendent- General of Quarantine to induce me not to print the authorized Extracts abovementioned, i * H 10 INTRODUCTION. dent-General of Quarantine. But, notwithstanding the said recommendation and consequent order, they were not published, — and yet, however paradoxical it may seem, they were not suppressed by Authority. After the first rough copy had been printed, it was in vain that I waited in expectation of hearing of an order being given for their publication. On one occasion, indeed, it was indirectly intimated to me by the Superintendent-General of Quarantine, that the Privy Council did not sanction their publication, — but this, not only from what I have just stated, but according to what I have since learned from authority, could not have been the case. The reason, ultimately given for delay in the publication by the publisher of the Official Reports upon Cholera to .Government, was, that it was intended to bind up and circulate them with the second edition of the St. Petersburg Reports, not completed. This was rather an unfair arrangement, inasmuch as the facts and results of the two Reports were diametrically opposite, and inasmuch as the contents of the latter were apparently greater ; while the comparative labour and observation bestowed upon each could not be readily perceived, except by such persons as are acquainted with the various consequential and inductive steps necessary to be pursued in the investigation of epidemics. It ought to be considered that, a3 two physicians were sent out together to St. Petersburg, and but one to Dantzick, the proportion of information, exclusive of the great quantity of foreign matter in the first edition of the St. Petersburg Reports, ought, cceteris par 11 INTRODUCTION. ribus, to be more than double of that given in the Dantzick Extracts ; while in the second edition it ought to be at least quadruple. In the second edition was given in full, but in one particular point of view only, all that had been collected upon the subject of Cholera in that city, and some other places ; while in the Dantzick Extracts, evidently drawn up in haste, was given merely an imperfect outline of the Official Reports transmitted to the Government, as appears from several important documents referred to in what has even appeared in the Reviews. These documents, in illustration of the non-contagious nature of Cholera, I had intended to insert in an Appendix, but was advised not, lest the length might be made an objection to the publication. It appears from the published statements of Dr. Lefevre, Physician to the British Embassy, and those of other observant and talented physicians, at St. Petersburg, that the Official Reports from that city give only a questionable view of the propagation of the Epidemic there ; while my opinion of the non-contagious nature of the Epidemic, a3 founded on the results of my own observations and circumstantial inquiries at Dantzick, was, it will fully appear, in exact accordance with that of all the physicians, who actually observed and treated the disease in the latter city. It would be out of place to enter into a detail here of the trying difficulties and vexations I met with for some time, after my arrival in England. I have the clearest evidence, that the character of my circumstantial and complicated labours was misrepresented. This 12 INTRODUCTION. I could not have anticipated. However, the liberal and experienced of the profession will readily admit that the steps, which, it will appear, I pursued in the investigation of the late Epidemic at Dantzick, were such as / was bound to adopt ; and I feel assured that they will not deny me the credit of having faithfully and fully performed the responsible and arduous service assigned to me by Government. In the performance of that service, I must say, I was particularly fortunate* in the advantages, which I had of obtaining information on the subject of Cholera. Two of the Medical Commissioners, sent to Moscow by the Prussian Government to study the nature of the Epidemic in that city, were in Dantzick during its prevalence there : — namely, Dr. Barchewttz, Medical Commissioner of the Regency of the Province, and Dr. Dann tertius, Physician of Cholera Hospital No. 3. Dr. Baum, the distinguished Physician-General of the Town Hospital, who was the first volunteer on the list to investigate the Epidemic on its first appearance, when it was imagined to be contagious, entered, as much as any physician possibly could, into its nature; and Dr. Dann, senior, a veteran practitioner in Dantzick, who, amidst his extensive general practice, saw cholera patients from the commencement of the Epidemic with as much unconcern as he did other patients in a dangerous state from other complaints. The same, indeed, I should mention of Dr. Sinogowitz, and other observant practitioners in that city. To Messieurs Hoene and Mix, highly respectable 13 INTRODUCTION. merchants in Dantzick, — and to the Physicians, who not only kindly afforded me every facility in prosecuting my labours in the investigation of the Epidemic, but furnished me with a mass of circumstantial information relative to it, I am certainly very much indebted. In medical science, I found the latter unbiassed .and accurate observers, guided solely by facts. To Dr. Barchewitz, I am, above all, particularly indebted for his circumstantial and able communications to me, — and, more particularly, for copies of his valuable , Reports to the Regency, on Cholera, in the districts of Neustadt and Elbing ; and for his admirable paper on the question — "Is Cholera contagious?" — All the facts in my last article on The Question of the Contagion of Cholera more fully considered, relative to Moscow, St. Petersburg, and other places in Russia, with those given of the places in Prussia, not within the district of Dantzick, are drawn up from that paper, consisting, as can be readily proved by him, of well-authenticated facts. Not only for the information last mentioned am I indebted to this scientific and conscientious gentleman, but for other valuable information contained in that paper. All these original papers are authenticated by Mr. Oibsone, the British Consul in Dantzick. To Mr. Gibsone I only wish it were in my power to evince my respect and gratitude. Not for his liberal hospitality alone am I particularly indebted to this gentleman ; he rendered me every assistance, furnished me with well-attested facts in corroboration of the conclusions which I had arrived at from my own observa- 14 INTRODUCTION. tions, and translated authentic documents, — the substance of which, with the General and Separate Lists translated by him, I now present to the public; in fact, he was my fellow-labourer in the investigation of the Epidemic in Dantzick, To my labours in that investigation the Government and the public had certainly every claim, — but my professional reputation, whatever it may be, is my own natural right ; for who can justifiably condemn or approve my conclusions until after he has maturely considered and weighed all the facts upon which they are founded ? — Left, under such painful circumstances as I have mentioned, solely to my own resources, I was naturally induced to solicit, — and, soon after, was graciously granted, in the beginning of May last, permission from the Lords of the Council to present to the public the Substance of my Official Reports ; but it was not until after the 4th of August, owing to certain intervening circumstances, which kept me in a protracted state of disquietude, that I could well commence the execution of this important duty. It will appear from the subjoined letter, with which I have been lately honoured, that their Lordships are quite satisfied with the diligence and zeal, which I evinced in the performance of my late service, though not, perhaps, with reference to the principal point of my experience, — namely, that Cholera is not contagious, or communicable, as it is now called, in its nature. For my own part, I feel persuaded that the impartial and most experienced, as well as the scientific and talented of the profession, will have no he- 15 INTRODUCTION. sitation in admitting, from the multiplicity of facts which I have adduced, that I am right in my conclusions on the above essential point. " Council Office, Whitehall, " Sir, " 25th August, 1832. " I am directed by the Lords of His Majes- ty's Most Honourable Privy Council to inform you, that they will accept with pleasure the dedication, which you are desirous of making to them of your Medical Reports on Cholera; and their Lordships take this opportunity of renewing to you the assurance of their satisfaction at the diligence and zeal, which you evinced in the performance of the very arduous duty imposed upon you, in your Mission to Dantzick, in June, 1831." « I am, Sir, <( Your obedient Servant, " C. C. Greville." "To Dr. Hamett." JOHN HAMETT. London, Sept. 3rd, 1832. 16 CONTENTS. Page Introduction v Plan or Dantzick » To face Index to Plan. Index to the Plan of Dantzick * xxi CHAPTER I Medical Topography of Dantzick, in which the various Localities are described 1 CHAPTER II A brief Account of the Climate of Dantzick, including certain Deviations in the Seasons, and Physical Occurrences, PREVIOUS TO THE APPEARANCE OF THE EPIDEMIC, DRAWN UP FROM AUTHENTIC DOCUMENTS 8 Meteorological Table, showing the extremes and mean of the Barometer, Thermometer, and Hygrometer, with the proportions of Winds, from 1824 to 1830, inclusive *. 10 CHAPTER 111. Circumstantial Report of the first Appearance, and subsequent IRREGULAR SPREAD OF CHOLERA AT DANTZICK . . 14 First acknowledged Cases of the Epidemic in the Mud Barges . . 17 First Arrival of Vessels from Russian Ports 21 Irregular Spread of the Disease among the unhealthy Poor, &c. . 22 General Diet of the Poor 23 Total Number of Deaths of both Sexes, and of each Sex, at the different decimal Periods of Life, up to the Bth of September — important inference 25 Isolated, or Sporadic Cases of Cholera, previous to the first Appearance of the Epidemic 26 The First Cases of the Epidemic officially reported in the Old Town 29 CONTENTS. Page First Cases not officially reported 33 The Heads of the General List, and an Analysis of the Separate List, &c. from which important Conclusions are drawn . . . . 35 Appearance of Cholera in Villages, and its immediate Disappear- ance afterwards . . 43 CHAPTER IV. Minute and circumstantial Description of the Symptoms of the Three principal Forms of the Epidemic at Dantzick, being Extracts from the circumstantial Detail of the Symptoms op it, including the subordinate Features, 45 CHAPTER V. Extracts from the Pathological Report on fatal Cholera, both rapid and protracted, founded on the examina- TIONS of Twenty-one Subjects ; the youngest of which WAS FOUR, AND THE OLDEST NINETY YEARS OF AGE . . . . 50 Authentic Testimonials of the Character of the preceding Report, by two German Physicians of great pathological Experience in Cholera 58 CHAPTER VI. Statements of the Medical Treatment occasionally pursued BY SOME OF THE PHYSICIANS IN DANTZICK, &C. . . 59 CHAPTER VII. Extracts from the Writer's Opinions on the Preventive Means, and his general and particular Mode of Treat- ment of Cholera 62 Preventive Means 62 General and Particular Mode of Treatment 64 CHAPTER VIII. Extracts — On the Question of the Contagion of Cholera at Dantzick, considered solely from Facts 71 18 CONTENTS. APPENDIX. CHAPTER IX. Page Extracts from Mr. Gibsone's Communications relative to the Question of the Contagion of Cholera, to Isola- tion, &c. &c. &c 87 CHAPTER X. General List. — Cholera Sick List of Dantzick, and the Suburbs, within the Bills of Mortality, between the 28th of May and the 23rd of July, inclusive, in 1831, — comprising the names, ages, occupation or rank, and Dates of Attack, and Death or Recovery, — with the Names of the Streets or Places, Nos. of the Houses, and the Number of Persons, above and under 14 Years of Age, shut up in each, for at least 21 Days . . . . 98 CHAPTER XI. Separate List. — Of particular Cholera Patients in the City and Suburbs of Dantzick, between the 30th of May and the 28rd of July, inclusive, in 1831 — comprising", in the order of attack, the Names of such Persons as were attacked in those Dwellings, in which more than one Attack took place, either at the same, or at different times ; the referring- No. of each on the General List, and the Dates of Attack, and Death or Recovery, with the Asterisk. (*) indicating the Deaths; also the particular Part of the House, the Dimensions, and general State of each Dwelling, — the occasional Separate Entrance, and the Mode of Living, or Habits of most of the Patients or their Families; together with an important Note 127 Total Number of Deaths and Recoveries of the Military and Civil Part of the Population, respectively, up to the 31st of August, &.. 147 Poor without Shelter attacked 148 19 Page 148 149 CONTENTS. Mortality from common Diseases in the Months of June, July, and August, in 1830; and in the same Months, in 1831, — evincing the general as well as particular deleterious State of the Air of Dantzick, during the latter Period CHAPTER XII. The Question op the Contagion op Epidemic Cholera more fully considered, — comprising proper Distinctions between Contagion and Infection, and, more particularly, between Contagion and Special Infection, — as being essential in the Investigation of occasional Epidemics; with the Writer's Views of the Propagation of Epidemic Cholera, as founded on the multiplicity of well-authenticated Facts which he has adduced 20 INDEX TO THE PLAN OF DANTZICK, Referring, by Letters, to the Streets and Places, in which, according to the General List, the Cholera more or less manifested itself during the first Two Months of the Epidemic in that City, in 1831. VOR STADT and RECHT STADT. 1. Vor Stadt. No. attacked VOR STADT and RECHT STADT. 1. Vor Stadt. No. attacked in each. in each. a Lege Thor 4 a Lege Thor 4 Contumace ditto 1 Contumace ditto 1 aa Fleischer Gasse 15 na Fleischer Gasse 15 b Gertruden Gasse 1 b Gertruden Gasse 1 c Holz Gasse 1 c Holz Gasse 1 d Kater Gasse 2 d Kater Gasse 2 c Military Hospital 13 c Military Hospital 13 ff Poggen Phul 4 ff Poggen Phul 4 g Petri Kirchoff 3 g Petri Kirchoff 3 tih Vorstadtscber Graben 3 hh Vorstadtscher Graben 3 2. Recht Stadt. 2. Recht Stadt. aa Anker schmiede Gasse 3 aa Anker schmiede Gasse 3 Ankerschmiede Thurm I Ankerschmiede Thurm I b Reper Gasse 3 6 Reper Gasse 3 c Lange Markt 4 c Lange Markt 4 (Id Hun de Gasse 1 dd Hun de Gasse 1 c Kolen Markt. 1 c Kolen Markt 1 / Faulen Gasse 1 / Faulen Gasse 1 g Klein Wolweber Gasse 2 g Klein Wolweber Gasse 2 hh Joppen Gasse 1 hh Joppen Gasse 1 ii Heiligeist Gasse 8 ii Heiligeist Gasse 8 Holy Ghost Strasse 1 Holy Ghost Strasse 1 kk Breite Gasse 17 kk Breite Gasse 17 I Breiten Thor 3 I Breiten Thor 3 m Glockenthor 1 m Glockenthor 1 n Scharmacher Gasse 1 n Scharmacher Gasse 1 o Beutler Gasse 1 o Beutler Gasse 1 p Brodt Banken Gasse 3 p Brodt Banken Gasse 3 q Frauen Gasse 3 q Frauen Gasse 3 r Johannes Gasse 7 r Johannes Gasse 7 Johannes Kirchoff, [omitted in General List, No. 665] 1 Johannes Kirchoff, [omitted in General List, No. 665] 1 s Hacker Gasse 10 s Hacker Gasse 10 t Tobias Gasse 1 t Tobias Gasse 1 v Fisch Markt 1 v Fisch Markt 1 v Petersilien Gasse 2 v Petersilien Gasse 2 w Neunangen Gasse 6 w Neunangen Gasse 6 x Tagneter Gasse 3 x Tagneter Gasse 3 y Rosen Gasse 1 y Rosen Gasse 1 z ItCTl tCT Damm 1 z ItCTl tCT Damm 1 a3 tcr Damm 1 a 3'" Damm 1 No. attacked No. attacked in each. in each. b Lavcndal Gasse 1 b Lavcndal Gasse 1 c Goldschmiede Gasse 2 c Goldschmiede Gasse 2 d Korkenmacher Gasse 3 d Korkenmacher Gasse 3 c Dreschler Gasse 1 c Dreschler Gasse 1 f Dominicaner Hoff. 3 f Dominicaner Hoff. 3 g Hause Thor 2 g Hause Thor 2 h (Vordem) Hohen Thor 1 h (Vordem) Hohen Thor 1 ¦ i Ketterhagsche 1 ¦ i Ketterhagsche 1 k Ketterhagsche Thor. 1 k Ketterhagsche Thor. 1 1 Cholera Hospital, No. 2 3 1 Cholera Hospital, No. 2 3 m Kuh Gasse 1 m Kuh Gasse 1 n Junker Gasse 2 n Junker Gasse 2 ALDT STADT, or OLD TOWN. ALDT STADT, or OLD TOWN. 1. On the East of the Radaune, 1. On the East of the Radaune, in its last Reach, before, and where, it unites with the mott- LAU. in its last Reach, before, and WHERE, IT UNITES WITH THE MOTT- LAU. tldtl EIMEHMACHKKHOFF 8 ddll EIMEHMACHKKHOFF 8 Gelbeίeihe. 2 Gelbe Reihe 2 Also : — Also : — a Gross Backer Gasse 6 a Gross Backer Gasse 6 b Backer Gasse 1 b Backer Gasse 1 c Klein Backer Gasse 3 c Klein Backer Gasse 3 00 Brabank 4 cc Brabank 4 Mottlausche Wache, close to the Mottlau 1 Mottlausche Wache, close to the Mottlau 1 2. South of the Radaune. 2. South of the Radaune. / Ander Radaune 1 / Ander Radaune 1 g Kalkschuite [Mud-barge] .... 3 g Kalkschuite [Mud-barge] .... 3 hh Burg Strasse 2 hh Burg Strasse 2 i Zappen Gasse 1 i Zappen Gasse 1 k Schloss Gasse 4 k Schloss Gasse 4 I Im Rahm S I Im Rahm 3 m Military Cholera Hospital .... 1 m Military Cholera Hospital .... 1 n Ritter Gasse 6 n Ritter Gasse 6 Schieben Ritter Gasse 2 Schieben Ritter Gasse 2 o Ander [Schneide] Muhle 3 o Ander [Schneide] Muhle 3 p Jungfer Gasse 7 p Jungfer Gasse. 7 q Schulzen Gasse 2 q Schulzen Gasse 2 rrr Scigen [Lege Seite] 28 rrr Scigen [Lege Seite] 28 XXII INDEX TO THE PI INDEX TO THE PLAN OF DANTZICK. No. attacked No. attacked in each. in each. NIEDER STADT. NIEDER STADT. No. attacked in each. Neider Seigen 6 Neider Seigen 6 s Am Stein 21 s Am Stein 21 No. attacked t Hakelwerk 11 t Hakelwerk 11 in each. v Spendhausche Neu Gasse .... 8 v Spendhausche Neu Gasse .... 8 a Hunerberg 3 a Hunerberg 3 bb Thornischer Weg 2 bb Thornischer Weg 2 Spendhaus 1 Spendhaus 1 v Rambaum 25 v Ratnbaum 25 c Klein Schwalben Gasse 1 c Klein Schwalben Gasse 1 d Schleusen Gasse 1 d Schleusen Gasse 1 w Hinter dem Zaun 3 to Hinter dem Zaun 3 xxx Aldtstadtcher Graben 8 xxx Aldtstadtcher Graben 8 c Cholera Hospital, No. 3 3 c Cholera Hospital, No. 3 3 / l ter Steindam 2 / l ter Steindam 2 Aldtstadtcher 1 Aldtstadtcher 1 y Aufder Strasse ander Grossen Muhle 1 y Aufder Strasse ander Grossen Muhle 1 g 2 ter Steindam 9 g 2 ter Steindam 9 h Sperlings Gasse 2 h Sperlings Gasse 2 z Grosse Muhle 1 z Grosse Muhle 1 ™)¦ Grosse Schwalben Gasse .... 8 ** \ Grosse Schwalben Gasse .... 8 a Schmiede Gasse 5 a Schmiede Gasse 5 « j b Grosse Muhlen Gasse 8 b Grosse Muhlen Gasse 8 kkkhkk Weiden Gasse 5 kkkkkk Weiden Gasse 5 c Klein Muhlen Gasse 3 I Rosen Gzng , 1 I Rosen Gzng > 1 c Klein Muhlen Gasse 3 d Maler Gasse 1 d Maler Gasse 1 m Mattehbuden 10 m Mattehbuden 10 c Ochsen Gasse 6 c Ochsen Gasse 6 n Stinck Gang 2 n Stinck Gang 2 f St. Catharina 2 f St. Catharina 2 o Kleinen Stinck Gang 1 o Kleinen Stinck Gang 1 g St. Catharina Kirchof 1 g St. Catharina Kirchof 1 p Reuter Gasse 8 p Reuter Gasse 8 St. Catharina Kirchen Gang . . 2 St. Catharina Kirchen Gang . . 2 (/ Aussprung Bastion 1 q Aussprung Bastion 1 h St. Catharina Kirchensteig ... 1 h St. Catharina Kirchensteig ... 1 r Bastion Bar 1 r Bastion Bar 1 Night watchman attacked in one of the streets in the ' Neider Stadt 1 Night watchman attacked in one of the streets in the Neider Stadt 1 i Ohl Muhle [Gasse] 1 i Ohl Muhle [Gasse] 1 k Oehmuhlen Berg 1 k Oehmuhlen Berg 1 1 Nonenhof, near Nonen Kirch. . 5 1 Nonenhof, near Nonen Kirch. . 5 m Nonen Gasse 2 m Nonen Gasse 2 aaa Lang Garten 6 aaa Lang Garten 6 Grosse Nonen Gasse 1 Grosse Nonen Gasse 1 bb Kehrweider Gasse 4 bb Kehrweider Gasse 4 n Klein Nonen Gasse 2 n Klein Nonen Gasse 2 a Bleihof 1 a Bleihof 1 b Braun Ross Bastion 1 b Braun Ross Bastion 1 o Burgrafen Gasse 1 o Burgrafen Gasse 1 p Tischler Gasse 12 p Tischler Gasse 12 [The remaining streets and places in [The remaining streets and places in different parts of the city, in which the cholera more or less manifested itself during the first two months of the epidemic, as mentioned in the General List, are not lettered in the small Plan prefixed to this Index.] q Silberhutte 1 q Silberhutte 1 different parts of the city, in which r Adlers Brahaus 8 r Adlers Brahaus 8 the cholera more or less manifested Hinter Adlers Brahaus ....*. 1 Hinter Adlers Brahaus ...... 1 itself during the first two months of the epidemic, as mentioned in the 3. North of the Radaune. 3. North of the Radaune. General List, are not lettered in the small Plan prefixed to this Index.] aa Pfeffer Stadt 8 act Pfeffer Stadt 8 bb Paradies Gasse 10 bb Paradies Gasse 10 c Kumst Gasse 9 c Kumst Gasse 9 Without the immediate Ramparts Without the immediate Ramparts of the City, as seen in the Plan. a Town Hospital 5 Im Kumst Haus 1 Im Kumst Haus 1 of the City, as seen in the Plan. d St. Bartholom. Kirchen Gasse, 6 d St. Bartholom. Kirchen Gasse, 6 cc Schusseldam 17 cc Schusseldam 17 a Town Hospital 5 / Karren Weg 1 / Karren Weg 1 Pockenhaus, same situation . . 1 Pockenhaus, same situation . . 1 H intern Pockenhaus 3 H intern Pockenhaus 3 Karren Gasse 2 Karren Gasse 2 g Jacob's Neu Gasse 11 g Jacob's Neu Gasse 11 Olivaer Thor [gateway to the north of the Pockenhaus] . . 3 Olivaer Thor [gateway to the north of the Pockenhaus] . . 3 h Jacob's Hospital 1 h Jacob's Hospital 1 Hospital Gang 1 Hospital Gang 1 t Jacob's Thor 2 aaa Neugaf ten 11 aaa Neugaf ten 11 i Jacob's Thor 2 kkk Kassubischer Markt 5 kkk Kassubischer Markt 5 bb Neugarten ander Lohmuhle . . 1 bb Neugarten ander Lohmuhle . . I cc Krebsmarkt 1 cc Krebsmarkt 1 111 Baumgartsche Gasse 14 111 Baumgartsche Gasse 14 mm Bottcher Gasse 2 mm Bottcher Gasse 2 dd Schwarze Meer 24 dd Schwarze Meer 24 n Pferde Trank 5 c Sandgrube 3 c Sandgrube 3 n Pferde Trank 5 000 Hohe Seigen 16 000 Hohe Seigen 16 p St. Elizabeth Hospital 2 p St. Elizabeth Hospital 2 a Bischof's Berg 1 a Bischof's Berg 1 qq St. Elizabeth Kirchen Gasse . . 1 qq St. Elizabeth Kirchen Gasse . . 1 r Kinder Haus 1 b Kirchof 1 b Kirchof 1 r Kinder Haus 1 c Casern auf Bischof's Berg. ... 2 c Casern auf Bischof's Berg. ... 2 s Topfer Gasse 6 s Topfer Gasse 6 t Stock Gefangniss 2 t Stock Gefangniss 2 aaaaaa Petershagcn, near the Ra daunc aaaaaa Petershagen, near the Radaunc 25 Criminal Prison 2 Criminal Prison 2 25 Guard at Criminal Prison .... 1 Guard at Criminal Prison .... 1 INDEX TO THE PLAN OF DANTZICK. No. attacked in each. No. attacked in each. SUBURBS. SUBURBS. aaa Alt Schottland 5 aaa Alt Schottland 5 Stolzenberg 1 Stolzenberg 1 Further West of Neu Garten, [not in the Plan] viz. Schidlitz 4 Further West of Neu Garten, [not in the Plan] viz. Schidlitz 4 Schlapke 1 Schlapke 1 Near the Radaune, viz. Near the Radaune, viz. Stadtgebieth 12 Stadtgebieth 12 Ohra 8 Ohra 8 Ohra an der Radaune 1 Ohra an der Radaune 1 Strohteich or Strodteich [East Strohteich or Strodteich [East of the termination of the Mottlau] 6 of the termination of the Mottlau] 6 No. attached No. attacked in each. in each. Holm 3 Holm 3 a Holm Hospital 2 a Holm Hospital 2 Guard 1 Guard I Quarantine House 1 Quarantine House 1 On the left of the termination of the On the left of the termination of the Vistula lies the Neufahrwasser 2 Vistula lies the Neufahrwasser 2 Mud-barges ....... -> 3 Mud-barges * 3 Fahrwasser 14 Fahrwasser 14 Opposite to the Neufahrwasser, on the right of the termination of the Vistula, lies the Opposite to the Neufahrwasser, on the right of the termination of the Vistula, lies the Weischelmuende 6 Weischelmuende 6 Kneipab, E. of Dantzick 1 Kneipab, E. of Dantzick 1 Langfuhr, N.W. of Dantzick. . 3 Langfuhr, N.W. of Dantzick. . 3 Neu Schottland, N.W. of Dant. 1 Neu Schottland, N.W. of Dant. 1 &c. &c. &c. &c. &c. &c. In order to have a correct idea of the different villages near Dantzick, in which one or more cases of cholera occurred, as stated in the General List, it would be necessary to have a Plan on a much larger scale than that which I have been able to give. The reader, who may be disposed, can refer to a full map of West Prussia, in which he will see the relative situation of the different villages here alluded to, as mentioned in the General List. ERRATA. Page 4, line 5, for Aid Stadt, read Aldt Stadt. , 8, for Neider Stadt, read Nieder Stadt. , 18, for Holm Infel, read Holm Insel. 22, 16, for streets, read places. 91, 28, for Dirschaw, read Dirschau. , line last, for East Russia, read East Prussia. In Gen. List, Nos. 232, 234, 236, col. 7, for June 17, read June 19. 241, and 443, 6, for llalk Gasse. read Kalk Gassc. 373, , , read Alt Munz. 407, » » for Journeym.-potter, read Topfer Gasse, 674, and 762, , for Jungfer, read Junker Gasse. 23 SUBSTANCE OF THE MEDICAL REPORTS UPON THB CHOLERA MORBUS WHICH PREVAILED AT DANTZICK, Between the End of May and first part of September, 1831 — transmitted to the Lords of the Council. CHAPTER I. Medical Topography op Dantzick, in which the various Localities are described. In places remarkable for epidemic cholera, a knowledge of the state of the different localities cannot be unimportant, since the disease notoriously prevails in some more than others, while others, again, comparatively escape. This having been especially the case in Dantzick and its districts, it will not be amiss here, before entering upon the history of the epidemic, to give the medical topography of the place. Close to the West and North-west of Dantzick are hills overlooking it, on which are the outer strong forts of Bichofs- Berg and Hagels-Berg, with the beginning of the valley of Neugarten lying between. Immediately beyond these, further westward to a considerable distance, are hills, in most parts clad with forest-trees and shrubs, with ravines and val- B MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY OP DANTZICK. leys of a light alluvial, but damp soil, in which fogs and mists prevail, particularly in Autumn. To all these places I shall have occasion to refer. To the East and South is the valley of the Vistula, on a continuous level with the city and ramparts, being only intercepted from the sea by an undulating ridge of sand-hills, except at the old fortress of Weichselmuende, opposite the Neufahrwasser, or harbour of Dantzick, where it is on the same continuous level without any such interception. This valley is unequally intersected by the grand west branch of the Vistula, approaching Dantzick from the eastward, passing on the north side of it, and emptying itself near the Fahrwasser, about five English miles to the North and by East of the city. Its greater and lesser intersected portions near, and far inland, beyond Dantzick, to the Southeast and North, are called the Werder and the Nehrung, which latter is comparatively a narrow strip on the North towards the sea. With the exception of about one-third of this strip next the ridge of sand-hills along the sea-coast, which is more of a sandy than an alluvial soil, and is, nevertheless, in general more or less wet, — the remaining two-thirds to the southward, along the river, partake much of the same alluvial and wet quality of the soil throughout the Werder, which extends to the South and East. This vale, or, strictly speaking, this vast plain of the Vistula, extends from the sea at the old fort opposite the harbour before-mentioned, far to the East, and some thirty miles to the southward, where the first grand branch of the river, called the Nogath, goes to the North-east towards Elbing, and where the hills, which are on each side of the Vistula in this part, approach. The plain hereto, between Dantzick and Elbing, is in general about 60 English miles broad, except towards that part to the southward, where the Nogath branches off, in which it gradually narrows, but beyond which it widens again, and varies more or less in breadth for 2 MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY OF DANTZICK. a great way further up. Some few miles to the North-west of Elbing, the Nogath communicates with it by the Krahpful canal, and soon after, in its progress North, divides and subdivides into several branches, which terminate in the Haff, a large body of water inland, extending to near Koningsberg, and communicating with the sea at Pillow. The principal branch of the Vistula, which passes by Dantzick gives off a large branch several miles to the southern-eastward of it ; this} after a circuitous course to the North and East, likewise divides and subdivides into several branches, which terminate also in the Haff. The space between the Nogath and the chief branch which runs by Dantzick, and to a considerable distance on both sides of these branches, is low and moist : — here, especially near the river, fogs and mists are prevalent, and even in dry weather in Summer, are very frequent in the evening, and during night. This vast tract, originally a complete marsh, was in olden time converted into comparatively fine arable and meadow land, by means of embankments, which, extending many miles both ways on each side of the different branches of the river, and approaching close to Dantzick, have in most years protected it from inundations. These embankments, however, are occasionally broken through by the floods in the Vistula, common here in Spring, accompanied by large continuous masses of ice borne down with them. But, even in those years, in which this low country is exempt from these occasional inundations of the river, it is, nevertheless, more or less wet ; so much so, that almost all the fields in it are intersected by dikes or ditches, in order to draw off the water left after heavy rains, and the solutions of snow and ice, which generally take place here late in Winter, or early in Spring. In many parts too^ particularl)* in those still lower, there are windmills for the purpose of working the water off through canals, and other passages into the river, which are shut in when the river rises in its floods. 3 MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY OF DANTZICK. Dantzick, like most other old fortified towns and cities, was originally founded without any prospective view to that systematic cleanliness so indispensable in them when they eventually increase, and become populous. It consists of the Aid Stadt, or old town, chiefly on the North, and partly on the West of it, which is more than one-third of the whole city, and contains about one-half of the population ; of the Lang Garten, or Long Garden, — and the Neider Stadt, or Low Town, both chiefly on the East; and of the Recht Stadt, or Right Town, which is the West-end of the town in all senses of the term ; with the Speicher, in which are the large and lofty granaries, between the two last. The Neider Stadt is low, as its name implies, and so is the Aid Stadt, which was founded on a morass by means of piles of wood sunk into it. The granaries, which I have mentioned in the Speicher, were also reared on piles. Not far from the North of the Aid Stadt on the other side of the Vistula, lies the Holm Infel, an exceedingly swampy place, in which, nevertheless, is situate, contiguous to the river, the Holm Military Hospital.* In three-fourths of its circumference on the North, East, and South, Dantzick is lined with a double, and this with a single ditch, both of which are broad and deep, and invariably contain a great deal of stagnant water. There are various outer ditches besides, with stagnant water in them, and * At the commencement of the epidemic all the poor cholera patients were conveyed to this hospital, called No. 1, — but soon after the disease had spread, it was found necessary to discontinue its use for this purpose, not only on account of its locality and distance from the dwellings of the poor patients, but on account of the cold deadly draughts to which they had been necessarily subjected in crossing the Vistula. It was, however, immediately afterwards used as the Contumace Establishment for the poor during convalescence after cholera. Relapses, it may be readily anticipated from its locality, occasionally took place in it. When it was made use of for performing quarantine, the Military Cholera Hospital, and Cholera Hospital No. 2, were established in the Aid Stadt, and Cholera Hospital No. 3 in the Neider Stadt, all of which, with the exception of their central situations, were badly situated with reference to the cure or palliation of the disease. 4 MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY OF DANTZICK. here and there in the suburbs are stagnant pools. The whole of these, it may be observed, absorb, and occasionally emit, in the still, hot, and electrical states of the weather, a great portion of the vapours or exhalations produced here. Two still streams, the Radaun and Mottlau, approaching in different directions from the southward, pass through the town; the former circuitously through the old town ; the latter between the right or West town, and the low town, encircling the Speicher between. Into these are thrown all the dirt and filth of the place. They are, as well as the ditches, lined with rank and decayed grass, and indigenous weeds, which are never cut. They appear above the water in various parts of the ditches, and in some places extend directly across them. Round the ramparts, in the suburbs, and here and there even in the heart of the town, rank and decayed grass is likewise observed. Situate low on the western verge of the Vistula, close to those hills first mentioned to the westward, Dantzick is particularly exposed to all the vegetable exhalations from the wet and swampy places between it and the coast to the North, North and by West, North and by East, and to the East and South-east, especially during easterly winds. It is not only thus exposed to the miasmata generated in the low, damp, and wet plain of the Vistula, amid the occasional prevalence of easterly winds — it affords noxious exhalations of its own, which necessarily render the miasmata still more concentrated and deleterious, especially in certain states of the weather, besides possessing many other local disadvantages in this respect. In its low situation, it is in a great measure deprived of the benefit of the westerly winds, which in most years prevail here for two-thirds of the year, by those very hills and elevated forts between them, which I had occasion to mention. In common with all old fortified towns, it is entirely enclosed by high circumscribing ramparts and mounds, which impede in 5 MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY OF DANTZICK. a great degree the free circulation of natural air from without. The entrance on every side into Dantzick, and from the old town, again, into the more elevated and modern part of it, is through portals under elevated mounds, and more elevated buildings. This obstruction to the free circulation of air at the ends of streets, with that occasioned by the great height of the houses, and the narrowness of the streets in general, particularly in the old town, ought not to be overlooked in the present instance. Hence, from the air in motion being thus pent in, arise those gusts and eddies of it so common here in some parts, and still states of it even at the same time in other parts, which cannot fail in certain states of the weather, electrical states especially, to undergo some deleterious modification with the incessant impure exhalations here, which are in themselves more or less noxious to the animal economy. There is a striking resemblance between Dantzick and the old town of Edinburgh in respect to the great height of the houses, and their consisting of several stories or flats, and in some parts of double buildings, in each of which one or more families reside — in other respects they are unlike : in the former are no cloacae puhlicce as in the latter, where they are, I believe, almost invariably cleansed at dawn ; in each house, however, there is a common receptacle for the unassimilated part of the food and drink of all the inmates from top to bottom ; — these receptacles have no subterraneous outlets, are in general very large and deep, and are seldom emptied until they are full, or nearly full. Contiguous to the houses are shallow sewers intended to carry off the dirty fluids of each thrown into them, which are constructed of wood, prove after a time not close, and therefore bad conductors in this respect. Hence, amid this accumulation of dirt and liquid filth in every direction, the offensive effluvia occasionally so common here at those occasional changes of the weather when the 6 MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY OF DANTZICK. mercury rises in the barometer. And, although it is known from experience, that the effluvia from privies, abstractedly considered, rarely prove injurious to health, it is chiefly with reference to their union with the exhalations from dead vegetable, and occasionally dead animal matter, and moisture, that I consider them here as auxiliary deleterious agents affecting the constitution of the atmosphere more or less in such places as I have described. From the localities of Dantzick and its districts here described, and the consequent exhalations, constituting, according to different states of the weather, corresponding modifications of infectious miasmata, the prevalence of intermittent and remittent fevers, and their compounds, may be reasonably inferred in certain constitutions and habits in this particular quarter. In Spring, and particularly in Autumn, these forms of fevers accordingly prevail here j in Winter and Summer they are not uncommon. The preceding observations cannot be considered unnecessary, since many distinguished German physicians conceive cholera to be produced by a modification of such miasmata. 7 ACCOUNT OF THE CLIMATE OF DANTZICK, ETC. CHAPTER 11. A brief Account of the Climate of Dantzick, including certain Deviations in the Seasons and Physical Occurrences previous to the Appearances of the Epidemic, drawn up from Authentic Documents. It will be right, in the present arrangement of the Substance of my Reports, to annex particulars of climate to those of place. To meteorological observations it may be objected that they throw no light on the production of epidemic cholera in that quarter, since it is contended that so many places of quite different localities and climates have been equally subject to it without any unusual changes previously in the seasons. The argument upon which the objection depends is problematical for want of due observation, and, therefore, the objection itself becomes a question, so that it would be well to observe the seasons attentively, and see whether insidious, as well as certain electrical states of the air, which such deviations evidently superinduce, produce cholera or not in persons of certain weak and disordered habits. My object here, however, is simply to shew that, according to Tables laid before the Committee of the College of Physicians, exhibiting the results of observations made three times a day for the last six years at Dantzick by Dr. Kleefeldt, many years President, and now, on account of his various occupations, Vice-President of the Naturalist Society of that city, unusual changes in the atmosphere have taken place within the last three, at least, as indicated by the barometer, thermometer, hygrometer and winds, which ought not to be overlooked as immaterial in the present inquiry. 8 ACCOUNT OF THE CLIMATE OF DANTZICK, ETC. According to observations, also, thus made during eighteen years, from 1807 to 1824 inclusive, and published by the Naturalist Society of Dantzick, the mean of the thermometer in the open air of the town was, viz. : — R. P. For the six months from April to September inclusive .... + 10.89 or 56f. three months of June, July, and August + 13.45 or 62J. six months from October to March inclusive + 1 .72 or 36. three months of December, January, and February, — 0.59 or 30|. According to observations during the same period, pub- lished by that Society : — The West wind blew chiefly in the months of January, February, March, September, and November 2597 times. The West wind blew chiefly in the months of July and August alone 1269 times. The South wind chiefly in the months of January, February, October, November, and December 2346 times. The South most frequently in the months of January, October, and December The North wind chiefly in the months of April, May, June, and July 1586 times. The East wind chiefly in the month of May 259 times. From a careful comparison of the different states of the atmosphere in the same months in different years, we occa- sionally find a combination of unusual changes which are not always comprised in the average results of one or more years, and to which particular attention ought, therefore, to be paid. But, on account of the expence which would be incurred by printing the Tables first mentioned, I fear I can only give the following table, shewing the results in each year from 1824 to 1830 inclusive, namely, the extremes and mean of the barometer, thermometer, and hygrometer, with the proportion of winds ; and subjoin a particular account of the Winters 1829-30, and 1830-31 previous to the epidemic, together with some remarkable occurrences tending to promote it, as given in an authentic document, also laid before the Com- mittee of the College of Physicians. 9 ACCOUNT OP THE CLIMATE OF DANTZICK, ETC. Barometer. Thermometer, R r - and Fah'. Hygrometer. Proportion of Winds in each Year. Lowest Lowest Lowest ~""~ ~~~ ~~~ """""" "~~ ~~ Years. Periods. and Mean. Periods. and Mean. Periods. and Mean. S. SW. W. NW. N. NE. E. SE. Highest. Highest. Highest. 1825 Feb. 4 26-116 Feb. 27.. -7-2 R. ~~~ 7 28-238 (15| F.) +6-50 R. June t\ 43-0 March 19 29-02 £* "I +22 . 0 R. '< 74-82 264 65 347 66 186 37 74 43 (si|F.) Ma y 12 -- 98 -° 1826 April 3 27-640 Jan. 10.. -15-0 R. . o ion 28 303 f_up\ . c C.A tj April 21.. 48-0 March 10 29-185 Aue 4 +26-1 R. ' 78 ' 10 339 49 239 60 227 21 85 54 (90| F.) (46jjF.) Ma ? 2 " 97>0 1827 Jan. 15.. 26-686 Feb. 18.. -12-7 R. _ . on ? _ 28-187 TSFI + fi 9S T? Sept. 20.. 41-0 Feb 81 July S +24- VBRV 8R b '^ K# 74-94 256103288 71 182 40 100 32 °} 28-1000 3 " +24 (8 8 8^ (4GiF) Mar. 15.. 98-0 1828 March 22 27-405 Jan. 15.. -16-60 R. ? I „ „ 28-2198 f-4FI +5-285R May 5 " 37 " 00 Jan. 18 29-067 July 6.. +25-00R nearly M 73 ' 951 232 63 352 68 198 16 " 60 (88} F.) (44 F.) Man 26 " 101 " 00 1829 April 29 "I Jan. 22 1 " Oct. 8/ 27<50 ° Feb. 12/ - 20 ' 00R - June 29.. 46-00 28-2374 (-13 F.) +3-870 R. 76-462 291 82 252 70 211 39 100 33 Dec. 6.. 29-130 June 29.. +26-00 R. Aug. 29.. 99-00 (90^ F.) (40^ F.) 1830 Oct. 29.. 27-450 Jan. 29.. -17 -00 R. . . ~ 7777" no 0909 F 1 fiAfiί July 16., 4650 March 2.. 28-1040 ' " Aug. 5.. +21-80 R nearly 78>513 194 126 340 67 129 55 88 73 _^^ (81IF.) (45 F.) Sept# 10> - 100>0 ° 10 ACCOUNT OF THE CLIMATE OF DANTZICK, ETC. From the document before-mentioned, it appears that, from the beginning of 1817 until the end of 1827, the seasons were unusually favourable to health and vegetation. Mortality was limited, and the proportion of the number of births to that of deaths was progressively greater every year. The Summer of 1828, however, deviated from this favourable character, it proving exceedingly wet. Intermittent fevers became more general and inveterate than ever they had been known before, and proved in many instances incurable. The Winter was unusually severe, the Vistula and all the rivers were deeply frozen over, and an unusual fall of snow took place towards the latter end of it. In the south of Poland the cold abated, and a rapid thaw took place j while in Dantzick and its districts the severity of the cold continued. Tremendous floods came down the frozen Vistula, which, in this state, impeded them in their rapid course, and occasioned an inundation in the months of March and April, unexampled in the memory of man. Between Dantzick and Thorn, more than twenty German square miles were completely laid under water, and a great part remained so throughout the whole of the following year. — The Summer of 1829 was again wet, the Autumn particularly so, and the Winter set in very early, and proved severe and protracted, — the temperature varying from 61° to 30j° in October down to 3 below Zero in December, from 35|° to 7 below Zero in January, from 42° to s|° in February, and from 52f° to 14|° in March, each of Fahr. These unfavourable circumstances brought on aggravated misery in the low country, where large districts remained uncultivated on both sides of the Vistula, and the meadows uncut in consequence of their marshy state after the inundation and additional rains. Intermittent fevers of the most inveterate nature again became prevalent. The Summer of 1830 proved also unfavourable to vegetation, and even to the health of cattle ; and the majority of the population, especially the peasantry, suffered from complicated disease ; the 11 ACCOUNT OF THE CLIMATE OF DANTZICK, ETC. cases of fevers were numerous and protracted, and often fatal. Amid this general suffering of humanity, the mortality, however, was not proportionately great, but the ratio of the number of births to that of deaths became less in favour of the former. The Winter of 1830-31 did not prove so unfavourable in some respects as the preceding, but it was a severe and bad Winter. From October to February the cold was not quite so severe, but in March it was more so, the temperature varying from 63| to 32^ in October down to 15| in December, from 36 to 1 in January, from 48| to 9 in February, and from 43f to 13 in March, each of Fahrenheit. The mean of the barometer was more in October, November, and February, than in the same months in the Winter before, but in December, January, and March, it was considerably less, being in 1829 — October, 28 • 148, November, 28-232, December, 28-722. 1830 — October, 28-3055, November, 28-362, December, 28-004. 1830— January, 28-4583, February, 28-1956, March, 28-326. 1831— January, 28-200, February, 28-251, March, 28-258. From the Ist of January to the 31st of August in 1831, it varied a degree, or nearly a degree, in each month j the lower and higher extremes were 27.5 on the 27th of February, and 28.9 on the Ist of April. The mean hygrometer was higher from the middle of June to the end of December in 1830 than during the same period in 1829 j in January 1831, it was less than in January 1830, — but from February to August, both inclusive, it was more than during that interval in 1830, being as follows in 1829 — October, 80-60, November, 81-01, December, 78-74. 1830 — October, 81-67, November, 84-47, December, 84-75. 1830 — January, 82-53, February, 81-02, March, 78-61. 1831— January, 81-72, February, 82-923, March, 82-57. The winds in October and November, 1830, were chiefly from the S.S.W. and E. ; in December, from the S. and E. 12 ACCOUNT OF THE CLIMATE OF DANTZICK, ETC. Heavy rains and fogs prevailed as in the same months in 1829. In January, 1831, the winds were chiefly from the S., N. and W. ; in February, equally from the N., S., S.W. and W. ; in March, 27 times from the eastward, 29 from the southward, and 9 from the North. These three months proved exceedingly foggy, with dense mists ; at times occasional snow, rain, and night-frost, with irregularity of cold temperature, as before stated, more felt in March on account of the easterly winds. In April, May, and June, foggy weather prevailed, with dense mists occasionally, of which, some are stated to have been peculiarly disagreeable to the smell, and even to the taste; one in particular on the 27th of May, on the first appearance of the epidemic. In April and May, the weather was in general changeable, with drizzling rain, and hoarfrost ; in June it was close, with distant thunder occasionally, effecting in one instance, a change of from 76 before, to 62 immediately after it; — also some hail. The temperature varied successively in these three months, from 71 to 32, 74| to 35|, and 74f to 48, while the mean respectively in each month was 48, 52, 59. Between the Ist of July, when the epidemic was increasing, and the 10th of September, when it nearly disappeared, there was also much foggy weather, which in some instances had a peculiar smoky smell. In July the weather was in general close, hot, and electrical, with occasional thunder and rain, and foggy weather 15 times. August had foggy weather 26 times, with occasional lightning, thunder, and rain, affording relief after the change. The temperature varied from 80 to 56£ in July, and 74 to 57 in August, while the mean was 64 and 62 respectively in each. Westerly winds are always prevalent at Dantzick, but during 22 days of April, 16 of May, 19 of June, 14 of July, and 10 of August, the wind was steadily from the eastward, across the wet valley of the Vistula. 