8442s WC 262 8442s 1887 34630390 R NLN DSlh7sTl 7 NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE U.S. NATIONAL jjttj LIBRARY X MEDICINE RETURN TO NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE BEFORE LAST DATE SHOWN THE NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. A SHORT PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF OHOLEEA AS A SUPPLEMENT TO THE HISTOKY OF CHOLEEA IN INDIA FROM 1862 TO 1881 BY Dy.-SUKGEON-GENEBAL H a W. BELLEW, C.S.I. Bengal Army (Retired) LONDON TRUBNEK & 0 0.,. LUDGATE HILL 1887 [All rights reserved] BALLANTYNE, HANSON AND CO. EDINBURGH AND LONDON PREFACE. In submitting this book to the public I have but few remarks to make. Towards the close of the last Section of my work "The History of Cholera in India from 1862 to 1881," referring to the medical treatment of the disease, I said : " Here I can deal with this subject only in the briefest terms ; but I hope, if spared to do so, to consider it more in detail in a short practical treatise on the causes, nature, and treatment of cholera, which I purpose publishing as a sequel to this work." This was in August 1885. Since that date various circumstances have intervened to prevent the earlier fulfilment of my purpose. Previous to my departure from India in May last year on sick leave, preparatory to retirement on pension after completing my full term of service, I had no opportunity of taking the work in hand; and since my return to England, though always mindful of the matter, it is only recently that I have found convenient leisure to dispose of the task. 1 To some it may seem unnecessary or uncalled for that I should, now that I have relinquished the service of Government, trouble myself with the labour and expense for work of this kind. But my experience of India and knowledge of the requirements of the people in this particular matter of the treatment of cholera, based upon a clear apprehension of the real nature and causes of the disease, have convinced me that not only is such a work necessary, but that — provided the case be stated in plain language, and be discussed in intelligible terms — it is calculated to confer a lasting benefit ; by drawing attention to what I conceive to be a reasonable explanation of the nature of cholera and of the causes tending to its production, as well as by drawing attention to the faults and defects hitherto and still existing in respect to the medical treatment of the disease. Those only who have any knowledge of the various and contradictory views held by medical practitioners regarding the character and causes of cholera — such as the fermentation in the body of a specific virus communicated by contagion, or the action of a specific choleraproducing germ introduced by means of the water used for drinking (and why not by means of the air inspired in breathing, or the food taken in eating 1), &c. — can appreciate the importance of arriving at a more PREFACE. reasonable and intelligible explanation of the case. Whilst those who have any practical acquaintance with the methods of procedure enforced, under the sway of such views as those just indicated, on the appearance of an epidemic visitation of cholera, with the object of " stamping out the disease," as the expression goes ; or who have an intimate knowledge of the measures of medical relief adopted on such occasions, must be aware, from the mere results of experience, of the utter futility, not to say tyranny, of the one, and the total inadequac y, not to say mockery, of the other. My object in the present work has been — however imperfectly it has been done — to describe the nature and causes of cholera in plain language intelligible to all understandings, with a view to the clearer perception of the measures of precaution and medical treatment — preventive and curative — which afford the most reliable means of entirely escaping, or of safely tiding over, an attack of the disease. The precautionary measures which I have described in the text, if properly attended to and systematically carried out — and they are in themselves so reasonable and feasible that there should be no difficulty in these respects — are such as directly affect the individual ; and, in so far as such measures can do so, insure the protection of the person against the most generally prevalent of the predisposing causes of cholera. And this is an end nowhere attained by the measures, under the existing customary procedure, commonly enforced on occasions of the appearance of epidemic cholera ; whether such measures be quarantine, or wholesale evacuation and precipitate of the quarters affected by the disease, or extensive fumigations of private dwellings, or the destruction by fire of clothing and domestic furniture, or other arbitrary and useless interference with the liberty, comfort, private property, and welfare of those in whose families or households the disease may unhappily make its appearance ; or even a combination of all these objectionable and unreasonable proceedings together. To give a single instance of the utter uselessness — from the point of view with which they are enforced — of these arbitrary, haphazard, and impulsive proceedings, I need refer only to the burning of the clothing and bedding — the bedstead also usually included — of those who die of cholera ; whilst in the case of those who recover no such steps are taken, nor, as a rule, is any care taken that the recovered patient shall wash or change his clothing before going abroad and mixing with the crowd. By attention to the precautionary measures indicated in this work — precautions relating to clothing, house-shelter, diet, and general self-manage* ment — there will be no need for the enforcement of the objectionable, useless, and, to say the least in this particular, inconvenient measures above alluded to. These are not trifling matters. My opportunities