13 APPEARANCE AND SPREAD OF CHAPTER 111. Circumstantial Report of the first Appearance and SUBSEQUENT IRREGULAR SPREAD OF CHOLERA AT DaNTzick ', with, in continuation, the heads of the General List, and an Analysis of the Separate List, &c. from which, important Conclusions are drawn. It remains a problem to this day, in what manner the Cholera Morbus originated in and about Dantzick : — certainly it is not proved to have been brought hither from Russia or Poland by men or merchandise ; because no ship had arrived at Dantzick from any Russian port previously to its appearance, and the intercourse with Poland had ceased since the beginning of the Winter. The first symptoms of cholera showed themselves indeed in such a peculiar manner as to exclude even the suspicion of its importation ; and it is reasonable to conclude that the disease originated here in some manner, that has as yet not been explained*. This is corroborated by the statements of several physicians, — namely, that cases similar to cholera had been observed previously to the arrival of any vessel from Russia ; and that the weather had been so remarkably unsettled since the commencement of Spring, that malignant diseases might be reasonably anticipated. In accordance with this expectation, the clergy of the city received orders on the 11th of May, to report twice a-dayto the town physician, the names of those who died ; the physicians to announce every case of suspicious sickness or death; the police officers in the different districts to have a watchful * I have with great pains sought for its origin in the different physical states of the atmosphere for the last aix years, in connexion with soil, localities, &c. &c. 14 CHOLERA AT DANTZICK. eye on every case of sickness, to procure correct information of the same, and to give daily, and, if necessary, instant notice of them ; while the magistrates were requested to render the police officers due assistance through the inspectors of the district, and the wardens of the poor ; and in general, every thing had been prepared to obtain speedy information of all suspicious cases, and to make the necessary arrangements according to circumstances. "It appeared," as Mr. Gibsone, the British Consul at Dantzick, has truly stated in an able communication to me, "at a time when it was not known to be within a hundred miles of the place, and without there being the slightest trace of communication with any foreign means of infection." " It must, therefore," he adds, " have originated in the place, as indeed has been pretty clearly proved." It is well known that a military cordon had been placed, for a considerable time before, along the whole line of the Prussian frontier next Poland, with a view to keep out the disease prevailing there. — The two first acknowledged cases of epidemic cholera occurred on the 27th of May, in the Neufahrwasser, or Harbour-Canal, one German mile from Dantzick, in two mudbarges, used for keeping that canal deep ; the two next on the 28th, besides a suspicious case ; but it was not until the 29th that these cases, particularly the latter, were discovered j and on the 30th, that the public authorities announced the existence of the epidemic accordingly. On accurate inquiry, however, two or three cases of the malady appeared to have occurred in the town of Dantzick, on the 28th, in two quite different parts ; since which it has been ascertained that isolated cases, similar to cholera, at least in most of the leading symptoms, were witnessed at an earlier period than the 27th. The discovery of the first appearance of the epidemic on the 29th, did not take place in the Harbour-Canal where it 15 APPEARANCE AND SPREAD OF had broken out, but in three or four villages not far from each other, in the Dantzick Nehrung, in the following manner : — The physician of the Dantzic district, Dr. Lenz, was informed, on the 29th of May, that of four labourers who had fallen sick in the mud-barges in Neufahrwasser, and had been conveyed to their homes in the villages of Nickelswalde, Krohnenhoff, Einlage, and Schnackenburg, in the Dantzick Nehrung, three had died suddenly from some suspicious sickness, and one was still alive. He found symptoms of Indian cholera in this patient, and judged the above three had died of cholera. But on subsequent inquiry, it was ascertained, as is shown in the history of these cases, that one died on the 28th in about nine hours, and one on the 29th in seven hours, after the first attack ; and that of the remaining two, one did not die until 4 a. m. of the 31st, and the other not until a much later period. Dr. Lenz reported these cases the same evening to the Regency ; and in a conference which took place at ten o'clock the same night with the chief president, Rothe*, it was resolved not only to isolate immediately the said villages, but also to investigate the particulars of the mud-barges. This investigation was accordingly made the next morning by some of the police, and the city physician, Dr. Mathy, when the following particulars were ascertained : — The labourers in the two mud-barges had been in active employment since the 16th of May, on the six working days of the week. The two barges had, under the direction of their respective overseers, Gutziel and Wolff, one thirty-six, the other thirty- four men j all of whom, on the arrival of the Commissaries, on the 30th of May, at eight o'clock in the morning, had been hard at work since half-past four; and except the above-mentioned four, and one suspicious case, were all found in good health. With respect to the labourers in the mud -barges, it will 16 CHOLERA AT DANTZiCK. be proper to state, that by far the greater number of them are inhabitants of the Dantzick Nehrung, belonging to the Dantzick Landrath district ; and only few of them live in the suburbs of Neufahrwasser ; that the former go regularly every Monday morning to the mud-barges, in which they literally live, remain there during the week, and return on Saturday with their weekly wages to their families. Their food consists, chiefly, of potatoes, groats, bacon, and sometimes flour dumplings. Of these they take a sufficient quantity to last the week ; and are, therefore, seldom under the necessity of leaving the barges. As, therefore, they had seldom any communication with other people ; and as, in the villages in the Nehrung, and in the suburbs of Neufahrwasser, as has been ascertained, no illness had occurred before these individuals fell ill, there was no evidence of contagion in these instances. In order to avoid repetition, I shall give all the essential facts of the above-mentioned cases of sickness here, as ascertained at the time, and subsequently on inquiry of the wives and families of the patients in the Nehrung, where the men died, — by Dr. Barchewitz, Medical Commissioner to the Regency on subjects relating to cholera, Mr. Gibsone, and myself. 1. The labourer Gottlieb Klamann, 27| years of age, of Nickelswalde in the Nehrung, had worked in the larger mudbarge under the said Gutziel, since the 15th of May. On the 27th of May, at six o'clock in the morning, while taking over a flat mud-boat to the other side of the Vistula, he found himself suddenly taken so ill with weakness, and cramps, that he could work no longer, and was, therefore, taken back by his father, brother, and father-in-law, who happened to be in the same boat, and laid him down. He was taken home the same day to Nickelswalde, three German (about fourteen English) miles from Dantzick, On circum- 17 APPEARANCE AND SPREAD OF stantial inquiry of his wife, we found he had previously an affection of the lungs. His case was considered to be one of epidemic cholera ; by Dr. Barchewitz, only a subordinate, or modified form of the epidemic, just commencing. He died at a much later period. " Seventeen persons, who lived in the same house, remained well." 2. The labourer Michael Laas, 44| years of age, from Krohnenhoff, in the Nehrung, was attacked with vomiting and looseness, on the 27th of May, at about nine o'clock in the morning, after having been at work from about four o'clock, in the lesser mud-barge, under Wolff. On Saturday morning, the 28th, he was conveyed in a boat to Weickelsmuende, and thence in a carriage to his house in Krohnenhoff, 2| German (about 11| English) miles from Dantzick. He did not vomit on Friday and Saturday, — on Sunday once ; the looseness lasted till Monday. He died on the 31st (Tuesday) at 4 o'clock in the morning. It was stated that he caught cold at his work ; to which, and the marshy air developed, Dr. Barchewitz attributed his complaint. "In the same chamber with him, which is only about ten feet square, were his wife, and seven children ; in an adjoining chamber two other persons, all of whom remained well." 3. On the 28th of May, the labourer Constantine Benkendorf, from Einlage, who had been employed fourteen days in the lesser mud-barge, under Wolff, was taken sick in the same, with vomiting and looseness, especially towards noon. Towards evening he was conveyed home to Einlage, 2| German (about 11| English) miles from Dantzick, where he died the same evening at 9 o'clock. He had been affected, more or less, with an intermittent fever for nine months. " His wife, with four lodgers in the same house, and sixtyfour persons in all, who came in the closest contact with him, kept well ; while one man who fetched a loaf of bread from the mud-barge, and the Master of a ship which lay close to it, took sjjckx>f the cholera." 4. The labourer Henry Granz, 31 years of age, from 18 CHOLERA AT DANTZIC. Krohnenhoff, in the Nehrung, 2f German (about 114 English) miles from Dantzick, who had worked in the lease* mud-barge since the 16th of May, left it on the 28th, at 2 p. m., and went home in company with his comrades, Manthey, of Schnackenburg, and Dirschau, of Krohnenhoff^ who left him at sp. m., apparently in good health. While heated, he drank coffee, and then ate fish with potatoes. At about 1 a. m. on the 29th, he became ill with vomiting and looseness, and immediately after with cramps, and died at about 7a. m. " His wife, and a daughter three years old, lay the night with him in the same bed ; close by lay a boy, three years old, and in a corner of the chamber, his motherin-law. The chamber is 13 feet long, 10 feet broad, and 6| high, with one window of 3 feet, whereof the upper and under rows of panes were closed with boards. Besides these persons, fourteen more lived in the same house, and all of them continued in good health." 5. The horse-driver, Michael Buckholz, in the service of the waggoner Aurifo, in Dantzick, contractor for supplying horses to work the mud-barges. He had been employed in the morning of the 28th, was taken ill at about 10 o'clock in the forenoon, and complained of cramps in his feet. He was conveyed in his master's carriage to his lodgings in Zeissau Street, in the old town, and died in the evening of the same day. The body was taken to the Town Hospital, and examined by Dr. Baum, the chief physician of this hospital, who found adhesions of the lungs, and violent inflammation of the bowels, with inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membrane. The preceding cases, with the exception of the sth, and some minor circumstances taken from a Report of the Sanatory Commission to the Regency, under date of the 31st of July, 1831, are drawn up from a translation in Medical Report, A. of a paper by Dr. Barchewitz, containing the results of the inquiries before- mentioned, and concluding thus : 19 APPEARANCE AND SPREAD OF " The foregoing facts, as regards the first 4 men, have again been established on the spot, by the undersigned physician, in presence of Dr. Hamett, and the English Consul, Gibsone, which the undersigned certifies, by his signature and seal of office. " Dantzick, the 30th of August, 1831. (L. S.) " Dr. BARCHEWITZ." " Medical Commissioner of the Regency at Dantzick, in Cholera Matters." " This is a correct translation of a paper written, and signed by Dr. Barchewitz, for Dr. Hamett. "Dantzick, the 31st of August, 1831. " ALEXANDER GIBSONE, British Consul." "P. S. I think it well to add, that Dr. Barchewitz has explained his meaning, by inserting the circumstances regarding the loaf and Shipmaster, to be, that they served to show the disease must have been propagated by the miasmata, in the place about the mud-barge, in opposition to propagation from person to person. "Dantzick, as above. "A. G. "B. C." No other attack of cholera took place in the mud-barges then, besides these. It appears from the Police Reports, that three attacks took place subsequently in the middle of June ', soon after which the mud -barges ceased to work. In all the vessels lying in the harbour, no case of fatal sickness took place until the 30th of May, neither among the numerous labourers employed in building the pier, nor in the other establishments at the harbour. On board 1 10 ships from Russian ports, laden with provisions, &c. for the Russian armies in Poland, which arrived at Dantzick between the 30th of May and 17th of August, 20 CHOLERA AT DANTZICK. Captain Brandt only, as it is presumed, died of cholera on the 31st of May ; in the Contumace-Establishment at Bresen only two seamen, — at the unloading of the cargoes of these ships in the roads and harbour, and on the Vistula, only the owner of a boat, and a lighter-skipper, nearly 71 years of age, as ascertained on accurate inquiry, died of it. The first vessel from Russian ports was the Monna, Brandt, master, direct from Riga. This vessel arrived in Dantzick roads early in the morning of the 30th of May, three days after the first appearance of the epidemic, and was allowed to enter the harbour the same forenoon, having a clean bill of health from the Prussian Consul at Riga. Mr. Gibsone, the British Consul in Dantzick, ascertained that he had not been well while on his passage, and that he died on the 31st of May, and not on the Ist of June, as stated in the General List. This is only a presumed case of cholera, he not having been visited by any physician in his last illness. His two sons and the mate of the Monna attended on him ; and they, as well as the crew and pilot, escaped the disease. Subsequently to the Monna, four other ships from Riga arrived the same day in the roads ; one of these, the Johanna Maria, Hotck, master, was not permitted to enter, not being able to produce a clean bill of health ; but the other three were admitted into harbour, they having the required certificates. It cannot, however, be presumed that cholera was brought by these ships, — especially as not a man was allowed to quit his vessel, and the cases in the mud-barges had occurred three days previous to their arrival ; in addition to which, the royal pilots were obliged to remain during the thirty-six days of quarantine, on board these ships, where they literally slept in the holds on the packages of grain, ate of the ordinary ship's fare, and being thus deprived of their usual comforts, were exposed to contagion, had it existed ; but not one of them was taken ill. That ships from Russian ports did not arrive at Dantzick 21 APPEARANCE AND SPREAD OF before the 30th of May, is ascertained by the list of arrivals here, which lies open to every one's inspection. This, indeed, is admitted by the Prussian Government, in a proclamation in the Dantzick Intelligenz Platt of the 30th of July, No. 175, and by the Sanatory Commission at Dantzick, in their Report to the Regency, of the same date. At the same time it should be mentioned that, the earliest information of the cholera having appeared at Riga, was received on the Ist of June, by Kitskats, the ship's broker, who had it from the Prussian Consul, General Woehrmann, at Riga, in a letter dated 44 May. On the 30th of May, cholera appeared not only in the town, but also in the suburb Schlapke, belonging to Schidlitz : thus, at the same time, in two quite different parts of Dantzick. It attacked several individuals in Eimermacherhoff, Rambau, and Seigen, three streets adjacent to each other, not far from the principal ramparts of the fortress, and Mottlau guard-house, which is situated on the confluence of the Mottlau and Radaune streams, into which all the dirt and filth of the low and old town in particular, are conveyed. The Mottlau, which is the larger stream, is lost in the Vistula, at about 2000 paces from its place of junction with the Radaune. The above-mentioned streets are, accordingly, in the lowest part of the city, and were, in March*, 1829, quite inundated, — the water rising, in several houses, from five to six feet, and in some even to the ceilings on the first floor. The ground there is rather marshy, and intersected by canals, which serve as drains for carrying off the dirt and filth. When the Vistula is higher than ordinary, parts of these streets are generally more or less inundated. The suburb Schidlitz, distant about a quarter of a German mile from the city, is in a dry and more healthy situation ', * An inundation, unexampled in the memory of man, took place in this month and year, and laid twenty German square miles of the immense plain, or valley ol th« Vistula, as it is called, under water. 22 23 CHOLERA AT DANTZICK. the houses are more airy, and less contiguous than those of the above-named streets, — and the manner of subsistence and occupations of the inhabitants, of a totally different nature : those of the above-mentioned part of the city, gaining their livelihood chiefly by such occupations as relate to shipping, — while those of the suburb of Schidlitz and Schlapke, are chiefly agricultural or mercantile labourers, and subsist on the produce of their gardens. Here only one woman fell sick at an early period, and subsequently hut few cases appeared. It not only appeared, as above stated, in the old town, but continued to spread, irregularly, without any marked order from personal contact or proximity, in low, damp, and dirty, or close and offensive situations, all over the city, among the destitute and poor ; who are here, in general, ill-clothed, illfed, uncleanly in their persons and dwellings ; never wearing flannel next the skin ; subsisting chiefly on indigestible and unwholesome food*, and in the habit of using pernicious drinks : — habitual drunkards, of whatever class, have been almost invariably the victims of this malady. Besides these, it occasionally selected for its objects, in comparatively healthy spots, persons of particular constitutions and habits, in easy circumstances of life, who happened to suffer in their health, in the various ordinary ways, from exposure to cold damp air, especially at night ; from profuse perspiration suddenly suppressed, the bad effects of conjoined wet and cold, &c. &c, and, above all, from recent derangement of the stomach and bowels : namely, diarrhoeas, indigestion, and surfeits, * The general food of the lower classes, consists of potatoes ; white and grey peas, the latter especially ; gritz, gruel, and all sorts of meal-dishes ; dumplings ; occasionally black rye-bread, which is considered rather a luxury ; — much fresh fish, with little or no salt, in consequence of its dearness ; are fond of salted food, and use herring and flounder, salted and smoked dry, the latter more commonly ; very little meat ; and ham and bacon, at times raw. The drinks consist of very diluted coffee, or succory water in lieu thereof ; small-beer, which is in general sour ; and a great deal of ardent spirit distilled from potatoes ; — no tea. APPEARANCE AND SPREAD OF from certain kinds of bad food especially, — more so, if complicated with previous deficient action of the liver, consequent sluggishness of the bowels, and feculent accumulations in them. These last states have been more or less common in such cases as I have more particularly observed, as may be seen in the history of numerous cases in my possession. — It also appeared in the villages, in the ravines and valleys of the high grounds near Dantzick, where it proved fatal among many of the poor ill-fed Catholics, who, in general, received the sacrament of Extreme Unction in the beginning of the disease, and refused all medical assistance afterwards. — The higher and middle classes escaped the disease ; a few excepted, who brought it on by a want of common care of themselves, or who became incidentally predisposed to it, as shown in the Police Reports, and the interesting communications to me from Mr. Gibsone, the British Consul in Dantzick : they not having been near, or at least, ascertained to have been near, infected persons. In proof of these statements, between the 28th of May and the 23rd of July inclusive, 835 persons, consisting almost entirely of the wretched and unhealthy poor, were attacked with cholera, of whom only 195 recovered, according to the General List, making the amount of deaths, during that period, 640. During this period of eight weeks, notwithstanding that nearly 2000 inhabitants of the dwellings of these sick, were shut up for twenty-one days, subject to the bad effects of fear, want of exercise, and fresh air, though indeed having the essential advantage of being well fed, only 189 persons fell sick in 109 dwellings, of 82 houses, in each of which, at the same, or at different periods, there were more than one patient :* and in these 189 patients, a probable or predisposing cause of the disease has been officially reported in the Separate List. Of these 189 patients, * Vide Medical Topography of Dantzick, page 6. 24 CHOLERA AT DANTZICK. again, it will appear that 130 were attacked without any evidence of their having been near the disease, and only 59 who had been near it. It will also appear that, of the above 109 dwellings, 63 were houses, or detached dwellings, in each of which, at the same, or at different times, there were more than one attack, — while in 5 of these houses, again, there was a separate dwelling, with one attack j and that the remaining 46 were dwellings of 24 houses, in each of which, more than one attack took place also, at one, or different times. These 46 are considered separate dwellings, inasmuch as they were front, side, or back buildings, with separate entrances, or as being otherwise distinct from the other cholera dwellings, constituting parts of any one house. In 19 of these houses were 41 of these separate dwellings, with one cholera patient in each ; in the remaining 5, were the 5 separate dwellings above-mentioned, with, as above-stated, one in each. In a population of between 70,000 and 72,000, in Dantzick and its immediate districts, the whole mortality from cholera, was officially reported to have been 1028 of both sexes and all ages, coinciding in all particulars of the disease with the above-mentioned 640, between the 30th of May and Bth of September. The numbers actually taken ill of the disease, I have been unable to ascertain. The physicians in Dantzick, as I repeatedly stated in my reports home, did not report all affected with cholera. As it is of importance to know the proportion of its victims of both sexes, and at the different decimal periods of life,* I beg leave to state that, of these 1028, according to the official report alluded to, 539 were men, 368 women, 59 boys, and 62 girls. Of these, 26 males and 20 females died at different ages, under six years. * Let the above decimal periods of the lives of persons at Dantzick attacked with cholera, be compared with those ages, at which, when the susceptibility is greatest, diseases, characteristically contagious, in general attack mankind ; and one remarkable inference is drawn. 25 AI'I'EARANCK AND SPREAD OF Years. Males. Females. From 6to 10 ... 19 and 26 „ 11 „ 15 ... 14 „ 16 „ 16,, 20 ... 21 „ 14 „ 21 „30 ... 126 „ 54 „ 31 „40 ... 120 „ 69 „ 41,, 50 ... 117 „ 65 „ 51 „ 60 ... 81 „ 74 „ 61 „ 70 ... 66 „ 57 „ 71 „ 80 ... 13 „ 28 „ 81 „90 ... 3 „ 7 I now revert, in order, I. to the isolated or sporadic cases of cholera furnished me by Dr. Baum, Physician-General of the Town Hospital, that appeared in the old town some time before the arrival of the first vessel from Russian ports at Dantzick, and consequently before the first appearance of the epidemic ; 11. to the first cases of the epidemic that appeared in the old town, according to the official reports, as before stated ; and 111. to cases not officially reported. I.— The Isolated, or Sporadic Cases of Cholera. 1 . The first case, of sporadic or isolated cholera, occurred to Dr.Hein, a respectable physician in Dantzick, on the 3d May. Mrs. Hermann, a bronzer's wife, 26 years of age, awoke at 4 o'clock in the morning, after her usual supper the evening before, with borborygmi, and inclination to stool ; had four stools at six o'clock, succeeded by vomiting ; had spasmodic contractions in the toes of the right foot : the alvine discharges then began to be so copious and frequent as to pass from her involuntarily ; they had a bad smell, were watery, and penetrated the sheets, leaving on them a little greenish 26 CHOLERA AT DANTZICK. mucus. At first she vomited what she had eaten the previous evening, afterwards a watery fluid mixed with flocculi of mucus. Dr. Hem saw her at ten o'clock, when she was in a state of collapse and pale ; the eyes sunk into the sockets, and surrounded with dark rings ; cool perspiration on the parts uncovered ; pulse small and weak, about 90 ; tongue slightly coated with a whitish mucus ; abdomen somewhat tympanitic, not sensible on pressure, nor at all painful ; the senses continued unaffected : she complained chiefly of weakness from vomiting and purging, and of painful fits of anxiety; a burning heat in the epigastric region ; oppression at the chest, which caused sighing ; short and anxious respiration ; very painful cramps in the calves of both legs, hands, and neck; impossibility of opening the eyes. The stools were innumerable; the vomitings less frequent. External heat was applied ; she was rubbed with wool, dipped in a heated mixture of brandy, spirit of camphor, caustic liq. of ammon. and took every hour thirty drops of a mixture of equal portions of liq. ammon. succin, liq. ammon. and laudanum, with hot tea ; had gruel and infusion of chamomile flowers : the first dose of the medicine was rejected, the second retained. At one o'clock, p.m. the number of stools greatly diminished* but the cramps and fits of anxiety, and vomiting of a watery fluid, still continued. At two o'clock no purging, skin warmer. At four, a general and good perspiration ; the face quite natural in colour ; pulse full ; respiration free, no spasms, no vomiting, no diarrhoea. At ten o'clock she vomited once. The following day she was quite well, had a good appetite, and only kept in bed and upon low diet, because the doctor had advised her. The bowels were afterwards costive. The patient is of a delicate irritable habit, and has suffered many years from spasmodic affection. 2. On the same day, and in the same street, Mrs. Wulsten, 28 years of age, of spare habit, weakened by childbed and protracted lactation, was affected with • giddiness, vomiting, 27 APPEARANCE AND 6PREAD OF and repeated looseness, without any apparent cause. No other bad symptoms. She soon recovered by means of a little laudanum, with liq. amraon. succin., and an opiate ointment. 3. Dr. de Duisburg was called to a Mr. Kolpin, at the Hakelwer, who was affected, May 14th, with all the symptoms of sporadic cholera, except that the stools and vomited matter were quite similar to such matter in the spasmodic cholera of India. He recovered slowly, and was considered to be cured on May 31st. 4. Gottlieb Fred. Kluge, journeyman to an amber-turner, 37 years of age, living in the Kumst-Gasse, after a plentiful dinner on the 21st May, at four o'clock, p.m., was seized with vomiting and violent purging. He was taken to the Town Hospital at nine o'clock in the evening — up to which time he had had nine stools, with frequent vomiting. The stools were fluid and colourless, with whitish mucus floating in them, which soon sank to the bottom ; retching ; hands and feet quite cold. No pain or spasm ; pulse very small, about 80; no anxiety; little thirst ; sometimes painful griping in the umbilical region, not increased on pressure. At 10| warm-bath ; the watery fluid still continued, and came away involuntarily. lOf . When taken out of the bath, had a watery colourless stool, and complained of cramps in the calves. 11. Bled to 33 x y*s the blood issued freely ; soon afterwards vomiting of gruel ; great thirst. 1 If. Complained of pain in the calves, and sense of traction in the feet j much thirst; feet and hands covered with cold perspiration ; the face colder, and perspiring more profusely ; pulse about 100, very weak, not quite regular ; the blood drawn by venesection firmly coagulated ; got op. puri, gr. jss. 12. Sleeps quietly ; the right eye half opened ; the face still cold, — but extremities getting warm, and the pulse rising. The blood strained out a small quantity of serum, floating a line high over the crassamentum. 28 CHOLERA AT DANTZICK. May 22nd. Had very disturbed rest ; vomiting and purging ceased; warmth of the body restored; thirst diminished; got an enema, after which infusion of senna, with tartrate of soda. In the evening slight delirium. 23rd. Paralysis of the left side was noticed ; all choleric symptoms had disappeared. Leeches were applied to the front ; calomel, gr. ss. given every two hours ; cupped along the spine : — the palsy still continued, the senses became much affected ; tongue dry : more stimulating applications tried ; — but the patient died June 2nd. Upon dissection nothing remarkable was observed in the chest and abdomen : there was a portion of the brain, about the size of a pigeon's egg, in the right hemisphere, close to the right corpus striatum, softened, and altered into a yellowish semifluent mass. The preceding cases are drawn up from a paper in Medical Report, A. dated Dantzick, August 12th, 1831, with Dr. Baum's signature, authenticated by Mr. Gibsone. II. — The First Cases of the Epidemic in the old Town, Sfc. 1 . The recruit of militia, Andreas Hermann, was taken ill in the night of the 30th of May, at his lodgings in the house of the nail-maker Wruck, in Eimermacherhoff, No. 1728. He had been the day before with his comrade, Koeker, to fetch his military effects from the store of his battalion : he had taken for supper potatoes and ham, and drank ale. On going to bed, he complained of coldness in his limbs ; and requested a feather-bed for a covering, which was given him. At midnight he woke his comrade, complaining of pain in the bowels, — when he was covered with blankets, and took chamomile tea, and peppermint ; but vomiting, diarrhoea, and cramps, came on ; and when Koeker left his quarters, at five in the morning, the man was speech- 29 APPEARANCE AND SPREAD OF less, and only by slight convulsive motions gave signs of life. The commander of the battalion, Major Schwikowski, and the police officer of the district, were made acquainted with Hermann's illness ; and at ten o'clock he was conveyed to the Military Hospital, where he died a few moments after. He had only been enlisted three days; had served some months with the constable, Hem, at Stublau in the Dantzick Werder ; had had continual intercourse with the other servants, and inhabitants of the village ; but none fell sick, neither his comrade, nor any of his landlord's family. 2. Friedrich Kuntz, private of the sth Regiment of Infantry, lodging in the Seigen, No. 1186, fell sick on the morning of the 30th of May, while at drill. On the day previous, he had eaten grey peas ; was in the night affected with a slight diarrhoea, but in the morning felt sufficiently well to attend drill : he, however, could not keep to his post from ill - ness ; and was immediately taken to the hospital, where he died of cholera four hours after his admittance. It appears he was addicted to drinking ; but this was not ascertained to have been the case the day previous to his illness. No immediate cause for his illness was then assigned. 3. John Muller, labourer, living in Eimermacherhoff, Gelbe Reihe, (Yellow Row,) No. 1751, at two o'clock in the morning of the 30th of May, was taken ill with head-ache, and coldness of the body. His wife, thinking his indisposition slight, — left him, while she went to fetch milk from Neuendorf, a village in the Werder district, three-quarters of a German mile from the town. On her return at half-past seven, she found him dangerously ill, and speechless, affected also with cramps and diarrhoea. Dr. Klinsmann visited him at half -past eight o'clock, and he died in an hour afterwards. The day preceding, the deceased had eaten pork and potatoes. He had been a day-labourer, — but had then no other occupation than that of fetching milk every morning from Neuendorf. Contagion could not be discovered. 30 CHOLERA AT DANTZICK. 4. Jacob Koss, lighterman and day-labourer, lodging in Eimermacherhoff, No. 1749, was indisposed since the 27th of May, complaining of pains in his breast, but continued to work until the 29th. On the 30th, he had repeated vomiting, diarrhoea, and continual faintings ; Dr. Klinsmann visited him, and prescribed medicines at eleven o'clock in the forenoon ; but he died at seven in the evening, under, as Dr. Mathy says in his Report of the 31st of May, but slight symptoms of cholera. The day previous to his death, he had eaten roasted bacon, and potatoes. He had latterly no employment. During the last year he suffered from inflammation of the lungs. No contagion could be discovered. 5. On the 30th of May, Aron Hirsch Simonsolm, a Jew, formerly clerk in commercial establishments, living in Rambau, No. 832, went abroad as usual at nine o'clock in the morning, and at half-past six in the evening was conveyed to his house, sick, by two unknown Jews : he had diarrhoea, cramps, and was speechless ; and died at half-past three o'clock the next morning. He had no medical assistance. His landlord stated that he was inclined to drinking ; that he maintained himself by assisting Jewish tradesmen ; and consequently he could not tell with what people he had intercourse. 6. On the 30th of May, Louisa Zielke, residing in Seigen, No. 839, unmarried, returned to her home at ten o'clock in the evening, from her customary employment of shovelling 1 grain, on the banks of the Vistula, in good health ; at eleven she complained of cramps, sickness, and diarrhoea. Dr, Klinsmann visited her at nine o'clock the next morning, and prescribed accordingly : she died an hour and a half after. No cause for her illness could be found out, as the patient was stated to have lived a regular life. 7. On the 30th of May, Adelgunda Shroeder, a married woman, residing at Schlapke, No. 965, was taken ill at ten in the morning, with pain in the bowels, while washing linen: 31 APPEAttANCE AND SPREAD OF at the saddler Mischke's, at Schidlitz ; she returned home, went to bed, and had recourse to warm applications. Vomiting and diarrhoea soon came on, which continued all that day, and the subsequent night. Dr. Lenz, and the surgeon of the district, Leuc, visited her on the 31st, and declared her disease to be cholera. The prescribed regulations were put in force, and the patient recovered. No positive cause could be conjectured for her falling sick. She had little intercourse with other people ; and during the days previous to her illness, had almost always been at home. Her chief diet was potatoes, boiled in water, with salt, — and her drink succory water. On the morning of her falling sick, she had taken no other nourishment than some dishes of coffee with milk at Mischke's. "Her husband, and four children, of eleven, nine, seven, and five years of age, respectively, continued during her illness in their wretched abode ; and although they all slept in the same room during the time they were isolated, which was forty- three days, yet no one fell sick." 8. Martin Kluth, sawyer in a timber-yard, in Seigen, No. 1175, went to his work at seven in the morning of the 28th of May, already indisposed. Sickness of stomach, with head-ache, and cramps in the calves, came on at three o'clock p.m. He took some brandy, and returned* home, when vomiting and diarrhoea succeeded. In the evening he became speechless, and the police commissary of the district caused him to be conveyed to the Town Hospital. He recovered on the 15th of June, and was discharged from the Contumace- Establishment on the 21st of July. The physician of the hospital, Dr. Baum, affirms, that the sickness of Kluth was at that time only looked on as sporadic cholera, and it was not until a later period that he was convinced of his having really suffered from Asiatic cholera — consequently he put him in his list of the 3rd of June. Associating only with his fellow-sawyers, and, with the exception of his hours of la- 32 CHOLERA AT DANTZICK. bour, not having been from home, contagion cannot in his case be well traced. 111. — Cases not officially reported. Several other cases similar to cholera occurred previously to the above dates, — but they were not officially reported, and were only spoken of after the continued appearance of the disease. The following are some of these cases : A. In the same information given by the nail-maker Wruck, on the 30th of May, of the suspicious sickness of Hermann, the recruit of militia, he also mentions that a woman had previously died under the like symptoms, and that one of his neighbours was in like manner ill. On inquiry, it was found that Florentine Muller, a married woman, residing in Eimermacherhoff, No. 1720, had been attacked, at eight o'clock on the morning of the 27th of May, with cramps in her feet and other bad symptoms, and died at half-past ten the following day. She was attended by Dr. Klinsmann. The husband of the deceased deposed that, she had suffered at times from convulsions, was careless of her health, and went lightly clothed. Half an hour before her death she received the sacrament with great devotion, and good understanding, from the hands of the Dominican monk, Joseph. Dr. Klinsmann and Dr. Mathy inspected the corpse, and gave permission for ordinary burial, not then supposing the disease, which caused her death, of a suspicious nature. B. Solomon Muller, glazier, lodging in Hacker Gasse, No. 1474, was taken ill on the 28th of May in the evening. Dr. Jaeger visited him at ten o'clock,— found him suffering from diarrhoea and repeated vomiting, and prescribed the necessary remedies \ but he died at four the next morning. Dr. Jaeger communicated with Dr. Mathy on the 29th, respecting this critical case of sickness and death : the corpse 33 APPEARANCE AND SPREAD OF was examined ; and although, it was not admitted at the time that the man died of cholera, yet Dr. Mathy ordered the necessary fumigations and purifications, and caused the body to be interred with the usual precautions. On further inquiries, however, afterwards, it appeared that the man's symptoms were truly choleratic. The deceased was much addicted to drinking ardent spirits. On the morning of the day he was attacked, he had been exceedingly vexed at the unexpected loss of some money. He had satiated himself on a sturgeon, then drunk brandy, and afterwards, to cool himself, buttermilk j consequently vomiting and diarrhoea, as might be expected, first took place. C. Johann David Hammermeister, labourer, formerly mariner, (the neighbour mentioned by the nail-maker Wruck), lodging in Eimermacherhoff, or rather Grosse Gasse, No. 1733, felt himself indisposed on the 29th of May ', on the subsequent night had repeated vomiting and spasmodic movements, and died on the 30th, in the forenoon. The corpse was examined by Dr. Mathy, but no suspicion was then entertained that the man died of cholera. In all the preceding cases, it does not appear that there has been any evidence of contagion having produced the disease; while, again, it appears that every person in contact with, or near those affected, escaped it. The foregoing contains most accurately the events relating to the first appearance, and subsequent irregular spread of cholera in Dantzick j and, with the General and Separate Lists, and other authentic documents, which I transmitted to the Privy Council, will be found to contain, I imagine, all the information possible to be obtained on the subject of the epidemic in this quarter. 34 CHOLKRA AT DANTZICK. Heads of the General List, and an Analysis of the Separate List, Sfc, in continuation of the History of the Epi These Lists, which are placed in an Appendix, it will be proper to state, were drawn up under the superintendance of the Sanatory Commission at Dantzick, namely, Mr. V. Vegesack, the President of Police : Mr. V. Weickman, Burgomaster of the city : and Mr. V. Kries, Councillor to the Regency of the Province : at the particular request of Mr. Gibsone, who translated them. They are unquestionable documents, comprising those essential facts connected with isolation, and the actual progress of the disease, during the first two months of the epidemic, when all attacked were reported. The General List not only gives, in numerical order, the name, age, and rank or occupation, of every person attacked with the disease, with the dates of attack, and death or recovery, during the above period, — but mentions the streets or places, and numbers of the houses in which each was attacked, and the numbers isolated in each house, above and under fourteen years of age, with occasional remarks. The Separate List gives, under the heads of Cases of Sickness, the names of the cholera patients in those houses, and dwellings, in which more than one person were attacked, either at the same, or at different times, with the referring number of each on the General List, the dates of attack, and death or recovery ; also the particular part of the house, the dimensions, and general state of the dwelling, the separate entrance, and the mode of living, or habits of most of the patients, or their families. A case of sickness is understood to comprise, not only one, but two or more persons, when attacked at the same d 2 35 APPEARANCE AND SPREAD OF time in one dwelling, — and is denominated Ist, 2nd, and 3rd, according to the order of attack. Thus, those first attacked in different dwellings, with separate entrances, in the same house, are mentioned in the order of attack in one column, in which are also those first attacked at the same time in one dwelling j these are denominated First Cases of Sickness j — the second persons, attacked in their respective dwellings, are noted in a corresponding order in a second column, headed Second Cases of Sickness ; and the third persons, attacked in any one dwelling, are also mentioned, in order, in a third column, headed Third Cases of Sickness. Up to the 23rd of July inclusive, h&J distinct dwellings of 835 cholera patients, were closed, on the whole, containing 1991 persons ; 490 were isolated in 109 different dwellings in 82 houses ; in 62 of which dwellings, 111 first cases, including 130 patients, took place in the manner above explained ; in 47 of which 47 second cases, including 52 patients ; and in 5 of these last 5 third cases, including 7 patients ; together making 189 persons in 109 dwellings. In the following Analysis of the Separate List, are given the numbers of the cases on that List, the ordinal numbers of each patient on the General List, the names of the places or streets, the numbers of the houses, and the number of persons isolated in each dwelling at the time of the first attack* 36 CHOLERA AT DANTZIC. ANALYTICAL TABLE OF THE SEPARATE LIST, No. 1. A ar H£ ? r^P j^-js ssssssstst 1 1 1728, Eimermacherhoff ... -I \ f 45 4 2 3 837, Scigen < 4f> 4 [ill 0 3 4 1759, Wall Gasse { Jg 4 4 5 1175, HoheSeigen {H J 5 6 1170, HoheSeigen, S.D.* 353 3 6 7 1231, Hintern Zaun •[ jQg 2 f 32 3 7 8 1191, HoheSeigen -{50 4 L 51 0 8 9 1137, Breite Gasse | 4Q34 Q3 2q2 q 9 10 794, Am Stein, S.D 181 4 10 13 798, Am Stein, S.D 222 4 11 15 1105, Schusseldam, S.D. .. 205 5 12 16 1189, Hohe Seigen {^ l f 95 2 13 17 850, Seigen i 131 3 (.272 1 r 1 or 4 14 21 1184, Seigen | 2 15 27 643, Brandstelle {4^7 \ 16 31 1307, Tagneter Gasse {333 19 17 35 143, Petershagen [358 5 [ 39 9 18 39 795, Heiligeist Gasse | 44 3 8 9 f 368 7 19 44 958, Heiligeist Gasse \\N> 0 20 48 387, 2 tCT Steindamm — inT 477 0 a stable, S.D. .. f f412 4 21 49 351, AnderMuhle \ 4C6 7 22 54 473, Hohe Thor {505 10 f 639 0 23 66 438, Schulzen Gasse 16461 646 6 24 70 1373, Johannes Gasse {707 10 II 202 H. D. D. or P. 16 x 2 = 32 *S. D. These letters are meant to shew the separated dwellings „ ~ belonging to those houses or de„ **• J^ 41 tached dwellings, in each of which S>L)> 5 5 more than one attack took place. — — Isolated. 24 (19H. + 55.D.)— 46 — 202. 37 APPEARANCE AND SPREAD OF ANALYTICAL TABLE OF THE SEPARATE LIST, No. 2. "Til I ' Iff \* I« Names of the Places and Streets, Ordinal Nos. of the Pa- | s | 1 1 |^ with the Nos. of the Houses, or tients on the General List, |gg !-| *| detached Dwellings, in each of attacked— more than one ||* gg § | W hkh more than one Person in the same Dwelling. *fi| ¦g.H -3J3 were attacked. .oS-" s_j Ifl 1 2 839, Seigen 9—84 4 2 5 1175, Hohe Seigen i 28— 83 10 3 6 1176, Hohe Seigen, with a S.D.* 209— -352 4 4 10 794, Am Stein, with a S.D 54 — 55 5 5 11 852, Seigen 65— 2J0 4 6 12 1101, Schusseldamm 67 — 374 5 7 13 798, Am Stein, with a S.D 79—110 3 8 14 830, Rambaum 81 — 188 3 9 15 1105, Schusseldamm, with a S.D. 87 — 97 3 10 18 1705, Kraus Bohnen Gasse 103—114 3 11 19 1224, Rambaum 120—129 3 12 20 398, Ochsen Gasse 123—137—203 6 13 20 398, Do. back dwelling 380—420 2 14 22 1249, Rambaum 126—211 2 15 23 232, Pfefferstadt 142—308 3 16 24 539, Stinckgang 153—154 4 17 25 821, Spendhaussche Neu Gasse 164 — 265 0 18 26 822, Spendhaussche Neu Gasse 166 — 182 — 183 — 283 .... 5 19 28 1016, Bartholomaus Gasse 200 — 305 4 20 29 512, Kleine Nonen Gasse 239—430 2 21 30 1449, Neunangen Gasse 216 — 339 6 22 32 560, Nonen Gasse 255—256 4 23 33 841 , Seigen 257—343 4 24 34 866, Paradies Gasse 271—330—383 5 25 36 957, Jacob's Neu Gasse 312—413 7 26 37 273, Kerweider Gasse 302 — 468 6 27 38 41, St. Elizabeth Hospital .... 324—325—398 1 28 40 784, Am Stein, ground-floor . . 349—538 6 29 41 270, Schwarze Meer 378 — 379—385 5 30 42 1045, Paradies Gasse J359— 361 0 31 43 83, Petershagen 365—375 4 32 45 909, Karren Gasse 367 — 476 3 33 46 171, Ankersmiede Gasse 387 — 388 3 34 47 216, Lang Garten 394 — 495 6 35 48 387, 2 tcr Steindamm,with a S.D. 395— 474— 505 5 36 50 18, Petershagen 422—437 5 37 51 569, OlivaerThor 452—481 6 38 52 1073, Kumst Gasse 469—589 4 39 53 95, Fleischer Gasse 480—497 2 40 55 1034, Baumgarsdtsche Gasse. . . . 485 — 490 15 41 56 345, Klein Muhlen Gasse 486—600 1 42 57 1782, Brabank 489—585 | 5 * S. D. shew the houses having a separated dwelling with one case in it. 38 CHOLERA AT DANTZICK. ANALYTICAL TABLE, No. 2,— (Continued.) "TTTT" 1 o so Names of the Places and Streets, Ordinal Nos. of the Pa- £> g£ •~ "g with the Nos. of the Houses, tients on the General List, <*« 3 &c &c. attacked. Pi O £ " 43 58 Nonnenhof -....491—526 1 44 59 284, Mattenbuden 496—533 3 45 60 356, Reuter Gasse 540—786 15 46 61 1070, Kumst Gasse 553—603 6 47 62 786, Korkenmacher Gasse 579 — 582 0 48 63 1100, Schusseldamm 606— 618— 624— 625— 62* 4 49 64 424, Grosse Schwalben Gasse. . 