during many years have afforded me very abundant proofs of the dis- 6 PREFACE. content and aversion produced among the people by the system of procedure as above pourtrayed commonly adopted in India under Government authority or by agents of the Government in the treatment of visitations of epidemic cholera; and presumably with the sanction or approval of the head of the Medical Department, or on the advice of the local medical authorities. And if this book — the contents of which are confirmatory of the line of teaching I adopted uniformly in my official capacity as Sanitary Commissioner with the Government of the Punjab Province — leads to the enlightenment of the people on this subject, as I trust it may do through the patriotic sympathy of their educated classes, I shall be satisfied with the consciousness of having contributed my mite towards the welfare of a people amongst whom I have passed the best years of my life, and whom I have learned to esteem and respect for their many sterling good qualities, despite differences of nationality, creed, and civilisation. As regards the purely medicinal treatment of cholera, I have but briefly alluded to the many various and experimental means and methods practised by different hands in diverse places and on diverse occasions. But have more particularly noticed the measures of public medical relief which are commonly adopted on occasions of the appearance of epidemic cholera by Municipal authorities and Government agents in most parts of the country. Without dwelling on the most condemnable faults of the medicines so distributed, I have pointed out some of their most glaring defects, and have described in some detail a medicine which I invented with the express purpose of supplying a remedy which should be free from the faults and defects of the several medicines or medicinal preparations commonly used as specific remedies in cholera. I designed this medicine expressly as a speciality remedy in cholera and allied catarrhal affections originating in the effects of adverse weather influences, and distributed it extensively in the Punjab and other provinces of India during the four or five years preceding my departure from that country. From all quarters I received ample testimony of its efficacy and popularity, and am convinced that on its own merits the medicine will prove a great boon to the public. It is not for me to sound its praises or to puff its superior qualities. On the contrary, leaving the medicine to its own merits, I disavow the idea of its being any new discovery, or untested new-fangled notion ; nor do I pretend that it is to work unheard-of wonders or effect impossible cures. But I claim for it the distinct advantages and superior qualities which I have described in the text. It is a compound preparation of Pharmacopoeia drugs of acknowledged efficacy in the class of ailments for which it is designed, and is a genuine speciality remedy differing from the ordinary forms of prescription and other speciality medicines commonly used in the medicinal treatment of such ailments in the originality b 7 PEEFACE. of the combination of its ingredients and the novelty of its composition in concentrated form, together with the preservation of its properties by preparation with syrup and glycerine. It is in these respects — the originality of combination and preparation in concentrated form with express provision for insuring the durability of its therapeutic properties — that I claim for my invention its superior merits as a speciality remedy of uniform and stable composition ; adapted — as is fully described in the text — by its easy portability and readiness for immediate use, without further preparation, for administration on the spur of emergency to sufferers of all ages in small and convenient doses apportioned to age and strength. I designed this medicine expressly to supply a more reliable, convenient, suitable, and efficient remedy for general use on occasions of epidemic cholera prevalence than is afforded by the pills and mixtures and other speciality medicines commonly distributed on such occasions or generally available to the public through the ordinary channels. And I have mentioned these details here, because I think that other speciality remedies — prepared on the same principles, that is, in concentrated form for convenience of portability and dose, and with provision for the conservation of the properties of the compound — expressly designed for use in particular diseases of common occurrence, or which are prone to prevail in epidemic form, might with advantage be introduced for use in Dispensary practice, or for distribution by Municipalities on occasions of epidemic sickness. Such speciality medicines, whilst securing uniformity of composition and strength, and supplying convenient remedies ready for immediate use without farther preparation, would greatly diminish the press of work at such times crowding upon the Dispensary hands, as Well as the delays and risks of accidents from carelessness or mistakes resulting therefrom. In India especially are such speciality remedies required, and no one who is acquainted with the conditions of life in that country can fail to appreciate the advantages of such forms of medicine, not only for the practice of Hospitals and Dispensaries, but also for domestic use in the household, or by the individual among the public at large. H. W. B. London, 24^ May 1887. 8 CONTENTS PART I. PAGE ON THE NATURE OP CHOLERA ...... I PAET 11. ON THE CAUSES OP CHOLERA 2O paiit ii r. ON THE TREATMENT OF CHOLERA ...... 48 TABULAR STATEMENT OP CHOLERA MORTALITY AND OF RAINFALL — ¦ MADRAS PROVINCE . . . . , . . 99-109 BOMBAY PROVINCE . . . . . . 110-120 CENTRAL PROVINCES ....... 121-131 BERAR PROVINCE . 132-137 BENGAL PROVINCE ....... 138-157 ASSAM PROVINCE 1 5 8-1 63 BURMA PROVINCE. ....... 164-171 NORTH-WESTERN PROVINCES AND OUDH .... 