612—613 1 50 65 I 326, Leege Thor 661—662 8 51 67 J Strohteich 607—645 0 52 68 , 482, Lange Markt 640—641—650 5 53 69 ! 185, Ziesauche Gasse 667 — 706 2 54 71 290, SchwarzeMeer 713—769—770 7 55 72 734, Plapper Gasse 724—725—752 6 56 73 340, SchwarzeMeer 733—778—779 2 57 74 522, Neugarten Poor-house 738—793—794—841 .... 31 58 75 466, Schloss Gasse 739—807 1 J59 76 1124, Erster Damm 754—755 2 60 77 1161, Breite Gasse 763—764 8 61 78 593, Hintern Pockenhaus 795 — 796 3 62 79 761, Jungfer Gasse 801—802 3 63 80 110, StadtGebieth 810—829—830 3 I 288 50 x 2 = 100 10 x 3= 30 2x4= 8 Ixs= 5 — — — Isolated 63—63 143 288 46—24-5 S. D. 46 202 109—87-5 = 82—189 — 490 From the first Analytical Table it appears that, in 16 houses, each consisting of separate dwellings, there were 32 cases, one in each of two separate dwellings belonging to each house; in 3 houses 9 cases, one in each of 3 separate dwellings belonging to each house ', and in 5 separate dwellings 5 cases, one in each, — belonging to a house or detached dwelling, in which there were more than one case ; so that there were 46 cases in 46 separate dwellings belonging to 24 houses. 39 APPEARANCE AND SPREAD OF Seven of these separate dwellings had no other inmates than the patients; in the remaining 39 dwellings, 202 persons were shut up. From the second Analytical Table it appears that, in 50 of the above-mentioned houses or detached dwellings, there were 100 cases, 2in each ; in 10 of these detached dwellings, 30 cases, 3in each ; 4in each of 2, and sin one ; together making 143 cases in 63 detached dwellings. Four of these dwellings had cholera patients only in them ; in the remaining 59 dwellings 288 persons were shut up. With reference to the 189 patients mentioned in 109 dwellings, it is material to state first, that more than one of those singly in separate dwellings belonging to one house, were in some instances simultaneously attacked; secondly, more than one occasionally in the same dwelling; and thirdly, that more than one in either class of dwellings, were in general attacked nearly at the same, or within a short time of each other. Thus, of the 46 patients in 46 different dwellings in 24 houses, 10 were attacked, 2 at a time in 10 different dwellings in 5 houses ; and those respectively remaining in the different dwellings belonging to one house, within a very short time of each other. Again, of the 143 patients mentioned in 63 houses or detached dwellings, 38 were attacked in the first instance in 19, 2 at the same time in each — in 4 of which was a subsequent case — 3 at the same time in one ; and of the remaining 102, more than one in their respective dwellings nearly at the same time. In the relative progress of the disease in its first attacks in different dwellings, these double and triple cases, taking place, each at the same time in one dwelling, may be considered as single attacks, and their products, therefore, in a comparative view, as separate attacks, totally independent of each other. Accordingly, out of 189 cases in 109 dwellings, there were 10 in 10, and 41 in 20, — or 51 attacks independent 40 CHOLERA AT DANTZICK. of each other in 30 dwellings, — leaving 138 cases in (79 + 4) 83 dwellings ; of which cases, 36 out of 46 took place, as stated, each in a separate dwelling,— leaving 1 02 in 47 dwellings jof which, again, 43 primary attacks took place in the same number of dwellings, leaving 59 in 47 dwellings, or 52 second and 7 third cases in 5 of these dwellings j — in which 47 dwellings only, amid the whole of the epidemic during two months, according to the Separate List, there could be said to be any personal proximity, or contact with the disease, prior to its attack. Of these second cases, 10 took place, 2 at a time in 5 different dwellings, in 2 of which were single third cases, — giving 42 second cases in 42 dwellings, in which were 5 third cases in 3 dwellings ; of these, 3 single cases took place at one time in the same dwelling, and one at different times in 2 dwellings, — leaving 39 single second cases in 39 dwellings. Here it will be necessary to recollect that the isolated cases of cholera, previous to the first appearance of the epidemic, the four first cases officially reported, and the other cases not officially reported, as given in the history of it, all occurred without the medium of personal proximity or contact with this disease ; while, again, all in contact with, or near those affected, escaped it. From the preceding facts, it evidently appears that, over and above the cases last-mentioned, 77^ (835—59) persons were attacked with cholera, without any evidence of contagion from personal proximity or contact ', while 1932 (1991—59) persons shut up for twenty-one days in 520 (567—47) cholera dwellings, and exposed to contagion, did such an agency exist, escaped the disease ; — and further, that fewer cases took place even among this immense number thus shut up, than abroad among a much less number of the same classes, entirely apart from cholera patients, and their dwellings. These are most assuredly material facts, 41 APPEARANCE AND SPREAD OF evincing not only the absence of contagion, but even immunities from the disease. The fact is, that, while thus shut up, although deprived of exercise, and fresh air, and subject more or less to the bad effects of fear, grief, vexation* and other evils incident to such confinement, they were wellfed, and not so much exposed to the casualties more commonly ending in the disease, as those of the same classes abroad. Here, it may be observed that, while, out of a population of from 70,000 to 72,000, in the course of two months, only 835 were attacked with cholera, of whom again, only 195 recovered, there were, according to the testimony of Dr. Dann, senior, a veteran practitioner in Dantzick, from 2000 to 3000 of all classes affected with other complaints j and according to that of Mr. Gibsone, in the Garrison alone, at one time, at a later period, 1007, chiefly with intermittents and remittents. Now when, with all the preceding facts before me, I consider the ratio of recovery (195), to mortality (640), and the ratio of the number (835) attacked with the disease, to that (from 2000 to 3000) of other diseases during the same period, and to that of the population at large (from 70,000 to 72,000), together with all the exciting causes which I have enumerated in the history of the epidemic, — and corroborated in my accounts of the localities and climate of the place, — on the one hand, and the various predisposing causes in the affected on the other, I do not, for my own part, wonder at the occurrence and prevalence of the disease. But to return to facts. That the disease made its first appearance, and subsequent progress over such parts of Dantzick, as I have enumerated, without any marked order from personal proximity or contact, with the exception of the above 59 persons mentioned in 47 dwellings, is fully evinced from the authentic statements herein made, and from the General List, in which not only the streets and places, but the numbers of the houses or 42 CHOLERA AT DANTZICK. particular dwellings of every person attacked during the first two months of the epidemic, when all affected were reported, are given in the order of attack. From all I have heard, in addition to my own knowledge of the dwellings of numbers affected with cholera, from the official reports of the number of persons shut up in each isolated house, and of the dimensions, and general state of the 109 dwellings above-mentioned in particular, they were for the most part small, often crowded, dirty, and in such unhealthy situations as I have described ; while the patients were, as I have mentioned, in general of the poorer classes, in want, aged, infirm, or of vitiated habits of body. In corroboration of which, I shall give the following extract from a note subjoined to the Separate List by Mr. Gibsone. "It will be seen by the observations to the List of these 109 dwellings that were isolated, that there generally was a cause to which the sickness might be attributed ; either the dwellings were not healthy, not cleanly, not well situated, or very small ; or the patients in them were of the poorer classes (by far the greater part were so), were irregular livers, old or infirm, indigent or improvident, or several of these probable causes of sickness were combined. "Dantzick, 6th of September, 1831. "ALEXANDER GIBSONE, British Consul." Although prevalent in certain localities, as well as steady in selecting most of its objects and victims of whatever class, in respect to certain states of the body, it, however, proved occasionally most capricious in its attacks in respect to place, making irregular and boundless springs, without any consecutive progress in those places. Sometimes it made sudden irregular attacks in the unfavourable localities of villages, and, after committing dreadful ravages in a short time, as suddenly disappeared. In support of this, I shall subjoin the following statement. " It is perfectly correct that the cholera often becomes all 43 APPEARANCE AND SPREAD OF CHOLERA, ETC. at once extinct in a places This frequently occurs after thunder-storms, which seem upon the whole to have material influence : sometimes after other changes in the weather, frequently without any apparent cause. At the bathingplace, Zoppot, near Dantzick, the epidemic ceased at once, on the 1 lth of August, although only the small part of the village, bordering on the sea, was yet attacked. It has in several other places carried off its victims in a few days, and then disappeared. Grief and cares, poverty and uncleanliness, cause it; but courage, a life free from cares, and cleanliness drive it away. " Dantzick, 10th of September, 1831. "Dr. BARCHEWITZ." " This is a correct translation of a paper, written by Dr. Barchewitz, Medical Commissioner of the Regency here in cholera matters, for Dr. Hamett. "Dantzick, 14th of September, 1831. "ALEXANDER GIBSONE, British Consul." On inquiry, in that village, I ascertained this fact myself. Dr. Barchewitz and Mr. Gibsone, also informed me that the disease had ceased nearly all at once in the villages of Ramel and Russoczin, in West-Russia. Whether cholera has been produced in such persons merely by the epidemic influence of the air, owing to some change in its properties, and aggravated, as occasionally it must be, in certain unhealthy localities, it is not for me to discuss here ; my object is simply to state the facts, and at the same time to show that there has been no medium of personal proximity or contact to produce the disease in these and many hundreds of cases, while the hundreds I have mentioned of all habits, shut up for twenty- one days in the dwellings of cholera patients, often crowded, could not all possibly escape it, were it of the communicable nature which some conceive it to be. 44 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SYMPTOMS, ETC. CHAPTER IV. Minute Descriptions of the Symptoms of the three principal Forms of the Epidemic at Dantzick, being Extracts from the circumstantial Detail of the Symptoms of it, including the subordinate Features. Passing over subordinate features of the epidemic, I shall limit my descriptions here to the three principal forms of it ; viz. 1 . The rapid and severe cases of fatal cholera. 2. The protracted cases of fatal cholera ; and 3. Those less severe, which proved favourable. 1 . In most rapid and severe cases of fatal cholera, the patient was suddenly seized with sickness or pain at stomach, occasional pain, or feeling of weight and uneasiness in the hypochondria, the right hypochondrium especially, giddiness, prostration, great thirst and craving for cold drinks, a cold sweat that quickly became colliquative and clammy; at times coldness alone, at others coldness and dampishness of the body — but never with shivering; the pulse was frequent, but not hard, and soon became exceedingly reduced; the hands and features somewhat shrunk ; the tongue was foul, unnaturally moist, and occasionally tremulous ; the voice subdued ; the eyes heavy and suffused, and the sight dim. These primary symptoms were in general either accompanied, or immediately followed, by retching and vomiting, and a peculiar watery diarrhoea, which often, however, proved irregular in the order of attack, occasionally even with respect to each other, and oftentimes severe, in hot, close, and electrical weather especially — in some instances little or no vomiting ; —^griping pains in the abdomen ; painful contraction of the muscles at the umbilicus; sup- 45 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SYMPTOMS, ETC. pression of the secretion of urine, and occasional pain in the region of the bladder. Cramps, in general, followed the retching and vomiting, and in most instances invaded the calves of the legs first j in their attacks of other parts of the extremities they proved irregular, seizing first the forearms, calves and fore-arms, hands and fingers, toes and feet, — or hands, feet, and calves, — in different instances, indiscriminately; occasionally they mounted up the thighs, but seldom attacked the trunk. Men rarely escaped them, women frequently, and children generally. The vomited matter, in general, consisted of undigested food at first, sometimes partially tinged with yellowish green ; of fluid ingesta, also occasionally imbued with greenish coloured matter, and partly of slime and mucus. Often, however, it consisted of undigested food, or of fluid ingesta alone, without being in anywise so imbued. In the retching and vomiting which followed, the fluids taken continued to be rejected with a little greenish coloured matter, with or without more slime or mucus. The dejections were always watery ; sometimes as if coloured with feculent matter j in general they were either colourless, somewhat like whey, or had the appearance of rice-water, barley-water, occasionally somewhat dirty, — or an avenaceous sediment, after being shaken in water. After this first advance of the disease, the following symptoms rapidly supervened : — increasing oppression at the heart, and short, hurried and laborious breathing, ending in complete oppression and weight at the prcecordia ; tossing of the head about; anxious restlessness depicted, often with terror, in the countenance, which in general was of a dark brown, wan, or leaden hue, according to the complexion ; insatiable thirst, with incessant craving for cold drinks j and the voice raucous and depressed. The retching and vomiting, and diarrhoea, with occasional tormina and cramps, at first only intermitting at short intervals, subsided either 46 DESCRIPTIONS OP THE SYMPTOMS, ETC. abruptly, or gradually as vital exhaustion advanced ; the pulse at the wrist, if not extinct— which it was in most of the rapid and severe instances — was accelerated to the utmost in frequency, and barely felt, even at the temple?, in some instances only at the abdomen, and in many the action of the heart was ascertained only by means of the stethoscope; — the surface of the body was quite cold, damp, and clammy, and occasionally marked in various parts with bluish streaks and patches, more or less extended, often in the arms, legs, and thighs, and in the feet and insteps almost invariably — in those parts in different subjects, where the superficial veins are least covered with cellular tissue, — sometimes with livid spots, in the axillae and arms more particularly ; — hands in general discoloured as well as shrunk ; nails bluish, or darkbluish, as in most cases of collapse ; — the tongue cool or cold, and in some instances livid at the tip and edges ; breath cool or cold ; lips blue ; nose sometimes bluish ; voice below the breath, or gone ; cheeks and eyes now quite sunk ; pupils at times partly or completely dilated ; eyelids half closed, and encircled with livid rings ; the parts of the conjunctive exposed being much the same in appearance as after death. Amid this complicated suffering, the patient was not insensible until just before dissolution, which ensued after some faint convulsive sobs, generally within from eighteen to seventy-two, and occasionally within from eight to eighteen hours, after the first attack. 2. In the protracted cases of fatal cholera, which have been few in number, compared to the rapid cases, the following febrile symptoms have been observed, more or less, in different patients, after the indefinite period of the first stage : namely, marked congestion, with pain in the head, deafness, humming noise in the ears, heavy stupor, continual drowsiness, partial ravings; a dark flushed, brownish yellow, squalid or cadaverous countenance; a dark brownish clammy, or furred tongue ; dark sordes about the teeth and lips ; eyes 47 DESCRIPTIONS OP THE SYMPTOMS, ETC. heavy and suffused, or dry and parched, — often with eventual dilatation of one or both pupils j a hot or cold clammy skin ; pulse frequent, with febrile action, or very small ; with pain or soreness of the abdomen, increased on pressure — and occasional tenesmus. With these symptoms, the excretions, as may be readily conceived, were scanty and vitiated. The stools dark, dark-green, — very fetid ; and the urine in general dark coloured. Delirium generally took place in these before death, and they died within from three or four to five or seven days, or later, after the first attack ; more generally on the fifth. These modifications of particular symptoms, bordering on each other, and referring to individual parts, depend, I need scarcely add, not only on differences in constitution, but, in a certain degree, on the mode of treatment at the commencement, and even on the state of the locality, in which the patients happened to be placed. 3. In the cases less severe, — and as I have observed, — of less unhealthy persons, in whom the natural powers* of the constitution were calculated to withstand the effects of the shock on the system, — giddiness, retching and vomiting, watery diarrhoea, occasional griping pains in the abdomen, cramps, occasional painful contraction of the muscles at the umbilicus, thirst, and suppression of the secretion of urine, took place, and proved occasionally severe ; but the congestion in the head, and oppression in the chest, were certainly less marked ; the pulse, although barely felt, was rarely entirely suppressed ; coldness of the body, the cold clammy sweat, and other bad symptoms were not marked in any great degree. The leading symptoms, gradually, or abruptly disappeared j and more or less of febrile reaction ensued, gene- • This is certainly true; and yet a woman, named Eliza Brandt, thirty-six years of age, affected with tubercles and vomicae, had, in July last, this less severe form of cholera, which soon gave way to all the hectic symptoms of her complaint. 48 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SYMPTOMS, ETC. rally within from eighteen to twenty-four or thirty-six hours, or more, after the commencement of the disease ; about which time hiccups, always a favourable sign, were occasionally noticed, and not before. The exact period of the return of the urine was not certain, being sometimes before, at others after, the first appearance of reaction : it was dark or high coloured, voided in small quantities with occasional difficulty, and frequently attended with some pain in the region of the bladder. The return of urine, though an important symptom, was not always decisive of a favourable result ; on the contrary, hiccup, which, however, was not always observed, almost invariably indicated recovery. The dejections, immediately after the commencement of reaction, were fluid, scanty, and dark coloured, as if imbued with blackish feculent matter ; but they very soon became successively brownish, and naturally bilious and feculent. Indeed, in the majority of cases of this description, the secretions and excretions soon got into play, and restoration was more or less rapid. Partial stupor, with little or no delirium, more commonly occurred in children, and spare aged persons free from previous organic, or general complaint, and gave grounds for a favourable prognosis : they seemed tranquil, and as if naturally asleep. They were in general affected with oedema in the feet, and more or less in the legs, after convalescence had commenced. (Edema also occurred in others after the disease, but not generally. In pregnancy, abortion invariably took place, and was always a critical symptom, death or a favourable change soon following. From the description above given of the rapid and severe cases of fatal cholera in Dantzick, its similarity to the Indian cholera appears manifest ; and from the descriptions of fevers supervening after the first stage, as given in the second and third forms, its deviation from the Indian epidemic, in which those fevers do not generally supervene, also appears evident. 49 EXTRACTS FROM THE PATHOLOGICAL REPORT. The greater severity in general, which has been found of the vomiting, diarrhoea, griping pains in the bowels, and painful contraction of the muscles at the umbilicus, in the epidemic in India, compared to that in Dantzick, is easily explained by the well-known influence of the climate in India on the whole system, and digestive canal in particular. CHAPTER V. Extracts from the Pathological Report on fatal Cho- lera, BOTH RAPID AND PROTRACTED, FOUNDED ON THE Examinations of twenty-one Subjects ; the youngest OF WHICH WAS FOUR, AND THE OLDEST NINETY YEARS of Age. Authentic Testimonials of the Character of this Report, by two German Physicians of great PATHOLOGICAL EXPERIENCE IN CHOLERA, ARE SUBJOINED TO IT. Pathology has reflected great light on phlegmasise in general, and on diseases, in which organic disorganization is referrible to particular symptoms. In sedative diseases from special atmospheric influences, however, such as cholera, in which there is so much complicated derangement, not of any one set of organs or functions, but of the vital, natural, and animal, more or less, together, we cannot possibly have the same light shewn us ; still, if we get but a partial light on the subject, our object is, in a great measure, obtained. In every view it is complicated, whether we look for concomitant effects in disorganization, or other morbid conditions from previous unhealthy states, or to those effects of the disease and climate alone, without any such effects, as in 50 EXTRACTS FROM THE PATHOLOGICAL REPORT. cases originating in particular debility, and incidentally in functional derangement. I allude to such states, not that they throw any light on the disease, but because I have observed them, and that they cannot but tend to accelerate the rapid fatality of it ; and because such and other morbid effects are occasionally found connected with it in different subjects, according to their particular states, and ought, therefore, to be kept in view during the disease ; for, unhappily, in epidemic cholera, as in other epidemics, and severe diseases of the whole system, it is often not with the disease alone that patients have to contend, but with a complication of it and other morbid states, which renders the danger still greater. Many of the characteristic appearances after death will depend in a great measure upon the number of hours elapsed before the body is opened ; the later the examination, the less truly characteristic, so far, are the appearances. Those I have examined were, in general, opened within, or about, twelve hours after death. Bodies at this season ought, however, to be examined as soon as possible, and always within at least six hours, if it can be done with propriety. Of all the morbid effects in appearance, which I have observed after death in the bodies of persons who died of cholera in Dantzick, the most characteristic, perhaps, has been the great congestion of blood in the sinus venosus and right auricle of the heart, and in the veins throughout the whole body ; the next is the invariable contraction of the bladder ; and another, which, although not apparently constant after death from this disease, is seldom or never to be met with after death from others, — namely, slight spasmodic contractions, or movements, if they may be so called, in the muscular fibres here and there in the body, and more especially in the face and extremities, not only immediately, but some time after dissolution. These resemble galvanic effects produced in the body after death. 51 EXTRACTS FROM THE PATHOLOGICAL REPORT. With reference to the sanguineous engorgement of the veins in general, and the varicose dilatation of these vessels, the same is observed in those who have died of the compounds of remittent and intermittent fevers, — in marshy places in tropical climates especially, — but in the worst forms of these the blood is by no means so black, nor the congestion, in general, so great as it is here, especially in the larger veins and right auricle of the heart. Besides these, there have been morbid states somewhat characteristic in their appearance and nature, and a peculiar appearance in the whole of the abdominal viscera: — it is, however, only from a comparative view of these several states, and the previous symptoms, that we can, so far, form a knowledge of the true nature of the disease. The veins, and right auricle, in particular, of the heart, were full of black blood ; some was always found in the left auricle ; while very soft imperfectly coagulated lumps were found in either, or both ventricles, or within the aorta, either immediately at its commencement, or down below its curvature. These lumps were invariably as black as the blood found in the veins and right auricle ; the thoracic aorta uniformly contained some black blood, but was never full, like the veins ; the abdominal aorta also contained a little, but very little ; the right ventricle had always a small quantity of black blood, the left ventricle a very little. The pericardium seemed more or less flaccid, and very often contained a quantity of dark brown serous fluid. The parietes of the heart in general seemed soft, and I fancied, in a few instances, that those of the left auricle seemed thickened ; this, however, remains to be confirmed or refuted by subsequent examinations. I occasionally observed morbid blackish, or bluish, and, in one instance, whitish spots on the external surface of the heart. The lungs were in general much more bluishly speckled than in most other cases, — almost always collapsed, but dense from black blood — not as in hepatiza- 52 EXTRACTS FROM THE PATHOLOGICAL REPORT. tion of the lungs — frothy, black blood freely oozing from incisions made into them. The pleura, in its reflections throughout, from the anterior to the posterior mediastinum, and over the upper surface of the diaphragm, seemed, in general, of a dark dull red. The trachea, bronchia, and larynx, contained a little frothy mucus, and were otherwise wet with a compound of serous and clammy fluid ; but the internal mucous surface exhibited no vascular appearance. In general, there was a considerable quantity of clammy, serous fluid found effused in the chest ; all was wet, exceedingly soft and clammy, more so than I have been used to see after death from other diseases. The vena azygos was invariably full of black blood. The thoracic duct was in general empty, and seemed natural. On detaching the calvarium from the dura mater, the latter was, in most instances, spotted all over with the black blood that instantly issued from the torn vessels, especially along the lines of the sutures, where they are most numerous, in the younger subjects particularly. The external surface was mostly of a dark bluish colour, and dry, — but clammy feel; The internal surface of the dura mater, and its processes, or continuations, were not marked by any peculiarity, except, perhaps, in the appearances being more opaque, and feeling more clammy than usual. The tunica arachnoidea was in general of a wheyish, glossy colour, and somewhat clammy to the touch. Between this membrane and the pia mater, and more especially in the lower part of the cerebellum, there was occasional effusion or filtration of serous fluid ; and in all instances there was considerable effusion of this fluid between the pia mater and the cerebrum and cerebellum both ; in most instances it was found in the ventricles, in the fossulse at the basis of the cranium ; and, indeed, wherever this effusion between the tunica arachnoidea and pia mater in parts of the cerebellum, and the pia mater and the brain itself, at large, was observed, it was also invariably observed 53 EXTRACTS FROM THE PATHOLOGICAL REPORT. in the same relative situations in the spinal marrow of those bodies, in which the spine was examined — which were fifteen in number. In other instances, too, where there was effusion in the brain, we had only to elevate the pelvis and loins, in order to see serous fluid issue forth from the spine through the occipital foramen. There was always a considerable quantity of thin black blood in the sinuses, in the inferior more so particularly. In all cases the congestion of black blood in the veins of the pia mater was great, in the venae Galeni, and choroid plexuses, accompanied with varicose dilatation of these vessels j and likewise the same relative congestion of black blood in the veins of the pia mater, in the spine, especially in the posterior parts of it, where these vessels being larger and more numerous, varicose dilatation was more conspicuous. The medullary substance of the brain seemed in some instances much softer than usual, but it might have been owing, in part, to the interval elapsed during hot weather between death and the time of examination. In some instances black spots were visible on incisions into the brain ; at times, too, the cineritious and medullary substance, both seemed relatively altered in appearance as well as consistence. The state of the spinal marrow corresponded in all cases exactly with that of the brain. After what has been said, and implied, of the venous congestion in the brain, spinal marrow, and thorax, it will be readily conceived in the abdomen, in which the large, as well as small vessels, are still more numerous and varied. The vena cava abdominalis and vena portae, with the splenic and superior inesenteric trunks, and, in short, all their large tributary branches, invariably contained a considerable quantity of black blood : they seemed, at times, as if full of it, — while the mesenteric veins always exhibited a characteristic black, or bluish, arborescent appearance, throughout. The gallbladder was not only of a deep green externally, but, in some instances, from a deep green to a bottle-green, and occasion- 54 EXTRACTS FROM THE PATHOLOGICAL REPORT. ally tinged, here and there, with yellow ; and was, in general, distended, and full, or nearly full of fluid, generally black, and sometimes as if a little of yellow or brownish yellow bile had been mixed up in it. The internal or villous coat of the gall-bladder was, in general, between a dirty yellowbrown and brownish yellow — in a few instances it was a natural bilious yellow. The liver was invariably in a state of engorgement from the black blood, which, in all states of it, freely oozed out from the hepatic veins, in particular, on incisions into its substance: it was, in general, discoloured, even after sponging the membrane covering it, — and I think most so in the younger subjects, and those who had not suffered from previous affection of it. The spleen was also in a state of engorgement, and of a black purple colour, — and this Independently of any alteration in its structure as referrible to other morbid states. The kidneys, notwithstanding the suppressed secretion of urine, and its observable effects upon the system, did not exhibit any peculiar change in general, further than that of venous congestion, — a fact showing that, while, in this, as well as in other diseases, the long continued suppression of this secretion affects the system, the parenchyma of these organs undergoes but little further change. The same congestive effect was observed in the pancreas, which, in this, as well as in other diseases with venous congestion, seems to escape special alterations in a greater degree, than those more sanguineous organs, the liver and spleen. It is not easy to say whether the ductus communis choledochus, and immediate biliary vessels were, in general, contracted or not ; sometimes I found greenish or vitiated bile at the opening of it into the duodenum, and sometimes I did not. I often found, in protracted cases particularly, the external parts of the duodenum and colon in contact with the gall-bladder, or near it, completely discoloured with yellow bile. With respect to the stomach and intestines, generally, I cannot say that I observed any 55 EXTRACTS FROM THE PATHOLOGICAL REPORT* effects of the disease, beyond what is referrible to congestion of blood in the veins, and what might be attributed to the sedative nature of the disease. The mucous coat of the stomach, in particular, and parts of the colon, seemed, in some instances, soft, — as if half macerated ; indeed, the intestines generally seemed soft, and, as if the internal mucous and villous coat could be separated from the muscular coat. The small intestines, I mean the jejunum and ileum chiefly, were more commonly of a dark dull red, or rather of a dark dull slate colour, on their external peritoneal coat, without any positive vascular appearance ; sometimes of a pale slate colour, with vascular injection, or vascular congestion more marked ; while, on the internal surface, they did not exhibit the same colour generally, — still, in some instances, there was, in some parts, a modified appearance of it ; while, in various parts in others, there was a manifest vascular appearance of the internal mucous and villous coat, though by no means corresponding to that externally. Besides the pale slate or leaden colour, and the dark red slate colour, I have observed a vascular dark red also — facts which will account for that tenderness or pain on pressure of the abdomen, so marked in cholera, especially in protracted fatal cases. In one instance of a young woman, who had died of true and very rapid cholera, the general external appearance of the whole of the small intestines was of a pale or light rosaceous hue, while that of the colon was quite pale. The mucus membrane throughout the whole canal was whitish, and, as if half macerated. — Whether the brown patches, which are at times observed here and there on the internal surface of the stomach and intestines, are effects of the disease, or of previous chronic inflammation, is in some instances not easy to determine. The stomach and intestines, as might be expected, mechanically retained the last fluid ingesta ; for, latterly, what came away, did so involuntarily. There were the remains of former mucus, more or less, throughout the 56 EXTRACTS FROM THE PATHOLOGICAL REPORT. whole digestive canal; and in true, rapid, and fatal cholera, little or no remains of feculent matter, except in its usual receptacles, — namely, the commencement of the colon, the caecum, ascending portion, in the transverse arch, and in the sigmoid flexure, — in which, in some instances, scanty portions of it were found. The mucous follicles in the internal membrane of the colon at its commencement, and Peyer's glands in the end of the ileum, were occasionally found in large compact patches, more or less continuous, distinct, elevated, and somewhat indurated. Brunner's glands, as they are called, were not so observed in the duodenum. The colon externally, as well as the duodenum, particularly at its upper curvature, was discoloured at the upper part of the ascending portion, — and beyond, in the greater part of the transverse arch, but in the other parts it was of a pale, or pale lead colour. The peritoneum, in all its detached reflections, was more or less opaque, having lost its shining, glossy colour, — more so than in most other congestive and sedative diseases of the system attended with fever, more even than in the compounds of remittent and intermittent fevers in tropical climates, with marsh miasmata, in which venous congestion is so very notorious. — In protracted fatal cases, I occasionally observed chronic discolouration, here and there, on the internal surface of the stomach and intestines — in some instances of a dark brown, in others of a dark brown red, without being exactly vascular in appearance : at times, vascular spots and patches were observed in some parts of the intestines, and the dark brown, and dark brown red in others ; they were generally in the colon, the commencement above and below particularly, in the transverse arch, and sigmoid flexure. I observed parts of the colon in a gangrenous state, and chronic inflammation of the whole of the ileum, in one subject. — In several instances the lumbricoid ascarides were found in the intestines. — In some instances the commencement of the 57 EXTRACTS FROM THE PATHOLOGICAL REPORT. thoracic duct, or receptaculum chyli, seemed quite close and contracted. — The invariable close contraction of the bladder, I have not omitted to mention j it was mostly lined with a little whitish mucus. Testimonials of the Character of the preceding Report. 1. "Dear Sir, — I have the honour of returning to you hereby, your report on the pathological anatomy of cholera morbus. " Allow me to assure you that it is in every point masterly drawn up, and truly copied from nature. It perfectly agrees with all the observations I made in opening a great number of bodies of persons who died of this dreadful disease. " I am, dear Sir, your most obedient servant, "W. BAUM, M.D. " Physician General at the Town Hospital." "Dantzick, September 17th, 1831. "To Dr. Hamett." " This is the signature of Dr. Baum. "ALEXANDER GIBSONE, British Consul. « Dantzick, the 17th of September, 1831." 2. " The results shown to me, of the examinations made by Dr. Hamett on cholera corpses, quite accord with nature, and with those made by myself. The accordance is complete, if it be considered, that the dissections by Dr. Hamett were made, as well on subjects, which had suddenly died of the epidemic cholera, as on such as had been ill several days. « Dr. ERNST BARCHEWITZ. " Royal Physician, Physician to the Poor, and Commissioner of Regency in Cholera matters ." " Dantzick, 28th September, 1831." "This translation is correct. Dantzick, 29th Sept. 1831. "ALEXANDER GIBSONE, British Consul." 58 MEDICAL TREATMENT. CHAPTER VI. Statements of the Medical Treatment occasionally PURSUED BY SOME OF THE PHYSICIANS IN DaNTZICK, &C. General blood-letting has not been adopted in the Cholera Hospitals, No. 2 and 3, which received the unhealthy poor of all ages, and those with chronic organic affections. Topical bleedings with leeches, however, to the head, have been used, particularly in No. 3. In the Military Cholera Hospital, amid the very young men of powerful stamina, who are immediately attended to after the attack, bleeding is occasionally successfully adopted. It has been found necessary to guard against the indiscriminate use of the hot water and vapour-baths, in hot weather, after perspiration has broken out, — and, above all, in the clammy stage of the disease, and after marked venous congestion has taken place, when it seems to increase the congestion, which is particularly observable in the brain and heart. Either ought, as I have intimated, to be used in the critical moment at the beginning of the disease, or, at farthest, instantly after, if admissible even then. To obviate the determination of blood to the head, cold applications ought to be occasionally applied to it, while the patient is in the bath : such as muriate of ammonia, during its solution, and other very cooling applications. The patient should be most gently, and otherwise judiciously placed in the bath, with respect to the gradually inclined position of the body, and due support of the head, neck, and shoulders j and the immersion, or subjection, should be short, merely time sufficient for the positive communication of heat, and its effects, and no longer, — when he ought to be as gently and judiciously taken out, well wrapt up in hot blankets, promptly laid on a 59 MEDICAL TREATMENT. bed, and gently rubbed with warm; dry, coarse, but soft thread towels, all over ; and wiped dry as fast as the clammy sweat oozes out. There is much handy and careful personal management requisite in this essential part of the treatment. Here, it may be observed that, there is so much danger in removing the patient, or lifting him from the horizontal posture, that some physicians, Dr. Dann, senior, in particular, a veteran practitioner, who has had great experience in cholera, has preferred the local application of heat in bed. The hot vapour -bath has been, latterly, in general laid aside here. At first it was used, when the congestion of blood in the head particularly, and the bad nervous symptoms in general, were found to be greatly increased in consequence. Dr. Baum tried it in three, who all died shortly after it : he afterwards abandoned the use of it. Imagining, from the exceeding irritability of the stomach and whole intestinal canal, that they were the primary seats of the disease, some gave the magistery of bismuth, formerly particularly recommended by Dr. Odier, and by Carminati of Pavia, and Bonnet, in France, in cholics, diarrhoea, &c. j and lately by the Polish physicians in cholera : and others, amid the complication of morbid functions, with the nervous and animal debility almost only in view before them, trusted to stimulants in general, — and, above all, to the carbonate of ammonia, a solution of phosphorus in the spirit of sulphuric aether, camphor, musk, &c. &c. With respect to the magistery of bismuth, it should be mentioned that, in the dissections of some of those who died after treatment with it, there appeared, according to the testimony of Dr. Baum, great inflammation of the bowels. The inhalation of oxygen gas was recommended to the Prussian government by Dr. Schlesenger, of Marienburg, and by Sir Anthony Carlisle, I believe, in a letter in the papers to the Lord Chancellor Brougham : it had been carefully tried in two cases by Dr. Baum ; both of which, he states, 60 MEDICAL TREATMENT. terminated very soon fatally, — although there had been apparent grounds for a favourable prognosis in these individual cases. Draughts of cold water have been given in insatiable thirst, and craving for it — only by one physician however. A patient, whom I had seen drink copiously of cold water in the morning of the 12th July, died the same evening. Thirst, anxiety, oppression of the chest, and weight at the heart, were the prominent distressing symptoms in him. The medicines* made use of, in the Cholera Hospitals in Dantzick, have been in general, viz. : — 1. Stimulants and antispasmodics : as ammonium carbonicum, liquor ammonii succinici, spiritus sulphurico-aethereus (or Hoffman's anodyne liquor), spiritus acetico-aethereus, aether phosphoratus, i.e. solutio phosphori in spirit, sulph. aether, gr. vj. in hujus ; tinct. ambrae griseae cum moscho, mistura camphorata, opium, laudanum liquidum Sydenhami; tinct. opii simplex, vel thebaica; tinct. valerianae aethereae, oleum valerianae, oleum cajeputae, oleum menth. piperit., oleum animale Dippelii, tinct. castorei, aqua menth. piperit., — and various stomachic infusions, &c. &c. 2. Tonics and stomachics : as elixir aurantiorum compositum, pulvis aromaticus, cortex regius seu cinchona lancifolia, radix columbae, radix valerianae, infusum valerianae, radix serpentarise Virginiae, pulvis Doveri cum cortice cinnamomi, &c. &c. 3. Aperients : as calomel, pulvis rhaei, oleum ricini, magnes. carbon. &c. &c. 4. Remedial means : as hot bath, 30 R., bleeding from the flexure of the arm, leeches, sinapisms, frictions, and blisters. The system and scale of diet that have been adopted in the hospitals, it is, perhaps, unnecessary to mention. * Ex Pharmacopoeia Borussica omnia. 61 PREVENTIVE MEANS. CHAPTER VII. Extracts from the Writer's Opinions on the Preventive Means, and his general and particular Mode of Treatment of Cholera. Preventive Means. From the history of the epidemic, and from the Police Reports in the Appendix, we see the indispensable necessity, first, of banishing apprehension of the disease $ secondly, of personal management, and precaution against the effects of cold ; thirdly, of residing in dry, airy, and healthy situations, of cleanliness, comfort, cheerfulness, and attention to diet and drink, and guarding against torpor or inaction of the liver, sluggishness of the bowels, with feculent accumulations — indigestion, — and diarrhoeas, — which last ought not to be confounded with cholera itself, for obvious reasons ; and fourthly, instant medical assistance in the event of any of these complaints, as being, in particular constitutions and habits, the ordinary precursors of the disease. 1. During this epidemic influence of the air, there is nothing, perhaps, that more immediately subjects the body to the disease than the sedative effect which the dread of it produces on the nervous and entire system, especially with incidental derangement. But when we consider how very few, indeed, out of every thousand of the lower classes, and out of every ten thousand of the higher and middle classes, have been attacked with cholera, — and that in these there has been almost invariably some probable or predisposing cause, the mind ought not to yield itself to fear. The chances of escape, with the means we have in our power to guard against the disease, are certainly infinite. Common 62 PREVENTIVE MEANS. fortitude of mind to withstand apprehension, and attention to the system are, accordingly, among the best preventives of it. 2. Personal management is here meant to comprise proper attention to clothing, and precaution against such external agencies as are apt to produce immediate disorder in the system. The natural temperature at the surface of the body is certainly best maintained by wearing flannel next the skin : it promotes perspiration, duly absorbs it on any increase thereof, and prevents those sudden suppressions and chills, occasioned by the rapid abstraction of heat, in the evaporation which takes place at the surface, without it. In thus preserving the natural heat of the skin, on sudden changes in the weather, during labour or exercise, and in passing from warm rooms into the cold open air, especially at night, — the common effects of cold, and diarrhoeas, in particular, are obviated. 3. It appears, throughout the history of the epidemic, that wretchedness, unwholesome food and drink, depraved digestion, intemperance, and excess in eating, of indigestible and other unwholesome food more particularly, — of fruit, still more that which is unripe, — of ices, cold drinks, cold sour drinks in particular, more especially when in a state of perspiration — and living in low, damp, close, and dirty or offensive places, have more or less tended to produce the disease ; — while a light and generous diet, — cheerfulness, cleanliness, comfort, common precaution, — and living in dry, airy, and healthy localities, have, in general, obviated it. 4. Whenever indigestion, or surfeits, diarrhoeas, and disorders from cold, suddenly take place, from whatever cause, — the instant advice of a practitioner is necessary ; for it certainly would be highly injudicious, and dangerous, to give stimulant remedies, as recommended in true epidemic cholera at first, in any of these complaints. 