1 7 2-1 93 PUNJAB PROVINCE . 194-204 ON THE NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. PART I. ON THE NATURE OF CHOLERA. In another work — The History of Cholera in India from 1862 to 1881 — I have shown (in Section XII.) the existence of a fixed and natural relation between the prevalence of epidemic cholera and of certain influences of weather, as these last are affected by the nature of the rainfall and peculiarities of the soil : and have endeavoured to explain in brief terms how the resulting changes in temperature and other meteorological conditions tend, through the operation of " chill " — which is a term to be understood in a comparative sense, as will appear later on — to the production of a state of the body favourable to the supervention of the symptoms of cholera, and especially so under the existence of other conditions, connected with the individual health-state, which predispose the sufferer to the assaults of that disease. Descriptions of the ordinary course and symptoms of an attack of cholera, together Avith their explanation and modes of treatment, are to be found in more or less detail and variety of arrangement and exposition in many works specially devoted to the investigation of that disease, as well as in most standard works on medicine. It is not, therefore, my intention to set out with a formal description of the disease, nor in these pages to compare and discuss the various different theories regarding the nature and causes of cholera which have from time to time been added to the very abundant literature on this subject. I prefer, instead, to consider the subject in general terms, and to set before the reader a small number of typical cases of acute cholera, as illustrations of the variety of symptoms under which the severer forms of the disease are met with in practice ; next to discuss the causes that produce such various forms and symptoms of the disease ; and, finally, to describe A NATUKE, CAUSES, AND TEEATMENT OF CHOLEEA. the methods of treatment which promise the most favourable and successful results, not as curative measures merely, but also, and more especially, as preventive precautions. First, however, it is necessary to premise that the use of the term cholera in these pages refers to the disease in all its stages and varieties of form, and not merely' — as is the general custom — to that one stage of its course which is characterised by the state of collapse, or to the more violent and sudden accessions of the disease, which are accompanied — and more commonly so in epidemic seasons — by that peculiar state of nervous depression and suspension of the chief functional processes which is called collapse. It is important to bear this distinction in mind, because the prevalent custom of ignoring the real nature of the disease until it declares itself unmistakably by the supervention of the severer symptoms immediately preceding the state of collapse — a stage which, happily, is not usually attained at all in the great majority of the occurring cases of the disease properly called cholera — leads to the neglect of very necessary precautions for the arrest of its spread amongst the community in whose midst it makes its appearance ; and more especially is this an important matter in seasons of the epidemic prevalence of cholera. For, if cholera- really be communicable, as some assert, by contagion, it is folly to deny recognition of the disease, except in the comparatively few cases in which it runs on into the manifestation of symptoms of excessive severity. "Whilst, if it be merely, as is more probable, infectious in the manner of ordinary catarrh or influenza, as a result of the action of peculiar climatic or weather influences operating under the particular circumstances of locality and conditions of life which are favourable to the production of the disease, it is still no less a folly to deny its early recognition, and thus to neglect the opportunity of adopting timely precautions for safeguard and protection against the action of weather influences, and of taking in hand the improvements necessary in the sanitary condition of the surroundings of the community amongst whom the disease shows its presence. The cogency of the above remarks will become apparent if we bear in mind the fact that the train of symptoms called cholera — whether styled British cholera or Asiatic cholera — constitute a single disease ; though in England a distinction is made between them only on account of the lesser or greater prevalence of the disease in epidemic jx>rm during particular seasons of its appearance there. The ordinary summer cholera of England, usually prevalent in seasons of high temperature, in no respect differs from the ordinary cholera of India, except in its less frequent manifestations in severe epidemic prevalence. And this difference is easily explained, partly by the very different meteorological conditions characterising the climates of the two countries, and partly by the different conditions of prosperity and habits of life distinguishing 2 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. their respective populations. Yet, when in England cholera prevails with unusual epidemic severity, it is distinguished by the term Asiatic cholera, and attributed to contagion by importation from India. Whereas, from the known facts of the epidemic prevalence of cholera in India itself — as is clearty shown in my work before mentioned ¦ — it is abundantly apparent that the varying severity of successive epidemics of the disease in that country is owing to the effects of climatic influences operating in conjunction with unfavourable conditions of life, such as are produced by famine and other causes of general or widespread distress amongst the population. And it is reasonable to conclude that in England — in the absence of statistical data for that country relating to these points — also the varying severity of successive epidemics of cholera is owing to causes of a similar kind, and not to contagion by importation. For whilst, in England as in India, it is the poorer classes of the people who mostly suffer from the ravages of the disease, it is also a fact that the appearance of severe or unusual epidemic prevalence of cholera in England is quite independent of the prevalence of the disease in India ; sinee — intercommunication between the two countries being uninterrupted, and for many years past even more rapid and continuous than at any former period — the severest epidemics of cholera during recent years in India have not been followed by any epidemic appearance of the disease either in England or in the intermediate countries ; though in some of the latter epidemics of cholera have prevailed, but altogether independently, and even in different years, as regards the epidemic prevalence of the disease in India. That it is rather owing to the effects of weather influences, in conjunction with unfavourable conditions of life, that the disease designated by the term cholera is produced, is apparently corroborated by the occurrence of sporadic cases of the disease at all seasons and in all years, both in England and in India; the attack in such instances being always traceable to exposure to weather influences under circumstances of unfavourable condition of the body, or of injudicious conduct, or careless self-management, on the part of the sufferer. In India cases of sporadic cholera are met with in practice at all times and in all seasons, though they are not always at the time recognised as cases of cholera. They are, nevertheless, cases of genuine cholera, and differ in no respect from the cases of that disease prevailing during seasons of its epidemic visitation, except in the matter of less frequency of occurrence. They differ also in no way from the cases of cholera — whether bilious or serous — commonly met with in England during the summer season. In England the milder forms of such attack are distinguished by the term " bilious cholera," and the severer forms by the term " malignant cholera;" though between the mildest and the severest forms the disease presents itself in every degree of severity, and the milder form passes into the severer by insensible gradations or by gradual degrees. 3 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The most common forms in which cholera is met with during nonepidemic seasons, both in India and in England, is that in which it is styled bilious cholera, or bilious diarrhoea, or choleraic diarrhoea, or dyspeptic diarrhoea, or bowel-complaint, or simply bilious attack, according to the nature of the predominant symptoms and the manner in Avhich they affect the patient. Whilst the cases which run on to the development of the severer symptoms accompanied by vomiting and purging of watery stools altogether deficient or wanting in bile — distinguished as "rice-water stools" — cramps, &c, and culminating in collapse, are styled malignant cholera, Asiatic cholera, cholera morbus, or acute cholera. In the ordinary milder forms of bilious cholera, the attack is usually preceded by a longer or shorter period of indisposition or malaise, which is characterised by languor, depression of spirits, loss of appetite, headache, aches in the back and limbs, and a feeling of drowsiness. There is sometimes a distinctly increased heat of the body, with frequency and fulness of pulse, whilst the tongue is furred, the urine is high-coloured, and a sense of fulness is felt about the stomach and liver ; but more commonly the feeling is one of chilliness, though not much pronounced, and the complexion presents a dull or dusky hue, with a vague expression of unrest or discomfort. With these symptoms there is usually some tendency to looseness or irregularity of the bowels, but not unfrequently the reverse is the case, and they are constipated. Under ordinary care, attention to diet, and self-management — either with or without medical treatment — these symptoms are speedily got over, and, the bowels being relieved either naturally or by medicine, the patient is restored to his wonted health. But, on the contrary, when these slight and sometimes hardly much thought of symptoms are neglected, and — more especially during seasons of the epidemic prevalence of cholera — the sufferer is exposed to inclemencies of weather and other accidents of daily life, there occurs a more or less distinct and rapid aggravation of symptoms and greater complexity of derangement in the great eliminating functional processes according to the particular circumstances of each individual case, and the patient then suffers an attack of acute bilious cholera. An attack of this kind usually commences with a feeling of chilliness, especially about the stomach and loins ; the breathing is short and oppressed, and the patient frequently yawns and gapes and stretches himself ; there is more or less headache or giddiness, together with a disagreeable acrid taste in the mouth and a sense of nausea or squeamishness, and these symptoms are followed more or less quickly by vomiting and purging of acrid, greasy bilious matters. An attack such as this may pass off in the course of a few hours without much constitutional disturbance, and generally is followed by a sensation of renewed health, the patient feeling better and more cheerful than before the attack. 