63 GENERAL AND PARTICULAR General and Particular Mode of Treatment. In Epidemic Cholera here, we have, all at once, retching and vomiting, a watery diarrhoea, and sudden prostration of strength, with pending cramps, and fast-approaching venous congestion to obviate ; here, also, are suppression of the secretion of bile, and of the secretion of urine at the same time to obviate, on both of which the healthy state and due circulation of the blood depend j and here, also, amid the epidemic, there is necessarily a modification of the disease from difference in age, sex, constitution, and habit, which requires an analytical treatment, founded on experience. It certainly is not this or that partial treatment in any case that will answer. In cholera, the three grand functions are, each, and all deranged $ and, therefore, much is to be done in all these at once. The various particular treatment ought to be most prompt*, — and, if possible, simultaneous ; and, under all the circumstances I have mentioned, must be regulated by the most distressing or prominent symptoms of the whole, on which the rest either depend, or to which they are subordinate. The first object, accordingly, is to obviate the primary symptoms of the disease as quickly as possible, instantly after the attack has begun. Emetics are occasionally given here, and may be given in the first instance, while crudities are in the stomach, — certainly not after. I never gave, nor did I ever see them given in India j there the influence of climate alone, however, proved a most powerful emetic ; but here the irritability of the stomach is not near so great as it is in India; and they leave less aggravated effects, after the further vomiting excited by them is over. * Indeed, that the disease ought not to be suffered to advance one single step, if possible, without being instantly obviated, is seen from the rapid march of the deadly symptoms afterwards, — in my descriptions of them. 64 MODE OP TREATMENT.. WKen admissible, the mildest certainly ought to be giveir. But on sudden attacks after indigestion, and surfeits especf-? ally, — and still more in bad cases of either, or both of these last, foreboding an attack of cholera, emetics ought to be instantly given. If there are no crudities in the stomach, or the patient is not taken ill after meals, a little recent aromatic confection, and calomel, in the dose of from gr. ij. vel iij., — iv. ad gr. viij. — vel x*. — ad xv. (according to the age and constitution), — often, with rhubarb, — and mixed up with proportional quantities of laudanum, are to be immediately given, and folio w-r ed up by regulated mixed doses of aromatic confection, the compound tincture of cinnamon, or tincture of capsicum, and the spirit of any of the aethers, — or liquor, ammon. sub-carbonat. &c. with, if indicated, some drops, again, of laudanum in some appropriate vehicle ; and further, by powerful, permanent, and grateful stimulants, according to the degree of prostration : namely, established, strong cordials, occasionally good brandy itself, or what is still better in most cases, proportional quantities of very warm brandy and water, repeated at intervals, if necessary, — or warm, " old best" Madeira, sherry, — or port itself, diluted, or without dilution ; and a little of the concentrated solution of ginger in spirit, or Oxley's essence of ginger, — or a few drops of any of the essential oils, may be added occasionally to these last. The administration of these stimulants in all cases, their modified doses, and their occasional repetition, must, I need scarcely add, depend entirely on the age, sex, and previous * These two last I mention from my past experience in India only, and not at all from what I hare observed here. I have reason to believe, that I arrested cholera in a few instances by that very dose and warm stimulating drinks. I did not even put them on the list, for they were well in less than twelve hours afterwards : and even here they may be given to adults. The average dose is gr. v. ad gr. viij. Calomel is but little used in Germany and France, where the people are certainly less bilious than in England ; but the English practitioners, above all know its virtues, and when indicated. 65 GENERAL AND PARTICULAR particular susceptibility of the patient at the time, and on the consequent effects produced by them after each dose, as well as on the degree of the symptoms they are intended to obviate. They are certainly most beneficial if given at the critical time at the commencement,— and as dangerous, if indiscriminately administered, more especially to young persons, and children, — and, indeed, to particular constitution* and habits. Calomel, in modified doses, however, ought in my opinion to be duly repeated at proper intervals at first, according to the symptoms, or consequent effects produced by it, — when it should be modified in its administration, as I shall soon have occasion to explain. In India, I have remembered, it did not increase the irritability of the stomach ; on the contrary, it rather tended to allay it, in the first instance. Should the retching and vomiting, and diarrhoea, nevertheless, continue, warm starchy enemata, with, occasionally, a due proportion of laudanum, or warm decoction of poppies, ought to be administered, and, if necessary, repeated. To these may be added, tincture of assafoetida, tincture of rhubarb, or the powder itself, with, at times, either the powder, or tincture of ginger. Warm starchy enemata, with such ingredients, as the last-mentioned, mixed up in them, will often prove, in my opinion, exceedingly beneficial at the commencement of the disease, more especially to adults and aged persons. The hot bath, when tried, ought, in my opinion, to be used in the way I have mentioned, and by all means quickly at first, — especially when the skin is cold, or not suffused with a cold clammy sweat, — with dry, warm frictions after ; otherwise it is best to dry-rub the body all over with hot cloths, — to apply afterwards incessantly hot flannels, and keep dryrubbing the body gently, as fast as the sweat oozes out, — and with warm or hot flannels occasionally after : flannels, besides, meanwhile, absorb all the sweat. Various other handy 66 MODE OF TREATMENT. means of promoting local heat in the trunk and extremities, ought to be also resorted to. I need not mention the necessity of duly regulating the temperature of the room, and guarding against the great change to the patient, by removing him, well wrapped up in very warm blankets, from the bath into his bed. Of the benefit to be derived from the use of the hot-vapour bath, I cannot speak from my own observation, here. Dr. Sinogowitz lauds it*, while Dr. Baum decries it ; but where heat should be communicated quickly, I think the hot bath is better. At any rate, that time which is so precious here, is lost while waiting for it. In systematic sick institutions, however, it ought by all means to be ready at hand, and tried ; — and I need not say how very indispensable, dexterous, as well as careful and tender personal management, and, above all, keeping the headf free from the vapour, are in the use of this bath. Stimulating embrocations may be occasionally and beneficially used in the first instance, but only at short intervals, for obvious reasons, here. Cholera is, perhaps, the only disease, in which bleeding and stimulants are both admissible at the same time on just principles, as well as from the obvious benefit derived from their use. Bleeding ought certainly to be occasionally adopted in the commencement of the disease, especially in young, and otherwise stout or healthy subjects, on the principle I formerly mentioned ; and even occasionally after reaction, when the state of the pulse and general congestion indicate it. Shaving the head, although I have never seen it done here, and keeping it bathed or sponged with cold applications, * I saw the hot bath only used in the Military Cholera Hospital, myself. f I said in a former Report, that the heat of the bath increased the volume of the blood in the head : it may not do so in healthy blood to any degree ; in cholera, however, lam persuaded it does ; besides, here the blood is notoriously altered. 67 GENERAL AND PARTICULAR ought to be adopted where venous congestion so positively indicates it. Leeches ought to be applied to the temples and nape of the neck in marked congestion ; blisters to the nape of the neck also — and, it would seem, in some cases, even to the epigastrium also, and abdomen, especially at first ; otherwise sinapisms in general to these last, as well as to the parts of the extremities most affected with cramps ; and, blisters ought, in my opinion, under certain indicating symptoms, to be applied, as well as frictions, to the region of the heart. By obviating congestion of blood in the brain, that in the spine is obviated proportionally. Mercurial frictions* to the hollows of both thighs, and to the inner parts of both arms, ought, in my opinion, to be occasionally adopted, and that quickly, when mercurials by the mouth prove ineffectual especially. Antispasmodics, as they are called, properly modified, should be duly or occasionally administered in the first stage or state of the disease. The furred tongue, in the second stage, as well as the qua* lity of the dejections in all stages ; and the state of the intestines, liver, and gall-bladder after death, — and, indeed, of the spleen as an ulterior retrograde effect, — when we see that the current of the vena portae is stopped from the suppressed secretion of bile, — indicate the necessity of promoting biliary secretion and alvine excretion ; and, when the retching and vomiting have at all abated, they ought to be promoted as quickly as possible. This may be done, or at least attempted, in the weakest state, and is not incompatible either with the administration of antispasmodics, or regular tonics ; either of which can be administered at the same time. Combinations (to which I alluded) of calomel, and the sulphate of quinine, with or without opium, seem to be indicated, and I think ought to be administered. There is really here * Dr. Bautn has assured me that he tried them in the case of a young woman with marked success. 68 MODE OP TREATMENT. some remote analogy between the malignant remittents of marshy places within the tropics, and cholera, in respect to congestion of the blood, the absence of biliary secretion often, and great prostration of strength ; and like cholera too, owing to a modification of infectious miasmata in climate, and like it also depending a great deal on constitution and habit. The use of diaphoretics, so occasionally useful in protracted fevers, does not seem to be indicated here at present j and of all these, perhaps, the Pulvis Jacobi, in small doses, is the most admissible, by reason of its promoting the effects of the mercury. Our unquestionable object here is to excite the liver and absorbents, both ways, by the lymphatics and lacteals, into action, and meanwhile the secretion of the urine itself, so dependent as it is on their due action, — and to restore the system from its sedative and exhausted state. Mercury with antispasmodics or regular tonics are consequently indicated throughout the disease. The local treatment I have particularized. The tonics may be certainly varied. The administration of mild stomachic purgatives, or aperients, should he persisted in, according to the state of the alvine excretions, throughout the whole of the disease, and occasionally followed up by that most efficient and valuable purgative, castor-oil. — Salts, in my opinion, are pernicious in the beginning of the disease, and even objectionable in the latter part : if given in the febrile state, they ought to be administered in half, or rather the third part of the common dose, and combined with aromatic confection and rhubarb, both to make up the deficiency, and also to modify them. This may not be strictly scientific, but the practice is, nevertheless, not injudicious. The purgatives, after certain allowable intervals, ought to be followed up by some grateful hypnotic, after their operation is well over : and here the pulvis Doveri seems to be occasionally indicated, as well as other anodynes. 69 GENERAL AND PARTICULAR MODE OF TREATMENT. The chances are, I am persuaded in my own mind, that where the treatment is adopted in the way I have mentioned, those marked eventual symptoms of heavy stupor, &c. &c, which I have so minutely described in the protracted cases of fatal cholera, would not ensue. These symptoms are, evidently, the consequences, in a very great degree, of the protracted suppression of the secretion of bile and urine, in, the first instance, and which, as I have stated, would have been obviated by the Indian plan of treatment, under the modifications I have mentioned. I need not enlarge upon the treatment in this stage of the disease ; it is plainly indicated : — in the first, and commencement of the middle part of it, amid such a complication of distressing symptoms, only lies the difficulty. However, in this stage, or, strictly speaking, this modified state of the disease, the treatment evidently ought to be with a view of getting the secretions and excretions into play, and duly supporting the patient meanwhile : the former by alteratives, and occasional stomachic, or grateful purgatives or laxatives, and the latter by tonics. Calomel combined with antimonials, or with ipecacuanha, and rhubarb ; or the efficient blue-pill combined with these last, ought to be now given here ; sulphate of quinine, — interchanging it meanwhile with any of the established bitter infusions, modified by their corresponding tinctures ; wine occasionally now also, &c. &c. j— • and last of all two or three tepid baths, which are indispensable. The particular diet and drinks throughout the disease, I have no occasion to mention. 70 THE QUESTION OF CONTAGION. CHAPTER VIII. Extracts — On the Question of Contagion op Cholera at Dantzick, considered solely prom Facts, I. The following statements, founded on the experience of the physicians in charge of the different cholera hospitals in Dantzick, and of physicians, who, at the same time, attended cholera patients in their dwellings, and patients affected with other diseases, will show that they did not consider cholera contagious. These statements are all authenticated by Mr. Gibsone, the British Consul in this place, who vouches for the high professional character of these gentlemen. Ist. Extract from a Report drawn up for Dr. Hamett, by Dr. Baum, Physician-General of the Town Hospital in Dantzick : ( As to the contagion of cholera morbus, there is a great contest among our physicians, Jive being for, and twenty against contagion. ' In my experience, the disease certainly proved not to be contagious: — There were five waiters always near the patients; eight men were employed in rubbing and bathing j nine medical men visited the patients, of whom one was always in the room in the day-time j two watching every night : no one of these twenty-two persons fell ill. Many patients suspected to labour under this disease were brought into the same wards, but the disease did not appear in them. ( Although the medical assistants, and the eight labourers, were constantly going from the cholera wards to the other patients, there were but five patients who caught* the dis- * The context evidently shows that Dr. Baum, who understands and writes English well, meant were attacked instead of caught in the catching sense. Ido 71 THE QUESTION OF CONTAGION. ease in my hospital. Now, the number of patients on June Ist, amounted to three hundred ; three hundred were received in the month of June, so that out of six hundred patients, only five got the disease, — which is much less than the jcommon number of patients taken ill with cholera, among an equal number of poor, wretched, unhealthy people in the town. Of these five persons, only two became ill in the same room ; the other three being scattered over the whole large establishment. * The disease made its appearance in Dantzick without communication with any unhealthy place. The only ship about that time coming from such a place was the Monna, Captain Brandt, from Riga, who arrived the 30th of May, two days* after the first appearance of the disease. ' It did not spare institutions which were perfectly shut against any communication with the town. In the public gaol, one person ; and in the two institutions for poor children and orphans, some children were attacked. It, in the same way, broke out in Elbing, ten German miles from Dantzick, after the quarantine had been carefully kept up between the two places. *It was preceded by a remarkable change of weather ; the temperature often differing in some hours' time nearly ten degrees R. It was preceded by immense quantities of fish being caught, and of so low a price, that all the poor people had lived the whole months of April and May on almost nothing else. Esox belone and clupea sprattus were the most common. dated, Dantzick, September 17th, 1831, which is authenticated by Mr. Gibsone : f The last three striking cases of the epidemic cholera that occurred in the Town Hospital at Dantzick, remained in their beds in the common wards, and there appeared no spreading of the disease ; no person was attacked in the hospital after them.' 3. In the Military Cholera Hospital in Dantzick, have been received from the Bth of July to the 28th of August, 1831, inclusive, ninety-eight cholera patients : For the superintendence of the Cholera Hospital — A. One regimental physician. B. One assistant-surgeon of the first class. C. Four sick attendants. D. One porter. For the superintendence of the Contumace division of the Institution — A. One inspector of wards. B. One assistant-surgeon. C. One cook-maid. • D. Four to five attendants, according to the number of those in the Contumace. E. Two sentinels, who are regularly relieved from the military guard in the hospital. A sick attendant in the Cholera Hospital was attacked with the cholera cardialgica, but was cured in three days. The which testifies, Dr. SINOGOWITZ, Regimental Physician, Physician of the Cholera Hospital. Dantzick, August 29th, 1831. This is a correct translation of the certificate drawn out, and signed by Dr. Sinogowitz, Regimental Physician, &c. ALEXANDER GIBSONE, British Consul. Dantzick, August 30th, 1831. 73 THU QUESTION OF CONTAGION. 4. Between the Ist of July and 30th of August, 1831, there have been received into Cholera Hospital, No. 2. one hundred and forty patients affected with cholera. In attendance on the patients there have been, A. One physician. C. One barber-surgeon, and superintendent. E. One assistant-surgeon. A. One matron. C. Six men in immediate attendance on the sick. D. Three servants of all- work. E. Two porters. Besides these, there have been two foreign physicians in. daily attendance on the sick for one month.* Of all these there have been only three of the sick attendants slightly attacked with the primary symptoms of cholera, — owing entirely to fatigue and profuse perspiration, and catching cold in consequence. I certify the same, this 30th day of August, 1831, in Dantzick. EDWARD OTTO DANN, 11. M.D. and Physician of Cholera Hospital No. 2. in Dantzick. The foregoing is the hand-writing and signature of Dr. Dann, 11., given to Dr. Hamett. ALEXANDER GIBSONE, British Consul. Dantzick, September Ist, 1831. 5. Dv 12 Juillet jusqu'au 31 Aout a l'Hopital dcs Chole'riques, No. 111., on a recu 136 malades, dont 54 ont e"te apportes in extremis ; dv reste 42 sont morts, 40 gue*ris. II y avoit pour le service de I'h6pital : a. 1 Me'decin en chef. b. 1 Sous-chirurgien. c. 1 Inspecteur econome. * Dr. Thune of Copenhagen, and myself. 74 THE QUESTION OF CONTAGION. i d. 1 Femme econome. < c. 6—126 — 12 Gardes malades. /. 2—42 — 4 Infirmieres g. 1 Homme pour les diflKrentes petites affaires de la maison. h. 1 Cuisiniere. «'. 2—42 — 4 Blanchisseuses k. 2 Porteurs dcs malades pour quelque temps. I. 2 Messagers, demeurans hors de Phdpital au Rastell. Outre cela, l'hdpital etait visible presque tous les jours par deux me'decins strangers,* et un me'decin de Dantzick ; et assez souvent par beaucoup d'autres me'decins, et de membres de la Commission Sanitaire d'ici. De tous ceux ne sont attaque*s par le chole'ra-morbus que trois; une garde malade, un porteur dcs malades, et une blanchisseuse. En te'moignage de tout ccci, je soussigne ici mon nor n: EDWARD DANN, 111., Med. et Chirurg., Docteur, Medecin, Operateur et Accoucheur Pratique ; Docteur lcgans a l'Universit^ de Berlin ; Membre de la Commission envoyee en Russie, par S. M. le Roi de Prusse pour I'observation dv Choldra-Morbus ; a present Medecin en Chef de Ph6pital pour les CholeYiques, No. 111., a Dantzick. A Dantzick, la 31 Aout, 1831. The foregoing is the hand-writing and signature of Dr. Dann, 111., given to Dr. Hamett. ALEXANDER GIBSONE, British Consul. Dantzick, September, Ist, 1831. It will be proper to state here, that, in Cholera Hospitals, No. 2 and No. 3, the sick attendants commonly slept in their clothes, were continually subject to profuse perspirations, in consequence of being exposed to the heat and vapour of the hot-baths, that were incessantly administered. Hence, from their severe duties and close confinement, they always looked * Dr. Thune of Copenhagen, and myself. 75 THE QUESTION OF CONTAGION. pale, and were occasionally indisposed. The washing in these Cholera Hospitals was great and incessant. In No. 3, it was done under a shed. I have particularly inquired of medical men, who have attended patients affected with cholera, and patients affected with other diseases at the same time, and have not heard of one instance of cholera taking place among the patients, or their families, in consequence. Dr. Dann, senior, who lias had more general practice, at the same time, in cholera, other diseases, and midwifery, than any other physician in Dantzick, has assured me that there has been no instance of the disease being communicated by himself or his clothes ; and that he has >.ot heard ol any instance by other general practitioners like himself. As these are very important facts, I beg leave to send his own, and the statements of other physicians on this head: 1. Monsieur, J'espere pouvoir contribuer queloue chose par les faits suivans a aneantir l'idee de la contagion dv cholera. C'e'tait le 20 de Juin, ou l'epidemie nous tourmenta le plus, que j'ai traite" Mons. Steimig, et Boehm, relieur de livre, a cette maladie ; et en meme terns j'ai assists a l'accouchement de Madame Alex : j'ai visite* alternativement les uns et l'autre ; et ni la mere, ni l'enfant en ont ressenti le moindre mal. Le 23, 24, et 25, dv m£me mois, j'ai traits a cette maladie, les fils de Mons* Rhodin, et en m6me terns j'ai fait l'accouchement de Madame G. Baum, ou je sejournais toute la nuit dv 25 : c'e'tait en compagnie de Mons. le Dr. Baum, que j'ai fait deux fois pendant la nuit la visite chez les malades, et alors nous retournames a la maison de Madame Baum; et j'ai traite" la mere et l'enfant sans porter dommage ni a l'une, ni a l'autre. Le 27 de Juillet je traitai une dame Kruger, sur l'Eimer- 76 THE QUESTION OF CONTAGION. macher-Hoff, et Mme. Bertram : cc jour-la je fis l'accouchement de Mdme. Amort ; et ni elles ni l'enfant en ont eprouvd le moindre mal. Je pourrois bien ajouter encore quelques casj mais j'espere que ces faits, bien signifians, vous suffiront. En vous assurant tout mon estime pour l'assiduite avec laquelle vous avez tachd d'augmenter vos vues de cc fleau dv genre humain, J'ai l'honneur d'etre votre, Dr. DANN, le Pere. a Monsieur le Docteur Hamett. Dantzick, le 16 Sept. 1831. The above is the signature of Dr. Dann, sen., a highly respectable physician here, in great practice. ALEX. GIBSONE, British Consul. Dantzick, September 16th, 1831. It will be proper to state that Dr. Dann and Dr. Baum did not change their dresses this night. This circumstance is authenticated by Mr. Gibsone. 2. Entre trente ou quarante visites par jour que j'ai fait dv temps que le cholera Indica regnoit chez nous, il y avoit dcs malades ordinaires et dcs malades dv cholera ; mais dans aucun cas je n'ai fait l'experience, que, m£me sans avoir change jamais mes habits, j'eusse communique* le cholera dans dcs maisons ou elle n'e'toit pas. CH. DUISBURG, Dr. Med. et Chirurg. Dantzick, le 17 Septr, 1831. a Monsieur le Docteur Hamett. This is the signature of Dr. Duisburg, a respectable physician here, in extensive practice. ALEX. GIBSONE, British Consul. Dantzick, Sept. 26th, 1831. The following is also authenticated by Mr. Gibsone. 3. Dans toutes mes experiences, je n'ai jamais vu que le 77 THE QUESTION OF CONTAGION. cholera est transports par moi dune maison a Tautre; et jamais je n'ai change" mes habits, ni m^me, apres avoir touche" dcs malades choleViques, lavd mes mains. JOHN CARL HEIN, Doct. Med. et Chirurg. Dantzick, Sept. 18th, 1831. a Monsieur le Docteur Hamett. I could have procured additional evidence in this respect from all the medical men at Dantzick, who have had experience in cholera. It has been evinced that the disease is not necessarily produced, either by inoculation of matter from a recent subject of it, or from inhalation of the effluvia arising from one left exposed for several days in a putrid state, swarming with insects, in a neglected cholera burying-ground, contiguous to a populous village : the former in the persons of Dr. Baum and Dr. Dann tertius, — and in my own person, twice from casualty, at dissection ; the latter from the fact itself, contained in an accurate statement, authenticated as usual by Mr. Gibsone. 11. Cholera Bedding, Sfc. 1 . It may be laid down as a medical maxim, that a disease, which is not propagated from person to person by proximity or contact, is not communicated by clothes and bedding or other effects, for this obvious reason at least, — that wool and cotton, of which man's clothes and bedding are chiefly composed, are the first cohesive vehicles, in order, of all contagious matter, owing to their being tenacious recipients of air, — and, still more, of such moisture, and noxious effluvia or matter, as may happen to be incorporated with it. 2. With the exception of the clothes and bedding of the 78 THB QUESTION OF CONTAGION. persons enumerated in the fid and 3d attacks, to which, had there been such a thing as contagious matter in them, its communicable effects might, indeed, be ascribed, as well as to their bodies, — there have been, throughout the epidemic, as far as I have been able to ascertain, no instances, in the multiplied intercourse of hundreds, in contact with, or near such coverings of the affected, having transmitted the disease to others : — and in the above persons, there was a probable, or coefficient cause of the disease, as before stated. — This important fact has been evinced in the Analysis of the Separate List, and is corroborated by the statements of all the physicians who have attended cholera patients, and other patients at the same time, — and by an authentic document which includes this point, in the search made by Mr. Gibsone for cases of cholera amongst the Russian shipping, and among the numerous labourers employed in unloading, landing, and conveying the cargoes of these vessels. 3. The disease continued to spread irregularly, in despite of the usual precautions of isolation, and burning the clothes and bedding of the affected. At the very height of the epidemic, the loss of these articles was so great, especially to the poor, that only such effects of cholera patients as were damaged, or absolutely worth nothing, were burnt, and the rest were not regularly " disinfected." It is a remarkable fact, that at the time these measures ceased to be fully enforced, the disease actually began to decline ; — added to which, I can state from correct private information, that the beds of cholera patients did not, in particular instances, produce the disease, which they must, were there any contagious matter in them. 4. It has been clearly shewn that the cholera had appeared in^ Dantzick before the arrival of the first vessel from Russian ports; — and the following facts will serve to shew that the disease was not produced by means of goods imported in these. Soon after cholera had made its appearance in the 79 THB QUESTION OF CONTAGION. Neufahrwasser, or Harbour-Canal, in the city, and one of the suburbs, as stated in the history of the disease, — that is, in three places distant from each other, at, or nearly at, the same time, — ships from Riga and Petersburg, laden with provisions and other necessaries for the Russian armies in Poland, continued to appear in the roads of Dantzick, where they were unloaded. Between the 30th of May and 17th of August, 110 of these vessels arrived, in the order shewn in the following Table :—: — Dates of Whence last Dates of •> Whence last Dates of • > Whence last Arrivals, z'fc Irom. Arrivals, from. Arrival*, g'fc from. < < < May 30 1 Riga. June 14 1 Petersburg. June 24 1 Riga. .... 3 R. .. 15 1 Cronstadt. . . 25 2 Petersburg. .. 31 4 R. .... 5 P. .. 29 5 P. June 16 R. .. 16 1 P. .... I R. ..3 1 R. .... 1 R. July 1 1 R. ..4 2 R. .. 17 2 P. .... 5 P. ..6 1 R. .. 18 8 P. ..2 7 P. ..7 2 R. .. 20 2 P. ..5 1 R. .. 11 3 R. .. ..1 R. ..6 8 P. .. 12 3 R. .. 22 4 R. ..8 2 P. ..12 1 Petersburg. . . 23 1 P. .. 11 1 P. .. 13 2 R. .... 1 Cronstadt. Aug. 16 3 P. i .... 1 P. .... 2 R. .. 17 1 P. i .. 14 7 R. .. 24 5 P. 110 It may be premised, Ist, that the mats and bags, in which the Russian provisions and other articles imported, had been packed, were not all burnt or " purified ;" many were thrown overboard to save trouble, — and, after drifting on shore, were carried away by the labourers and others ; — many were pilfered from the craft. 2nd. What Mr. Gibsone states :—": — " regarding the Quarantine-Establishment at Bresen, I know, from the best authority, that the temporary lodgings for the labourers were exceedingly cold, uncomfortable, and unhealthy, there being a great draught of air in them, and the water penetrating when it rained, so as generally to wet their beds. The Director of the Establishment complained much of this. Be- : 80 TUB QUESTION OF CONTAGION. sides,— the labourers in the Quarantine, as well as in the ships, used in the discharging craft, had very irregular employment, being either almost idle, when the weather was unfavourable for the discharge of the goods, or being, perhaps, over- worked, when it was favourable for that." "Dantzick, September 14th, 1831. " ALEXANDER GIBSONE, British Consul." In addition to the crews of the above 110 Russian vessels, (the number of whom employed on board I cannot tell,) about 240 men, on the whole, were employed on board the craft, in unloading ; besides which, from twenty to thirty were at work on the Vistula, near the Fairwater, in packing, measuring, and carrying; and, in transporting the goods from the Quarantine-Establishment at Bresen, — where they had been deposited, — thirty porters and drivers. Of all these — some under the disadvantageous circumstances I have mentioned — only two seamen, a lighter-skipper, nearly 71 years of age, and the owner of a boat, died of cholera between the 30th of May and the Bth of September. In proof of which statements, I shall give the two following letters relative to cholera among the Russian shipping, and the labourers above-mentioned. Translation. I hasten, respectfully, to acquaint you, in answer to your Respects of the 2nd hist., that, by the information I have obtained, no one has fallen sick or died in the Lazaret at Bresen, of the cholera, except the three individuals sent thither by the Director of the Harbour Contumace at New Fairwater j namely — 1. The seaman, Mads Nieman, of Jacobstown, in Finland, 48 years old, from the Quarantine ship Fortuna, Captain Windsten, which arrived in these roads on the Ist of 81 THE QUESTION OF CONTAGION. July from Cronstadt, laden with provisions. This man fell sick, on board the ship, of the cholera, on the 29th of July, forenoon; was carried to the Lazaret at Bresen, and died the same evening. 2. The owner of a boat, Johan Jacob Roloff, of New Fairwater, 35 years old, who fell sick on board of his boat, — with which he had carried ballast to the Quarantine ships, on the sth of August, — of the cholera, and was carried to Bresen, where he died on the 6th of August. 3. The seaman, Fedor Hitsch, from Kailozelga in Finland, 39 years old, who fell sick on the 6th of August, on board the Quarantine ship Alexander, Captain Fednow, — which arrived in these roads on the 7th of July, and who was carried to Bresen, where he died. Regarding the second point, on which you desire information, I am happy to acquaint you, that, of the many labourers, who were occupied with the Russian goods, without the Quarantine-Establishment, in New Fairwater, and at the reloading-place on the Vistula, above Albrecht's Mill, no one fell sick of the cholera. It has afforded me pleasure to wait on you with these particulars. Dantzick, the Bth of September, 1831. Royal Police President, v. VEGESACK. To the British Consul, &c, Mr. Gibsone. This is a correct translation of a letter received from Mr. v. Vegesack. Dantzick, the 14th of September, 1831. ALEXANDER GIBSONE, British Consul. Dear Sir, — Having heard there had been other sick persons in the Quarantine at Bresen, connected with the shipments from Russia, I have spoken with the President of Police on the subject, who assured me that he was very particular in his enquiries on the subject, and was confident that 82 THE QUESTION OF CONTAGION. his information, in the letter of the Bth instant, was correct, in so far as regarded cases of cholera ; — but that four seamen on board a Finland ship, from St. Petersburg, had been brought to Bresen, sick of the scurvy, whereof two had died. From another good channel, I have learnt that, one of the lighter-skippers, employed to carry goods from the Contumace Lighters to the Fair water, a man, near 71 years of age, died of cholera, as was announced to the Sanitary Committee in Fairwater, but which was not noticed, as having been occasioned by carrying these goods, — therefore, the President of Police remained unacquainted with the circumstance, except only generally ; — and another of these lighter-skippers died of an apoplectic fit. Besides this, it has been said that one of the labourers at the goods from Russia died of the cholera j but I cannot learn anything certain on the subject, and the President of Police says it is not the case. From this Gentleman I have been informed that, in the beginning of the sickness, the bedding and clothes of the cholera patients were burnt or destroyed j but that, soon afterwards, this was only done to such of the effects, used by the patients, as were of no value, and the remainder were disinfected, whereupon they were delivered to the heirs of the deceased, or to the patients who recovered. The articles that were destroyed, were replaced, or paid for, to Such persons as were needy. Dantzick, the 13th of September, 1831. ALEXANDER GIBSONE, British Consul. Doctor Hamett, &c. &c. &c. From all the preceding facts, it does not appear that there has been any evidence of contagion, either from the cholera bedding at Dantzick, or from the mats and bags, provisions, and other necessaries, imported from Russia into it. 83 THE QUESTION OF CONTAGION. In conclusion here t — The first point to be ascertained in the investigation of an epidemic is, whether the disease has been imported or not.* It has been shown, as far as human evidence can prove, that the cholera was not imported into Dantzick by means of persons, or effects, from places where it had existed. It must, therefore, have originated in the place, in the malignant form in which it manifested itself. At the same time, it may be observed that Dantzick had never been exempt, at certain periods, from bad cases of cholera. — Again, in the history of the first appearance, and subsequent irregular spread of the disease, no evidence of contagion has appeared; while, in the history itself, in the Police Reports, in the General and Separate Lists, — in communications to me from Mr. Gibsone, and from all I have heard and observed besides, a probable or predisposing cause has been understood, or assigned for almost every case of it, during the first two months of the epidemic. Indeed, throughout the epidemic, there was, in general, some one, or more, of the apparent or probable causes, which I have already enumerated. There have been instances of a wife, or child, or both, having slept in the same bed with a cholera patient, without any bad consequences ensuing, and the instances of escape of whole families shut up in small, and often crowded, rooms, with cholera patients, without any second attacks in consequence, have been most numerous. The isolated cases of cholera, — the four first cases, and the other cases, which I have given in the history of the epidemic, — the General and Separate Lists, and the able communications to me from that observant, talented, and conscientious Gentleman, Mr. Gibsone, the British Consul at Dantzick, will afford proofs of these statements. The facts here adduced, with all those relating to the * In my first report to the Privy Council, I expressly stated that the cholera ¦was not imported into Dantzick, as would appear from authentic evidence. 84 THE QUESTION OF CONTAGION. shipping, harbour, Quarantine-Establishment, &c. &c, which are embodied in the history of the disease, and in this chapter, show that cholera did not prove contagious ; — while it appears that there was a combination of general exciting, and particular predisposing causes, adequate, in my opinion, to produce it. Lastly, it appears, from authentic statements, that twenty or twenty-one out of twenty-five physicians in Dantzick, did not consider the cholera there to be contagious, — while the remaining four or Jive, according to what I have particularly heard, rarely or never attended persons attacked with it. 85 APPENDIX. CHAPTER IX. Extracts from Mr. Gibsonb's Communications relative to the Question op Contagion, to Isolation, Dear Sir, — I make free to submit to your consideration some ideas, chiefly with relation to the measures adopted by the Sanitary Commission in Berlin, for arresting the progress of the cholera, or diminishing its baneful influence. I shall commence by observing that, the Authority in Berlin, charged with this important duty, — namely, the " Immediate Commission," seems to have been too much swayed by a decided predilection, that the disease was contagious, regardless of all grounds, — even facts to the contrary ; hence, it cannot be considered as impartial, — and, therefore, the wisdom of its measures may well be questioned. This Commission has even gone so far as to pronounce pretty distinctly, how little it was disposed to admit of its opinion being doubted by the physicians, that the cholera was conta- * Mr. Gibsone has been forty years in Prussia, knows German as well as he does English, and is in the habit of intercourse with persons of the first distinction in various parts of that kingdom, and with the Government of Hanover, for which he is Consul General. He is well known at the Foreign Office as a gentleman of great experience and ability, as well as sterling integrity ; therefore, his statements of facts on the subject of cholera in Prussia, cannot but be received as evidence in corroboration of the conclusions, which I arrived at from my own observations of the disease in that quarter. MR. GIBSONE'S COMMUNICATIONS gious, or very infections, as the two following instances will show : — First, — By the Prussian Medical Regulations, physicians are allowed to charge double fees, in cases of infectious disease. The physicians here, having been called upon, shortly after the sickness appeared, for their opinion, whether or not it was contagious or infectious, answered that they did not conceive it to be so ', at least Jive-sixths of them did so, and the remainder could advance no proofs in support of their opinion to the contrary. As the public measures were grounded on the belief of contagion or infection, and the question was, at least, undecided, the physicians here, who were besides much harassed by the disease, applied to the Medical Authority in vίerlinv Berlin (which may, in this case, be considered as speaking the sentiments of the Immediate Commission) for permission to charge double fees ; but this was refused, the more so, it was said, as the physicians had declared the sickness not to be infectious ; yet the Immediate Commission neither altered its opinion, that it was so, nor its measures. Second, — In this instance the Immediate Commission pronounced itself more directly : — Dr. Barchewitz, who has been above twenty-five years in the Prussian public medical service, and was one of those sent by Government to Moscow, to study the disease there, arrived at Konigsberg, on his way home (in Silesia), shortly after the cholera had broke out at Dantzick. The Chief President induced him to repair hither, and agreed that he should have the same allowance, which was granted to him on going to Russia, — say five dollars per day, the President expecting the Immediate Commission would approve of this. The Doctor is a decided non-contagionist, principally from his experience acquired in Russia. The Immediate Commission, however, did object, and gave directions to the Regency here, to pay the Doctor only three dollars ; but at the same time, desiring two dollars should be 88 ON THE QUESTION OF CONTAGION, ETC. added to the daily allowance of three dollars granted to Dr. Bremer, a decided contagionist, upon his being sent from Berlin hither : — thus, altering the allowances agreed upon, from five to three dollars to the non-contagionist, and from three to five dollars to the contagionist, though the former stands much higher in the opinion of the Authorities here, and the public, than the latter. Dr. Barchewitz protested against this treatment, and the Regency here has supported his claims in the strongest manner ', but he has received no answer yet, although six weeks have elapsed since he wrote. The determined predilection for contagion of the highest medical authority in Prussia, has not only operated, more or less powerfully, on the conviction (or interested views) of many of the physicians, — thus making them afraid of the sickness, — but it has, accompanied by the corresponding measures of cordons and restrictions, contributed much to spread, generally, terror of it. The consequences have been very pernicious, — fear being a great promoter of the cholera. This has been clearly evinced in those places, where the population was ignorant or bigotted, and, particularly, where they have had pusillanimous physicians, whose conduct tended to increase the alarm \ whereas, the result has been ye] f different where the people were more enlightened, and tl c physicians were less timid. In the former instances the people have given way to despondency, refused medicines, and frequently maltreated the physicians, (some of whom deserved better), until they saw their error, and became more tractable ; in the latter instances they have relied more on their own endeavours, and on medical assistance, to combat the disease. In all similar cases, fear naturally operates injuriously on every man, more or less ; but, instead of increasing the evil, by creating alarm, it surely would have been better to recommend meeting it with courage, and with confidence, in the resources at command, or within reach, as the surest protection against it. 89 Mr. gtbsonf/s communications There is much discussion on the question, whether or not the cholera be contagious or infectious. Let it be either or both, the main consideration for practical purposes, in my opinion is, how far it is so. This the Immediate Cotnmission in Berlin appears, entirely, to have overlooked, having taken measures to remove a mole-hill as if it were a mountain j for the number of sick has seldom been very great any where, in proportion to the population, though the number of deaths has sometimes been extensive, compared with that of the sick. The Immediate Commission has, indeed, paid no regard to the primary circumstances, that the cholera has been uniformly advancing for many years towards this quarter of the world, and that it was not likely to be stopped in its progress by cordons, formed by soldiers, as apt to be attacked by it as other men. But it may be most instructive to adhere to the history of the sickness in Dantzick, for furnishing arguments against the measures of the Immediate Commission. It appeared here, at a time, when it was not known to be within a hundred miles of the place, and without there being the slightest trace of communication with any foreign means of infection. It must, therefore, have originated in the place, as indeed has been pretty clearly proved. But, in whichsoever way it originated, or was spread, its effects have been comparatively very circumscribed. In the first eight weeks of its course, only 835 persons fell sick of cholera, in a population of 72,000 souls, — while fevers of various kinds have been so prevalent, that nearly 900 (I since hear 1007) men of the Garrison, not much above 5000 strong, have been .11 at one time, chiefly of these (which shews the place to r ive been highly sickly), but to prevent the spreading of which, it has never been thought of taking any general measures, — it being left to individuals themselves to adopt the proper means for the preservation of their health. " According to the Police List, -the 835 cholera patients in 90 ON TH^ QUESTION OF CONTAGION', ETC. Dantzick, from the 28th of May to the 23rd of July, inclusive, were almost entirely of the lower classes, who are least able to protect themselves, and least provident ; and the few in the higher classes, generally give some cause for being attacked. With a sufficiency of wholesome food, and due precautions, few of all these would have fallen sick ; and with speedy medical assistance, it is likely that not many, in a tolerably favourable state of body and mind, would have died. If, however, the disease was, in any material degree, contagious, it is not probable that the number of those attacked with it would have been limited to 835, particularly as it was so very malignant. If the sickness was really believed to be contagious, — was it not most cruel to expose 2000 human beings (shut up) to the supposed certainty, or at least, probability of being attacked by it ?" The measure of isolating small places, in particular villages, where the cholera prevailed, is equally inconsistent with humanity, as by it, the sufferers were often deprived of the means of relief, perhaps near at hand, except from the other side of the cordon, or isolation. That the isolation of sick houses, in places infected, was highly pernicious, has been clearly evinced by the striking decrease of the sickness, from the moment the restriction was removed, or modified. Many instances of this can be adduced. At Elbing, at Dirschaw, and in the district of Neustadt, such was particularly the case. I have been promised copies of the Reports to the Regency here, on the first and last of these instances, which I may be able to furnish you with, before your departure j but the fact has been well ascertained from the relative state of many places, during the existence of the isolation, and after it ceased, as well in East Russia, as under the Dantzick Regency. The public feeling against isolation has, indeed, been so strong, that it has been resisted by main force in various places, while, in others, the authorities judged it prudent not to enforce it. 91 MR. GTBSONE'S COMMUNICATIONS As to the cholera being propagated by means of goods, this has been satisfactorily refuted by the fact, that above a hundred pretty large cargoes of provisions, from St. Petersburg and Riga, packed in mats and bags, were landed here, — the packing being removed,, without the infection being spread by it. In addition to the particular detrimental eftects of these cordons and isolations against the cholera, they have been generally injurious. By circumscribing intercourse among the inhabitants of the country, they tend to impoverish them generally, but particularly to diminish the means of livelihood among the poor ; thus to produce distress, to promote sickness, and to encrease thieving and other crimes — the consequence of want — to say nothing of what the finances of the country suffer from such a state of things. By requiring what people cannot submit to, without the greatest sacrifices, the orders have been disregarded, and not rigorously enforced, by which the Government loses its authority ; and such has been the case to a very great extent. And by employing the military to form the cordons, it is risked that these may also disregard the orders of their superiors, particularly when the bad season of the year sets in, which may be very fatal to them, being so much exposed, — and may prompt them to ask, if they are not also men ? the more so, as they see around them instances of open opposition to Government, which too are, in a great measure, if not entirely, overlooked. Were the expenses, occasioned by these restrictive measures, applied to establish good hospitals, and to provide the needy with a sufficiency of wholesome food ; and were proper means used to convince people, that they can best secure themselves against the baneful effects of the sickness, by carefully avoiding the causes of it, and by promptly meeting its attacks with proper remedies, and with fortitude, and equability of mind, it might confidently be expected that its ravages would be greatly diminished. 