4 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. But it may, and under adverse circumstances, such, especially, as neglect, careless exposure to weather, &c. &c, very rapidly run on to so severe an aggravation of symptoms as to endanger life or to terminate in death. In such cases the aggravation of symptoms usually sets in with a marked increase in the feeling of chilliness, or with distinct shivering fits as in the milder forms of ague ; and it is a remarkable circumstance that this aggravation or recrudescence of symptoms very often sets in during the night or the early hours of the morning. The vomiting becomes active, and is sometimes incessant and most violent ; the purging increases, becoming frequent and profuse, and often attended by pain and spasmodic cramps. The matters discharged, both from the stomach and from the bowels, are watery and turbid or colourless and frothy, instead of bilious and faeculent as at first, and they produce a marked change in the patient's condition, with greater or less depression of the vital powers. According to the urgency of these symptoms, the exhaustion of the patient's strength is more or less rapid and intense, and a state of collapse, more or less profound, supervenes. A cold perspiration now breaks out upon the body, the skin shrinks and becomes wrinkled, cold, clammy, and blue. There is greater or less oppression of breathing, with loud sighs and groans, whilst the breath is cold, and the voice husky and stridulous. The eyes are sunk back in their sockets ; the face is pinched and haggard, whilst the expression of features is anxious, and a ghastly pallor suffuses the complexion. The pulse is very feeble, thin, and thready, or altogether imperceptible, and there is constant restlessness and tossing of the limbs, with more or less severe cramps all over the body. There is thirst throughout, and often it is an urgent and distressing symptom, whilst a sense of burning heat in the stomach and bowels is generally loudly complained of. Yet, with all these alarming symptoms, the intellect, as a rule, remains clear to the last, and though the functional processes of the eliminating organs are all more or less in a state of suppression or suspense — especially those of the liver and kidneys, in the previous stage so active — there still remains a considerable amount of muscular power, the incautious use of which, as in efforts to rise from bed or walk about, &c, sometimes leads to immediate death. This state of collapse may last a few hours, and then end suddenly in death, or it may be followed by a reaction which, commencing gradually, advances with rapid strides, and restores the patient to his previous state with a celerity quite as remarkable as the sudden onset and rapid development of the symptoms just described. The first signs of commencing reaction are an improvement in the respiration and return of the pulse at the wrist, with cessation of vomiting and purging and rapid recovery of the natural expression of features. These are followed more or less quickly by a subsidence of all the severe symptoms, and 5 NATUKE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. a general resumption of the functional processes of the body ; the skin soon regains its natural warmth and fulness, and later on bile reappears in the stools and urine is again voided. In favourable cases the progress towards recovery is steady, and the patient comes out of the attack almost as quickly as he was struck by its sudden onset. Not unfrequently, however, the reactionary processes are impeded through inability of the great eliminating organs to once resume their ordinary functions. There is then a different state of affairs, and the patient suffers from a variety of complications, according to the circumstances of each particular case, but generally there is a state of fever or pyrexia with head symptoms, indicating faulty action of the liver and kidneys, and these may speedily destroy life, or the patient may struggle on and make a slow and tedious recovery with more or less lasting damage to the constitution. The following cases of acute cholera occurring in sporadic form afford good illustrations of the different varieties presented by the disease as it is met with in practice. These cases have all occurred at wide intervals of time and place, scattered about in non-epidemic seasons in different parts of the Punjab during several years past ; and I may here note once for all that these cases, as also all the others quoted in this work, have either come under my own observation or treatment, or have been officially reported to me, and, in respect to their history, investigated and verified by me. Case i. — At Peshawur. Captain , aged 34 years; European; married ; of muscular build and active habits, and generally enjoying robust health. For some days prior to this attack had gone through an unusual amount of exercise with a good deal of exposure to the sun, but with no apparent ill effects beyond some slight attacks of ephemeral fever and dyspepsia, attended with transient headaches and tendency to irregularity of the bowels, with flatulence and looseness. On the 6th March 187 1, after a day's work involving a good deal of riding about in the sun, he returned home about 5 p.m., feeling tired and out of sorts, but with no definite ailment. He ate his dinner as usual, and went to bed early, sleeping very lightly clad, and with no other coverlet than a thin sheet. Towards daylight he awoke feeling chilled all over, and presently, on getting up from bed, became suddenly sick and faint, with an intense oppression at the pit of the stomach, and was immediately purged of a copious, loose, dark-coloured bilious motion of very foul odour, which was passed without pain, and along with a free discharge of urine. He returned and lay down on the bed feeling somewhat relieved, but after a short interval was again purged of a stool similar to the last, and at the same time vomited a quantity of acrid bilious matter, whilst a cold sweat broke out on the head and neck, and an alarming change came over the aspect of the features. The vomiting and purging continuing at short intervals, the staff- 6 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. surgeon was called and saw him about 7 a.m., and about two hours later I saw him, having been hastily summoned in consultation. At this time the patient was on the verge of collapse. He had been purged some eight or nine times altogether, and the vomiting had been nearly as frequent. The last few stools were altogether watery and frothy, with a quantity of small white flakes floating on the surface, and they emitted the peculiar musty odour characteristic of the " rice-water " stools of cholera ; but they had not been accompanied by any observable discharge of urine, nor had any been voided independently. The features were pinched and anxious, and the complexion was of a dusky hue. The eyes Avere sunk back in their sockets ; the breathing was oppressed and interrupted by loud groans and sighs ; the tongue was blue, sodden, and cold ; the breath was hardly felt, and very cold ; whilst the voice was extremely husky, weak, and interrupted by want of force. The skin was cold, bluish, shrunk, wrinkled, and clammy, and there were cramps in the legs and stomach. The pulse was barely perceptible, very thin, thready, and weak ; but the intellect was clear, and there was considerable muscular power — the patient constantly turning from side to side and tossing his limbs restlessly, and calling for water to quench his thirst. The patient made no complaint of pain with the vomiting and purging, but cried out with the cramps, and complained of intolerable thirst and burning heat in the belly. At the outset of the attack, the patient had himself taken a full dose of chlorodyne, and on the arrival of the staff-surgeon a dose of calomel was promptly administered. A little later, mustard plaisters were applied to the epigastrium and calves, whilst dry rubbings were kept up on the body and limbs, and hot-water bottles applied to the soles of the feet. To allay the thirst small sips of iced champagne, and iced water acidulated with sulphuric acid, were given alternately at short intervals. After the administration of the calomel the vomiting and purging soon ceased and reaction set in, and this was followed by a rapid subsidence of the other urgent symptoms. The respiration became more free, the pulse improved, the voice returned to its usual pitch and the features resumed their natural expression, and with astonishing rapidity the patient returned to his previous state, all traces of the collapse he had fallen into having passed away in the course of the next two or three hours. During the day nourishment in small quantities was taken at short intervals — chicken-broth, beef-tea, toast and biscuits, rice-pudding, milk, arrowroot, and suchlike — and by bedtime the patient felt quite well, though somewhat weak and shaky. At about 8 p.m. he passed a soft loose stool, but faeculent and bilious, and at the same time a moderate quantity of urine. At 10 p.m. a dose of laudanum was administered, and after a good night's sleep he got up next morning quite well, and later on resumed his ordinary duties. 7 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA Case 2. — At Peshawur. A female infant, aged 4! months ; born of European parents ; nourished at first at the breast, but latterly by bottle altogether. Had been thriving fairly well until a few days before this attack, when early in October, during some two or three days together, there was a good deal of crying and derangement of digestion ; the food — chiefly cow's milk diluted, with alternations of corn-flour boiled in such milk — was frequently vomited as soon as taken, and the napkins required more frequent changing; the motions were frequently lumpy, and of a sour, foetid smell, with sometimes dark green and sometimes pale yellow or ash-grey blotches and streaks. There had been six or eight such motions a day, but the child did not appear much reduced or distressed thereby, and caused the parents — her father a medical man — no anxiety. A few doses of aromatic confection and a few of grey powder with rhubarb had been given, and the child was thought to be doing fairly well. On the evening preceding the child's death it had been kept out later than usual for its evening airing in a fruit-garden which had recently been flooded with water for irrigation, and on being put to bed was very fretful, and passed a restless night with much crying and diarrhoea and vomiting of all food given. About midnight the child fell asleep exhausted, and slept undisturbed for some three hours or so, but awoke crying at daylight. The diarrhoea now became very frequent and almost incessant, the motions being watery and colourless ; the napkins were hardly stained, though wetted through and spotted with little lumps of coagulated milk and streaks and shreds of white greasy matter. On first awaking the child took its food eagerly, though much of it was immediately rejected, but presently a change occurred. The child's features became pinched and livid, and the hands and feet cold, whilst in the belly the heat was felt, by the hand applied to the abdomen, to be abnormally great and pungent. I was called in consultation, and saw the child about midday. It was then in a state of profound collapse, with cold blue skin and deathlike lividity of features, and though small quantities of brandy and water were given at short intervals by passing a few drops at a time between the lips, and warm flannels were applied over the body, there was no sign of improvement, and the diarrhoea continuing, in small hot jets of water, the child died an hour or so after my visit. The father mentioned that, on the whole, the child had been cheery as usual, and, despite the diarrhoea and occasional crying, took its food greedily up to the sudden set in of the symptoms of collapse. Case 3. — At Lahore. A fine male infant, aged 4 months ; born of European parents, and brought up entirely by hand; the food at first was cow's milk diluted with