92 ON THE QUESTION OF CONTAGION, BTC. I might add that there were frequent instances among the poor cholera patients, of the wife, or a child, sleeping in the same bed with them, till their death, without any bad consequences. I am, dear Sir, Yours, very respectfully, ALEX. GIBSONE. Dantzick, the 16th September, 1831. Dantzick, the 26th September, 1831. Dear Sir, — You wish to know some special cases of cholera patients, in which a probable cause could be assigned for the sickness. The particular list of the Sanitary Commission, given to you, stating those cases, whereof there was more than one in the same house, mentions probable causes for the most of these ; and I shall mention a few more, that occur to me, the names of the patients being in the general list you got. Captain Luck, (shipmaster,) was above 70 years old, and had greatly vexed himself on the day he was taken ill. Captain Lemm, also shipmaster, was a man easily excited, who had got greatly over-heated, and caught cold in consequence. Mr. Steimict, a merchant, had worn a woollen belt round his body, but laid it aside on the day of his falling sick, the weather being very warm, and had, besides, sat down to dinner without his coat. Countess Prebendowski, a Catholic, had gone to chapel for several mornings, very early, to pray for protection against the cholera, kneeling, perhaps for a couple of hours, on the bare stones, in consequence 'whereof she got diarrhoea, which she neglected, till too late. A salt-comptroller, and an officer of excise, whose names I forget, were over-fond of drink. A lighter-skipper had drank chill-beer, when much heated, and got cold on the water. Two English sailors had got intoxicated, and lain down in the grass. Several persons, whom I heard men- 93 MR. GIBSONE'S COMMUNICATIONS tioned at the time, were taken ill from drinking butter-milk ; others from eating unripe fruit; and others from excessive eating, frequently potatoes, — or from over-exertion, as well bodily as mental, or from excessive fear or anxiety. In short, I have heard many of the physicians say that, in general, a probable cause for the sickness of their patients could be traced, — as indeed you must yourself frequently have been told. Regarding the prepossession of the Immediate Commission against the cholera, in Berlin, it may not be superfluous to mention that this commission cannot well be said to have got that impression from their physicians, sent to Russia to study the sickness, — but whose opinions ought surely to have had some weight. These were four in number; Doctor Barchewitz, an old, experienced physician; Doctor Dann 111. a young man ; Doctor Quincke, — young ; and Doctor Albers. The two first only had ample opportunity to acquire practical experience of the sickness, having been in Moscow while it raged there ; the two last saw almost nothing of it, — having arrived too late, and indeed only visited the places where it had been. The reports of the two first were decidedly against the disease being contagious or infectious ; the third in the list inclined in some degree to a contrary opinion, (which he has since abandoned), and only the fourth was, and remains, a decided contagionist. The Immediate Commission, however, has paid no regard to the opinion of any of them, except that of the contagionist. It could not perhaps call them all to Berlin for examination, as their presence was desirable here, — and in East Prussia, where the sickness had broken out; but proper persons might have been sent to examine them, where they were, if their reports were not satisfactory, before adopting measures to prevent the disease spreading, so injurious to the population of the infected parts, and which have since been for the greater part undone, and could not be enforced rigorously, when ordered. 94 ON THE QUESTION OF CONTAGION, ETC. It merits notice, that the population in Prussia has very generally pronounced itself strongly in favour of cordons and isolations, before the sickness appeared in its part of the country, but at least as strongly against these measures, afterwards, — no doubt partly from feeling their injurious effects, and partly from having, in the latter case, an opportunity to be convinced that the nature of the disease did not call for such measures. I am very respectfully, dear Sir, Your most obedient Servant, Dr. Hamett, &c. &c. ALEX. GIBSONE. It is remarkable that the physicians, who were sent to Moscow have not yet been called to Berlin, to assist with their experience, although they have now little to do in this quarter. Dantzick, the 4th Oct. 1831. Dear Sib, — I have this morning read the report of Dr. B. on the cholera in the Neustadt District, which is interesting, as shewing that — The isolation of the houses was injurious, and could not be enforced ; There generally was an apparent cause for the sickness ; The sickness was only of shortduration in thedifferent places. In the list of deaths here, (given you yesterday,) published by the Royal Sanitary Commission, Captain Brandt is stated to have died of cholera, which is, I think, stated otherwise in the Report, by that Commission, on the commencement of the sickness. The case was doubtful, as the President of Police told me some time ago, — and therefore it was, I believe, not called cholera in the Report. Be so good as give me your address in England, in case I should have any thing further to communicate to you. Wishing you again a short voyage, and everything good, Your's truly, ALEX. GIBSONE. 95 MR. GIBSONE'S COMMUNICATIONS The subsequent information and opinions of Mr. Gibsone, on the subject of continental cholera, I received at two different dates after my arrival in England, and although not included in my Official Reports, — still, as coming from one vrho so ably assisted me in my labours, I have no hesitation in inserting them in continuation of the question of contagion of cholera. " Dantzick, the 6th of January, 1832. " We have had a few cases of cholera after the place was declared sound, but merely isolated ones, and that disappeared without affecting other persons. Were the disease contagious or infectious, these cases could not appear singly. (( The physicians in Warsaw, Riga, Konigsberg, here, Hamburg, &c. &c, are almost unanimous against contagion or infection ; and so it will be in England, ere long, I have no doubt. " The physician to the Princess Royal of Prussia, has also published his opinion on the sickness, which he declares not to be infectious. He says, ( I think that the complaint is nervous, from the influence of some quality in the air ; and that the body so disposed,' is liable to catch the disease, from various irregularities in living, or other imprudences, which, however, may be avoided.' "It is extraordinary that people still continue to be advocates for contagion, and for measures obstructing intercourse, notwithstanding all the experience of others, until they acquire self-knowledge of the disease, when they usually adopt a quite different opinion, all at once, as if their vision had been obscured by mist, which had suddenly vanished. — To say nothing of your opinion so well grounded, — the decided change of opinion on the question of contagion and cordons, upon the Continent, in consequence of dear-bought experience, ought to have had a still greater weight. The 96 ON THE QUESTION OF CONTAGION, ETC. Austrian Government set the example of sound sense, and liberal sentiments, in declaring against contagion and cordons, and other Governments in Germany followed, even Hanover, and also Prussia. Dr. R. the great Berlin advocate for contagion and cordons, felt himself obliged publicly to declare that cordons were fruitless, though he still adheres to contagion, yet less obstinately than before. In short, the doctrine of contagion has lost many of its votaries? which Dr. Baum and other physicians here confirm." " Dantzick, the 15th of March, 1832. "The few cholera patients, Dr. Baum has had in his Hospital since your departure, (whither all are now sent except Military,) were placed in the wards with the other patients ; and so Dr. Sinagowitsch (physician of the Military Hospital) did with a patient he had, whose case was worse than any he has yet seen ; yet no bad effects ensued. "It broke out lately in a village, about 3£ German miles from hence, containing about 80 inhabitants ; — 29 fell sick, and 6 died, — thus being milder than hitherto. There have been also some cholera cases in different villages in the district of Neustadt. But it has again disappeared in this quarter. " I am happy you keep firm to your conviction, that the disease is not contagious ; you will earn a more lasting reputation by that, than, in the contrary case, could have been your lot." 97 GENERAL LIST CHAPTER X.— GENERAL LIST. Cholera Sick List op Dantzick, and thk Suburbs, within the Bills op Mortality, between the 28th op May and the 23rd op July, inclusive, in 1831, — comprising the Names, Ages, Occupation or Rank» and Dates of Attack and Death, or Recovery, with the Names op the Streets or Places, Nos. op the Houses, and the Number op Persons shut up in each, for at least twenty-one days. "•when* §^ Surname and Christian. *? Rank or Occupation. Place where taken sick. re^vered"^*' 6 *' Remarks, attacked. years. May 28 1 Kluth, Martin 52 Labourer in wood Town Hospital .. .. June 15 .. Lived No. 1175, Hohe Seigen. At a later period considered a cholera patient. 30 2 Koss, Jacob 46 Master of a wood- barge No. 1749, Eimermacher HoflF May 30 3 Herrmann, Andr 24 Waterman 1728, Eimermacher Hoff 31 .. 6—5 Vide No. 194 . . 4 Siemonsohn, Aron 24 Jew, petty merchant 832, Rambaum 31 . . 66 — 3 5 Muller, Joh. Ludwig 36 Labourer 1751, Gelbe Reihe .. .. 30 31 6 Lemm, August 55 Shipmaster 1769, Am Wall June 1 .. 22 — 1 30 7 Kunz, Friedrich 27 Soldier 1186, Seigen May 30 .. 11 — 3 This was the first case officially transmitted to Berlin. 31 8 Grzena, Johann 23 Soldier 831, Rambaum June 1 30 9 Zielke, Louise ....18 Labouring-woman 839, Seigen May 31 .. 11 — 3 Unmarried, — vide No. 84 31 10 Fischer, Carl 61 Lighter- skipper 1785, Grossίacker Gasse 31 .. 3 ' 11 Hoffmann, Fr. Wilh 36 Labourer 961, Wall Gasse June 1 .. 3—2 31 12 Voss, Johann 35 ditto 1759, Wall Gasse May 31 . . 4—2 Tide No. 78 30 13 Salary, Schroeder 35 Labouring- woman 965, Schlapke June 16 33 — 2 Uncerta 11 . 14 Brandt, Mart. Fred 58 Shipmaster Fairwater June 1 .. .. On bd. his ship: doubtful case June 1 15 Zander, Carl 20 Shoemaker 1186, Hohe Seigen 1 .. 2 16 Kars, Jacob 50 Labourer Strohteich 1 . . . . Fell sick in Town Hospital 17 Schulz, Gottlieb 61 Journeyman baker Hacker Gasse .... 2 .. .. ditto 18 Kreft, Gottfried 18 Labourer Strohteich June 7 .. ditto 19 Rohlaff, Anna 25 Servant-maid Damm 7 .. ditto 20 Kroschinski, Joh 8 Son of a Labourer Eimermacher Hoff 2 . . 11 — 3 CHAPTER X. 98 h2 GENERAL LIST. June 1 21 \ Rogatzki, Anna 127 EimermacherHoff .. June 7 11 — 3 Fell sick in Town Hospital 2 22 Pisetzki, Maria 7 Child of Labourer No. 858, Pferde Tranke .. June 3 ? 5 23 Klinkowski, Joh 39 Labourer 1175, Hohe Seigen 4 .. 4—6 Vide No. 28 and 83 24 Kuhl, Johann 33 ditto ditto 3 .. 3—3 25 Fritsch, Charlotte 61 In a tap-house 1185,1 185, Hohe Seigen 2 . . 4 26 Koschnitzki, Fred. W 38 Inspector of taxes 1797, Krippel Gasse .. 2 .. 2 27 Kaschinski, Joh 47 Labouier 1730, Grosse Gasse. ... 5 .. 11 — 3 28 Braun, Peter 9 Child of labourer 1175,1 175, Hohe Seigen 2 . . . . Vide No. 23 and 83 29 Teschner, Joh 24 Soldier 826, Rambaum 2 . . . . Vide No. 57 30 Kreft, Michael 46 Suspended sea-pilot New Fahrwasser 2 3 31 Thomas, Ernst 25 Soldier 1231, Hinterdem Zaun 3 .. 22 — 2 Vide No. 109 32 Rinz, Johann 36 Shoemaker 11 1 90, Hohe Seigen .... 3 . . 3 Vide No. 50, 51 33 Lenzig, Johann 66 Labourer 1723, Grosse Gasse 4 .. 1 34 Ullmann, Florentine 39 Servant-maid 803, Hackelwerk 24 35 Zuther, Anna 50 Washerwoman 1147, Schusseldam .... 4 . . 44 — 2 36 Leonhardt, Friedrich 39 Watchmaker Mattenbuden .. .. 15 37 Eisbeck, Friedrich 36 Labourer 2027, Kleine Wallweber Gasse 3 . . 1 38 Klebb, Johan 23 ditto Seigen 15 39 Neumann, Gottli 39 Night watchman 1186, Seigen 10 40 Witt, Johann 39 Labourer Kuh Thor 6 41 Geyoke, Friedrich 25 Lives by day-labour Rambaum 11 4 42 Knuth 53 Broker Langfahr 5 4 43 Dunkel, Ludwig 39 Labourer 1781, Brabank 4 .. 3 44 Klawitter 35 Shipmaster's wife 1633, Ritter Gasse 11 2 45 Palaschkewicz 30 Labourer 837, Niedere Seigen .. .. 18 12 — 7 Vide No. 46. iii. 84 46 Leschinski, Joh. J 65 Hardware merchant ditto 4 .. .. Vide No. 45 47 Titzkowski 35 Labouier 839, ditto 14 4—l Married 48 Arendt 60 ditto ditto 5 . . 1 Unmarried 49 Zegke, Friedrich 49 Fisherman Weichselmuende 5 50 Bohnke, Anton 23 Soldier 1, Military Hospital .. 9 2—l Quartered at Seigen, vide 32 51 Solobodowski, Jos 22 ditto ditto 9 . . ditto 5 52 Schroeder, Anna 30 Labourer 785, Am Stein ...... 5 . . 55 — 5 53 Ruhn, Maria 36 ditto 1187,1 187, Hohe Seigen 5 . . 33 — 1 54 Sawatzki, Mathias 25 Journeyman mason 794, Am Stein 7 .. 3—3 Vide No. 55, 181 55 Sawatzki 24 His wife ditto .. .. Vide No. 54 56 Praetel, Johann |21 Soldier 623, Tischler Gasse .. 5 99 GENERAL LIST attacked. =>£ Surname and Christian. 8> Rank or Occupation. Place where taken sick. recove" d Remarks. June 5 57 Fritsch, Carl 21 Soldier No. 745, Hinter Adler's Vide No. 29. Lived there Brahaus June 10 .. previously, in quarters. 58 Rosenowski, Louise 36 Soldier's wife ditto 6 59 Schroeder, Johan 22 Soldier 1102, Schusseldam 9 9—5 60 Klang, Wilhelm 23 ditto 12, Silberhutte 9 5 4 61 Junge 30 Prisoner in chains Stock- Gefangniss .. 9 62 Majewski, Johann 28 Soldier 1137,1 137, Breite Gasse . . . . June 5 .. 12 — 11 Vide No. 403 6 63 Adrian, Johann 28 Journeyman mason 777, Hackelwerk .... 6 64 Rohloff, Jacob 23 Soldier 349, Grosse Muhle .. 6 .. 2 65 Sommerfeldt, Joh 47 Door-keeper (porter) 852, Seigen 6 .. 11 — 3 Vide No. 210 66 Eggert, Gottfr 67 Ropemaker 11 1 99, Hinterdem Zaun 6 .. 2 67 Hoenke, Joh. C 25 Labourer 1101, Schusseldam .... G .. 5—2 Vide No. 374 68 Matinowski, And 26 Soldier 443, Kaninchenberg . . . . 9 66 — 1 69 Wutzmann, Carl 8 Child of labourer 831, Rambaum 6 70 Rogotski, Franz 28 Soldier 690, Koeksche Gasse .. 10 .. 33 — 4 71 Wucrfell, Simon 28 ditto 623, Tischler Gasse .. 16 72 Kiep, Louise 40 Lives by day-work 741, Oehlmuhle 6 . . 22 — 1 73 Mischkowski, Joh 28 Soldier 1225, Rambaum 15 .. 2 7 74 Genski, Daniel 29 ditto 2, Military Hospital 19 75 Schigonowski, Peter 40 Labourer 1750, Gelbe Reihe .... 7 . . 1 76 Schoell, Thomas 44 ditto 216, Schwarze Meer . . . . 19 3 77 Sobisch, Albrecht 21 Soldier 694, Koecksche Gasse 7 78 Lehmann, Joh 40 Labourer 1759, Am Wall 10 .. .. Vide No. 12 79 Jahnke, Joh 414 1 Under Police observance 798, Am Stein 7 .. 77 — 2 Vide No. 110 and 222 80 Herzog, Daniel 38 Cooper 1189, Hohe Seigen 7 .. 2—l Vide No. 107 81 Schulz, Wilh 29 Locksmith 830, Rambaum 7 . . 2—l Vide No. 188 82 Feschke, Johan 42 Shoemaker 784, Am Stein 8 . . 55 — 5 83 Braun, Anton 8 Boy, son of a labourer 1175, Hohe Seigen 9 .. Vide No. 23, 28, 135 84 Zielke, Dorothea 40 Labouring-woman 839, Seigen 9 . . . . Vide No. 9 85 Jacobsen, Dorothea 39 ditto 794, Am Stein 10 . . 86 Niklass, Carl 31 Journ. house-carpenter 467, Schloss Gasse .. 7 .. 1 87 Janzen, I. Jacob 28 Soldier 1105,1 105, Schusseldam 8 . . 33 — 5 Vide No. 97 88 Woyoke, Christian 29 Journ. ship-carpenter Holm 12 8 89 Lueck, Jacob |71 Shipmaster 178, Grosse Gasse.. . 8 ..2 100 GENERAL LIST. June 8 90 Stark, Gottlieb 25 Soldier No. 762, Jungfer Gasse ..I June 9 .. 1-t4 ; . 91 Ludwig, Johan 42 Journ. ship-carpenter 1182,1 182, Hone Seigen .... 8 . . 33 — 1 92 Damerau, Carl Wilh 9 Boy 794, Am Stein 9 . . 2—2 No. 54— a separate isolation 93 Nuerenberg, Susana 40 Labouring- woman 784, ditto 9 .. 1 94 Fornell 59 ditto 799, Hackelwerk June 9 .. Widow 95 Braendell, Ferd 32 Night watchman 850, Seigen 8 .. I—2 No. 272— separate isolation 96 Drewke, Joh 26 Soldier 670, Adler's Brahaus.. .. 20 97 Petschimowski, Amalis . . . . 7 Daughter of und.-officer 1105, Schusseldam 11 .. .. Vide No. 87 98 Lingenberg, Joh 31 Labourer in mud-barge Bagger mud- barge at the Kalkschuite 8 . . . . 99 Fischer, Anton 42 ¦ Labourer ditto 9 9 100 Baermel, Mich 30 Soldier 835, Frauen Gasse .. 11 .. 22 — 2 t. 101 Gunther, Adolph 32 Journeyman mason 439, Petri Kirchhof . . .. 19 44 — 9 102 Friedrichsen 60 Labouring-woman 840, Seigen 9 .. .. Widow 1031 03 Muller, Maria 4 Child of a labourer 1705,1 705, Krause Bohnen Gasse 9 .. I—2 Vide No. 114 104 Schneider, Julius 3 ditto 477, Jungfer Gasse .. 10 .. 11 — 3 105 Sebastian, David 39 labourer On the mud- barge at the Kalkschuite 9 106 Baldow, Elizabeth 40 Ditto wife 1159, Seigen 12 107 Kuhnke, Gabriel 70 Lamplighter 1189, ditto 10 .. .. Vide No. 80 108 Borowczek, Albr 26 Soldier 11 1 94, Breite Gasse 11 .. 33 — 5 109 Troschke, Martin 23 ditto 1231, Hinter dem Zaun .. 20 Vide No. 31 110 Jahnke 61 Labourer 798, Am Stein 9 .. .. Vide No. 79 — Widow 10 111 Boblitz, Maria 70 Labouring-woman 837, Seigen 10 .. .. Vide No. 45 112 Jemka, Jacob 35 Sick-attendant & soldier Holm Hospital . . . . 19 113 Werner, Anna 32 Wife of labourer 411, Alstadtscher Graben 10 .. I—l 114 Muller, Maria 8 Child of labourer 1705, Krause Bohnen Gasse 17 Vide No. 103 115 Klaassen, Johann 23 Soldier 1192, Seigen 14 116 Thielmann, Chrtph 24 ditto Mud-barge 11 117 Deutsch, Joh 25 Labourer At building the quarantine house on the Holm .. .. 19 118 Mack, Leopold 28 Prisoner in chains 1, Military Hospital 10 11 119 Wichmann, Anna 67 Wife of journeyman 299, AltstadtscherGrahouse-carpenter ben 11 .. .. ' 101 GENKHAL LIST. attacked, il Surname and Christian. | Rank or Occupation. Place where taken sick. n re^ered iToTala! Remarks. "** etc. June 111 1 120 ! Unbekannt, Maria 8 Foster-child from the Foundling Hospital No. 1244, Rambaum June 11 .. 11 — l Vide No. 129 121 Dorloff, Andreas 46 Labourer On mud-barge in Fair-water 11 1221 22 Rode, Carl 60 Shoemaker 562, Gross Nonnen Gasse 11 . . 11 — 2 123 Klage, Wilhelmine 8 Child of labourer 398, Ochsen Gasse .. 12 .. 3—4 Vide No. 137,203, 380, 420 124 Muschewitz, Joh 52 Labourer . 1174, Seigen July 9 33 — 1 125 Bohm, Jacob 65 Seaman 1184, Seigen 11 .. 11 — 4 Vide No. 136 126 Krause, Wiihelm 25 Soldier 1249, Rambaum June 19 2 Vide No. 211 127 Kuglin, Johan 32 Merchants' clerk 1930, Breite Thor .... 12 .. 8 128 Bugatzki, Joh. ...... 35 Soldier 1790, Eimermacher Hoff .. 29 II — 3 129 Bohm, Maria 4 Foster-child 1244, Rambaum 11 .. .. Vide No. 120 130 Steege, August 21 Soldier 678, Adler's Brahaus 11 131 Reich, Carl 31 Locksmith 850, Seigen 16 .. .. Vide No. 95 132 Bodenstein, J. H 28 Journeyman tanner Town Hospital ? . 11 133 Knaebel, Christian 45 Shoemaker 1724, Grosse Gasse II . . 33 — 1 . . 134 Schischinski, Ana 59 Labouring- woman 1159, Seigen 15 .. 11 — l 7 135 Braun, Anton 8 Son of labourer 1175, H. Seigen 9 .. See No. 83 — the same person twice announced. 11 136 Papke, Marianne 60 Labouring-woman 1184, Siegen 11 .... 11 — 2 Vide 125 — separate isolation t. 137 Schroeder, Carl 48 Shoemaker 398, Ochsen Gasse ... 12 .. .. Vide No. 123, 203, 380, 420 .. - 138 Braun, Christoph 59 Prisoner in chains 1, Hospital 20 139 Holz, Fr. Ferd 33 Labourer 1555, Rosen Gasse 11 .... 6—3 140 Stark, Martin 27 Journ. chimney-sweep 1314, Tagneter Gasse . . 13 . . 4 141 Putsch 38 Wife of inspet r . of duties 1301, Johannes Gasse.. 11 .. 55 — 7 ; Widow 12 142 yon Przebentowaki 53 Countess 232, Pfeffer Stadt 12 .. 3 Widow. Vide No. 308 143 Pich 36 Labouring-woman 1230, Rambaum 17 3 Widow 144 Pigotzki, Johann 30 Labourer 1145,1 145, Schusseldam . . . . 12 „.. 11 — 4 145 Wiese, Anna 56 Labouring-woman 666, Oeblmuhlen Gasse 12 146 Gurski, Joseph 30 Labourer 923, Jacob's Neu Gasse 14 ? 2—2 147 Weigoid, Joh 55 Grocer 359, Ander Muhle 12 ... 44 — 2 a 148 Schulz, Anna ....60 Maid 1250, Rambaum 12 .. 3—3 149 Sachs, Saloman Selig .. ,,.. 87 Shoemaker 1264, Priester Gasse .. 12 102 GENERAL LIST June 12 150 Mark 46 Labouring- woman J 1655, Ritter Gasse June 12 3 Widow 151 GeiSter, Add1ph. ...... '. ... 26 Soldier 1965, Scharmacher Gasse 19 44 — 5 152 Merz, Carl '. . 50 Apothecary Poor House .... June 13 . . 35 153 Schabel, Const ..67 Widow 539, Stinckgang 12 .. 3—2 Vide No. 154 154 Schabel, Johann 28 Under-servant ditto 12 . . . . Vide No. 153 155 Kutscher 53 Labour ing- woman Am Grunel Berge 12 .. .. Widow 156 Schwalke, Anton 34 Prisoner in chains Stock Gefangniss .. 24 13 157 Horn, Johann 30 Journeyman mason 539, Sperlings Gasse .. 15 .. 22 — 1 158 Hellwig 69 Labouring- woman Fahrwasser .... 13 . . . . Widow 159 Kupfer, Abraham 33 Jew, petty merchant 1516, Hacker Gasse .. 13 .. 5 160 Grajewski, Wilh 30 Soldier's wife 788, Hackelwerk 14 161 Stangenberg, Dan 21 Musician 814, ditto 14 .. 22 — 5 162 Frentsch, Catharina 75 Labouring-woman 464, Schloss Gasse .. 13 163 Genski 44 Labourer 26, Topfer Gasse 26 11 — 4 164 Fischer, Renate 59 Labouring-woman 821, Spendhaus Neu Gasse 13 .. 2—3 Vide No. 283, 165, 182, 183 165 Follmer 57 ditto ditto 13 .. .. Unmarried 166 Bohm, Maria 4 Child 822, ditto 13 .. .. Vide No. 164, 165, 283, 182, 167 Eisner, Ludwig 31 Soldier 1442, Neunangen Gasse 13 .. .. 183 168 Ziegler, Friedrich 42 Labourer 1095, Pferde Tranke .. 13 .. 4 14 169 Rheden, Louis 25 Soldier 887, Kassubischer Markt 15 170 Korth, Johann 40 Labourer 48, Petershagen 14 .. I—l 171 Orezikowski, Paul 21 Soldier 1232,1 232, Breite Gasse 15 172 Ravenstein, Joh 44 Sea-pilot Fahrwasser 14 ... 173 Bollhagen, Carl 22 Under-servant Weichselmuende .. 171 7 174 Meyer, Joh. Carl 32 Labourer Am sande— stable 14 175 Dorowski, Julianne 2| Child 643, Brand-stelle 14 .. I—l Vide No. 267 176 Lange, David 2 ditto 1192, Hohe Seigen 14 .. 2—3 177 Werner, Florentine 30 Labouring-woman 848, ditto 15 .. 22 — 2 178 Rhein, George 45 Sergeant At guard-house of criminal prison 16 179 Schadwald, Jac 23 Soldier 1007, Heiligeist Gasse 15 .. 55 — 3 15 180 Schulz, Adam 28 ditto 905, Koecksche Gasse 15 181 Dameraxi, Anna 6 Child 794, Am Stein 16 . . . . Vide No. 54. 182 Nestin, Salomon 2 ditto 822, Spendhaus Neu I Gasse 18[ .. ( Vide No. 164, 166, 283 103 GENERAL LIST attacked . I| Surname and Christian. & Rank or Occupation. Place where taken sick. W^ n re^ered loK Remarks. « ' etc. June 15 183 Roehl, August 17 Boy No. 822, Spendhaus Neu These two last had not the Gasse June 18 .. cholera, as appears by separ-184 Raths, George 33 Labourer 817, ditto June 18 .. 11 — 2 ate list No. 26 185 Larm, Jacob 33 Hangman's servant 155, Schidlitz 19 .. I—4 186 Kloosch, Peter 66 Salt-controller 1329, Johannes Gasse 15 .. 5 187 Malikowski, Joh 23 Soldier 346, Klein Muhlen Gasse 15 .. s—l 188 Schulz, Sussana 63 Widow 830, Rambaum 17 .. .. Vide No. 81 189 Hesse, Florentine 35 Labouring-woman Town Hospital .. 15 190 Brenk, Renate 30 Servant-maid ditto 15 191 Sellner, Friedrich 48 Labourer Alt Schottland .. 20 16 192 Muschewski, Oort 40 Labouring- woman 241, Zins Gasse 26 22 — 3 193 Herrmann, Friedr 30 Journeyman mason 1220, Rambaum 22 1 194 Taube, Johann 40 Labourer 1728, Eimermacher Hoff 17 .. .. Vide No. 3 195 Dibalski 41 Labouring-woman 590, Hunerberg 16 .. 22 — 3 Married 196 Kling, Mar 37 ditto 433, Weiden Gasse . . 25 . . 3—2 ditto 197 Schwarz, Renate 23 ditto 1032, Hospital-gang .. 16 .. 22 — 2 198 Gedarski, Joh 24 Soldier 1057, Breit Gasse July 6 199 Tuchlinski, Martin 40 Labourer Schidlitz 20 .. 11 — 2 200 Truschke, Dorothea 44 Labouring-woman 1016, Bartholomai Kirchen Gasse June 23 I—3 Vide No. 305 201 Liedtke, Friedr 36 Journeyman tailor 311, Gross Muhlen I Gasse 16 223, Baumgartsche Gasse 16 .. I—3 398, Ochsen Gasse .. 17 .. .. Vide No. 123, 137, 380, 420 Town Hospital .. .. 25 1105, Schusseldam 16 .. 22 — 3 Fahrwasser .... 16 ditto 25 . _.. diito 20 209 Lav, Jacob 49 Skipper of Lighter 1175, Seigen 16 .. 4—l Vide No. 352, 353 210 Semmerfeld, Carl 7 Child 852, Niedere Seigen .. 16 .. .. Vide No. 65 211 Brillinger 50 Labouring-woman 1249, Rambaum 16 .. .. Vide No. 126 — Married. 104 GENERAL L.IST June IG 212 Horn, 8enjamin .......... 41 Labouring-man, houseservant in Holm Hosp. Holm June 16 .. 44 — 1 213 Dragewski, Mart 38 Offender 2, Military Hospital 16 214 Schoenrade, Wilh 40 Sergeant 313, Gross Muhlen Gasse 19 .. 1 215 Duwensee, Gottl 50 Victual-dealer In his boat June 17 216 Tietz, Johann 69 Cooper 1449, Neunaugen Gasse 16 .. 33 — 3 Vide No. 339 17 217 Taube, Johann 26 Soldier 1034, Baumgartsche Gasse 17 .. 99 — 4 .. 218 Jungheit, Carl 40 Labouring-man 522, Thornischer Weg 17 .. 66 — 8 219 Teschke, Simon . 76 ditto 199,1 99, Pfeffer Stadt 21 . . 22 — 1 220 Kruger, Johann 69 Journeyman hat-maker 1800, Ritter Gasse .... 17 . . 1 221 Bergmann, Carl 32 ditto cabinet-maker 1064, Bottcher Gasse . . 17 . . 4—4 222 Hamann, Pauline 62 Labouring-woman 798, Am Stein 18 .. .. Vide No. 79 223 Jungmann, Gottfr 28 Journeyman tanner 319, Gross Muhlen Gasse 18 224 Fauck, Ferd 25 ditto miller 479, Krebsmarkt 24 225 Mager, Andreas 27 Soldier 759, Klein BackerGasse 17 226 Pranske, Joseph 25 ditto 1104,1 104, Schusseldam . . . . 17 227 Schliewe, Johan 63 Musician 304, Muhlen Gasse . . 18 228 Wey, Johann 26 Soldier 194, Pfeffer Stadt 17 229 Orlowski, Ernst 50 Cholera-dead carrier 580, Pockenhaus 17 230 Goldschaum, Anton 26 Under-servant On a wood-barge 17 18 231 Buks, Carl 29 Soldier 131, Fleischer Gasse .. 25 .. 3—2 232 Knopx, Johann 41 Labourer 95, Fleischer Gasse .. 17 .. I—2 233 Stuhlmacher, Aug 13 Turner's apprentice 1939, Breiten Thor 24 234 Reimer, Jacob 45 Corpse carrier 277, Mattenbuden . . .. 17 235 Jankowski, Johan 29 Soldier 1474, Hacker Gasse . . . . 27 236 Petschel, Emilie 10 Child 34, Petershagen 17 .. 2—l 237 Philippski, Jacob 25 Soldier Seigen 20 238 Joost, Johann 24 ditto 1002, Baumgartsche I Gasse 19 ? .. 512, Klein Nonnen Gasse 18 .. 1 Vide No. 430. 34, Topfer Gasse July 3 241 Seelig, Maria 38 Labouring-woman 958, Halk Gasse 18 .. 44 — 4 242 Klein, Johann .45 Labourer 152, Weiss Munehen Gasse 18 .. II — 3 105 GENERAL LIST attSed. N Surname and Christian. | Rank or Occupation. Place where taken sick. revered isoiTd, Remarks. A ... etc- June 18 243 Neumann, Anna 42 Labouring- woman No. 843, Seigen June 18 .. l 244 Berg, Franz 24 Soldier 1, Military Hospital .. June 30 245 Seilert, Friedrich 25 ditto 720, Jungfer Gasse .. 18 246 Kuckski, Regina 44 Wife of shoemaker 1248, Rambaum 19 247 "Werden, Carl 19 Cabin-boy Criminal prison. . .. 25 248 Schaar, Christoph 313 1 Journeyman ropemaker Town Hospital .. 18 249 Klonowski, Martin 22 Soldier 794, Am Stein 18 19 250 Polenke, Friedrich 20 ditto 1307, Tagneter Gasse .. .. 24 18—6 Vide No. 333 251 Milter, Johan 42 Night watchman 616, Nieder Stadt 19 252 Kass, Wilhelm 20 Soldier 854, Schussel Damm. . 19 .. 77 — 9 253 Strey, Johann 44 Labourer 555, Schwalben Gasse 19 .. 44 — 2 254 Karschnia, Mich 21 Soldier 1005, Baumgartsche Gasse 24 . . ? 255 Wygranitz 46 Labouring- woman 560, Nonnen Gasse .. .. July 5 33 — 1 Vide No. 256 256 Berg, Johann 50 Shoemaker ditto 19 .. .. Vide No. 255 257 Wyschetzki, Emilie 7 Child 841, Seigen 19 .. 2—2 Vide No. 343 258 Engel, Joh. Jacob 29 Seaman 531, Nonnenhof 19 . . 3 259 Dohring, Gottfried 22 Soldier 1014, Bartholomai Kirchengang 19 260 Stengowski 45 Labouring woman 305, Gross Muhlen Gasse 19 .. 2 4 Widow 261 Schoen, Wilhelmine 13 Pensioner Strohteich June 30 262 Siegert, Julius 12 Boy ditto 19 263 Kaborowski, Elis 23 Soldier's wife 892, Ziesausche Gasse 20 . . 11 — I 264 Larkowski, Joh 26 Soldier 1, Hospital 19 265 Wulff 24 ditto 1, Military Hospital 19 266 Wasilewski, Erdman 25 ditto 2, Hospital 24 267 Gedex, Michael 42 ditto 643, Brandstelle 22 .. Vide No. 175 268 yon Owitzki, Carl 2.5 ditto 1207, Rambaum 19 .. 3 20 269 Schroeder, Jacob 24 ditto Fahrwasser 20 270 Papke, Jacob ..26 ditto 136, Alt Schottland . . 21 .. 2—2 271 Bottcher, Friedrich 38 Master cooper 866, Paradies Gasse . . 20 . . 4—3 Vide No. 330, 383 272 Ladenberg, Anna 38 Wife of shoemaker 850, Seigen 20 . . 1 273 Becker, Carl 31 Waiter Aufdem Wall .. 20 106 GENERAL LIST June -20 [274 Vogler, Maria 23 Servant-maid No. 229, Pfeffer Stadt June 20 275 Bless, Wilhelmine 31 Labouring- woman 96, Fleischer Gasse.. 20 .. 3—3 276 Kleina, Mathias 23 Soldier 955, Heiligeist Gasse. . 20 277 Gellonneck, Andreas 24 ditto 937, ditto June 24 278 Hardier, Johann.. 73 Labourer 597, Hunerberg 20 279 link, Johann 23 Soldier 1013, Bartholomai Kirchengang 20 280 Radtke, Gottfried 61 Journeyman mason 334, Schwarze Meer . . 21 .. 44 — 1 281 Dannenberg, Christian ....51 Labourer In Kunsthause . . 20 282 Steegmann, George 49 Journeyman nailor 978, Molde 23 .. 44 — 1 283 Voss, Edward {i Child 822, SpendhauscheNeu Vide No. 164, 165, 166, 182, Gasse 20 .. .. 183 284 Kuschel, Jacob 27 Soldier 143, Petershagen 28 I—4 Vide No. 358 285 Bartsch, Adelgunde 60 Labouring-woman 1023, Baumgartsche Gasse 20 .. 6—4 286 Schulz, Anna 28 ditto 1759, Am Wall 20 .. 4—3 287 Bauck, Ferdinand 23 Soldier 1, Hospital 22 288 Wesselowski, Jacob 46 Sick-attendant Holm Hospital .. 20 289 Stobbe, Johann 6 Child 797, Am Stein 21 290 Rautenberg, Fr 40 Cholera watchman 1793, Backer Gasse 26 2—2 291 Wester, Gottfried 60 Labourer 954, Jacob's Neu Gasse 21 .. 22 — 5 Vide No. 312, the same perso — also 413, his wife 21 292 Marquardt, Anna 53 Wife of shoemaker 1270, Johannes Gasse .. 21 .. 88 — 3 293 Walter, Joh. Salom. ......34 Journeyman nailor 271, Schwarze Meer .. 21 294 Bottcher, Joh. Gott 29 Soldier 422, Sandgrube ...... 22 295 Hebeck, Joh 47 Labourer 785, Am Stein 21 .. 4—4 296 Schleling, Renate „... 42 Soldier's wife 85, Ketterhagsche Thor 21 297 Steimig, Carl Ph 49 Merchant 691, Brodtbanken Gasse 22 .. 4—5 298 Haaese, J. J 49 Sexton 790, Korkenmacher Gasse 25 .. 3 ? 299 Flamm, Helena ..........56 Labouring-woman 48, Petershagen .... 21 .. 1 300 Goerke, Christianna 27 Servant-maid 436, Altstadtscher Graban 21 301 Tessmer, Carolina 36 Labouring- woman 897, Kassubischer Markt 22 . . I 302 Erdmann, Jacob 43 Labourer 243, Kehrwieder Gasse 21 .. | 22 — 4 Vide No. 468 107 GENERAL LIST attacked il Surname and Christian. ft Rank or Occupation. Place where taken sick. ™£ n re^red dllt Remarks. PS etc. June 21 303 Heine, Rosalie 13 Girl No. 1797, Ritter Gasse June 21 .. 55 — 2 304 Schulz, Anna 48 Labouring-woman 1036, Baumgartsche Gasse 24 .. 3—4 305 Teschke, Joseph 16 Boy 1016, Bartholomai Kirchengang 22 . . . . Vide No. 200. 306 Bedu, Johann ..60 Labourer 828, Rambaum 21 .. 11 — 5 307 "Witt, Friedrich 43 Under-offlcer 1392, Lavendel Gasse . . . . June 25 3—l 308 Hantel, Caroline 31 Servant-maid of Countess Przebentowski Leege Thor 25 . . Vide No. 142. 309 Kuokski, Concordia 44 "Wife of shoemaker 1248, Rambaum 21 310 Bollgrun, Carl .- 26 Criminal prisoner Criminal Prion .. 21 .. .. 311 Riebke, Julianna 34 Labouring- woman Auf der Strasse an dergrossenMuhle 22 20 312 Wester, Gottfried 60 Cooper 954, Jacob's Neu Gasse 21 .. 22 — 5 Vide No. 291, twice reporte — see 413, his wife 21 313 Lingovrski, Johann 23 Soldier 1, Military Hospital .. 28 314 Bohm, Christoph 50 Bookbinder 1481, Petersilien Gasse 21 .. 4 315 Kussowski, Job. 24 Soldier I, Military Hospital . . 28 22 316 Peters, Johann 65 Master tailor 1439, 3 ter Damm 22 .. 5 317 Kroll, Joh. Christ 53 Labourer 319, Schwarze Meer .. 22 .. 33 — 3 318 Kaminski, Maria 71 Widow 241, Poggenpfuhl .. .. 22 .. 2—l 319 Grohn, Johann 63 Labourer 473, Reper Gasse 23 320 Kriesen, Frederick 61 Organist 50, Weissmunehen Kirchengang ... 23 . . 11 — 1 321 Kossowski, Simon 52 Labourer 50, Ditto 22 . . 22 — 3 322 Klenn, Johann 26 ditto 1249, Schieben Ritter Gasse 27 3—l 323 Ehoff, Daniel 75 Overs' of Corn-porters 211, Baumgartsche Gasse 23 . . 22 — 1 324 Adriaczek, Martin 46 Labourer 41, St. Elizabeth Hospital 23 .. 1 Vide No. 325, 398 325 Adriaczek, Helena 28 His wife ditto 22 . . Vide No. 324, 398 326 Kurzbaum, Mich 44 Under-officer 848, Seigen 23 327 Kurkowski, Gott 25 Offender Peinkammer . . . .. 30 108 GENERAL LIST June 22 328 Kaminski 70 Labouring- woman No. 24, Zins Gasse June 22 .. 2 1 23 329 Wolters, Daniel 50 Master-glazier 795, Holy Ghost Strasse 29 .. B—lo Vide No. 438 330 Bottcher, Fr. Wilh 70 Master-cooper 866, Paradies Gasse . . 23 . . . . Vide No 27 1 383 331 Wilcrewski, Michael 62 Labourer 302, Schwarze Meer .. 23 .. .. 332 Kannot, Joh. Carl 3 Boy 1357, Drechsler Gasse.. 24 .'. 1114 333 Lewandowski, Fabian 26 Soldier 1307, Tagneter Gasse .. .. June 30 .. Vide No 250 334 Brand, Joh. A 45 Labourer 26, Schillings-felde . . 23 335 Eivert, Jacob 60 ditto 16, ditto 24 336 Engler, Johann 23 Soldier 150, Fleischer Gasse .. 23 .. 2—l 337 Jaeger, Jacob 22 Soldier 568, Catharinen Kirchengang 24 . . 338 Schulz, Michael 22 Under-servant 1339, Altstadtscher Graben 24 339 Blumenthal, Henriette 42 Jewess 1449, Neunangen Gasse 25 .. .. Vide No. 216.— Separated 340 Bottcher, Benjamin 24 Soldier 1088, Kumst Gasse .... 24 .. 4 1 341 Posanski, Johan 58 Labourer 210, Bischof's Berg .. 23 342 Wasilewski 39 Soldier's wife 1180, Seigen 23 5—7 343 Wischinski 30 Wife of under-officer 841, ditto July 5 .. Vide No. 257 344 Plenikowska, Anna 31 Labouring- woman 991, Faulgraben 23 .. I—2 345 Wulff, Anna 30 Servant-maid 1794, Grosse Backer Gasse 23 346 Petermann, Joh 11 Boy 958, Koeksche Gasse. . 23 .. 22 — 1 347 Janzen, Carl 13 Boy 1009, Baumgartsche Gasse 23 . . 22 — 5 348 Hannemann, Jos 66 Labourer 1734, Grosse Gasse .... 23 . . 1 349 Funk, Anna 40 Labouring-woman 785, Am Stein 23 .. 22 — 2 Vide No. 538 350 Dombrowski, Bertha 7 Child 42, Weiss Munehen Hoff 23 .. I—2 351 Rathke, Peter 93 Labourer 953, Jacob's Neu Gasse 23 . . 2 1 352 Bilewski, Elenore 75 Landlady of tap-house 1175, Seigen 23 . . . . Vide No. 209, 353 353 Schulz, Anna 50 Labouring- woman 1175, Hohe Seigen .... 24 .. .. Vide 209, 352 354 Schulz, Dorothea 48 ditto 784, Am Stein 23 . . 2 2 355 Wannow, Gottfried 12 Child of labourer 270, Schwarze Meer .. .. 21 I—2 Vide No. 356, 378, 379, 385 356 Wannow, Andreas 8 ditto ditto 21 . . Vide No. 355, 378, 379, 385 357 Borbknecht, David 28 Soldier 725, Joppen Gasse June 28 358 Ludwig, Anna 34 Labouring- woman 143, Petershagen July 5 .. Vide No. 284 .. 359 Sand, Johann 25 Soldier 1045, Paradies Gasse . . .. June 30 . . Vide No. 361 109 GENERAL LIST. £— ¦¦ I ¦ I 1 _ ,Sked.p Surname and Christian. J, Rank or Occupation. Place where taken sick, *««*• W etc. June 24 360 Butowski, Franz. 26 Soldier Sperlings Gasse. . . . June 25 361 Zawitzki, Jacob 24 Soldier 1045, Paradies Gasse . . June 24 . . . . Vide No. 359 362 Sperling, Anton 62 Labourer 1517, Hacker Gasse .. .. 30 I—l 363 Sommerkorn, Daniel 54 Skipper of lighter 854, 24 364 Koenig, Wilhelmine 5 Child 143, Petershagen 24 .. 2—l 365 Schroetter, Adolph 3 Boy 83, ditto 24 . . I—3 Vide No. 375 366 Szwirczynski, Thomas 27 Soldier 1474, Hacker Gasse 24 367 Hubner, Friederich 20 ditto 909, Karren Gasse 28 3—2 Vide No. 476 368 Klauss, Michael 25 ditto 958, Heiligeist Gasse. . 24 . . 7 Vide No. 405 369 Kerski, Carl 24 ditto 245, Kehrwieder Gasse 24 . . 4—2 370 Wittrin, Gottlieb 46 Journeyman gun-maker 407, Ehrichsgang . . . . 25 .. 11 — 4 371 Radsey, Johann 23 Soldier 310, Gross Muhlen Gasse 25 372 Krepal, C 59 Labouring-woman 734, Plapper Gasse ... 25 . . 44 — 1 Widow 373 Spittel, Johanna 45 Wife of master-tailor 263, ' '. 25 11 — 2 374 Hasmann, Anna 30 Under police observance 1101, Schusseldam 26 Vide No. 67 375 Schroetter, Anna 37 Wife of journeyman 83, Petershagen July 12 .. Vide No. 365 cabinet-maker 376 Lewandowski, Thomas ....37 Labourer 15, ditto 24 .. 55 — 5 377 Schamp, Carl F 4 Boy 33, ditto 25 .. 2—l 378 Wannow, Veronica 6 Child 270, Schwarze Meer. . 24 .. .. Vide No. 355, 356, 385 379 Wannow, Anna 8 ditto ditto June 26 .. ditto 380 Kelbsch, Carl 6 ditto 398, Ochsen Gasse 24 . . . . Vide No. 123, 137, 203, 420 381 Knopke, Friederich 30 Labourer ditto July 1 382 Weiland, Johann 42 Offender Bastion Bar 25 383 Marks, Pauline 19 Girl 866, Paradies Gasse . . . . 5 . . Vide No. 271, 330 384 Pietzel, Gottlieb 32 Upper sick-attendant ditto .. 5 in Holm Hospital 25 385 Wannow, Andreas 47 Labourer 270, Schwarze Meer.. .. 9 Vide No. 355, 356, 378, 379 386 Raschke 47 Dealer in victuals 813, Hackelwerk 25 ? 22 — 4 387 Rodin, Gustav 13 Broker's son 171, Anker Schmiede Gasse 25 ? 6—l Vide No. 338 388 Rodin, Friederich 11 ditto ditto 2 .. Vide No. 387 389 Brunell, Johann >...42 Fisherman 1 Weichselmuende 25 110 GENERAL LIST June 25 390 Muffki, Anna 38 Seaman's wife. No. 852, Niedere Seigen . . June 25 391 Schubert, Carl 30 Soldier 882, Kassubischer Markt 26 .. 392 Wiedemann, Carl 25 ditto Neu Garten, an der Schmule ... 25 393 Woytakewitz, Anton 36 Grave-digger's assist. 119,1 19, Stadtgebiet .... 25 .-. 2 394 Dombrowski, Anna 46 Labouring-woman 216, Lang Garten .... 25 .. 2—4 Vide No. 495 395 Schwarz, Joh 71 Journeyman-weaver 387, Steindam 25 .. 33 — 1 Vide No. 504, 474 396 Huse, Gottlieb 45 Labourer Stolzenberg July 1 397 Piwinski, Thomas 23 Under-officer 1163,1 163, Breite Gasse June 29 398 Maas, Michael 61 Labourer 41, Elizabeth Hospital . . July 6 . . Vide No. 324, 325 399 Bauer, Anna 36 Waiter's wife 176, Weissmunehen Hintergang .... June 25 . . 11 — 7 ? 400 Moerke, Johann 62 Master-nailer 785, Am Stein 28 . . 33 — 3 401 Liedtke, Jacob 29 Journeyman weaver 173, Petershagen .... July 1 .. 22 — 1 402 An unknown male corpse . . .... .... unknown 403 Spitzhuth, Gustav 28 Sergeant 1137, Breit Gasse June 25 .. .. Vide No. 62 26 404 Froehling, Franz 36 Labourer 7, Petershagen 26 . . 33 — 3 405 Schulz, Gottfried 34 Journ. cabinet-maker 958, Heiligeist Gasse 26 .. .. Vide No. 368 406 Kohnke, Daniel 25 Soldier 877, Paradies Gasse .. .. June 30 407 Zander, Gottfried 21 ditto 34, Journeym.-potter .. 30 . . 408 Woniczewski, Michl 24 ditto 948, Jacob's Neu Gasse . . 29 409 Gaiewski, Johann 24 ditto Holm Guard July 3 410 Hantel, Wilhelm 55 2059, Vorstadtscher . : Secretary of Regency Graben 26 .. 5 411 Wessolowski, Andr. 24 Soldier 531, Nonnenhof 26 412 Baehr, Joh. Gottfr 46 Shoemaker 351, An der Muhle .. 26 ? 3—l Vide No. 466 413 Wester, Helena 37 Wife of journ. cooper 954, Jacob's Neu Gasse 26 „.- .. Vide No. 291, 312 414 Kraiewski, Johan 54 Journeyman mason 934, Jacob's Hospital 27 415 Bornatrki, Friedr ...36 Labourer 1469, Hacker Gasse ... 27 416 Krause, Gattfried 30 ditto 171, Fleischer Gasse.. .. 6 417 Borkowzki, Michael 24 Soldier 624, Beutler Gasse 27 .. 418 Schwenzfeyer, Joh 2lj Under-officer 1025, Baumgartsche Gasse 26 419 Horling, Joh. Gottf. 29 Soldier 983,KassubischerMarkt .. June 29 420 Koelpsch, Paul 43 Under-officer 389, Ochsen Gasse July 6 . . Vide No. 123, 137, 203, 380 421 Roth, Johann 18 Soldier Fleischer Gasse .. .. 16 •• 422 Dziarlowski, Jacob 38 Labourer | 118,1 18, Petershagen | 26 | . . | 3—3 Vide No. 437 111 GENERAL LIST. aSked.il Surname and Christian. & Rank or Occupation. Place where taken sick. n uSSSS! Remarks. (5 . etc. June 27 423 Welsch, Elizabeth 73 Widow 602, Joppen Gasse June 27 . . 2 424 Forien, Jacob 44 Leather-dresser 1898, Dominicaner Hoff 28 .. 77 — b 425 Sobitzki, Gottfried 14 Boy 335, Schwarze Meer . . 28 . . 2 426 Cohn, Mich. Joseph 25 Under-officer ] 265, Priester Gasse .. 27 427 Kein, Johanna 27 Servant-maid 435, AltstadtscherGra-428 Lewinski, Caroline 23 ditto 434, ditto 27 429 Giesebrecht, Elizabeth .... 45 Labouring- woman 32, Topfer Gasse. ... 28 . . 2 430 Wolff, Susanna 63 Widow 512, St. Catharinen .. 27 .. .. Vide No. 239 431 Sonteck, Dorothea 2f. Wife of shoemaker 652, Tischler Gasse .. 28 .. 1 432 Eberhard, Johan 3fi Pin-maker 1013, Bartholomai Kirchengang 28 .. 2 433 Eichert, Julianna 9 Child 958, Halk Gasse 28 .. 2—3 434 Schulz, Wilhelmine 22 Servant-maid 112, Pfefferstadt 27 .. 2 435 Lemke, Jacob 59 Labourer 1086, Kumst Gasse.. .. 28 .. 22 — 5 436 Schimmelpfennig, August .. 19 Fleischerbanken 511, Neu Garten .... 28 437 Gudzick, Johann 50 Labourer 118, Peter shagen .... 29 .. .. Vide No. 422 438 Mandel, Catharina 21 Servant-maid 795, Heilegeist Gasse 29 .. .. Vide No. 329. 439 Post, Ephraim 29 Soldier 796, Am Stein July 3 22 — 3 440 Friese, Peter 37 Under-servant 720, Gross Schwalben 441 Rasuna, Anna 50 Labouring- woman 312, Reuter Gasse. ... 28 .. 44 — 3 442 Grau, Anton 25 Soldier 632, Tischler Gasse . . . . 6 443 Apreck, Emanuel 30 ditto 527, Neu Garten .... 27 . . 33 — 3 444 Langowski, Carl 56 Dealer in victuals 43, Petershagen .... 27 . . 2 445 Mitzke, Wilhelm 42 Under-officer 815, Hackelwerk 3 3—6 446 Okray, Franz 24 Soldier 280, Schmiede Gasse. . 29 447 Willmuth, Johann 28 ditto 352, Poggenpfuhl 12 448 Kaminski, Johann 23 ditto Breite Gasse June 29 449 Kammer, Friedrich 22 Offender Jacob's Thor. ... 27 28 450 Rasch, Anna 40 Wife of journ. carpenter 981, Sand Gasse 28 . . 2—2 451 Buttner 30 Labouring- woman 1445, Neunangen Gasse 28 . . 33 — 2 452 Herrmann, Rudolph Child of apotheC, Lefa 569, Olivaer Thor ... 28 . . 4—2 Vide No. 481 112 113 GENERAL LIST June2B 53 Baumann, Pincus 0 Jew, petty merchant No. 1551, Tobias Gasse .... June 29 454 Kraip.wski, Ludwig 4i Innkeeper 566, OlivaerThor 28 455 Schulz, Carl Ed 12 Foster-child 36, Kinderhaus 29 456 Borchardt, Friedr 44 Labourer 752, Klein Backer Gasse 30 .. 2—3 .. 457 Hempel, Caroline 46 Labouring-woman 185, Ziesausche Gasse .. July 12 458 Blinewski, Andr 23 Soldier 1675, Ritter Gasse 6 33 — 2 459 Pastwa, Mathias 23 ditto 651, Tischler Gasse . . . . 3 460 Wittscheok, Friederike ....22 Servant-maid 107, NeuFahrwasser.. 28 461 Muller, Ludwig 26 Soldier 1471, Hacker Gasse .. 29 .. 88 — 4 462 Dopatka, August 8 Son of a former merch 1 . 1282, 2 ter Damm 29 .. 22 — 1 463 An unknown male corpse . . unknown 464 Schillke, Carl Gottli 25 Soldier 1175,1 175, Seigen June 29 465 Siewert, Johann 45 Merchant 1974, Glockenthor .. .. June 28 .. 1 466 Buchholz, Jgnaz 35 Musician 351, An der Muhle . . 28 .. 44 — 2 Vide No. 412 467 Kollberg, Henriette 21 Labourer 1697, Ander Radaune.. 28 .. 22 — 1 468 Bergmann, Cath 78 Widow 243, Kehrwieder Gasse, 28 .. .. Vide No. 302 469 Schwarz, Carl 33 Labourer 1073, Kumst Gasse 28 . . 4 Vide No. 589 470 Geiling, Johann 39 ditto 464, BurggrafenStrasse .. July 3 55 — 4 471 Leppke, Jacob 29 ditto 245, Kehrwieder Gasse .. 3 55 — 7 472 Zimski, Gottfried 61 ditto 76, Petershagen 28 473 Lull, Maria 68 Labouring-woman 178, Kneipab June 29 474 Schulz, Regina 56 ditto 387, 2 ter Steindam July 12 . . Vide No. 395, 504 475 Schulz, Peter 26 Soldier 1212, Rambaum 28 476 Muller, Daniel 27 Labourer 909, KarrenWeg 30 .. .. Vide No. 367 477 Pisanski, Thomas 40 ditto 387, 2 ttr Steindam — in a stable 28 . . . . Vide No. 395 478 Schulz, Gottfried 44 ditto Ditto No 28 29 479 Golchert, Adolph 19 Journeyman goldsmith 2008, Klein Woolweber Gasse 5 1 480 Kossien, Andreas 72 Labourer 95, Fleischer Gasse .. 29 .. 1 Vide No. 497 _ .. 481 Loefas, Albert 3£ 2nd Child of theapothe?. 569, Olivaer Thor 29 .. .. Vide No. 452 482 Werner, Maria 60 Widow 18,1 8, Topfer Gasse 29 .. 3 483 Remur, Edward 48 Formerly merchant 473, Vordem Hohen Thor 29 . . 3 Vide No. 505 484 Janzen, Friedrich 45 Labourer Rambaum 9 485 Liedeman, Christian 28 ditto 1034, Baumgartsche Gasse 29 . . 9—6 Vide No. 590 GENERAL LIST Whpn C • oj TUVpr, When „ ' °^ attacked. § I Surname «*& Christian. *> Ran k or Occupation. Place where taken sick. J™ £ o o cr, rrr a 88 t oono e nnn d * Remarks. '(5 ' etc. June 29 486 Lamprecht, Louise 23 Labouring- woman No. 345, Klein Muhlen Gasse June 29 .. l— i Vide No. 600 487 Wilken, Anna 21 ditto 681, Adler's Brahaus. . . . July 5 2—2 488 Wroblewski, Ewa 57 ditto 1750, EimermacherHoff 29 .. 1 489 Manzey, Rahel 44 ditto 1782, Brabank 29 .. 3—2 Vide No. 585 490 Sieloff, Maria 77 ditto 660, Oehlmuhlen Gasse 29 . . 1 491 Kahl, Dorothea 56 ditto 536, Nonnenhof 29 .. 1 Vide No. 526 492 Muller, Johann 61 Journeyman carpenter 805, Hackelwerk .... 29 .. I—3 493 Skopnick, Amalie 7 Daughter of sergeant 1202, Rambaum 29 .. 11 — l 494 Schnert, Elizabeth 26 Soldier's wife 952, Jacob's Neu Gasse 29 . . 1 495 Dombrowski, Henrietta 8 Child of labourer 216, Lang Garten 29 .. .. Vide No. 394 496 Witzke, Friedrich 43 Widow 284, Mattenbuden 30 .. I—l Vide No. 533 497 Kossien, Elizabeth 56 Labouring- woman 95, Fleischer Gasse. . 30 . . . . Vide No. 480 498 Kirsch, Andreas 26 Under-servant 106, Ditto , 30 499 Willke, Louise 22 Servant-maid 863, Paradies Gasse .. 29 500 Engel, Michael 65 Labourer 679, Adler's Brahaus. . 30 30 501 Broje, Joh. Heinr 6 Child of labourer 114, Petershagen .... 30 .. 22 — 4 502 Gehrmann, J.B 11 ditto 225, Schwarze Meer . . .. 6 2—4 503 Garbe Overseer of poor-house 522, Neugarten 18 504 Schulz, Heinrich 12 Son of a labourer 387, 2 ter Steindam 3 . . Vide No. 395, 474 505 Putzei, Chr. Sam 51 Innkeeper 473, Vordem Hohen Thor 30 ... .. Vide No. 483 506 Stenzel, Renata 25 Soldier's wife 449, Kaninchenberg . . July 3 . . 3—6 507 Steege, Friedrich 45 Carrier 444, Ditto June 30 . . 66 — 5 508 Muller, Michael 25 Under-servant 126, Fleischer Gasse . . 30 . * 509 Schwerdtfeger, Renata ....22 Servant-maid 1497, Petersilien Gasse 30 510 Saver, Joh. Christian 50 Journeyman turner 1187,1 187, Breite Gasse .... 30 511 Schutz, Joh. Gottfr 48 Journeyman mason 691, Koeksche Gasse.. 30 .. I—4 512 Belger, Dorothea A 10 Child 750, KleinίackerGasse 30 .. 44 — 3 513 Borkowski, Anna 34 Sempstress 313, Grosse Muhlen Gasse 30 .. 3—4 514 Kohler, David 40 Labourer 314, Ditto 30 .. 2 114 GENERAL LIST June 30 515 Schloss, Friedrich 6 Child of Labourer No. 897, Kassubischer Markt June 30 . . 22 — 2 516 Brunfen, Anna 28 Labouring-woman 433, Weiden Gasse .. 30 .. 22 — 2 517 Engler, Joseph 54 Labourer 285, Mattenbuden July 15 518 Goerz, Elizabeth 48 Labouring-woman 1763, Am "Wall 30 .. 22 — 2 519 Krause, Martin 24 Soldier 101, Schmiede Gasse. . .. 9 520 Kuhn, Joh. Daniel 61 Labourer Ankerschmiede Thurm 30 521 Gelinski, Lorenz 25 Soldier Weichselmuende .. 12 522 Bruks, Albert 26 ditto 779, Heiligeist Gasse .. 9 .. 523 Blauwart, J.J 34 650, Tischler Gasse .. 30 524 Woycke, Joh. J 29 Labourer Town Hospital .. .. 21 525 Kornowski, Andr 20 Soldier 1, Military Hospital July 6 526 Hubner ' 73 Labouring-woman 536, Nonnenhof .... June 30 . . . . Vide No. 491 July 1 527 Engler, Johann 40 Wood-labourer 359, Reuter Gasse. . . . July 1 528 Sand, Franz 32 Under-servant 141, Fleischer Gasse... 2 .. 1 529 Stobbe, August 32 ditto 126, Ditto 12 530 Thiel, Anna Maria 46 Labouring-woman 12, Holz Gasse 1 .. 33 — 8 531 Jochem, Caroline 31 Nurse 501, Lange Markt 12 532 Fink, Maria Theressa 38 Labouring- woman 541, Nonnenhof .... 1 .. 11 — 1 533 Fabian, Johann 2 Child 284, Mattenbuden 1 .. .. Vide No. 496 534 Muller, Barbara 44 Labouring woman 99, Petershagen .... 1 535 Ornowski, Anna 72 Sempstress 501, Kirchensteig .... 1 . . 2 536 Knorr, Joh. Ferd 13 Alms-house ward 1266, Spendhaus 1 . . 11 — 3 537 Krumbiegel, Eleonore 55 Labouring- woman 1044, Paradies Gasse .. 1 .. 1 538 Adler, Elizabeth . 41 ditto 785, Am Stein 2 ... .. Vide No. 349 539 Voss, Joh. Herman 5 Son of sergeant 183, Ziesausche Gasse, 1 .. 44 — 3 540 Jahnke, Elizabeth 27 Labouring-woman 356, Reuter Gasse 4 55 — 7 Vide No. 786 541 Paulus, Joh. Gerhard 48 Secretary of Police 667,BrodtbankenGasse 1 .. 55 — 1 ? 542 Schmidt, Johann 38 Labourer Steindam 12 m 2 543 Kunz, Johann 3 Sonof stave-yd. inspec 1 . 1, Bleihof 4 .. 22 — 1 fcO .. 544 Schierowski, Joh 35 Labourer Neu Schottland.. 4 545 Falk, Anna 65 Labouring- woman Schwarze Meer.. 2 546 Bendon, Marcur D 68 Jew, petty merchant 1617, Burg Strasse .... 4 . . 3 547 Krosinski, Anna 55 Hospital pensioner 1 , Gertruden Hosp. 2 548 Wawerczynoki, Thomas.. .. 34 Soldier 1500, Hacker Gasse 6 549 Giede, Catharine 40 Servant-woman 3, Kohlen Markt . . 2 550 Holz, Friedrich 22 Soldier In der Halle 12 115 GENERAL LIST attested. § I Surname and Christian. jj, Rank or Occupation. Place where taken sick. n re^ered i»K Remarks. OS ' etc. July 2 551 Petrowski, Maria 50 Labouring- woman No. 445, Kaninchenberg . . .. July 12 88 — 11 552 Petry, Helena D 50 ditto 687, Adler's Brahaus, July 2 .. 22 — 2 553 Stregowski, Amalia 4 Child 1070, Kumst Gasse 2 .. 2—5 Vide No. 603 554 Zander, August 64 Labourer 818, Spendhaus Neu Gasse 2 . . 2 555 Zimmerman, Cath 73 Labouring- woman 679, Adler's Brahaus, 2 .. 11 — 3 556 Kredenz, Johann 30 Soldier Military Hospital, . . 9 557 Braun, Wilhelm 26 ditto 1923, Marinn Gang 6 3 558 Poerschke, Anna 31 Wife of under-officer 27 1 , Halben Gasse 5 .. 3—3 559 Graff, Carl Benjamin 50 Labouier 55, Stadt Gebiet 3 . . 2 560 Just, Elizabeth 26 Labouring-woman Schidlitz 3 561 Schilfert, Joh. Christ 54 Labourer 96, Fleischer Gasse. . 3 .. 44 — 2 562 Zurawski, Johanna 30 Dry-nurse 470, Reper Gasse .... 3 563 Moews, Florentine 61 Wife of shoemaker 395, AltstadtscherGraben 4 . . 3 564 Wardell, David 33 Barge-master 1621, Burg Strasse 4 565 Nowski, Franz 50 Labourer 283, Mattenbuden. ... 3 . . 11 — 4 566 Damerau, Johan 38 ditto 1036, Baumgartsche Gasse 5 3—3 567 Schmidt, Johann 52 ditto 1793, Grosse Backer Gasse 4 . . 1 568 Strocfenreuter, Joh 56 Journeyman carpenter 1791, Ditto 4 .. 33 — 1 569 Krause, Johann 56 Journeyman shoemaker 1159, Hohe Siegen .... 4 570 Wiedemann, Johanna 7 Child of labourer 966, Faulgraben 4 .. 22 — 5 571 Barfitz, Martin 36 lender-servant 1142, Schusseldam 5 .. 572 Weiss, Joh. Gottfr 34 Journeyman mason 1143, Ditto 6 3 573 Schulz, Dorothea 60 Labouring-woman Brabank 3 .. 574 Rathke, Charlotte 31 ditto Breit Gasse 5 4 575 Albrecht, Martin 33 Under-servant 125, Alt Schottland .. 5 ... 2—3 576 Gessel, Joh. Ludwig 37 Labourer 421, Grosse Schwalben Gasse 5 . . I—3 577 Stanke, Heinrich 40 Boat-skipper 1738, EimermacherHoff 4 ? 11 — 1 578 Roll, Johann 49 Journ. cabinet-maker 1261, Scheiben Ritter Gasse 4 . . 3—3 116 GENKRAL LIST. July 4 579 f Rose, Wilhelmine 38 Labouring-woman No. 786, Korkenmacher I Gasse July 4 . . • • Vide No 580 580 Rose, Wilhelmine 8 Child of ditto Ditto 4.. . . Vide No' 579 581 Rasch, Carl 22 Soldier Casern onίishoffs Berg July 4 582 Braunsberger, Benj 80 Labourer 1241, Rambaum 5 .. 3—2 583 Schubert, Caroline 27 Labouring- woman 800, Hackelwerk 18 2 2 584 Muller, Anna 44 ditto 1171, Seigen 4 .. i 585 Manzey, Joh. Sal 62 Labourer 1782, Brabank 24 Vide No. 489 586 Frey, Constantia 52 Labouring-woman 530, Nonnenhof 5 .. 2 1 587 Hoffmann, Julianna 5 Child 1077, Kumst Gasse 5 . . 5 2 588 Baumann, Carl G 46 Master tailor 911, Karren Gasse 4 ;. 1 1 589 Eschner, Anna 55 Labouring- woman 1073, Kumst Gasse . . 16 . . Vide No. 469 590 Ruhnau, Anna 29 ditto 1034, Baumgartsche ,„, „,. , _, ... Gasse 4 .. .. Vide No. 485 591 Ghenke, Christian 59 Sergeant of Police 1061, Bottcher Gasse . . 4 . . 3 592 Starost, Henriette 50 Labouring- woman 313, Mattlausche Weiche 4 . . 1 4 593 Zielke, Wilhelmine 13 Daughter of labourer 455, Reper Gasse 4 . . 5—2 594 Seeger, Friedr. Wilh 35 Labourer 81, Fleischer Gasse.. 4 .. i_fi 595 Roesmann, Andreas 39 ditto Lang Garten in the open street. . 5 596 Kauffmann, Cath 50 Labouring- woman 214,2 14, Kater Gasse . . . . 5 .. l 597 Eisner, August 49 Labourer 281, Schwarze Meer .. 4 .. 6 2 598 Karlach, Elizabeth 20 Dairy-woman 529, Neu Garten . . " 4 . . l 1 5 599 Brandt, Charlotte 32 Wife of public officer 97, Schmiede Gasse" .. " 10 5—3 600 Goerz, Justine 50 Labouring- woman 345, Klein Muhlen 601 Schwarz, Joh. A5O Journeyman shoemaker 1199, Breite Gasse* .... 6 ".". IILI 602 Schulz, Christine 44 Labouring-woman 311, Gross Muhlen Gasse 6 . . 5—4 603 Streowski, Friedrich 13 Son of shoemaker 1070, Kumst Gasse .. 15 vid P No <^3 .. 604 Fleischmann, Michl 39 Labourer 232, Schwarze Meer" 5 .. " •' 605 Wendt Daniel.. 44 ditto 1100, Schusseldam .... 5 .. 2-3 Vide No. 618, 624, 626 ... . 606 Lewmski, Samuel 68 ditto 1195,1 195, Rambaum .... 5 . . 2—4 6 607 Rosalski, Florentine 49 Wife of journ carpenter 8, Strohteich . 6 . . Vide No 645 608 Danowski, Johann 40 Shoemaker Weichselmuende 7 609 Ruppel, Julius 4 Boy— foster-child | 922, Jacob's Neu Gasse 7 . . 2—7 Vide No 627 117 GENERAL LIST attacked. =M Surname and Christian. 8, Rank or Occupation. Place where taken sick. recovered taX! Remarks. "*PS "^ " etc. July 6 610 Dater, Florentine 35 Labouring- v/oman No. 283, Mattenbuden July 7 .. 3—l 611 Kulikowski, Gottlieb 37 Waiter 700, BrodtbankenGasse 6 .. 1 612 Romanowski, Maria 18 Daughter of labourer 424, Grosse Schwalben Gasse 7 .. I Vide No. 613. 613 Romanowski, Anna 62 Labouring-woman ditto 6 . . . . Vide No. 612. 614 Wilm, Andreas 55 Labourer 1237, Breite Gasse .... 7 .". 1 615 Klein, Christine 33 Labouring- woman 1804,1 804, Rahm 6 . . 11 — 3 616 Engelbrecht, Friedr 35 Soldier 1046, Paradies Gasse .. 8 .. 3—3 617 Henniger, Friedrich 67 Labourer 149, Weissmunehen Hinter Gasse .. 6 .. 11 — 4 618 Wendt, Elizabeth 6 Child of a labourer 1100,1 100, Schusseldam 6 . . . . Vide No. 605 619 Nowke, Dorothea 60 Labouring- woman 49, Ohra, an der Radaun 6 . . 620 Traband, Catharine 16 Daughter of lodger 93, Ohra 6 7 621 Krause, Maria 5 Child of stave-yd. watch" 2, Bleihof 8 . . 22 — 2 622 Gogus, Gottfried 42 Labourer 382, l ter Steindam 8 . . 33 — 4 6 623 Bobusch, Johann 52 ditto 366,CatharineKirchhof 6 .. I—l 7 624 Wendt, Anna 29 Labouring- woman 1100,1 100, Schusseldam July 8 . . Affected with looseness only 625 Wendt, Ludwig 1^ Her son ditto 8 . . Vide No. 605 — slight attack 626 Wendt, Johann 9 ditto ditto 8 . . Slight attack 6 627 Ruppel, Julius 4 Foster-child. 922, Jacob's Nen Gasse, 7 .. 22 — 7 Twice reported — see No. 609 628 Schimborski, Andreas 45 Labourer of a barge 149, In a barge 8 7 629 Schwendowski, Eleonore ..55 Labouring- woman 430, Sandgrube 8 .. 22 — 1 630 Roskowski, Anna 76 ditto 592, Hunerberg 7 631 Musack, Elizabeth 46 Wife of master sawyer 326, Leegethor 11 3—5 Vide No. 662 6 632 Metzler, Heinrich 62 Pensioned bailiff 1038, Breite Gasse 7 7 633 Fassbatter, Peter 49 Corn measurer 1207, ditto 7 .. 33 — 1 8 634 Rosin, Dorothea 67 Labouring-woman 606, Thornischer Weg, 9 . . 2 7 635 Cohn, Florentine 44 Wife of lighter- skipper 355, Poggenpfuhl 8 636 Brandt, Eliza 36 Labouring- woman 298, Reuter Gasse 10 This woman was affected with 637 Dobriok, Johann 65 Labourer 1899, Dominicaner Hoff 8 .. .. tubercles and vomicae 8 638 Jacobi, Adelgunde 63 NoemployMivedbyalms 284, Schmiede Gasse. . .. 19 11 — 2 639 Fahr, Emanuel 58 Petty corn-broker 438, Schulzen Gasse. . 8 .. .. Vide No. 646 9 640 Fiebrandt, Eva 60 Widow of coun r . of just 482, Lange Markt 14 5 Vide No. 641, 650 118 GENERAL LIST July 9 641 Fiebrandt, Amalia ... 32 Her daughter No. 482, Lange Markt July 14 .. Vide No. 640, 650 8 642 Sendflock, Elizabeth 49 Labouring-woman 63, Elizabeth Gasse. . July 10 .-. 22 — 2 8 643 Wienhold, Martin ........ 48 Labourer 292, Mattenbuden . . .. 8 *. 9 644 Gehrt, Martin 30 Soldier 50, Fleischer Gasse . . 10 . . 3 6 €45 Rosalski, Rosamunde 10 Daughter of master ship 8, Strohteich 9 . . . • Vide No. 607— attacked the carpenter • same time. 10 646 Jahr.Tda 2 Daughter of petty corn 438, Schulzen Gasse .. 10 .. 3—3 Vide No. 639 broker |647 Kohler, Anna 27 Wife of cabinet-maker 432, Sandgrube 17 1 648 Dusing, Elizabeth 75 Dry nurse 262, Mattenbuden 10 9 649 Neun, Florentine 58 ditto Contumace at the Rothen Brucke, 10 111 1 650 Fiebrandt 40 Lieutenant of artillery 482, Lange Markt 14 . . Vide No. 640, 641 651 Bruhn, Johann 22 Soldier 1147,1 147, Breite Gasse 24 652 Menzel, Mathias 54 Journeyman smith 77, Neu Fahrwasser, 11 653 Schulz, Gustav 29 Cooper 96, ditto 11 10 654 Zarnau, Heinrich 44 Labourer 216, Lang Garten 10 11 655 Munster, Ferdinand 32 ditto 111, Petershagen 21 10 656 Dobratz, Constantia 63 Labouring-woman 85, ditto 10 .. 22 — 2 9 657 Pratowski Regina 27 Servant-maid 831, Frauen Gasse. ... 10 11 658 Marquardt, Michael 28 Soldier 1516, Hacker Gasse .. .. 24 659 Geyer, Gottlieb 83 Cooper 176, Alt Schottland . . 111 1 660 Springer, Mathias 40 Journeyman carpenter 672, Adler'sίrahaus.. 11 .. 1 12 661 Koeding, Bertha 6 Daughter of tailor 398, 2 ter Steindam 20 I—3 111 1 662 Schmidt, Wilhelmine 22 Servant-maid 326, Leegethor 16 . . Vide No. 631 12 663 Frohlich, Florentine 39 "Washerwoman 454, Weiden Gasse . . 13 664 Tuschkowski, Mich ..23 Soldier 585, Tischler Gasse .. 12 665 Peters, George 4 1459, 12 .. 11 — 1 666 Duwensee, Renata 32 Labouring-woman 709, Oehmuhlen Gasse, 12 .. 22 — 3 667 Schwarz, Rosalie 5 Daughter of und.-officer 185, Ziesauche Gasse, 12 . . 11 — 1 Vide No. 706 668 Podolski, Martin 31 Labourer Schillingsfelde, — Wasser Gasse . . 14 669 Viol, Jacob 32 Seaman 297, Reuter Gasse 12 13 670 Kulling, Renathe 36 Labouring- woman 59, Langfahr . . 14 .. 33 — 1 671 Meyer, Anna Dorothea .... 7 Daughter of labourer 85, Stadt Gebieth 18 22 — 1 672 Laasner, Maria 6 Daughter of schoolmast. 1373, Johannes Gasse. . .. 21 2—l Vide No. , 07 12 673 May, Carl Friedr 35 Labourer 288, Schwarze Meez. . .. 14 .. 13 674 Rogatschewski, E 72 Labouring-woman 1903, JungferGasse. . , .. 1 20 3 119 GKNERAL LIST. atXed M Surname and Christian. & Rank or Occupation. Place where taken sick. n re^ered i^ri Remarks. 34 . ' &,q. ' July 13 675 May, Heinrich H Son of under-officer No. 1624, Rahm July 13 .. 3—l •576 Michalski, Stephan 60 Labourer 387, 2*' Steindam 13 .. 2—l 677 Jahn, Anna 6 Daughter ofpainter Jahn 316, Leegethor 14 . . 33 — 7 12 678 Schneider, Carl 52 Sick-attendant Contumace Lee-679 Mamp, Dorothea 66 Labouring-woman 1065, Bottcher Gasse . . 14 . . 22 — 2 14 680 Thomas, August. .... 22 Soldier 202, Pfefferstadt July 24 681 Machatta, Gottfr 19 Labourer Ohra 15 13 682 Sedelke, Joh. S 44 Journeyman-weaver 914, Kuh Gasse 14 .. 3—l 14 683 Gaertner, Barbara ........ 57 Labouring-woman 122, Pfefferstadt 15 .. 4—l 684 Thiessen, Peter ...... 31 Clerk of merchant 1295, Altstadcher Gra- ben 15 .. 2—l 13 685 Kraschewski, Wilh 15 Potter's apprentice 626, Tischler Gasse .. .. 24 14 686 Lad wig, Julius 12 Son of under-officer 387, 2 ter Steindam 16 .. 44 — 5 .. 687 Markowski, Joh 60 Under-servant 55, Alt Schottland .. 15 688 Rosentreter, Friedr. .. 46 Labourer 83, Fleischer Gasse.. .. 29 689 Paul, Andreas 60 ditto 1332, Johannes Gasse. . . . 24 690 Kiepke, Gottlieb. 48 Sick-attendant 2, Hospital 17 .. Slight 691 Kanzler Christian 40 ditto 1, Hospital 16 .. ditto 692 Traband, Michael 54 ditto 2, Hospital 16 ditto 15 693 Boie, Carl 18 Seaman Neu Fahrwasser, .. Aug. 3 . » 694 Schlichting, Justine 6 Daughter of soldier Contumace at the Rothen Bruche, 15 f-95 Hammer, Constantia 27 Wife of shoemaker 38, Vorstadscher Gra-696 Patschkowski, Joh 28 Labourer 439, Petri Kirchhoff . . 15 597 Obarowski, Johann 40 Under-officer 1074, Kumst Gasse.. .. 16 .. 11 — 3 698 Hoge, Anna 45 Labouring- woman 1758, Wall Gasse 18 .. 3—4 699 Tomaschezik, Louise 67 Midwife 606, Tischler Gasse .. 15 .. 22 — 1 .. 700 Reinke, Anna 19 Labouring- woman 512, Klein Nonnen Gasse July 27 1 701 Kowakowski, Adelg. 46 Wife of corn-measurer 1167, Hohe Seigen .. .. 15 702 Monteca, Carl 3^ Sergeant's son 1212, Rambaum 15 .. 11 — 1 703 Jankowski, Anna ........18 Daughter of labourer 105, Stadt Gebieth . . . „ 26 I— 1 Vide No. 787 120 GBNKRAJL LIST. July 16 704 Dietrich, Johann. 38 Labourer Mo. 577, BastionAussprung July 16 705 Schwarz, AnnaJ. ........ 58 Labouring-woman 1874, Klein Tobias Gasse 16 706 Schwarz, Peter ...... ....33 Under-officer 185,1 85, Ziesauche Gasse .. .. July 24 .. Vide No. 667 707 Kuhl, Caroline 33 Servant maid 1373, Johannes Gasse.. 16 .. 4—6 Vide No. 672 708 Jacubowski, Barbara 38 Labouring-woman 356, Reuter Gasse.... 16 .. 33 — 4 709 Sotowski, Michael 64 Huckster 1871, Haus Thor 23 . . 10 — 6 710 Mathias, Catharine 65 Widow 734, Plapper Gasse. .. 16 711 Reichel, Philipp 58 Shoemaker 1088, Goldschmiede Gasse 25 2 .. 712 Hallmann, Anna 49 Labouring- woman 96, Neu Fahrwasser, 16 17 713 Orlowski, Anna 38 Wife of shoemaker 290, Schwarze Meer . . 17 .. 3—4 Vide No. 769 770 714 Altendorff, Amalia 40 Wife of saddler 2061, VorstadscherGra- ' 715 Brandt, Johann 59 Labourer 363, Petri Kirchhof . . 18 16 716 Schmidtmann, Joh 60 Cabinet-maker 114, Ketterhagsche 17 717 Thaumann, Carl 38 Labourer 453, Weiden Gasse ... 17 .. 22 — 3 718 Wittenberg, Anna 61 Labouring- woman 421, Gross Schwalben Gasse 17 .. 719 Boschke, alias Kunke 46 Fisherwo" of Heisternest Fisch Market 21 720 Kruger, Friedrich 39 Labourer 1205, Breite Gasse .... 17 721 Alberti, Dorothea 72 Labouring- woman 873, Paradies Gasse .. 17 17 722 Muller, Constantia 41 Wife of journ. tanner 783, Hackelwerk .... 17 .. 33 — 1 723 Dopolski, Susanna 51 Wife of shoemaker 151 , Weissmunehen Hinter Gasse .. 17 .. 2—2 724 Zimmermann, Florent 36 Wife of under-oflίcer 734, Plapper Gasse .. 17 .. 11 — 6 Vide No. 725, 752 725 Zimmermann, Friedrich. ... 37 Under-officer ditto 25 .. Vide No. 724, 752 726 Meyer, Johann 53 Journeyman shoemaker 42, Weissmunehen Hof 17 .. 3—l 16 727 Ehrichsohn, Sara 13 223, Baumgartsche Gasse 25 3 17 728 Meyer, Eleonore 36 Needle-dealer 666, Oehlmuhlen Berg 17 .. I—2 729 Goering, August 22 Bombardier 1, Military hospital, .. 24 730 Gehrmann, Gottfr 23 Soldier Casern on BischoPs Berg 17 731 Markowski, Math 25 Fusileer. 536, Nonnenhof 28 .. 22 — 1 18 732 Krause, Anna 49 Wife of journ. mason 1187,1 187, Hohe Seigen 20 . . 22 — 1 733 Kruger, Anna 65 Widow 340, Schwarze Meer .. 18 2 Vide No. 778, 79 121 GENERAL LIST attacked. |IU Surname and Christian. |> Rank or Occupation. Place where taken sick. ™£ n isoiXd, Remarks. July 18 734 Durksere, Carl Adolph 40 Upper-cornp 1 of customs No. Neu Fahrwasser, July 19 735 Fadenrecht, Joh. C 54 Carver 1053, Faulen Gasse 19 .. 2—2 736 Ostrowski, Anna 65 Labouring-woman 275, Mattenbuden 19 .. 4—6 737 Domaschke, Elizabeth 49 ditto 126, Emaus 19 738 Bartsch 52 Ward of poor-house 522, Neugarten 18 .. 2 Vide No 793 794 841 739 Prang, Anna 57 Wife of corn-measurer 466, Schloss Gasse 18 .. 1 Vide No 807 17 740 Hermann, Anna 53 Labouring- woman 794, Am Stein July 25 1 741 Lippka, Louise 58 ditto 1095, Pferde Tranke .. 17 .. 2 742 Ahrendt, Maria 26 Servant-woman 761, Jungfer Gasse ... 17 .. 11 — 3 18 743 Dahms, Daniel 54 Labourer 209, Lang Garten 18 744 Runsberg, Peter 56 Under-servant 360, Poggenpfuhl 19 .. 22 — 1 745 Tominski, Dominicus 43 Grave-digger 578, Hintern Pockenhaus 18 746 Schenk, Christoph 35 Workman ef wine-mere* 1935, BreiteThor 18 747 Hilterupp, Anna 34 Wife of ships-mate 1364, Johannes Gasse.. .. Aug. 5 3—l 748 Verle, Anna Renathe 56 Servant-maid 428, Altstadcher Graben 19 749 Lankau, Daniel 42 Labourer 55, StadtGebieth 18 750 Sostowski, Johann 43 ditto 107, ditto 19 .. 11 — 6 751 Friess, Simon 30 Sick-attendant 3, Hospital July 19 17 752 Zimmermann, Bertha 3 Daughter of under-omc 1 734, Plapper Gasse 19 Vide No 724 725 19 753 Ruppel, Michael 70 Labourer 241, Poggenpfuhl 19 754 Walter, Charlotte 41 Parson's widow 1124, l* r Dam 19 .. I—l Vide No 755 755 Lehr, Caroline 20 Servant-maid ditto Aug. 5 .. Vide No 754 756 Hirschfeldt, Louise 47 Labouring-woman 540, Neu Garten .... 19 .. 2 18 757 Herrphinski, Joh 68 Labourer 501, Catharine Kirchen 19 758 Stoermer, Johann 56 ditto 12, Ohra 19 ". 759 Schulz, Michael 37 ditto 272, ditto '.. 19 '.. 760 Krohnke, Caroline 8 Child of labourer 1, ditto 19 761 Krohnke, Henriette 6 Sister of ditto ditto 19 762 Lehmann, Anna 55 Labouring-woman 1238, JungferGasse.... 19 .. 11 — 1 763 Sehlage, Henriette 38 Wife of shoemaker 1161, Breite Gasse 5 44 — 6 Vide No. 764 764 Sehlage, Emma 1£ Her child ditto 19 .. .. Vide No. 763 122 GENERAL LIST July 19 765 Schulz, Johann 56 Servant of carrier No. 306, Kleinen Stinck,, 766 Goerz, Anna Maria 33 Servant-maid 75, Petershagen .... 20 .. 3 767 Okray, Jacob 31 Under-officer 856, Pferde Tranke .. .. Aug. 2 18 768 Ladatsch, Johann 33 Labourer Bastion Braune Ross July 22 20 769 Orlowski, Martin 34 Shoemaker 290, Schwarze Meer . . 20 .. .. Vide No. 713 770 .. 770 Orlowski, Helena Daughter of ditto ditto 22 .. Vide No 713*769 771 Grohnert, Anna 73 Widow 48, Langfahr 20 .. 2—2 772 Kreft, Johann 64 River-pilot 23, Weichselmuende 20 773 Krohnke, Wilhelm 11 Daughter of labourer 1, Ohra 20 774 Blank, Johanna 44 Wife of sluice-inspector New Fahrwasser 20 . . 19 775 Koschewski, Pauline 13 Daughter of labourer 313, Reuter Gasse 30 33 — 1 776 Henning, Christian 65 Journeyman carpenter 762, Jungfer Gasse .. 19 .. 33 — 1 20 777 Laerm, Joh. Gottfr 16 Son ofexecutioner's-ser* 153, Schidlitz 24 .. I—4 778 Fandrey, Elizabeth 49 Labouring- woman 340, Schwarze Meer.. .. 22 Vide No. 733 779 Fandrey, Florentine 21 Her daughter ditto 22 .. ditto 780 Hinz, Ernft 9 Son of day-labourer 114,1 14, Petershagen 20 . . 33 — 2 19 781 Liederle, Anna 43 Servant-maid 1872, Haus Thor 25 782 Gross, Anna Maria 55 Labouring-woman 556, Kleine Schwalben 20 783 Balzer, Mathias 29 Soldier 1, Military Hospital, .. 25 784 Krischewski, Franz 27 ditto 169,1 69, Ankerschmiede . . Gasse 30 785 Roft, Barbara 48 Wife of farrier 19,1 9, Stadt Gebieth 22 . . 2 786 Neffke, Anna 32 Labouring-woman 356, Reuter Gasse 20 .. .. Vide No. 540 15 787 Jankowski, Anna 18 Daughter of labourer 105, StadtGebieth 26 I—l vi de No. 703,— same person 21 788 Jacobowski, Caroline 5 ditto 6, Drey Schweins Kopfe 21 789 Zander, Carl 19 Journeyman cooper 46, Neu Fahrwasser .. 27 i . 790 Grube 48 Master shoemaker Goldschmiede Gasse 26 791 Koenig, Anna 55 Wife of labourer 1682, Ritter Gasse 21 792 Davidsohn, Fanny 28 Wife of clerk of merch'. 1196,1 196, Breite Gasse 21 . .. 793 Dohring, Elizabeth 70 Ward of poor-house 522, Neu Garten 21 .. .. Vide No. 738, 841 794 Janzen, Gottli. Benj 66 ditto ditto Aug. 5 .. ditto 795 Wulff, Ludwig 9 Son of labourer 593, Hinter Pocken- I haus 24 I—2 Vide No. 796 123 GENERAL LIST. attacked J^ Surname and Christian. 8> Rank or Occupation. Place where taken sick. rec^erU uS! Remarks. * eic. July 21 796 Wulff, Reiuhard 7£ His brother No. 590, HinterPockenhaus .. Aug. 3 .. Vide No. 795 797 Mateikowski, Joh 31 Soldier 1 , Military Hospital, .. 2 798 Marienburg, Wilh 22 ditto 948, Jacob's Neu Gasse .. 2 799 Schwarz, Johann 50 Labourer 686, Adler'sίrahaus.. July 23 .. 55 — 4 800 Haudrein, Dorothea 77 Labouring-woman 954, Jacob's Neu Gasse 24 .. 2 801 Sluszewski, Anna 5 Child of labourer 761, Jungfer Gasse ... 24 .. 11 — 2 Vide No. 802 802 Sluszewski, August 2 Her brother ditto July 27 .. Vide No. 801 803 Kohs, Albert 4 Tailor's son 2052, Vorstadtscher 804 Traeder, Rosalie 10 Child of labourer 565, Schleusen Gasse.. .. 25 22 — 5 805 Laskoski, Constantia 40 Labouring- woman 423, Grosse Schwalben 806 Eick, Anna Maria 41 ditto 1899, Dominicaner Hof, 22 807 Prang, George 58 Corn-measurer 466, Schloss Gasse. . .. 21 .. .. Vide No. 739 808 Haechler 65 Wife of labourer 16, Nehrungsche Weg 22 809 Goldbeok, Regine 59 Labouring-woman 53, Weiss Munehen 22 810 Jankowski, Johaiwi 38 Labourer 110,1 10, Stadt Gebieth .. 22 .. ."." Vide No. 829 and 830 811 Wroblewski, Joseph 47 ditto 338, Weiden Gasse .. 24 812 Hopp, Edward 23 Soldier 1095, Pferde Tranke . . . . 25 813 Werfell, Johann 25 ditto 1474, Hacker Gasse 25 814 Siebert, Wilhelm 42 Labourer 1, Ohra 23 815 Philipp, Simon 41 ditto ditto Aug. 3 816 Rosin, Carl 8 Cottager's son ditto 24 817 Robitter, Joh. Dan 64 Labourer 176, Petershagen 22 818 Sabietzki, Johann 57 ditto 334, Schwarze Meer . . .. July 25 819 Niedermeyer, Daniel 43 Journ. cabinet-maker 449, Kaninchenberg . . 24 .. 11 — 4 820 Schulz, Carl 41 Journ. ship-carpenter 1184,1 184, Hohe Seigen 24 . . I—3 821 Stalinski, Louise 36 Soldier's wife 1628, Rahm 24 .. I—l 822 Kreft, Anna 70 Labouring-woman 1024, Baumgartsche 823 Binder, Gottfried 42 Soldier 597, Tischler Gasse .. 22 .. 3—2 824 Grabowski, Louise 33 Soldier's wife 439, Petri Kirchhoff . . 22 . . 825 Schwarz 6 Pedler Hochstriess . . . 22 124 GENERAL LIST July 22 826 Reffke, Johann 16 Son of labourer No. 420, Grosse Schwalben Gasse July 30 22 — 8 827 Schackwitz, Aug 14 ditto 1445, Neunangen Gasse July 23 23 828 Bark, Amalia 12 Daughter of ditto 138, Stadt Gebieth ... 24 829 Jankowski, Anna 39 Labouring- woman 110, ditto 24 . . . . Vide No. 810 830 Jankowski, August 3 Her son ditto 23 . . . . ditto 831 Wenzel, Elizabeth 14 Wife of labourer 214, Ohra 24 832 Gratz, Aug. Julius 17 Servant-boy 837, Frauen Gasse 24 833 Geisler, Joh. Gottfr 74 Labourer 81, Fleischer Gasse .. 23 834 Ziegler, Carl 9 Son of journ. shoemaker 42, Weissmunehen Hof 24 . . 5—3 835 Dommer, Ludwig 43 Labourer 53, ditto 23 .. 11 — 6 836 Barzewski, Johann 63 ditto 313, Schwarze Meer .. 24 .. 2—l 837 Karth, Christian 66 Journeyman weaver 98, Lang Garten .... 23 838 Bartkowski, Carl 29 Soldier 285, Hun de Gasse . . 24 839 Kuhn, Stephan 25 ditto 186, Poggenpfuhl 30 840 Hoppe, Carl Ludwig 40 Army gens-d'armes Lange Markt Aug. 2 841 Martens, Helena 56J Ward of poor-house 522, Neu Garten 23 . . . . Vide No. 738, 793, 794 Dantzick, the 17th August, 1831. The Sanitary Commission of the Place, VEGESACK, WEICKHMAN, KRIES. These are the Signatures of the leading members of the Sanitary Commission for Cholera Cases in this city, and its suburbs, including several adjacent villages and parts, under its police jurisdiction, but not belonging to the municipality of the town. This list may not quite correspond with the statements published daily, but I am assured that every pains have been taken to make it as correct as possible. According to it, the number of cholera patients is 841 ; — of whom 4 have been noted twice, as stated in the remarks j and 2 had not cholera, as appears by an observation in the Separate List ; so that the actual number of cholera patients on this General List is only 835. This List only gives those attacked with cholera up to the 23d July, inclusive ; but the later deaths or recoveries of these patients are 125 126 GENERAL LIST added. By this General List, rectified as mentioned, the number of cholera patients, from the 28th May to the 23d July inclusive, is 835, of whom 195 recovered, — several of these later than the 23d July, as just mentioned. Of the military a greater proportion recovered, than of the civil; the former being generally more healthy subjects, who were more looked after, to prevent the sickness, and, in general, better taken care of, when sick. It is to be remarked that nearly all the patients among the civil portion of the population were of the lower classes, who, on various accounts, were more liable to the sickness than the better classes ; and the separate list of particular Sick Cases shews that there generally was a cause, to which the sickness might be attributed. It has been thought unnecessary to procure a continuation of the Lists after the 23d July ; for, latterly, the cases of cholera were frequently concealed, in order to avoid the houses being closed, and the dead being buried in the cholera burying-grounds ; by which the true proportion of deaths to the population, and between the higher and lower classes could not be well ascertained. The population of the town and suburbs, including the garrison of above 5000 men, amounts to about 60,000, and that of the adjoining parts, not belonging to the municipality of the town, but still under the town's police, to about 12,000, — together making a population of about 72,000 souls. ALEX. GIBSONE, British Consul. Dantzick, the 6th September, 1831. SEPARATE LIST. CHAPTER XI. .—THE SEPARATE LIST Of particular Cholera Patients in the City and Suburbs of Dantzick, between the 30th of May and the 23rd of July, inclusive, in 1831. This List comprises, in the order of attack, the names of such persons as were attacked in those dwellings,, in which more than one attack took place, either at the same, or at different times \ the referring No. of each on the General List, and the dates of attack, and death or recovery, with the asterisk (*) indicating the deaths ; also the particular part of the house, the dimensions, and general state of each dwelling, — the occasional separate entrance, and the mode of living, or habits of most of the patients or their families ; together with a note, by the leading members of the Sanatory Commission of Dantzick, the full meaning of which is expressed in the following paragraph : — Up to the 23rd of July, inclusive, 567 cholera dwellings were closed, on the whole, containing 1991 persons. In 109 of these dwellings, 490 persons were isolated, — in which the 111 first cases took place, including 130 cholera patients ; in 47 of these last dwellings 47 second cases, including 52 patients ; and in 5 of these dwellings, again, 5 third cases, including 7 patients. — Vide page 36, last paragraph but one, for the particulars of isolation, more fully explained. 127 128 SEPARATE LIST. First Cases of Sickness. Second Cases of Sickness. d — 55 Streets or Places, Nos. M g> of Houses, and more Nos - „ , __ JNos< XT ? , •I particular Descrip- When on Names of the When on Names of the g tion of the Dwellings attacked. Gen. Patients. attacked. Gen. Patients. 35 5 List. List. 1 Eimermacher Hoff, May 30 3 *Herrmann 1728. Front building Militia-man — separate entrance (died May 31) The same ; in the side June 16 194 * Taube build» — separate en- (died June 17) trance 2 Seigen, No. 839; side May 31 9 *Zielke June 7 84 *Zeilke (1) build*, under dwel- unmarried widow ling — sep. entrance (died May 31) (died June 9) 3 Seigen, No. 837 ; June 4 45 Palaschkewicz Front building, first Labourer story — sep . entrance (recov d June 1 8) The same; second sto- eodem 46 *Leschinski ry, front building— Deal, in hardware separate entrance (died June 4) The same; back build- June 10 111 *Boblitz ing Wife of labourer (died June 10) 4 WallGasse, 1759; se- May 31 12 *Voss cond story — separate Labourer entrance (died May 31) The same; first story June 7 78 *Lehmann — separate entrance Labourer (died June 10) 5 Hohe Seigen, 1175; .. 2 23 *Klinkowski under dwelling, to the Labourer front — sep. entrance (died June 4) The same eodem 28 *Braun, Peter. . June 7 83 *Braun, Ant. (2) (died June 2) (died June 9) The same; back builds eodem 24 *Kuhl on the gound floor — \ Labourer separate entrance (died June 3) 6 Hohe Seigen, 117 6 ; June 16 209 *Lav back building, upper Skipper of lightei awe lis — separate en- (died June 16) trance The same June 23 353 *Schulz (3) Labou r*.- woman (died June 24) The same; in the front .. 23 352 *Bilewski builds — separate en- Landlady of taptrance house (died June 23) 7 Hinterdem Zaun, 1231 .. 3 31 *Thomas — ground floor Soldier (died June 3) The same; first story .. 9 109 Troschke Soldier (recov d June2o) SEPARATE LIST. 129 "¦" " ¦ mmm mm — "™ ¦" Size of Third Cases of Sickness. No. of ,1-weliing — Persons Het , t . state of No. Isolated - ; the Observations. When on Names of the at the ¦£ £ £ dwellings attacked. Gen. Patients. time of g» ¦" List. Ist attack _j pq x 11 Died on the way to the hospital 4 14 10 9 dark, Was a granary workman, addamp and dieted to drinking; he fell sick unclean at his work in the granary, & was carried from thence to the hospital 4 10 10 8 unhealthy The widow Zeilke had, on the day she was taken sick, worked at turning corn on the Vistula, came home in good health, and was taken ill at 1 1 o'clock at night 4 18 15 8 clean Was addicted to drinking; he was a corn porter 18 10 10 ditto Frequented the neighbouring markets, as a pedlar ; he was j old and infirm, but miserly, yet seldom refrained from J warm meals 4 20 15 10 unclean Was addicted to drinking, and disposed to beg 3 12 1 8 clean Was a hard drinker — in the service of a brewer 4 1 5 14 li clean, but Was an orderly man ; had no damp regular employment Was under the observance of the Police ; addicted to drinking, and worked little ?. 10 lfi 15 10 dirty Both boys were maintained badly by their disorderly mother 6 16 9 8 cleanly Was a regular man, and assisti ant corn measurer I 4 lfi 9 8 ditto An orderly man ditto Lived by hand-work, was very poor, but orderly ; was a lodger with Lav, but resided in the garret, where she fell sick 3 18 14 9 cleanly An orderly woman, lived latterly by hand-work, very scantily I 2 14 13 8 clean, but I 2 13 15 7? ditto Carried forward | 61 X SEPARATE LIST. First Cases of Sickness. Second Cases of Sickness. J- Streets or Places, Nos. be of Houses, and more Nos. Nos. •| particular Descrip- When on Names of the "When on Names of the i tion of the Dwellings attacked. Gen. Patients. " attacked. Gen. Patients. j§ List. List. 8 HoheSeigen, 1191; June 3 32 *Rinz back dwells, first story Shoemaker — separate entrance (died June 3) rhe same ; und. dwells .. 4 50 Bohnke — separate entrance Soldier (recov d June 9) The sam£; front dwel- eodem 51 Solobodowski ling, second story Soldier (recov. June 9) 9 Breite Gasse, 1137; June 5 62 *Majewski back dwell*, first story Soldier \ (died June 5) The same; front dwel- .. 25 403 *Spitzhuth ling Sergeant (died June 25) 10 Am Stein, 794 •• 5 54 *Sawatzki Journey. -mason ; (died June 7) j The same eodem 55 *Sawatzki { His wife | (died June 7) | The same; first story •• 15 181 *Dameraw I — separate entrance Child ¦ (died June 16) ' 11 Siegen, 852; upper .. 6 65 *Sommerfeldt . . June 16 210 *Sommerfeldt(4)| dwelling — separate Door-keeper Child entrance (died June 6) (died June 16) 12 Schusseldam, 1101 •• 6 67 *Hoenke 24 374 Hassmann (5) Labourer under observance (died June 6) of the police (recov* 1 . June 26) 13 Am Stein, 798 .. 7 79 *Jahnke 9 110 *Jahnke (6) . . . . un. police observ. widow, his moth' (died June 7) (died June 9) The same ; und. dwells • • 17 222 *Hamann — separate entrance Labours-woman (died June 18) 14 Rambaum, 830; up- •• 7 81 *Schulz June 15 188 *Schulz (7) per dwelling — separ- Lock-smith widow ate entrance (died June 7) (died June 17) 15 Schusseldam, 1105; •• 7 87 # Janzen 8 97 *Petschimowski upper dwelling — se- Soldier (8) parate entrance (died June 8) child (died June 14) I 130 SEPARATE LIST. 131 mmm^ m — mm —¦¦ «¦ m ¦«¦¦ ¦¦ size of Third Cases of Sickness. No. of dwel i in e — Persons - state of Nos. Isolated # the Observations. When on Names of the at the -5 £ £ dwellings attacked. Gen. Patients. time of eS |f List. Ist attack % £ x Brought forward 6 1 3 20 13 9 cleanly An orderly man, who maintained himself by his profession 4 13 15 1 1 clean, but j damp Fell sick in military hospital , 21 cleanly ditto Fell sick, after having eat and drank to excess, on the last ; day of being in the Contumace, from joy at being set at liberty 5 12 12 10 ditto Was a hard drinker ; he lived by his profession, with wife and children, but very badly I 4 13 12 10 cleanly The child was badly kept by its father 4 1313 9 dry Sccle" Lived moderately, and workalthough cd in a flour-granary it lies close to the Radaun. ; 5 16 10 6 damp, Hoenke, formerly jonrneyilisorderly unhealthy man chimney-sweeper, lived people §• dirty in great poverty, by accidental work I Hassmann, a most miserable j person, given to drink and j debauchery, was lodger of J Hoenke 3 131311 dry Both persons led a disorderly disorderly li f e > a °d were addicted to people drinking 4 ie 16 12 dirty Liked drink, lived by houseiisorderly work and begging persons 3 15 15 9 cleanly Lived poorly; his mother lodged with him, but was maintained by her son-inlaw, the tailor Giebler 3 13 12 8 ditto The father of Petschimowski, under officer and tailor, a very orderly man, had Janzen quartered with him, where he fell sick, in a se- Iparate chamber 120 X 2 132 SEPARATE LIST. First Cases of Sickness. Second Cases of Sickness. J? Streets or Places, Nos. "~ ~~j m> of Houses, and more Nos. Nos. •5 particular Descrip- When on Names of the When on Names of the i tion of the Dwellings attacked. Gen. Patients. , attacked. Gen. Patients. List. List. 15 Schusseldam, 1105 ; June 16 205 *Merzkowski back building, ground Soldier floor— separate en- (died June 16) 16 HoheSiegen, 1189;' .. 7 80*Herzog under dwelling Cooper (died June 7) The same ;upp.dwellB .. 9 107 *Kuhnke — separate entrance Lamplighter (died June 9) 17 Seigen, 850; back .. 8 95 *Braendell building, first story Night-watchman — separate entrance (died June 8) Fhesame; wmf.dwelle .. 11 131 *Reich — separate entrance Locksmith (died June 16) rhe same; front build- .. 20 272 *Ladenberg ing, ground floor— Wife of shoemk'. separate entrance (died June 20) 18 Krausebohnen Gasse, .. 9 103 *Maria Muller .. June 10 114 Muller (9) 1705; under dwel- Child Child ling in front— sepa- (died June 9) (recov. June 17) rate entrance 19 Rambaum, 1244; . • 11 120 *Unbekant Maria under dwelling — se- Foster-child parate entrance (died June 1 1 ) eodem 129 *Bohm Maria .. (died June 11) 20 Ochsen Gasse, 398 ; June 11 123 *Klage June 16 203 *Klage (10) Two stories high, in Child Child front— separate en- (died June 12) (died June 17) trance In same dwelling— se- eodem 137 *Schroeder parate entrance (died June 12) The same; in back June 24 380 *Kelbsch June 26 420 Koelpsch (11) . . dwelling— separate Child Under-officer entrance. (died June 24) (recov d . July 6) 21 Setg-en.1184; first sto- .. 11 125 *Bohm '. ry of front building Sailor — separate entrance (died June 11) Seigen, 1184; back eodem 136 *Papke building, uncferdwel- Labour*, -woman ling — separate en- (died June 1 1) trance 22 Rambaum, 1249; un\ eodem 126 Krause June 16 211 *Brillinger (12) der dwelling— sepa-l Soldier Wife of journ. rate entrance (recov d . June 1 9) carpenter (died June 16) ] SEPARATE LIST. 100 Third Cases of Sickness. No. of dwelling — " Persons - state of Nos. Isolated — - the Observations. When on Names of the at the £ A dwellings attacked. Gen. Patieats. time of cS ~ List. Ist attack -j m X Brought forward 120 . , . 5 9 8 7 cleanly Fell sick in consequence of surfeiting himself 2 19 16 9 ditto Was an orderly man 1 19 14 9 ditto Was an orderly man 2 10108 cleanly Lived by accidental work, and was addicted to drink 3 10 10 8 dirty Worked in the manufactory disorderly °f arms, and was given to people drinking I i 10 10 8 cleanly Was an orderly woman 3 977 damp and The father, a seaman, adunhealthy dieted to drinking 3 13 14 9 cleanly Rusch, serving-man of a brewer, with whom these children were boarded, is an orderly man 5 18 14 6 dirty The mother, Florentine Klage, disorderly a disorderly person, and givpeople en to drink, brought her children up irregularly, at one time letting them almost starve, and soon after surfeiting them Schroeder was addicted to drinking 2 10 10 8 cleanly The child, as stated by the parents, ate too many potatoes, and then fell sick; the father is an orderly man 4 18 15 7 ditto Was an orderly man 2 119 8 damp and Was addicted to drinking i unclean I 2 13 10 8 clean Fell sick in an adjoining chamber. Brillingerwas addicted to drinking, as her husband still is Carried forward 155 134 SEPARATE LIST. First Cases of Sickness. Second Cases of Sickness. ?§ Streets or Places, Nos. ' ' — w) of Houses, and more Nos. , Nos. ¦g particular Dcscrip- When on Names of the When on Names of the I tion of the Dwellings attacked. Gen. Patients. attacked. Gen. Patients. p3 List. List. 23 PfefferStadt,232; up- June 12 142 *v.Przebentowski June 2 l 308 Hantel (13) .. .. per dwelling Countess Servant-maid of J (died June 12) the Countess 24 Stinckgang, 539; up- .. 12 153 *Schabel per dwelling — sepa- Labour*. -woman rate entrance (died June 12) eodem 154 *Schabel Under-servant (died June 12) 25 Spendhaussche Neu- June 13 164 *Fischer Gasse, 821 ; under Labour?.- woman dwelling — separate (died June 13) entrance eodem 165 *Follmer Unmarried (died June 13) 26 Spendhaussche Neu June 13 166 *Bohm June 15 182 Nestin (14) .. .. Gasse, 822; under Child Child dwelling — separate (died June 13) (recov d . June 18) entrance. eodem 183 Roehl (}£) .... Child (recov d . June 18) 27 Brandstelle, 643 ; up- .. 14 175 *Dorowski per dwelling — eepa- Child rate entrance (died June 14 The same ; ground .. 19 267 Gedex floor — sep. entrance Soldier (recov d . June 22) 28 Bartholomaus Gasse, .. 16 200 Truschke June 21 305 *Teschke (»§)'.. 1016; cellar dwel- Labour«.-woman Boy ling — separate en- (recov d June 23) (died June 22) trance 29 KleineNonnen Gasse, .. 18 239 *Schulz 27 430 *Wulff(s 512; under dwelling Labourer Widow — separate entrance (died June 18) (died June 27) SEPARATE LIST. 135 Third Cases of Sickness. No. of dw^]]}" — — — Persons — _ — -5 c . . „<• Nos. Isolated _^- St **J* When on Names of the at the f| £ dwellings Obser ™tions. attacked. Gen. Patients. time of £P g .§> aweuings List. Ist attack * flj Brought forward 155 3 roomy & The three persons isolated, clean among whom were the son She fell ill in consequence M, of a severe co/(Z caught by g g j incessant exertion in attendm O ing her mistress. The son £ js had also rendered great assistance to his mother, but remained healthy , 4 12 8 ' unclean Both mother and son led an irregular life •> sealed 12 12 8 clean Widow Fischer was an orderly woman, lived by boarding children, her sister Follmer with her (First 3d Case) June 20 283 *Vosa 5 12 12 8 ditto The foster-father of the or- phans, Bohm, Nestin, and (died June 20) Roehl, labourer Fischer, is an orderly man. Nestin and Roehl, by an investigation held in the Holm Hospital, were not affected with cho lera, according to the testitimony of several physicians, of the 15th June past. The child Vos was boarded with a widow 2 15 12 ? ditto The father, a wood-cutter, an orderly man 2 10 87^ clean, but damp 4 16 8 8 damp and Truschke is an orderly wounhealthy man, lived by cleaning houses — Teschke is her step-son. . 2 12 9 7 damp Schulz was a journeyman hatter, and habitual drunkar — Wulff, widow, lodged with Schulz, lived by cleaning houses, and was addicted to drinking ICarried forward 177 136 SEPARATE LIST. • First Cases of Sickness. Second Cases of Sickness. jz; Streets or Places, Nos. i 1 m of Houses, and more Nos. Nos. •g particular Descrip- When on Names ofc the When on Names of the tion of the Dwellings attacked. Gen. Patients. attacked. Gen. Patients. i 4 List List. 30 Neunangen Gasse, June 16 216 *Tietz June 23 339 Blumenthal ($ 1449; cellar dwel- Cooper Jewess ling — separate en- (died June 16) (died June 25) trance 31 Pagneter Gasse, 1307; .. 19 250 Polenke first story — separate Soldier entrance (recov d June 24) Same place, second .. 23 333 Lewandowski story — separate en- Soldier trance (recov d June 30) 32 Nonen Gasse, 560 ; . . 19 255 Wygranitz upper dwelling — sepa- Labourer rate entrance (recov d July 5) eodem 256 Berg Shoemaker (died June 1 9) 33 Seigen, 841; under June 19 257 *Wyschetzki .. June 23 343 Wischinski (}§) dwelling — separate Child Wife of underentrance (died June 19) officer (recov d June 23) 34 Paradies Gasse, 866; .. 20 271 *Bottcher, jun. . June 23 330 *Bottcher, sen. under dwelling — se- Master-cooper (i-g) parate entrance (died June 20) Master-cooper (died June 23) 35 Petershagen, 143 ; June 20 284 Kuschel front under dwelling Soldier (recov d June 28) back under dwelling . . 23 358 Ludwig Laboui*-woman (recov d July 5) 36 Jacob's Neu Gasse, .. 21 312 *Wester June 26 413 *Wester (|£) . . . 957 ; second story — Cooper His wife separate entrance (died June 21) (died June 26) 37 Kehrwieder Gasse, June 21 302 *Erdmann 28 468 *Bergmann (§|) 273 — sep. entrance Labourer Widow (died June 21) (died June 28) 38 St.Elizabeth Hospital, June 22 324 *Adriaczek 25 398 Maas (|f) 41 ; under dwelling Coachman Labourer — separate entrance (died June 23) (recov 4 July 6) eodcm 325 *Adriaczek .... His wife (died June 22) 39 Heiligeist Gasse, 795; June 23 329 *Wolters third story Master- glazier (died June 29) The same ; first story . . 27 438 *Mandel Servant-maid (died June 27) SEPARATE LIST. v 137 Third Cases of Sickness. No. of d^5£JJ Z : ? er f ?^ "g^tT- State of ° 8 - t* t*t \?u the Observations. When on Names of the at the pg £ HwPlline-c attacked Gen. Patients. time of f g .§> dweuul * List. Ist attack j b a Brought forward 177 6 16 10 6^ damp Tietz maintained himself by repairing old casks, lived irregularly, and was generally drunk. — Blumenthal was a dissipated woman 5 17 10 9 dry 19 14 10 9 ditto In two rooms 4 810 8 unhealthy Wigranitz, addicted to de- Xdisorderly and dirty bauchery and drinking. — I people Berg also excessively addict| ed to drinking I 4 17 7 9 damp, but Wischinski, an orderly wo- I cleanly man June 24 383 Marks (2) .... 5 15 12 9 clean Both Bottchers, father and Servant-maid son, were very orderly peo(recov. July 5) pie ; their servant maid, Marks, conducted herself well; she slept in the entrance, where she fell sick. 3 14 9 8 clean 5 14 9 8 ditto Ludwig was an orderly woman. 1 lb 14 7 clean Wester was addicted to drinking; his wife lived moderately 6 12 12 6 damp Erdmann was a currier's ser- I vant. — Bergmann lodged | with him, and lived by hand - j work; was an orderly woman. 1 10 14 8 clean Both Adriaczeks were orderly people. — Maas was the fatherofthewife 9 1210 6 dry, but Was rat her addicted to drink- uncleanly ing • :\ . 9 14 10 8 damp, but Mandel was a dissipated wo- I cleanly man II Carried forward! 260 138 SEPARATE LIST. First Cases of Sickness. Second Cases of Sickness. £ Streets or Places, Nos. ~ be of Houses, and more Nos. Nos. .§ particular Descrip- When on Names of the When on Names of the § tion of the Dwellings attacked. Gen. Patients. attacked. Gen. Patients. g List. List. 40 Am Stein, 784; un- June 23 349 *Funk July 1 538 *Adler ($.... der dwelling— sepa- (died June 23) Unmarried rate entrance ( died Jul y 2 ) 41 Schwarze Meer 270 .. 24 378 *Wannow, Ver S Child S (died June 24) I eodem 379 Wannow, Anna \ (recov d June 26) I eodem 385 Wannow, And. j Labourer (recov d July 9) 42 ParadiesGasse: upper June 23 359 Sand June 24 361 *Zawitzki (f|) . . dwelling Soldier Soldier (recov d . June 30) (died June 24) 43 Petershagen, 83 .. 24 365 *Schroetter Boy eodem 375 Schroetter (recov d . July 12) 44 HeiligeistGasse,9sB;|June24 368 *Klauss third story Soldier (died June 24) The same; fourth .. 26 405 *Schulz B t or y Journ. joiner (died June 26) 45 Karren Gasse, 909; .. 24 367 Hubner June 28 476 *Muller (fjj) upper dwelling— se- Soldier Labourer parate entrance (recov d June 28) (died June 30) 46 AnkerschmiedeGasse, . . 25 387 *Rodin, Gustav 171; second story— Broker's son separate entrance (died June 25) eodem 388 Rodin, Fried. Broker's son (recov. July 2) 47 Lang Garten, 216— June 25 394 *Dombrowski . . June 29 495 Dombrowski (§*-) separate entrance Labours-woman Child (died June 25) (died June 29) ao 2 ter Steindam, 387 June 25 395 *Schwarz 28 474 Schulz (§|) . . . . Journ.-weaver Labours-woman (died June 25) (recov d July 12) SEPARATK LIST. 139 Third Cases of Sickness. No. of j^w — Persons a ™ emn % Q . . f \r t i t h State of When on' Names of the aftt *|£ d S* Observations Observationsattacked. Gen. Patients. time of g? | # dwellm S s List. Ist attack 3 ffl M Brought forward 260 6 10 11 6 clean Funk was an orderly woman ; her husband is a sawyer rAdler lived by cleaning houses; her conduct was without reproach 5 14 14 7 ditto Wannow, who lived by working in granaries, is an orderly man. His two children, Gottfried and Andrew, who are entered in the sick list under Nos. 355 and 356, had only sporadic cholera, as appears by an attest of Dr. Baum, of the sth Aug. I wherefore they are left out 1 in this List 1 14 7 8 clean 4 18 15 9 ditto This family had only been two days in this dwelling, when the boy fell sick. Previously they lived on the Bischoff s Berg, in adwelling healthy and cleanly. The conduct of this family was good « 7 15 12 8 clean ... , Schulz slept in the garret, where he fell sick. He conducted himself well, on the whole. Previously to falling sick, he came home late at 3 1212 8 dry and Muller was given to drinking clean — Hubner was quartered on him. 3 15 12 10 dry and The parents respectable. Th« cleanly, children are said to have close to the fallen sick from eating tot Mottlau much fruit 6 10 6 7 was kept The parents, who belonged t« uncleanly the lower class, (the father was wood-cutter,) lived it indigence; — want of sustenance brought the wife o% her sick-bed June 30 504 Schulz (3) ... 5 12 87£ damp, not Schwarz, and the labouring- Son of labourer very woman Schulz, lived pretty (recov d July 3) cleanly regularly Carried forward 299 140 SEPARATE LIST. First Cases of Sickness. Second Cases of Sickness. ?5 Streets or Places, Nos. i — bo of Houses, and more Nos. Nos. •g particular Descrip- When on Names of the When on Names of the c tion of the Dwellings attacked. Gen. Patients attacked. Gen. Patients, pj List. List. 48 2 ter Steindam ; in a June 28 477 *Pisanski stable Labourer (died June 28) j 49 Ander Muhle, 351; .. 26 412 *Baehr under dwelling — se- Shoemaker parate-entrance (died June 26) Same place ; under . . 28 466 *Buchholz dwelling — separate Mv sician entrance (died June 28) 50 Petershagen, 18 ; se- .. 26 422 *Dziarlowski .. June 27 437 *Gudzick ( 2 j}) . . cond story — separate Labourer Labourer entrance (died June 26) (died June 29) 51 Olivaer Thor, 569 ; .. 28 452 *Loefas, Ilerm . . .. 29 481 *Loefas, Alb. («{J) side house — separate Child of apotheC Child of Apothc T entrance (died June 28) (died June 29) 52 Kumst Gasse, 1073; .. 28 469 *Schwarz July 4 589 Eschner ($) .. cellar dwelling — se- Labourer Labours-woman parate entrance (died June 28) (recov d July 16) 53 Fleischer Gasse ; se- • • 29 480 *Kossien cond story — sepa- Labourer rate entrance (died June 29) eodem 497 *Kossien Wife of the same (died June 30) 54 Hohe Thor, 473 ; se- June 29 483 *Remur cond story — separate decayed merch'. entrance (died June 29) The same ; ground . • 30 505 *Putzei floor Inn-keeper (died June 30) 5J Baumgartsche Gasse, . . 29 485 *Liedeman July 4 590 *Ruhnau (|i) . . 1034 Labourer Labour* woman (died June 29) (died July 4) 5« Klein Muhlen Gasse, . • 29 486 *Lamprecht 5 600 *Goerz (j§) 345 — >sep. entrance Labours-woman Labours-woman (died June 29) (died July 6) 57 Brabank, 1782; under . • 29 489 *Manzey 4 585 Manzey Q|) .. dwelling — separate Labour* woman Labourer entrance (died June 29) (reco\ d July 24) 58 Nonnenhof; ground .. 