water, and latterly this was supplemented by maize flour and Hard's infants' food alternately. The child was thriving remarkably well, being of full weight, plump, and cheerful temper, until about the latter part of the month of March, when, immediately after a change to lighter clothing in consequence of the 8 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. advancing temperature, there took place a considerable change in his health, and for a week or longer there was much derangement of the digestion, and diarrhoea, very similar in character of the motions to that described in the preceding case, became troublesome. The bowels acted four or five times a day, the motions being sometimes loose and greenish or yellowish, and sometimes pale and lumpy. For some days lime water had been mixed with the food, and several doses of medicine, such as castor-oil, grey powder, Gregory's powder, and dill-water, had been administered, and on the whole the child appeared to be doing fairly well, and caused no anxiety to its parents — the father, as in the preceding case, being a medical man. At the beginning of April, on the night preceding its death, the child was put to bed as usual, but during the night was exposed to the cold damp air, owing to a gust of wind in the course of a passing thunderstorm having blown open a window directly above its cot, an accident which was not at the time observed. At first no ill effects were noticed ; the child was bathed and fed and dressed as usual, and taken out for an airing in the garden. During the forenoon the child appeared cheerful and good-tempered as usual, and took its food well ; but, about midday, half an hour or so after waking from a short sleep in his cot, placed in the dining-room, the child suddenly became fretful, and was purged two or three times in rapid succession, the motions being very thin and pale yellow with small white lumpy masses ; at the same time the expression of features became alarmingly altered, and I was hastily summoned. The breathing atthis time, shortly after midday, was hurried and oppressed, and the child wore a bewildered look, but did not cry nor show any sign of pain. The hands and feet were cold to the touch, and the face looked pale and slightly pinched. Some warm wraps were put on and the child was removed to the bedroom, and a few drops of brandy and water given as a stimulant, with a powder of aromatic chalk. There was no vomiting, but the purging continued at short intervals ; the motions being quite watery and soaking through the napkins, on the surface of which were left white shreds and flakes of greasy sour-smelling matter. There was great thirst, and the child drank with avidity everything offered. The coldness of the hands and feet increased, the lividity of the complexion grew more intense and the breathing more rapid and short, and the child quickly passed into a state of collapse. At about 2 p.m. a few drops of chlorodyne were administered in a little water, and this was followed by a free perspiration about the face and neck, together with a temporary check in the purging. An hour or so later the expression of the features was much improved, the hands and feet became warmer, and food was again taken with avidity. This amelioration, however, did not last long ; presently the purging returned, and was almost incessant ; the bodily temperature became greatly increased, and a look of alarm and anxiety possessed the features. The civil surgeon was now hastily summoned, 9 j NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. and at about 5 p.m. administered an enema of nitrate of silver. This immediately checked the diarrhoea for a time, but it soon recurred as severely as before ; the motions being largely mixed with white shreds of curdled mucus. A second enema of the same kind was administered at about 7 p.m., but with no better result. The heat of the body was now pungent, the respiration short and flurried, and there was an expression of distress on the countenance ; but there was no crying, and the child's intelligent looks betokened clearness of the mind. Throughout thirst was incessant, and teaspoonfuls of water were eagerly watched as offered, and drank with avidity up to the very last. At 10 p.m. the heat of the body was extreme and pungent, the breathing very short and flurried, the expression expectantly alarmed, and the purging incessant — the motions passing every few minutes in small jets of very hot water. It was now attempted to give the child a warm bath, but as he appeared to be dying he was quickly taken out, but expired almost immediately afterwards. From midday to the time of the incessant purging preceding death the child had passed sixteen or eighteen motions, but there was no vomiting, and the heat of the body, in the belly chiefly, continued very pronounced for several hours after death. Case 4. — At Sialkot. A Hindu shopkeeper, aged 46 years, about the middle of April set out, in good health, on foot, with three or four companions, to attend a wedding at a village 14 miles distant. During the three days of the marriage festivities there was a good deal of eating and drinking and going about in processions with music, and much exposure to the sun by day and to the dews by night. On the early morning of the third day he awoke from sleep — he slept very lightly clad, in an open courtyard — feeling cold and uncomfortable, and a little later was slightly purged, at the time of morning ablutions. This, however, produced no inconvenience, and he joined the other guests in partaking of some greasy cooked rice remaining over from the preceding night's feast, together with stale pastry and sweetmeats. Towards midday, after some hours of discomfort, he became very ill with vomiting and purging, and after recovering somewhat from this state, he set out to return home, where he arrived towards sunset, having