29 491 *Kahl June 30 526 *Hubner (#) .. floor — sep. entrance Widow Labour*- woman (died June 29) (died June 30) SKPARATE LIST. 141 Third Cases of Sickness. No. of /^, c ,;° f o — ¦ Persons , ung „. fo - .. T . . , teet. State of Nos. Isolated - — <.i ~, When on Names of the at the £| £ Orations. attacked. Gen. Patients. time of a 8 -§f dweUin * s List. Ist attacks pa PC [Brought forward 299 Was not in the isolated dwelling, and probably fell sick, ' in consequence of drinking ; too freely a kind of very in( feriw beer, but otherwise I lived pretty regularly I 4 12 14 7 cleanly Was a drunkard, and lived in \dissipated great indigence. \drunkards 7 12 13 7 healthy Was given to drinking 5 1612 8 dry & Dziarlowski lived chiefly by ! cleanly carrying corpses, and was fond of drinking £ Gudzick was unable to work from age, otherwise an or! _. derly man 6 ••§ .. veryclean The apothecary lived in hired g Summer-lodgings. Thechil!£. dren had fallen sick, from ¦ • eating too much fruit 4 15 15 7 damp & Schwarz, previously woodunhealthy cutter, was latterly watchman at an isolated house, and caught cold in a rainy | night, before he fell sick. ?' 2 12 8 7 dry, but The husband was old and not cleanly weak, also his wife, and they lived in indigence 3 18 18 9 dry, altho' Lived quietly and orderly on the Radaun 10 20 15 8 ditto Was addicted to drinking brandy. Otherwise an orderly man, 15 20 15 8 damp 8f Liedeman lived a dissipated ¦ dissipated dirty life, was a great drunkard, people and under the observance of the Police. — Ruhnau was a dissipated woman, fond of drink, and lived partly by cleaning houses 1 14 12 8 clean Both persons lived by handwork, and conducted themselves well. 5 15 810 damp This married couple lived in indigence, but orderly 1 812 6 damp 8f Both persons lived on alms, unhealthy indigently and irregularly . Carried forward 362 142 SEPARATE LIST. First Cases of Sickness. Second Cases of Sickness. ?5 Streets or Places, Nos. ' 1 ¦ ¦ 60 of Houses, and more Nos. Nos. •5 particular Descrip- When on Names of the When on Names of the tion of the Dwellings attacked. Gen. Patients. attacked. Gen. Patients, pj List. List. 59 Mattenbuden, 284 .. June 29 496 *Witzke July 1 533 *Fabian (j|) . . . Widow Child (died June 30) (died July 1) 60 Reuter Gasse; upper July 1 540 Jahnke 20 786 *Neffke(s).. . dwelling — separate Labours-woman Labours-woman entrance (recov d July 4) (died July 20) 61 Kumst Gasse, 1070; .. 2 553 *Stregowski 5 GO3 Stregowski (|§) ground floor — sepa- Child Son of shoemak' rate entrance (died July 2) (recov. July 15) 62 Korkenmacher Gasse, .. 4 579 *Rose 786 — second story Widow (died July 4) eodem 580 *Rose Her daughter (died July 4) 63 Schusseldam, 1100 July 5 605 *Wendt 6 618 *Wendt (¦]§).... Labourer Child (died July 5) (died July 6) ¦ 64 Grosse Schwalben .. 6 Cl 2 *Romanowski Gasse, 424 — first Daug. of labourer story (died July 7) eodem 6 1 3 *Romanowski . . Labours-woman (died July 6) 65 Leege Thor, 326— July 7 631 Musack July 12 662 Schmidt Q§) .. first story Wife of master- Servant-maid sawyer (recov. July 16) (recov. July 11) 66 Schulzen Gasse, 438 ; .. 8 639 *Fahr second story Petty corn-brok. (died July 8) Same place .. 10 646 *Fahr, Ida Daughf of baker (died July 10) 67 Strohteich, 8 .. 6 607 *Rosalski Wife of carpenter (died July 6) eodem 645 *Rosalski SEPARATE LIST. 143 Third Cases of Sickness. No. of , Slz f.. of Persons dwellln g No, fsollted jgT St f h e p of nh H When on Names of the at the 5| £ d _S? Observations, attacked. Gen. Patients. time of §> g .5P aweilin S s List. Ist attack Jj £ £ Brought forward 362 3 7 6 C rfamp and Fabian alias Witzke. The uncleanly mother was dissipated and dirty, and kept her children 15 15 6 7 uncleanly Both persons lived by daywork, very indigently I 6 14 7 8 lamp and The father of these children unhealthy W as addicted to drinking. The son, who fell sick on the sth July, caught cold j while angling I • • 18 810 dry and "Widow Rose was an orderly jj cleanly person. Upon her dying I both children were taken to ! the Contumace Establish' ment at the Leege Thor, where the child, here mentioned, fell sick and died July 1 624 Wendt (4) 4 12 12 6 damp This family lived in mdi Wife gence, and conducted itself (recov. July 8) well. The husband and faeodem 625 Wendt (f) .... ther was wood-cutter Child (recov. July 8) eodem 626 Wendt (f) .... wtii id (recov. July 8) 1 8 6 7 clean Mother and daughter lived in t indigence; they conducted! themselves well I 8 12 10 7 clean Musack is an orderly infirm woman, had many children. Her servant-maid conducts herself well. Two rooms were closed. Both persons 30 15 9 ditto An orderly man, lived in a room alone, which was closed 6 30 15 9 ditto The baker Fahr, apparently an orderly man, lived with his family in one room. • •• , .. clean Carried forward 405 \ 144 SEPARATE LIST. First Cases of Sickness. Second Cases of Sickness. ;§ Streets or Places, Nos. - — - - be of Houses, and more Nos Nos. •2 particular Descrip- When on Names of the When on Names of the c tion of the Dwellings attacked. Gen. Patients. attacked Gen. Patients. £ List. List. 68 Lange Markt, 482 ; July 9 640 Fiebrandt July 11 650 Fiebrandt ($) . . Widow of Coun- Lieutenant cillorof Justice (recov. July 14) (recov. July 14) eodem 641 Fiebrandt .... Her daughter (recov. July 14) 69 Ziesauche Gasse, 185 July 12 667 *Schwarz 12 706 Schwarz (|}) . . fi rs t s tory Child Under-officer (died July 12) (recov. July 24) 70 Johannes Gasse, 1373; .. 13 672 Laasner second story daughter of [ schoolmaster j (recov. July 21) rhe same; first story .. 16 707 *Kuhl • Servant-maid (died July 17) 71 Schwarze Meer, 290 .. 17 713 *Orlowski July 19 769 *Orlowski ($) . . Wifeofshoemak 1 Shoemaker (died July 17) (died July 19) eodem 770 Orlowski (|f) . . His daughter (recov. July 22) 72 Plapper Gasse, 734; July 17 724 *Zimmermann. . July 18 752 Zimmermann upper dwelling wife of under- (|j) officer Their daughter (died July 17) (recov. July 19) eodem 725 Zimmermann.. Her husband (recov. July 25) 73 Schwarze Meer, 340; July 18 733 *Kruger 20 778 Fandrey (ff) . . upper dwelling Widow Labours-woman (died July 18) (recov. July 22) eodem 779 Fandrey (**) Her daughter (recov. July 22) 74 Neugarten poor-house .. 18 738 *Bartsch July 21 793 *Dohring (||) . . 522 Ward of poor- The same house (died July 21) (died July 18) eodem 794 Janzen ($) .. The same (recov. Aug. 5) 75 Schloss Gasse, 466; .. 18 739 *Prang July 21 807 #Prang ($) . . . . under dwelling — se- Wife of corn- Corn-measurer narate entrance measurer (died July 21) y (died July 18) 76 Erster Dam, 1124; July 19 754 *Walter third story Parson's widow (died July 19) eodem 755 Lehr Servant-maid (recov. Aug. 5) 77 Breite Gasse, 1161; July 19 763 Sehlage second story wife of shoemak 1 (recov. Aug. 5) j SBPARATE LIST. L * 9 "*™^ um —^~ m '^ Size of Third Cases of Sickness. No. of dwell i ng — f^ 8 ?™ -T^ State of Nos. isolated —^— the Observations. When on Names of the at the £ dwellings attacked. Gen. Patients. time of g 8 -2f List. Ist at tack-] pq X Brought forward 405 5 In clean These three persons reco- " vered from slight symptoms £ — other particulars not giv\ 13 en | t 2 14 14 7 ditto Schwarz is apparently an orderly man .... 2 14 10 84 healthy The parents attribute the sickness of the daughter to her eating too much flour - dumpling t 10 10 9 8 ditto Wore too thin clothes, and is said to have drunk a great deal of water 1 12 10 8 ditto This couple lived quietly 1 6 16 16 8 ditto This family lived decently 2 15 12 8 ditto These persons lived in indigence, by knitting ! July 23 841 *Martens (|) .. 31 healthy These wards are well kept. The same Upon any of them falling (died July 23) sick, they are brought into a separate, roomy, sick-appartment L 1 18 11 7 ditto Lived by retailing drink, and orderly p 2 20 14 9 ditto Was a decent woman; her maid conducted herself well L, 146 SEPARATE LIST. First Cases of Sickhess. Second Cases of Sickness. ;i; Streets or Places, Nos. ¦ " — - — — be of Houses, and more Nos. Nos. •g particular Descrip- When on Names of the When on Names of the | tion of the Dwellings attacked. Gen. Patients. attacked. Gen. Patients. p3 List. » List. 77 Breite Gasse, 1161; July 19 764 *Sehlage second story Child (died July 19) 78 Hintern Pockenhaus, .. 21 795 *Wulff 593 ; under dwelling Son of labourer — separate entrance (died July 24) eodem 796 Wulff Son of labourer (recov. Aug. 3) 79 Jungfer Gasse, 761; July 21 801 *Sluszewski upper dwelling — se- Child of labourer parate entrance (died July 24) eodem 802 Sluszewski.. .. Brother (recov. July 27) 80 Stadt Gebieth, 110; July 22 810 *Jankowski . . . . July 23 829 *Jankowski (ff) under dwelling Labourer Wife of labourer (died July 22) (died July 24) eodem 830 *Jankowski (||) Son (died July 23) 109 Dwellings 1 1 1 first cases of 47 second cases sickness of sickness (4|) ¦ Dantzick, the 24th August, 1831. The Sanitary Committee of the Place, VEGESACK, WEICKHMAN, KRIES. These are the Signatures of the leading members of the Sanitary Commission for Cholera Cases, for this city and its suburbs, including several adjacent villages and parts, under the jurisdiction of the city police, though not belonging to its municipality ', and this is a List of the cholera patients in those houses, wherein more than one person fell sick, either at the same time, or at different times. It will be seen, by the observations to the List of these 109 dwellings that were isolated, that there generally was a cause, to which the sickness might be attributed; either the dwellings were not healthy, not cleanly, not well situated, or very small ; or the patients in them were of the poorer classes (by far the greater part were so), were irregular livers, old or infirm, indigent, or improvident ; or. several of these probable causes of sickness were combined. ALEX. GIBSONE, British Consul. Dantzick, 6th September, 1881. SEPARATE LIST. *'*/ „ - Size of Third Cases of Sickness. No. of d W elline: " — T Per , 8on ;? ~R«r- State of Nos- . Isolated ." -- the Observations. "When on Names of the at the £x: dwellings attacked. Gen. Patients. time of c S-jS -j List. Ist attack _} pq ffi Brought forward 481 The parents orderly, and attribute the sickness to having caught cold. # - 3 16 14 8 healthy & The father, a sawyer, is an cleanly orderly man 3 12 12 7 ditto The father, a day-labourer, is addicted to drinking , 3 15 15 8 damp, but The father is sawyer; the cleanly family lived in indigence ?, 5 third cases of sickness (f) Amount ; 490 _ tmmmmmi^^ m mmmmmmmmmmmm^_ mmmmmm _ m^___ m In the General Sick List there are some notations double. These have been avoided, as much as possible, in the List for the British Consul, and thus the difference in the numbers has occurred in the present List. F. W. BACH, Assistant and Registrator in the Sanitary Bureau. Dantzick, the 29th August, 1831. Observations in continuation, on the further Progress of the Disease : — According to the daily summary Report of the Sanatary Commission at Dantzick, 1387 persons were reported to have been attacked with cholera, between the 30th of May and the 31st of August, inclusive, in 1831 : of whom 1010 died, and 367 recovered. Of those attacked with the disease, according to that report, 237 were of the military, and 1150 of the civil part of the population. Of the military, up to the 31st of August, 105 died, and 129 recovered : of the civil, up to that period, 905 died, and "238 recovered. OBSERVATIONS ON THE FURTHER PROGRESS OP THE DISEASE. According to an official document, furnished by the above Commission, the total number of deaths from cholera, from the commencement of the epidemic, to the Bth of September in 1831, amounted to 1028 of both sexes. The number of deaths of both sexes, at the different decimal periods of life, from cholera, is given in the history of the disease. These are important facts. Some, who recovered, had not beep reported, as stated also in the history of the disease. It appears from the above-mentioned official document, that in the Fairwater, on the Vistula, the Mottlau, and in the streets, 31 persons were found without shelter: namely, 25 men, 5 women, and one boy, between 11 and 15 years of age, who all died of the cholera. Of the men without shelter, 9 were between 21 and 30 ; 10 between 31 and 40 ; 3 between 41 and 50 j 2 between 51 and 60 j and one between 61 and 70 years of age. Of the females without shelter, one was between 21 and 30 ', two between 41 and 50 j one between 51 and 60 j and one between 61 and 70 years of age. According to the said official document, there died of common diseases at Dantzick, in 1831, during the prevalence of the epidemic cholera, namely : In the month of June 222 persons, In the month of July 232 ditto, In the month of August 281 ditto, and Till the Bth of September 68 ditto Total 803 persons. On the other hand, according to that document, there only died at Dantzick in the same months in 1830, namely : In the month of June 116 persons, In the month of July 114 ditto, In the month of August 112 ditto. Total 342 persons. From the comparative mortality above-mentioned, we evidently perceive the general as well as particular deleterious state of the air of Dantzick in the Summer of 1831, — which is in accordance with what I have specified in my account of the climate of that city, and with what I have stated, from authority, of the prevalence of common diseases during the epidemic, in my Analysis of the Separate List. 148 THE QUESTION OF CONTAGION, ETC. CHAPTER XII. The Question op the Contagion op Epidemic Cholera, MORE FULLY CONSIDERED. The question of the contagion of epidemic cholera seems to have engrossed the attention of physicians more than the nature and treatment of the disease, and has engaged them in much controversy. The importance of the question is obviously great, — since upon the right answer to it, depends the necessity, or inutility as well as mischief of cordons, quarantine regulations, and restrictions on commerce, which affect either the life or interests of mankind. But how is this problem to be solved ? Certainly, from well-authenticated facts and by science, and not by arguments drawn from ex parte statements, distorted narratives, and ungrounded assumptions, with jealous zeal to support them. It must, however, be admitted that this inordinate zeal in the controversy, is more on the side of contagionists than anti-contagionists. If facts have been altered and misrepresented, and even invented by them, with suppositions circumstances, sufficient to give plausibility to the whole j if they have not adhered literally to the context of such reports upon the subject as are well authenticated, and to the evidence of accurate and unbiassed observers, their conclusions may reasonably be questioned, — the more so, since such arguments are for the most part advanced by persons, who have seldom or never seen epidemic or true cholera ; while, on the other hand, almost every observant and talented practitioner, who has seen and treated it, wherever it has existed, considers it of a non-contagious nature. It is almost unnecessary to mention that nearly, if not, all the medical men in the East Indies are, in consequence of their experience from the occasional prevalence of cholera 149 THE 'QUESTION OF CONTAGION in that part of the world, decidedly of the latter opinion j — and in Germany and France, the powerful majority now also. Indeed, one might reasonably suppose that the recent declared opinion of the experienced as well as scientific Faculty of Paris in particular, who especially witnessed the disease on a tremendous scale in that city, ought to set the question of the contagion of cholera at rest for ever. With reference to this question, it certainly is not a little remarkable, that there should be so many advocates of contagion, or contagionists in England ; while, in Germany and France, they are few, compared to the great majority of anti-contagionists — namely, medical men, who either from their comprehensive views, or individual practical knowledge of this epidemic, cannot, in reason, ascribe its origin or capricious spread to contagion. In these countries, it appears that the professional education of medical men is more on a par, than that of medical men, generally speaking, in England, — the great body of whom consists of general practitioners. This may be accounted for by the circumstance, that the primary professional education of medical men in France and Germany is, by law, nearly the same $ for there, in general, they must be qualified either as physicians, or physicians and surgeons, before they are allowed to practise ; so that any distinguishing difference then or afterwards, depends entirely on the share of industry, and degree of natural talents of individuals themselves. But in England, the elementary professional education of medical men is so very unequal, and the proportion of professional experience afterwards, still more so, that many, who can have no enlarged views and well-grounded opinions of their own in consequence, implicitly adopt, as a matter of course, the opinions of the more influential members of the profession on this question. It is a law maxim founded on just moral principle, that, in criminal cases involved in doubt, man should incline to the side of mercy ; — while, it is a medical maxim, that not 150 MOK.K FULLY CONSIDERED. only in contagious diseases, the infected should be separated from the uninfected part of the community, or even abandoned for the preservation of the latter, but also in such epidemics as are only supposed to be contagious. This, at least, is not founded on any principle of physical wisdom, — since the propagation of occasional epidemics seems to be so little understood, — or publicly attended to, except by a very few, indeed. Is there no other way left to account for these natural dispensations occasionally to man, than by contagion ? It certainly is a very ready and convenient mode to some, — for, it being once admitted, there is an end to all further investigation. If assumed on shallow and only possible grounds, what unnecessary and lamentable suffering is the inevitable result ! The desideratum, which the profession so much requires, of the relative and specific influence of climate, under its various modifications from certain deviations in the seasons, in different parts of the world, must be supplied, before we can satisfactorily account for the occasional occurrence of epidemics. It is not enough to ascertain from observation, that prevailing diseases attack only particular constitutions and habits of body, and more especially in certain unfavourable localities : the concurrent states of the atmosphere, with its occasional determinate modifications, ought to be also ascertained from observation. The disease, called consumption, which has not only attacked one or more of several families in succession, but has even carried off one-fifth, or, at least, one-sixth of the population of these isles, ere they arrived at half the age allotted by nature to man, — and which, for ages, has been considered contagious, is now ascertained to depend principally on the influence of the coelum varium et mutabile, or mutability of temperature of the atmosphere. In like manner, the causes, which produce various other diseases, until very lately, also ascribed to a contagion, are now thoroughly established by observation. 151 THB QUESTION OF CONTAGION In fact, the more we ascend the inductive steps of medical science by extended and careful observation, the more clearly we discern the primary agencies in the complicated impressions, which affect us. At different periods since the time of Bacon, who distinctly pointed out the necessity of attending to quod naturafaciat aut ferat in the seasons, as well as in other physical states, several accurate observers have shown many of the determinate effects of intervening physical occurrences. But in latter years, the circumstantial observations made on climate and its prevalent effects, in various parts of the world, — more especially by medical officers in the army, navy, and East India service, — have thrown so much scattered light on the relative and specific influence of climate, that it only requires to be collected, in order to arrive at a just view of the subject. In the investigation of occasional epidemics, the seasons, in all their past deviations and local modifications, ought to be looked into. Whatever may be the occasional unfavourable state of the atmosphere, we know that it is aggravated in low, damp, dirty, and other unwholesome localities. Such concurrent agencies I have denominated general exciting causes. They are not, it is true, very evident to persons, who have not taken pains, or have not time to consider them. Not only these, however, have been in general considered as immaterial in the investigation of the epidemic in question, but even the ostensible predisposing causes, or states, which I have enumerated, — although, in fact, the forerunners of the disease, which can be obviated in a great degree. In order to guard against ambiguous passages, and consequently false inductions, it will be necessary to define the meanings in which the terms infection and contagion, and their respective qualities, are used by myself in the .body of my Reports. 152 MORE FULLY CONSIDERED. There is certainly often a want of that nice technical distinction in the terms of medical science, seldom to be found in those of other sciences, in which less is left to mere opinion. The indiscriminate acceptation in general among medical men on the Continent, and especially in England, of the terms infection and contagion, and the particular efficacy of each, afford striking examples of this. Nothing, in truth, is more common than the quid pro quo in both instances of these different causations and qualities. At one time, infection and contagion are indiscriminately used for the morbific influence of a modified state of the atmosphere ; at another, for the morbific influence of human effluvia alone ; at others, for the morbific influence of both conjointly ; which, in many instances, as in the one under immediate consideration would seem to be but a concentrated, and more deleterious state of the former. Again, if infection implies, as it does, possession of an infectious quality, capable of producing a certain morbid effect, most assuredly that effect ought not to be called infectious, unless, in its turn, it is capable of producing similar effects, — that is, unless it becomes an infectious causation. Were it capable of producing similar effects, then it would be what we term contagious as well as infectious. In short, the effect, or disease itself, is termed infectious, when the causation or agent is only so. We have then, in common medical language, two kinds of infectious qualities, — the one active, the other passive or negative : be it so, — but let us not confound infection and contagion, and their respective qualities together. It will, therefore, be necessary to premise that, whenever the word infection is used, that occasional act or power, resulting from, and inherent in certain modified states of the atmosphere, is meant, which manifests a specific morbific influence on the animal economy, and especially on that of all who, from constitution and habit, or from antecedent circumstances in living, may be said to be similarly predis- 153 THE QUESTION OF CONTAGION posed to its influence, — without, at the same time, the disease so produced, being necessarily propagated from person to person by immediate proximity or contact. Such modified states of the atmosphere are accordingly termed infectious. By contagion is meant that occasional causation in certain diseased persons; or, minutely speaking, in their tissues, their secretions and excretions, their breath and the effluvia arising from their persons, and their unaired and unwashed clothes, — and consequently in the close air, in which they are more immediately confined, which exerts a similar morbific influence on persons coming in immediate contact with them, or within the influential limits of the air, so far rendered morbific by the effluvia arising from their persons ; and this, be it recollected, independently of an infectious state of the atmosphere of the place at large, or any further deleterious modification of it by any bad state of the locality itself. The diseases in such persons are accordingly called contagious. My first object was to ascertain, ex autopsia, the nature of the epidemic cholera in Dantzick, its mode of propagation, with every authenticated circumstance immediately connected with its rise and progress, — in none of which could I trace, or find out any evidence of contagion ; while, on the other hand, every medical and physical, as well as personal circumstance, connected with the disease, manifestly tended to show that it was propagated by means of the infected state of the atmosphere, aggravated by unwholesome vapours, and effluvia of the localities, in which it prevailed most. In the ordinary states of the atmosphere, we find that, — whenever numbers, ill of mild or common inflammatory fevers, are confined in close, low, and dirty alleys or places, in which the air is penned up and obstructed in the circulation from winds, — it becomes not only vitiated by the effluvia from their persons, but by a deficient supply of that portion of the 154 MORJS FULLY CONSIDERED. vital air, which is consumed in inspiration ; and these fevers assume aggravated forms in consequence. In occasional sickly seasons they prove still worse, malignant, or fatal, especially in weak constitutions and disordered habits ; but no observant and scientific practitioner thinks that they are necessarily contagious. Again, in general, when, owing to occasional states of the seasons, unusual deviations unfavourable to the animal economy occur, we find that aerial impressions, under these and other circumstances of unwholesome locality, instead of producing ordinary fevers, produce effects bordering on death, or death itself. This seems especially to be the case, with reference to endemic infectious fevers, and cholera, in bad tropical climates. Under this unfavourable combination, then, of personal, physical, and local circumstances, in which the constitution of the atmosphere is infected, the effluvia of persons in a protracted state of collapse, bordering on death, the azote developed from their persons, with the carbonic acid gas exhaled, and the want of supply of that portion of the vital air consumed by them, must accordingly render the confined air in temporary hospitals or places crowded with such sick, more or less deleterious or infected. Its effects may, therefore, be considered those of special infection. In the concurrence of deleterious infected air and personal communication with the sick, this special infection and contagion are, I must say, apt to be confounded. But, without reference even to the deleterious modification of the air of crowded sick, — until we find that more instances of cholera are manifestly communicated from one to another, in consequence, as it is supposed, of close communication in those rooms, or of personal contact, than otherwise occurs at large, without any such personal communication or contact, we cannot possibly, in common reason, arrive at the conclusion, that it is contagious. When, in general, an epidemic disease notoriously takes 155 THE QUESTION OF CONTAGION place from time to time in places entirely apart, and even remote from original places of its attack, and suddenly attacks persons who had no previous personal communication whatsoever with those affected, or with others in communication with it, some few instances of the disease affecting persons immediately after communication or contact, afford by no means examples of contagious effect. It will, I am aware, be urged by certain contagionists, (who do not see the propagation of disease through any other medium than that of contagion,) that one instance of this is sufficient to prove the validity of their doctrine. Was there, it may reasonably be asked, ever any conclusion so absolutely erroneous as that one or more exceptions should constitute a general law, when thousands are notoriously affected, without any such communication, by some other means ? And why, I beg again to ask, should not persons, with constitutions and habits similar to those of the affected, be subject, as well as they were, to the same means which produced the disease originally in them ? The sensations induced by heat and cold, we know, are naturally enough ascribed to the relative states of the climate, — and why not more complicated impressions ? Contagion, very properly, is not blamed in the former case,- — in the latter — how often, and how very erroneously ! During an epidemic, there is no circumstance, with reference to personal communication, that brings a person more immediately under the influence of atmospheric infection, in the shock and sedative effect, which it produces in the system, and on the nerves in particular, than horror or apprehension of the disease, associated, as it naturally is, with death. It certainly is very natural for persons, when they see numbers of their own class dying of the disease, to apprehend the same fate, themselves. In several instances of suspected contagion, fear or disgust has been known to precede the disease $ so that, probably, it has been often thus produced. 156 MORE FULLY CONSIDERED. In the cholera hospitals in Dantzick, according to my own observations, — and in other parts of West Prussia, in Moscow and St. Petersburg, according to the testimony of Drs. Barchewitz, and Dann 111, the nurses and sick-attendants were, from the particular circumstances of their employment, necessarily rendered more susceptible of the existing infectious influence, or more liable to the disease itself, independently of contagion, than Other persons of the lower orders of similar constitutions and habits. None but the very poor indeed, — often deficient in proper clothing, especially in changes adequate to cleanliness, entered into such service. They were, of course, incessantly confined, employed by night as well as by day, — in general slept in their clothes, — rarely in bed, — were incessantly or repeatedly exposed half-naked, from the waist upwards, to the vapours of the hot baths. To these may be added occasional irregularities in living ; so that they were often indisposed, — affected either with the bad effects of cold, diarrhoeas, or their consequent complaints. Under such circumstances, it would be a matter of surprise how so many escaped the disease, were it not that they were well fed, — and, we know, that there are grand inherent efforts in human nature, occasionally incited, when suffering humanity thus calls for them. Besides, why should contagion be considered indispensable to the production of cholera, when out of hundreds, composed of relatives, friends, physicians, and their assistants, as well as sick-attendants and nurses, in repeated communication or contact with the patients, inhaling their breath, and exposed to all the effluvia of their persons, their secretions and excretions, — comparatively few in number, have been affected with, or fallen victims to the disease, — in whom, too, a probable or predisposing cause has been almost invariably found. It is true that persons, of what are termed susceptible 157 THB QUESTION OF CONTAGION constitutions and delicate habits, in the higher and middle classes, and others in humble but comparatively comfortable circumstances, are occasionally affected with the disease. In these persons, however, various incidental derangements of the system have almost invariably been found preludes to the attack, occasioned by the depressing emotions and passions, infringements on habit, exposure abroad, sluggishness of the bowels, &c. &c. &c, so well known to every medical man : still, they have, in general, been attacked with the disease, without any personal intercourse whatever with infected persons. On account of the great similarity of the cholera in India to the late epidemic in the North of Europe, contagionists presume that they are absolutely identical, and then triumphantly ask, how the former disease originated] in the latter place ? They may with as much reason presume that, — because the infectious intermittents, remittents, and their compounds, coeval with man, and indigenous to the swamps and marshes of the latter country, however inveterate they may be, occasionally change their types, and become worse, malignant, and incurable, like the same species^of fevers endemic in climates with similar localities in India, — the^former are absolutely identical with the'latter ; — and then likewise ask in what manner these originated there ? The answer is equally obvious to both questions. They have^existed in all ages, in certain low, damp, and dirty or close localities, and marshy places, under forms more or less severe, — as appears from the writings of Hippocrates, Aretaeus, and Celsus, in ancient Greece and Rome, and those of Sydenham, Morton, and other accurate observers of yore in our own country. Indeed, like causes and effects, necessarily indicate their past as well as recent existence : while, to use the expressive language of Bacon himself on a nearly similar occasion, the more severe or fatal forms have been invariably found to correspond with " a malignity in the constitution of the air, gathered by the predispositions of the seasons." 158 MORE FULLY CONSIDERED. % Again, it is urged in proof of contagion, that, because this form of disease has been gradually approaching the north of Europe in a north-west direction from India, ever since the epidemic had ceased there in 1819, it must have arrived thither by means of a series of personal intercourse with those who had been successively affected with it, back to that period in India. The validity of this argument depends on the truth of the following propositions :—: — 1. The gradual approach of a new disease, with, or even without reference to its propagation by personal intercourse. 2. That no such disease had ever existed in the various intermediate places in which it prevailed before or since 1819. 3. That none of the states of the corresponding seasons or localities of these places are analogous to those of India, where cholera prevailed ; and where it had at all times occasionally existed before, has occasionally existed since, and will probably exist for ever. 4. That there is no occasional malignity in the constitution of the atmosphere, or that it can be aggravated in unhealthy localities, in such a degree, as is necessary to produce this form of disease, more or less, in certain weak constitutions and disordered habits ; and that there is no occasional combination of general exciting, and particular predisposing causes, found connected with the disease. 5. Whether it has been fully proved, independently or not of these circumstances, to have been actually propagated from person to person. The past histories of epidemics, the medical topography, as far as is known, of the intermediate places above alluded to, compared with those of the infectious parts of India, in which cholera has existed, — observations on the relative infectious influence of climate, — and the testimony of almost all the observant medical men in India, and on the Continent, who actually observed and treated the disease, afford, indeed, 159 ' THE QUESTION OP CONTAGION demonstrative reason and evidence, in a greater or less degree, against these several propositions, on which the contagious nature of the disease must be virtually founded, before it can be acknowledged. It certainly is neither consistent with medical science, nor yet with common observation, that, — because severer forms of a disease, even bordering on death, should occasionally take place in a greater degree, among hundreds more or less liable to it, in the same or similar places, they are, therefore, produced by contagion. I shall now briefly advert to the special grounds of the arguments advanced by contagionists, and draw inferences, supported by facts, from them. I. The route, as it is termed, of the disease since the year 1817, when it is said to have first left the marshy low land of Bengal, where it is endemic, and made its ravaging progress all over Hindoostan and Deccan. Having raged there for five years, appearing also in the islands of the Indian Ocean, it advanced to Persia in 1821, and to Astracan in September 1823, when it appeared both on the shores of the Caspian and Mediterranean seas, and advanced chiefly in a westerly direction, making irregular halts. In September, 1829, it appeared at Orenburg, and in Moscow in the end of 1830 ; in the end of May, 1831, at Riga and Dantzick, and in the end of June following at St.Petersburg ; since which it has appeared at irregular and uncertain periods in various other parts of Russia, Germany, and other countries of Europe \ in short, almost every where, and in old England among the rest, notwithstanding her insular position. It will be perceived, from what I have here stated nearly in the language of contagionists, that the progress of cholera is not that of contagion, but is quite dependant on certain atmospheric states, modified or aggravated by unfavourable localities. How are the halts and irregular movements of 160 MORE FULLY CONSIDERED. cholera, if it travel in this manner, to be explained ? Do caravans, troops on the march, travellers on their journies, &c. stop for some years, or make such irregular and uncertain progress ? — Do caravans always proceed only from Asia to Europe, and never return ? Do travellers, who are supposed adequate to the spreading of cholera, always go on the high roads, and not also on bye-paths, especially in the vicinity of communications by water ? Why, in 1823, did it not spread farther than Astracan ; why not spread sooner all over Europe ? — Are the communications for the first time opened since 1817 ? They will, perhaps, allege, — v since the year 1817, the English sent large bodies of soldiers to the north west j" granting this without inquiry, great masses of people are not considered necessary for the spreading of cholera, since it is alleged that a single traveller is quite sufficient. That it also returns, as it must do, if it followed the course of the great caravans, is not proved by its having appeared a second time in this or that place. Such a second appearance is always, be it understood, a spontaneous production, as in Orenburg ; or has been a spontaneous irregular spread of the epidemic, which was by no means extinct, owing to a combination of renewed general exciting, and particular predisposing causes. Single cases, it is true, occasionally occurred, but they were concealed, because their publicity would have produced sundry inconveniences. Moscow affords an example of this ; and the progress of the disease in Natolia further corroborates this inference. That cholera, or bowel-complaints in general, so repeatedly and improperly confounded with it, should appear more frequently on the high roads than in unfrequented places, is readily explained by the irregular mode of living of — poor travellers especially. Late hours, exhaustion, wet and cold, cold damp night air, intemperance, &c. &c. cannot, more or less, but tend to produce such complaints occasionally in them. 161 THE QUESTION OF CONTAGION Dr. Barchewitz frequently made this disease the subject of very long discourses with the Russian Field-Marshal Paskewitz Erivanski, while on his passage, in June 1831, in the imperial steam-boat Jehona, from Petersburg to Memel. This noble and intelligent person told him that, while on his expedition to Persia, in passing through four different countries, where the epidemic prevailed, it had always been the object of his assiduous notice ; for if it had been of a contagious nature, it would have been a complete bar to his enterprises ; but he had no reason to believe it such, notwithstanding that circumstances of every kind occurred, which tended to favour its propagation. More than once a regiment had transported their sick comrades to remote new quarters, where they recovered or died, without extendingthe disease. The troops passed over mountains, but did not convey it. It made its appearance long before and since spontaneously in those places. Instances of this kind against the contagious nature of cholera are really innumerable, and would fill volumes. I might cite the mass of circumstantial evidence contained in the India reports upon cholera, and appeal to every medical officer in the army and navy, now living, who observed the disease in the East Indies, for striking facts to shew that it did not prove contagious there j also to high, distinguished, and respectable characters, not belonging to the medical profession, who had been in that part of the world. — Again, ships resemble crowded rooms on a large scale. In men-ofwar of all classes, cholera has never been found to assume a contagious character : were it contagious, what dreadful mortality would be the inevitable result ! — It may have changed its forms or types in a greater or less degree, but certainly not its non-contagious or non-communicable nature heretofore. In most cases, it is true that it makes its progress in the vicinity of communications by water ; not that water is the means of imparting it, but inasmuch as aqueous vapour retains 162 MORE FULLY CONSIOERKD. and promotes the miasmata exciting it. In such vicinities, and near still of stagnant waters in general, the localities are often notoriously unhealthy, — and as the inhabitants, therefore, more or less suffer, they are necessarily more liable than others to the disease. We find that, when it incidentally appears in dry and elevated places, it will very soon entirely disappear. In Moscow and several other cities, as well as in Dantzick, there are many parts, in which few individuals only were attacked with it. Cholera hospitals even afforded remarkable instances. According to Dr. Barchewitz, one at Moscow, selected for its dry and rather elevated situation, to which persons attacked with cholera had been conveyed from a distance, had, during the period of the epidemic, only four, out of a great many sick attendants and nurses, attacked with the disease, notwithstanding all the disadvantageous circumstances which I have enumerated of their condition ; of these four, one died, the remaining three were only slightly attacked. The i( scientific deputation" from Berlin has, indeed, asserted that, in Dantzick, the elevated and more healthy parts of the town were attacked by the malady at a time when the lower and unhealthy parts in the vicinity of the Vistula, which had suffered two years before from the inundation formerly mentioned, remained untouched by it, — but this is certainly most untrue. Cholera prevailed more or less throughout the epidemic, in the old town, which is its lowest part, — as appears from its lying where the Radaune, which runs through it, unites with the river Mottlau, a little above the termination of the latter, after passing by the right town in the Vistula. On the first appearance of cholera at Dantzick, on the 27th of May, there was a very unusual dense mist ; and it became, accordingly, dark long before sun-set. It is commonly reported that many persons, who were abroad, said that the mist had a peculiar disagreeable smell, and that they 163 THE QUESTION OF CONTAGION were forced to wash their mouths with water in consequence of inhaling it. A similar mist appeared just before the first appearance of the disease in Rhe,infeldt, — and in Dantzick, again; on the Bth of June following. I have heard this fact of the concurrence of these mists with the first appearance of cholera stated by several, and Dr. Barchewitz obtained written statements of it by conscientious and intelligent observers, — so important did he deem it. Dr. Kleefeldt, however, has noticed them in his meteorological tables formerly mentioned, — and I have either mentioned or alluded to them in my account of the climate of Dantzick. On referring to the seasons and particular states of the weather of late years, it appears that considerable deviations have taken place. Such have been evinced in the climate of Dantzick, where, at least, the exhalations from wet vegetable matter have been unusually great. There can be no doubt that, if the mud-barges in the Harbour-Canal of Dantzick continued to work during the epidemic in that city, more cases of cholera would have taken place in them, — since the exhalations from the mud, which consists, in a great degree, of dead and putrid vegetable matter, must be more concentrated or particularly modified by the miasmata of the place, — in which intermittents and remittents are common. But to return :—: — There is another circumstance which is remarkable concerning the army and caravans. Troops on the march, and caravans on the route, do not suffer much from cholera : — it is the soldier in the camp, travellers in their resting-places, — where, according to what is alleged, few or none of the inhabitants had been known to die of cholera before, but many after their arrival. It seems, therefore, that the assembling of many persons in certain localities, gives cholera a fresh occasion of breaking out amongst such as are susceptible of it ; a reason for which may be assigned, if an army which was long on the march, or caravans which were long on the 164 MORE FULLY CONSIDERED. road, make such their places of rest. But has the spreading of cholera by caravans and travellers been any where proved ? In no place, in fact, has the first appearance of the disease been proved to be on their arrival. Even admitting the coincidence of the first appearance of the disease, and the arrival of caravans and travellers from places where cholera prevailed, it is by no means even a presumptive proof of its origin, in the present age of inquiry into cause and effect. If the assembling of a crowd in a small compass, is considered adequate to the production of cholera, why might not armies and caravans occasionally operate as electric or galvanic conductors, under such circumstances of place, constitution and habit, formerly enumerated, and here doubtless existing^ without contagion, — when none of these had been affected with cholera ? At least, the former is as probable as the latter, if not more so. I know that in the idea of electricity implied in the first clause above-mentioned, I partly coincide with the belief of some contagionists j but it must be acknowledged that there is a great difference between the circumambient air of condensed crowds, thus formed in such places, and that of an isolated individual or family, — especially in calm and hot, close or electrical weather. Again : in some cases, the identity of time has, by no means, been proved. It is known that the arrival, as it is singularly termed, of the disease at Moscow, was first officially reported to be from Nischni Novgorod, and afterwards from Simbirsk ; but, on accurate official inquiry after each report, it appeared that neither the merchants who had travelled from Nischni Novgorod to Moscow, themselves, — nor their retinue, nor any other persons with whom they had communication, had fallen sick ; that there was no case of cholera in Simbirsk, when the two students left it for Moscow, whose servant was reported to have fallen sick of the disease and died j it has been further proved that this ser- 165 THB QUESTION OF CONTAGION vant lived six months afterwards in very good health, and never had cholera. Staatrath Musdorf, at the head of the Medical Commission, sent by the Emperor of Russia to visit those places where cholera was raging, candidly acknowledged to Drs. Barchewitz and Dann 111, when at Moscow, that he never once thought of ascertaining a single fact of contagion, since the possibility of its being denied by any one never occurred to him : so much for the present state of medical science in Russia, in thus taking for granted at once, without inquiry, that cholera was contagious. According to the credible testimony of Dr. Barchewitz, the physicians in Russia were certainly ordered by the high medical authorities there, to collect historical proofs of contagion, and to send them to their Government. Now, it may reasonably be inferred that such a command was not without its special influence on that Commission. This inference is somewhat corroborated by what Professor Dr. Lichtenstadt, an ultra contagionist, says of Kofrath Muller of Saratof, in a remark on the reports of the latter, in page 98, in the second volume of his work on cholera, which is : v This Report of his has been most interesting to me from the circumstance, that the author now candidly avows himself a contagionist. Many others, who have made Reports, are manifestly of the same opinion, but they have not had sufficient courage to report contagion in opposition to Government." The Professor ought not to have said in opposition to his Government, who certainly could have only required the established truth. The passage just quoted, bears an easy implication. It would seem that many, if not most, of the Reports upon cholera to the Prussian Government were drawn up under some such influence. TJie reception, which the Reports of Dr. Albers, one of the Prussian Medical Commission sent to 166 MORE FULLY CONSIDERED. Russia, tending to show that cholera was contagious, readily met with, though founded entirely on hearsay, one would think, warrants this inference : they were highly approved of by the Immediate Commission ; while it appears that the naked facts, showing the contrary, were altogether disregarded by that body. Dr. Albers, it should be recollected, visited Moscow, and other places in Russia, only after the epidemic had ceased, — and, therefore, his reports upon the cholera in Russia, ought to have but little weight in the question of the contagion of cholera. In Prussia, the fees of physicians are double in epidemics and in contagious diseases, — as if all epidemics are necessarily contagious. The principle of remuneration is just with reference to infectious epidemics, in the sense I take them ; because the harassing duties and anxiety of physicians are apt to render them more or less susceptible of the prevailing infectious influence, aggravated, as it must be, by the state of the localities of the sick. In Dantzick, however, even this legal right of physicians was not allowed, merely because they conscientiously could not, — and, therefore, would not, pronounce the cholera there to be contagious. This extraordinary conduct, on the part of the Prussian authorities, has been imputed to the Immediate Commission. Such treatment as this, certainly could not be without its particular influence, not only on some of the physicians, employed in the investigation of cholera by that Government, but on other physicians in private practice as well. The more the doctrine of the propagation of cholera by contact or intercourse is examined into, the more clearly appear the untenable grounds on which it is founded. First, it had been considered to be as contagious as the plague, until it made its capricious appearance here and there, rarely or never attacking any body near it, without some ostensible personal cause ; then as contagious, or nearly, as typhus ; and eventually only contagious in certain persons susceptible 167 THE QUESTION OF CONTAGION of the contagious influence. Indeed, all the facts hitherto advanced in favour of the contagion of cholera, called proofs of it, are so many negative exceptions, comprising essential particulars, which seem to be left entirely out of the question ; while, on the other hand, all the facts brought forward by anti-contagionists are direct proofs against its alleged contagious nature. 11. The alleged fact of many individuals living in the same house, falling sick at the same, or at different times. That more than one person in the same house should be attacked with cholera at the same time, is no proof whatever of contagion. I cannot, for my own part, conceive why persons, commonly living under similar outward circumstances, should not be all more or less influenced by the particular state of the atmosphere at the same time ; that they do not all fall sick on the same day, depends as much on a greater or less degree of susceptibility to be affected by a modification of miasmata, or a combination of genera] exciting and particular predisposing causes, as by contagion. This attack with cholera, however, of more than one person at the same, or at different times, in one house, does not very frequently occur. Besides the numerous authentic instances enumerated of this in Dantzick, Kaluga affords others very remarkable. There were 53 sick in that place, of whom 35 died, — but in no house were there two sick, according to the testimony of Dr. Wehrmann, a highly respectable physician belonging to it. Indeed, such instances cannot but warrant the foregoing inference, although it may not be equally supported by those in other cities, — in which instances have been adduced, tending to prove that the isolation of houses, decreed in some places, induces the disease in two or more individuals in the same house ; but, providentially, this has been much less the case, than might naturally be expected ; for assuredly, — grief, anxiety, fear of the disease before them, 168 MORE FULLY CONSIDERED. misery, want of fresh air and exercise, and unhealthy localities, may produce cholera among the poor thus more generally incarcerated, — under any prevailing infectious influence, independently of contagion. On the Lastadia in Elbing, very few instances of this occurred after the houses, which had been isolated, were re-opened, and the inhabitants set at liberty, and allowed to breathe the fresh air. There is reasonable evidence to show that the village of Sarepta, owed its escape from the ravages of cholera, not to its being isolated, but to the cleanliness of its inhabitants, and their general wholesome way of Jiving. The villages Sobbowitz, Klempin, and Lagschau, are situated on the Stina. Klempin is inhabited by Wirtemburg colonists; the houses are spacious, airy, and clean,. and the inhabitants possess cleanly habits. Klempin lies between Sobbowitz and Lagschau, both which villages were affected with cholera, yet the former escaped. In Zullmin the disease appeared with violence, in consequence of which, Dr. Barchewitz received instructions to make a special local inquiry, and was attended by an exceedingly careful sick attendant, who regularly patroled the place. The benevolent proprietor of the village, M. Gratatti, himself, inspected, quieted, and relieved the poor ; caused the houses and rooms to be aired and cleansed ; and ordered the inhabitants out into the open air, and to keep themselves cleanly. The epidemic quickly disappeared, having been partially in the village but a few days, and no new cases arose afterwards. The voluntary extinction, therefore, of the disease cannot be supposed. In fact, its spread was obviated by the measures just mentioned, judiciously suggested by Dr. Barchewitz. 111. The alleged fact of physicians, surgeons, sickattendants, grave-diggers, &c. being attacked with cholera more than other persons. 169 THE QUESTION OF CONTAGION Of the physicians, this cannot be averred with truth. In Moscow, according to the testimony of Dr. Barchewitz, not more than two medical men, out of every hundred of the inhabitants attacked, had real cholera, and one out of every hundred who died. During the epidemic at Dantzick, none of the physicians, or their assistants, even fell sick, although the epidemic proved more fatal in the latter than at the former place. The same was the case at Elbing. With reference to other places, various statements have been made in this respect, — but, until they are authenticated, as they unquestionably ought to be, with all the circumstances of age, constitution, habit, incidental fatigue or exposure, &c. &c, necessary to be considered in all diseases at the time of attack, they cannot well be relied on. And yet, on what principles of human organization or habit, should physicians be more exempt from epidemic or even endemic diseases, than other persons ? That they are not, for the most obvious reasons, is unfortunately evinced among the medical practitioners in the East and West Indies. In the squadron of the navy alone, twelve medical officers in the prime of life died between 1819 and 1821 ; and in one or two seasons, about seven years ago, the fatality among that most efficient and deserving class of public practitioners was really dreadful in the West Indies. But their survivors or successors never dreamt of imputing it to any other than the true causes, — - namely, harassing duty, anxiety, and a malignant state of the climate, owing to a vertical sun and heavy rains, aggravating swampy localities. Accounts vary exceedingly in respect to the sick-attendants and nurses :— some hospitals had 40, others 20, others 10, others 4, that died out of a hundred; — but here the several circumstances, already enumerated, ought to be taken into consideration. That 10,000 out of 250,000 individuals fell sick at Moscow, — that is, four out of every hundred ; and in some hospitals, 70 out of 250 nurses, which are 40 170 MORE FULLY CONSIDERED. out of every hundred, are quite erroneous statements. Dur-. ing the epidemic, instead of 250,000 inhabitants in that city, the number only amounted to ] 80,000, — which gives 6 out of every hundred. Further, we should say, out of 40,000 wretchedly clad, ill-fed, and very irregular-living people, 8,000, — that is, 25 out of every hundred, fell sick. Of this class were almost all the nurses who attended the sick at the temporary hospitals. At most, not more than 2,000 above the lowest classes of society were attacked with cholera. It should also be stated that certainly not more than one half of those nurses who were said to have cholera were really attacked with it. The list of the recovered in the hospital of Pritschistaiskoy, affords a striking proof of this, when the cases of the different patients are circumstantially considered. In this hospital there were, one physician, one assistantphysican, 2 surgeons, 4 students, 12 soldiers (sick-attendants), and 14 nurses. Of the latter, 8 fell sick, — 4 of whom recovered. It appears from the list, that one half of the nurses were certainly seized with the symptoms which precede cholera, or had but a slight attack of it ; and which, had the patients been in their houses, and received ordinary relief in time, would probably have been soon obviated, and their names never put on the cholera list. In the Military Cholera Hospital at Dantzick, only one had been attacked, and was well again in three days. In Cholera Hospital No. 3, where, for eight weeks, their duty was most harassing, nevertheless, only one sick-attendant, a porter, and a washerwoman, were attacked. In No. 2, only three were slightly attacked, at the height of the epidemic in the middle of July, with the primary symptoms, owing, as formerly stated, entirely to fatigue and profuse perspiration, and catching cold in consequence. In No. 2 and No. 3, particularly, as stated in Medical Report A, the sick-attendants commonly slept in their clothes j and with respect to the cases in No. 2, it should be also observed that they had, 171 THE QUESTION OF CONTAGION just previously to their illness, slept on the bare floor, without any other covering. The inspector inserted the names of the latter on the list as cholera patients. On the following day they accordingly appeared in the Public General Report. Great importance was attached to these cases then by the few contagionists there, who considered them as proofs positive of the truth of their hypothesis, — and as such made them immediately publicly known. This, as might be expected, led to an official inquiry on the part of the Provincial Senate, of the Sanatary Commission at Dantzick, who reported the cases as they exactly occurred, according to the testimony of the physician of that hospital, supported by the evidence of the physician of the city hospital, and were, accordingly, deemed inconclusive of contagion by that body. It has been reported that, in one of the temporary hospitals at Moscow, ten out of twenty-four nurses fell sick ; but it should be observed that the number employed in such hospitals was much greater than has been mentioned, owing to their having been frequently changed, in consequence of sickness, and other incidental causes. The office of carrying water, transporting the dead, &c. was performed by the soldiers, also in attendance on the sick. Even when it was admitted to be the same as the oriental epidemic, which had appeared, the nurses, although so frequently changed, did not fall sick in a greater proportion than at first, when it had been by many considered only sporadic cholera. This was the case in an hospital, in which Dr. Barchewitz superintended 136 cholera patients, between the 20th of January and the 25th of April, 1831 ; and, on particular inquiry, he ascertained it to be generally so. IV. The progressive increase of cholera in those places where it has appeared. This gradual increase maintained by contagionists, has by no means been proved. In Petersburg nearly 600 indivi- 172 MOKE FULLY CONSIDERED. duals have been known to fall sick in one day. At Dantzick, out of a population of between 70,000 and 72,000, the number was sometimes 30, but, on an average, not more than 15 ; while at Elbing, in a population of 20,000, the average did not exceed 12 individuals, who daily fell sick. How can contagion be proved from this ? The average number at Petersburg is too large, while in Dantzick it is too small. In Elbing, before the disease was thoroughly known, the people imagined it to be contagious, and yet the usual precautions were not strictly enjoined, nor such as had been enjoined, adhered to ; — still, the average numbers of daily sick are in an equal proportion to the respective number of inhabitants in both places. The disease having attacked such a large proportion of the inhabitants of Petersburg and Lemberg, has been ascribed to the infected houses not having been isolated : — now Warsaw, Moscow, Kaluga, and many other cities, shew clearly the inutility of this measure ; therefore, some more remote or complicated cause must have occasioned this great mortality. This epidemic has always been more destructive when its first attack was in the Spring or Summer, than in the latter part of Autumn or in the Winter. It appeared twice at Lemberg, from various remote causes, which may be also in part applicable to St. Petersburg. The argument in favour of isolating houses must be proved by an immediate decrease in the fatality of the disease j meanwhile, the assumption of contagionists, with reference to the protracted violence of the epidemic for months or a longer period, in consequence of non-isolation, has been proved to be erroneous by actual and careful observation. V. That quarantines and cordons have been, or ever will be, of any use in infectious epidemics, is a moral as well as physical impossibility. Did cordons extend 100 miles instead of a quarter of a mile, more credit might, perhaps, be 173 THB QUESTION OF CONTAGION generally attached to their efficacy. Every foot-path, every space of 25 paces, must have its sentinel ; no money must be circulated, no necessary comfort^ distributed, — consequently, the belief of contagion and inevitable death must be united. Had the cholera made its appearance at St. Petersburg much sooner than it did after its attack on Moscow, in all probability the erroneous opinion, which unhappily prevailed in Prussia, and most other countries of Europe at first, of the efficacy of cordons and quarantines, would not perhaps have existed. Another circumstance in support of their inutility, is the well-attested fact, that cordons, no more than other human restraints, are proof against bribery. The precautionary measures taken by the inhabitants of the towns, themselves, have been proved to be more efficacious in preventing the spread of cholera : in corroboration of which, Elbing, Koningsberg, and Neustadt may be cited. To shew that Petersburg was really protected from cholera by cordons and quarantines, until the end of June, 1831, it must be proved that infected persons had been detained by means of them : this, however, is not the case ; for until the 29th of January, no case of cholera could be found, even at Kolatsk, in the government of Smolensk, the nearest quarantine establishment towards Moscow ; and although more than 4000 travellers had been in contumace, a German physician, staying there, was obliged to obtain permission of the Minister of the Interior to go to Moscow, in order to see a case of cholera. In the Contumace establishment at Derschau also, none fell sick of cholera ; and in that of Bresen, near Dantzick, only two or three at most. It appears that contagionists, in order to enforce their opinions, have, with considerable pains, collected, and published various detached instances, which fall short of proof, — and are, therefore, inconclusive in support of their arguments. Notwithstanding such, and various other instances, it will, I am fully persuaded, be eventually found that they, 174 MORB FULLY CONSIDERED. and their advocates, vainly confiding in their opinions, will be obliged to yield to a series of facts in all parts of the world, evincing the non-contagious nature of cholera. Besides the preceding inferences from facts, there are still others in support of them. 1. At Moscow, where for a short time there was a very incomplete separation made of the town, and latterly none at all, the epidemic extended so little, that nearly the whole government remained healthy, even the large village of Sakolnick, which lies within the barriers, had not an individual in it attacked with cholera. 2. Although from 50,000 to 70,000 inhabitants of Moscow emigrated at the first breaking out of the disease, they did not convey it to any other place. 3. This is also proved to have been the case with the physicians, surgeons, assistants, nurses, priests, domestics, &c. at Moscow, who, in general, never used the precaution of cleaning or changing their clothes. 4. The quarantine houses were aptly fitted to spread contagion, had it existed, — but in these, no instances of contagion occurred. At Kolatsk 400 persons were in contumace, — the place was very confined, and under the most unfavourable circumstances, which every one will bear witness, who has ever seen a Russian village ; nevertheless, they remained in good health, as well as 3,600, who had preceded them. This innoxiousness of the quarantine houses is one of the strongest proofs that can be adduced in favour of non-contagion — and next, that persons of all ages, shut up in infected houses, have still remained healthy. At Dantzick fourteen persons were shut up in the cellar of a house where some individuals had died ; in the village Kleinkatz, two German miles- from Dantzick, six children lived with their nurse in the room of a small hut, where their father and mother had died of cholera ; and in the small houses in the villages formerly mentioned in the Dant- 175 THE QUESTION OF CONTAGION zick Nehrung, — where the first cholera patients of Dantzick died, namely, the men belonging to the mud-barges, — numerous individuals were shut up, without being seized with the disease. — See the cases of the mud-barges in pages YJ, 18, and 19 ; also those who escaped, as given in the history of the disease, — and further, the 1,932 persons shut up in cholera dwellings, for at least 21 days, as shewn in the General and Separate Lists, and more particularly in the Analysis of the latter. Innumerable other facts of such escapes in cholera dwellings in other places, could be also adduced. In prisons, hospitals, and lunatic asylums, the disease has occasionally made its appearance among congregated individuals, who had no previous personal intercourse whatever with those affected with it, without assuming a contagious character afterwards ; for, after having selected in these institutions a few of its own characteristic class of objects and victims, it has very soon entirely disappeared, — owing, in all probability, to some favourable change in the general bad state of the atmosphere, and to their habits of body being, probably, more particularly attended to in consequence of its appearance. Indeed the facts of this capricious appearance and sudden disappearance afterwards in such institutions, — in lunatic asylums especially, so completely secluded as they are from promiscuous intercourse with the public, are decided proofs, in every thinking and unprejudiced mind, against its alleged contagious nature :* at the same time, that they plainly indicate the special epidemic influence of the air on such constitutions and habits, — those of insane persons in particular, whose bowels are for the most part sluggish, or digestive organs constitutionally or habitually deranged j at least they are in general much more so than * I think I might appeal to those observant and talented medical gentlemen, Dr. Scott, of the Royal Naval Hospital at Haslar, and Mr. Beverly, Surgeon at Bethnal Green, for facts, which have lately taken place in the lunatic asylums at those places, in corroboration of the above conclusion. 176 MORB FULLY CONSI DERKI). those of any other class of patients, free from organic affections of the abdominal viscera. 5. No one has yet shewn, amidst all the arguments of contagion, in what matter developed in the human body are the contagious particles, as they are called, of the infected : — certainly not in that evacuated at the pores ; for instances are known of soldiers and nurses having thrown themselves, in a state of exhaustion, on the beds of the deceased, immediately after their removal from them, and even after using the baths, which had been previously used by cholera patients, without being attacked. The clothes and bedding of cholera patients have also been used by other invalids with impunity j for instance, — 21 sick persons, invested with the clothes appropriated to the cholera patients, were removed from one hospital to another in the Arrinka, and afterwards to the city hospital, in which were 300 sick persons, but none of these were attacked. Parents and children have frequently slept in the same bed until separated by death, also, without any ill effects. Many more instances equally forcible might be added, — but they would be insufficient to change the opinions of contagionists, who always allege collateral causes for innumerable escapes, as want of susceptibility, and the like, when it suits their argument. The following case is, however, too remarkable to be omitted : — A clerk of the hospital Pritszistinskoy, in Moscow, where Collegierrath Treutter was first physician, was ordered to accompany a vehicle laden with the linen, bedding, &c. belonging to the cholera patients of the hospital, to a distance of five versts from the city, in order to be burnt, according to the regulations at the breaking-out of the epidemic. The weather proving bad, and the man being exceedingly fatigued, he was naturally induced to mount the vehicle, and lie upon the contents, where he remained six hours, without being attacked afterwards. 6. Neither does the matter exhaled from the lungs appear 177 THE QUESTION OF CONTAGION to he the medium of contagion. The bearers of the attacked to the hospitals, the nurses, the physicians, have had the dying in their arms for a considerable time, without catching the disease. Loder and Soulhoff have mentioned many instances to this effect. Indeed, the breath of the patient must necessarily be inhaled, while making observations with the pocket thermometer on the degrees of temperature of the tongue. Dr. Baum has said that, in order to make comparative observations on the temperature of the bodies of cholera patients, in the different stages of the disease, he alternately put his thermometer into their mouths and into his own. For my own part, Ido aver, that every day, during the height of the late epidemic at Dantzick, I especially inhaled the breath of cholera patients in all stages, or rather states of the disease, without ever having been materially annoyed, or sensibly affected by it. 7. The closest personal proximity does not appear to be the means of communicating the disease. It has been before stated that individuals have lain in the same bed with the affected ; it may be added that, in Moscow, the cloaks of the physicians were often thrown over them, — and, indeed, the unclothed and stiff have been wrapped in the fur, whilst the bath was preparing, which a few minutes afterwards enveloped its owner. But this is little in comparison to some of the nurses, who covered themselves during the night from head to foot in the blankets, not unfrequentty soiled, ef the deceased. With the four men of the mud-barges, who were first attacked with cholera at Dantzick, there were about 70 persons who came in close contact, out of 129 shut up with the affected before and after death, without one being attacked with the disease in consequence. Indeed, the history of the epidemic, and the General and Separate Lists, afford, in this respect, hundreds of other instances out of nearly 2,000, &c. shut up in cholera dwellings, — as formerly stated. The cholera hospital in Moscow, which Dr. Barchewitz su- 178 MOKK FULLY CONSIDERED. perintended, was part of a civil hospital, that had been appropriated for such patients during the epidemic. In the remainder were 100 beds, of which 80 were in constant use by other patients. The communication, however, between the two classes of patients, was not prohibited, nor were the doors, which led to the different apartments, in general, kept shut ; and yet, he avers that, not one of the latter ever became affected with the disease in consequence, during his stay of five months there. 8. Not derived from any of the secretions, — and, therefore, not from the excretions. The excrementitious fluids are, in general, we know, in a negative state of electricity ; but such is the great alteration in the healthy or natural structure of the tissues, in bad cases of true cholera before death, that they cannot, I conceive, be in a more negative state than the secreted fluids or tissues themselves. How far this circumstance may operate in unhealthy bodies, probably, in a similar electrical state, it is not for me to determine here. It is only alleged contagious matter itself in the living and dead bodies of cholera patients, that I have to consider. The innoxiousness of perspiration has been mentioned. Physicians have snuffed the smell of it, and some have even tasted it, without experiencing any bad effects in consequence. In some instances it was thought to smell of straw — a smell harmless enough. The cerumen aurium and saliva of cholera patients have been also put to the tests of the taste and smell, without any bad effects having been produced. Dr. Sinogowitz, first physician to one of the regiments quartered in Dantzick, bears testimony to a remarkable case in the Military Cholera Hospital there. Immediately on the decease of a cholera patient, one of the male attendants lifted up the corpse by the shoulders, the head of which fell suddenly back, and a stream of vapour was ejected from the mouth on the face of the bearer, who involuntarily inhaled it. The poor x 2 179 THE QUESTION OF CONTAGION fellow had, in consequence, dreadful nausea and repeated vomitings, but no attack of cholera. This is so remarkable an instance, that none of less import need be adduced. 9. Nor transmitted by the blood. The indefatigable Dr.Fahnichen of Moscow, Dr. Rinski of the same placej the Austrian physician Zahuber, Dr. Dann tertiusy and the zealous Dr. Baum, both of Dantzick, as well as myself, have each cut or pricked ourselves in the examinations of the dead bodies of cholera patients ; great numbers of which have been opened by us, without any injury to ourselves. No account has been yet authenticated of any person being, in consequence, subsequently attacked with cholera, — which corroborates the belief, that it is not propagated by the absorption of the blood, or any other fluid of a cholera patient. 10. Separation from society does not afford any protection. The fact is known of an inhabitant of Moscow, who fell sick of the disease in his place of refuge, a solitary cellar. Another case has been communicated by M. Richter at Moscow. A young man, afflicted with giddiness and asthma, was at last reduced to a state of apprehended insanity, and was therefore admitted into an hospital where cholera patients were not received, and kept secluded there, — but after six days, he was seized with cholera, of which, however, he recovered. There was also an old abbe" in Moscow, who lived quite secluded, and yet was one of its first victims. In Dantzick, a man in the criminal prison, who was totally isolated, whom even for many weeks none of the other prisoners had approached, fell sick of cholera. Numerous other examples might be adduced. Such numberless instances of escape of persons in contact with, or near cholera patients, — and under all the preceding circumstances, too, are decidedly against the alleged contagious nature of the disease j while the corporeal 180 MORE FULLY CONSIDERED. states in general, which I have enumerated of persons attacked with it, must be admitted to have rendered them especially liable to the combined influence of physical and local states, — as authentically shown to have existed at Dantzick. Again, it cannot be denied, after all the facts which have been adduced, that hundreds of persons attacked with the disease had never been near it, — and, therefore, the propagation of the disease in them, cannot possibly be ascribed to contagion ; so that it simply remains to determine whether, under the preceding circumstances, the combination of physical and local causes above-mentioned, or contagion, independently of these causes, produced the disease in the few remaining persons only, who had been near, or in any wise connected with the bodies or effects of others affected with it before them. The impartial and observant of the profession will readily acknowledge that the question of the contagion of cholera is now merely at issue between these two points ; and I cannot but hope that they will support me in answering it. With reference to biassed, and more especially, to veteran contagionists, who never experienced the bad effects of the more sickly climates in their own persons, it may be questioned whether they will ever be persuaded to abandon the principles of contagion adopted in their youth. It is presumable that the majority will not, — judging from the professional prejudices in former times, and more especially from that in the time of Harvey, in which scarcely one physician, above forty years of age, could be persuaded of the principles of the circulation of the blood, discovered by him. The following arguments relate to the combination of physical, local, and corporeal states above-mentioned :—: — it Observation has, in most instances hitherto, found that cholera is the result of a specific impression from the malignity of the atmosphere on the unhealthy poor, in whom the process of digestion and assimilation has not been duly maintained, or has been incidentally disturbed, and whose bodies 181 THK QUESTION OF CONTAGION have not been sufficiently guarded against its changes by necessary shelter, and by clean warm clothing,— more especially flannel clothing, which is absolutely necessary in certain electrical states of the weather, as well as in all other unfavourable states of it. It has been found in unhealthy localities, where the constitution of the atmosphere is most tainted, connected with bad diet> starvation, pernicious drinks of all kinds, exposure, and extreme wretchedness. Particular constitutions, subdued by fear, or agitated by protracted disquietude, have been also occasionally attacked with it. It has been very often found connected with that vitiated state of the system induced by an improper use of ardent spirits, especially on exposure to wet and cold, or damp night air. It has been repeatedly found connected with incidental derangement of the stomach and bowels from indigestion ; and diarrhoeas occasioned by the application of wet and cold, especially to the feet ; — from eating unripe fruit, or, when in excess, even ripe fruit, — and any indigestible or unwholesome food ; more so, indeed, with derangement of the digestive organs than with that of other parts of the body. In short, almost every case of cholera might be traced to some previous personal state, or local cause^ as it is termed, or both. 2. With respect to the four or five first cases of the epidemic at Dantzick in the mud barges, the state of the locality of the Harbour-Canal, the nature of the mud drawn up, and the personal exposure to them, ought to be taken into consideration, since cases resembling these will very probably occur, under the same circumstances, in similar places in other parts of the world. In clearing out that canal of the mud and slime in it, the labourers belonging to the barges were not only in contact with these matters, but exposed to the immediate exhalations from them, which are highly infectious, as is evident from the fact, that no one, where these men lodged and died, fell sick. Had the barges continued 182 MORE FULLY CONSIDERED. to work during the epidemic, there is no doubt hut that more cases of cholera would have taken place among the men employed in them, than those already enumerated in the history of the disease. 3, The objection of contagionists, that these an 4 sundry other causes do not always produce similar effects, is, indeed, an untenable argument, in favour of their own hypothesis. Do not passing occurrences repeatedly evince that a person may run a hundred times against the wind and rain with impunity, and the hundredth and first time be affected with inflammation of the lungs ? Do we know why wet and cold at one time occasion rheumatism, at another catarrh, at a third diarrhoea ? Do we not observe epidemic diseases appea — of this very nature too— after certain lapses of time, making boundless strides over some of the inhabited parts of the earth, — still, in conformity to some general and positive laws ? — And can the origin of them be accounted for, unless we acknowledge that a combination of atmospheric and local changes is the primary exciting cause ? The existence of these is, indeed, so certain, that we may with as much reason conclude that the cholera will prevail, more or less, on the Oder, and other rivers running through low, wet, or marshy plains, as on the Vistula and Ganges, — and, like the destroying angel, eventually mark out its own predestined objects and victims of such bad states of body as I have mentioned, in similar localities, most subject to such aerial changes, throughout the world. 4. In the prevalent constitution of the atmosphere, during epidemic cholera, it is not positively confined to any particular district ; for when once it appears in a town, cases, dependant chiefly on previous or incidental bad personal states, take place in other parts, — as appears from authentic ac-r counts of the progress of the disease in Moscow, Riga, Dantzick, Petersburg, &c. &c. But in the vicinity of sluggish streams and rivers, stagnant waters in canals, ditches, 183 THE QUBSTION OF CONTAGION pools, &c. where infectious miasmata are continually promoted, such as the Eimermacherhoff and Seigen in Dantzick, in which places, a considerably greater proportion of sick were found, — the disease is scarcely extinguished in toto, but re-appears slightly at intervals, under rather modified or milder forms. 5. In those places where cholera has prevailed, it has been remarked that, for some time previous, bad diarrhoeas, and all kinds of disorders of the digestive organs, were more or less prevalent. In Dantzick this was particularly the case, according to what I have ascertained from circumstantial inquiry of Dr. Baum and Dr. Dann, senior. 6. During the prevalence of cholera in a place, the majority of the inhabitants of certain habits of body seem to be more or less subject to single symptoms of it $ while comparatively but a few are attacked with the whole of the extraordinary and violent features, with which this disease is so characteristically marked. In Dantzick, — and in Moscow, according to the testimony of Drs. Barchewitz and Dann tertins, this was evident beyond all doubt. 7. At Moscow, other indispositions, during the epidemic,— were not exempt from partial features of it. In consequence, many, supposed to be affected with cholera, who, in fact, never had it, were brought into the hospitals and cured of such complaints as they happened to suffer under. M. Ramich, therefore, to the list of " Cholera Patients," cured in his hospital, has added a Separate List, by which it appears that 18 only out of 126 cases, do not admit of doubt. Many cured in other hospitals were arranged under the head of Cholera Dubia, to which Dr. Barchewitz gives testimony, after having compared the histories of the sick in five hospitals, in which he made daily observations. 8. Strangers, arriving in an infected place, even though the epidemic should have totally disappeared, often seem to be susceptible of it, at least, more so than inhabitants, who are 184 MORE FULLY CONSIDERED. free from apprehension. At Moscow, in the month of March, although no sick had appeared on the lists for the space of ten days, and the Te Deum was in consequence chanted, yet 18 new cases took place from the Ist to 44 °f April, in men, who had recently arrived in the city. Dr. Barchewitz lodged in the German hotel there, frequented by most strangers, and had daily opportunities of witnessing the temporary complaints resembling, or bordering on cholera, with which such strangers were almost invariably attacked soon after their arrival. Dr. B. himself was seriously indisposed at first, his colleague also did not remain wholly free — nor yet myself at the height of the epidemic in Dantzick. 9. Unlike contagious epidemics or endemics, such as the small-pox, scarlet fever, measles, &c. &c. which must have their progress, the cholera may be arrested on its approach, or even in its first state. This is, unquestionably, one of the strongest proofs against contagious effects. It seems that Sydenham overlooked this characteristic of the smallpox, when he first said that it was not contagious. 10. All contagious diseases, not being local affections, like the itch, syphilis, &c. &c. do not usually renew their attacks ; while, on the contrary, a person who has had cholera once, may be liable to a second attack after a fortnight or three weeks, during the prevalence of the epidemic, — but not, at least in the same degree, after its total disappearance. 1 1 . Contagious diseases especially belong to the class of exanthemata or eruptions, which are after-products, essentially producing, as well as being essentially produced by, such diseases. They have, each, their varied, but determinate existence and progress, in conformity with those of the disease itself in the system, which gradually becomes extinct as the eruptions subside, and disappear from the skin — the ultimate and essential seat of the disease. — With reference to diseases locally contagious, — they may be likened unto parasitical plants, living, and affecting by contact, — and being, in 185 THE QUESTION OV CONTAGION general, obviated by external means. The matter eventually produced on the skin in the former class of diseases, on being communicated to the skin of -other subjects, reproduces the disease more generaUy in a milder form, than when the effluvia of it is hili aled,-— and has to pass, it may be said, more circuitously through the absorbents and blood, in order to produce it on the skin. It is thus sooner communicated to the part of the body where it exerts itself most, without inducing that protracted reaction of the entire system, which otherwise commonly ensues. Hence the practice of inoculation, and vaccination, providentially substituted by Jenner, instead of it. Now, in cholera, we observe no such afterproduct. It appears that the disease has not been necessarily produced by the casual inoculation of matter after death, nor by inhalation of the effluvia of the body, before or after dis¦olution, —as appears from the facts adduced. As to the bluish or blackish streaks and patches, more or less extended, which are observed here and there in cholera patients, especially on the extremities, they are simply owing to the altered and stagnant state of the blood in the superficial veins of the parts. 12. We know that contagious diseases, in general, 4o not transmit contagion at the first period of reaction,— not till the actual formation of the after-product ; but it is said of cholera, that it infects at every period from its first appearance, even in the simplest forms. The Staatszeitung quotes the circumstance, that a traveller, labouring under diarrhoea, had lodged with a friend,-— and that, on the subsequent day, the latter was seized with cholera. Similar instances have been collected by Lichenstadt and others, in order to prove contagion. The opinion maintained is, therefore, this, that any individual, who has suffered only from one of the supposed harbingers of cholera, can infect a place with the disease itself. The symptoms of the individual above alluded to, did not increase to cholera,— but, from the result, it was con- 186 MOnE FULLY CONSIDERED. eluded that he dame from an infected place, — and that, consequently, his clothes were impregnated with contagion ; but this vague and unsatisfactory conclusion is remarkable, inasmuch as it was neither proved, nor even affirmed, that the wanderer in question, had been in any previous intercourse whatever with any one affected with cholera. 13. Cholera increases and diminishes, like all other infectious epidemics and endemics, not being influenced by the great or small number of the affected. At length, when physical Conditions no longer favour its production, it begins and continues to abate, until it totally vanishes, when othef infectious diseases, as intermittents, remittents, and their complications, succeed, —as was notoriously the case in Dantzick. Now, contagious endemics seldom leave a place, until nearly all subject to their influence have been affected. It is true that, even then, some may escape, — for which, in general, a cause may be assigned ; for instance, another disease already formed, might, in a certain degree, resist particular contagious influence. — The following instance of the sudden disappearance of cholera, is in illustration of these physical principles : — At Zoppot, a bathing-place near Dantzick, the epidemic prevailed in the part of the village situate low on the shore of the Baltic ; but on the 11th of August it suddenly ceased, as formerly stated,— only one case having appeared in the upper part of the village, either before or after this date. The same was observed in other villages in West Prussia, as formerly stated. The following are reasonable inferences from the numerous facts hereto adduced on the subject of epidemic cholera :— I. That it is spontaneously produced in certain weak constitutions, and disordered habits of body, in consequence of some indeterminate combination of certain atmospheric and local states, — and, occasionally, in consequence of different powers of electricity in the air, on such constitutions and 187 THB QUESTION OF CONTAGION marked habits, as may reasonably be inferred from the progress of the disease in certain electrical states of the weather. 11. That cholera spreads epidemically but irregularly, — still, — in accordance with marked personal and local states, more than any other epidemic. 111. That general infection, in the sense I use it, is produced only by an unfavourable or malignant state of the atmosphere in certain localities promoting such a state ; and special infection by the air being rendered still more deleterious on being pent up, and further vitiated by the effluvia of dirt or liquid filth, or on being contaminated with the foul air and effluvia of several persons, whether affected or not, in close places. But surely these incidental aggravating causes may be fully removed, or partly obviated at least. With reference here to contagion or non-contagion by merchandize : — The very nature, indeed, of the disease seems to indicate that it is not necessarily propagated by merchandize. Independently, however, of which, there has never been any evidence whatever in Dantzick, of its being so propagated; while all the authentic facts, which I have enumerated on this head, in that particular quarter, declare strongly against contagion in this way ; to which I could add, as formerly stated, some others of a private nature also strikingly against it. In conclusion : — It necessarily follows from all the facts which I have adduced, that epidemic cholera cannot be possibly averted by all the combined mechanical restrictions of man. Indeed, the most accurate inquiries have hitherto ascertained that it rises spontaneously, and spreads capriciously and widely, — still, in conformity with its own determinate laws, 188 MORE FULLY CONSIDERED. in despite of every precautionary restriction ; so that we might as well attempt to wall in the birds of the air. It is a specific effect on the powers of life, in such states of deterioration as I have particularly described, which might in a great degree have been obviated by precautionary measures, or by common prudence, — on the part of the objects and victims of it, — and by relief on the part of the considerate and benevolent, capable of bestowing charity j it is a natural effect of atmospheric impressions, in accordance with certain occasional physical states of the air, — in general, aggravated by the effluvia or exhalations from low, damp, and other unfavourable localities, which may, in a great measure, be counteracted by not fearing the disease itself ; — and, above all, by comfort, consequent cheerfulness, cleanliness, dryness, and ventilation. The best, and, indeed, only possible means, therefore, for arresting the ravaging progress of this dreadful epidemic, is to extend the blessed hand of charity, where, under all the deplorable circumstances 1 have mentioned, it is likely to take place and prevail. Accordingly, let the localities of the miserable poor, be cleansed of all their impurities, kept dry, ventilated, and warm, in severe and bad weather, with comfortable fires, which, by promoting currents of fresh air too, will dispel stagnant exhalations; let them be well fed, cleanly and warmly clothed by night as well as by day j let them be occupied at their respective callings, and assisted therein, and have as little misery as their pitiable fate will admit of, to endure and brood over ; and let proper medical assistance be rendered as soon as possible to such as are still inevitably attacked with the disease ; — let, in short, all these be done for the sake of suffering humanity, and the inflictions and the ravages of the epidemic cholera will most certainly be, in a very great degree, obviated and diminished. THE END. 189 PRINTED BY G. HAYDEN, Little College Street, Westminster.