walked all the way. On the road he was purged two or three times of loose yellow motions, passed with a good deal of pain and flatulence ; but after arrival at home, and being shampooed for a while, he felt on the whole much better, and at 10 p.m. went to bed — lying, as usual, on the floor in front of a doorway, with only a light sheet drawn over the body. At daylight he awoke feeling chilled all over and very imcomfortable in the stomach, and immediately on getting up was purged of a copious watery motion, which ran from the body without pain or bad smell, but produced a feeling of nausea and faintness. He drank a good draught of cold water and again lay down ; after two hours or so he got up again, and was immediately purged of another very copious watery motion, and the purging continued throughout the day at intervals 10 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. of two or three hours, the motions being all very watery, and the last two or three almost colourless, very frothy, and with a quantity of white flakes in them. He felt cold, weak, and exhausted, suffered greatly from thirst and a burning heat in the. bowels, and occasionally from cramps in the legs. He had taken very little food during the day — only a few mouthfuls of rice boiled in milk — but had taken several doses of a vegetable astringent sherbet, and had been frequently shampooed and dry-rubbed by his brother and friends. Towards night he felt better ; the purging had ceased for some hours, and he passed urine freely. He went to bed early and slept on the floor as usual, but was awoke soon after midnight by a storm of wind and rain, and forced to shift his position to a more sheltered corner in a small dark back-room. The change, however, did no good ; the purging returned with great violence, and he quickly sank into a state of profound collapse and died about midday. His brother, who was several years younger, and had assiduously attended him throughout since his return horne — for he had not gone to the wedding — was taken ill with a sharp attack of diarrhoea almost immediately afterwards, but was quite well again the next day. None of the women in the house, who also attended the deceased, were in any way affected. Case 5. — A Muhammadan, aged 33 years; a strong healthy man; since the preceding eight months a prisoner in the jail at Peshawur. One day towards the end of June was taken ill very suddenly whilst employed with a gang of eight or ten other prisoners in levelling some waste ground near the jail. He was quite well on going to work in the morning, but about midday was suddenly seized with giddiness and intense sick headache, with a painful feeling of tightness about the heart, whilst a profuse cold SAveat broke out about the head and neck. Almost immediately afterwards he vomited copiously, and brought up the whole of the midday meal he had taken a half hour or so previously ; this meal consisted, as usual, of a handful of parched peas or lentils, and with it he drank freely from a dirty water-course running close by. At the same time also he was purged with some griping pain of a loose bilious and very foetid motion. He was at once taken to hospital, given a dose of castor-oil, and put to bed. During the afternoon he passed two bilious, but very loose motions, and in the evening declared himself quite well. He slept well during the night, but on getting up in the morning felt chilly all over the body and squeamish at stomach, and was presently purged of a very copious, watery, olive green, greasy, and frothy stool of very offensive odour. The motion was passed without pain and seemed to produce a feeling of relief. "When seen by me at about 8 a.m., he expressed himself as feeling all right again, but his features wore a somewhat pinched and anxious look, and there was a dusky tinge in the complexion. The tongue was furred, and the skin rough and dry; the pulse weak and quick. He had passed urine as usual and in free quantity, and, being 11 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. a naturally healthy and strongly-built man, made light of his ailment. A dose of castor-oil was given at once; he was placed under observation, and put upon a rice and milk diet, but no other medicine was ordered ; his bed, however, being on a sleeping bunk at the side of an open iron grating, was moved to a more sheltered position, and out of the way of draughts. During the day he passed two very loose, light-coloured, and scanty stools with much flatulence and slight pain in the bowels, and towards evening felt uneasy with a succession of hot and cold flushes. At bedtime was given a dose of Dover's powder. He slept fairly well during the night, but awoke in the morning feeling unrefreshed, dull and chilly, and a few hours after getting up had a regular fit of ague. Beyond a mouthful or two, he ate no food this morning, but towards midday, after the paroxysm of ague had passed off, he took some rice boiled in milk, and drank rather freely of cold water. There had been no motion from the bowels during the night or the forenoon, but shortly after eating the rice above mentioned he vomited once and was purged two or three times in quick succession ; the stools, being thin and bilious at first, changed in the last to a very watery ash-grey motion, with a frothy scum containing small white flakes of curdy matter. This purging checked the reaction which had set in after the ague fit, and the patient again fell into a cold clammy sweat with all the symptoms of impending collapse. Mustard plaisters were applied to the epigastrium, and hot bricks to the feet, dry rubbing and shampooing being at the same time kept up on the body and limbs. Small doses of quinine were given at intervals of three to four hours, and water acidulated with sulphuric acid was sipped occasionally as a drink to quench thirst. The patient passed two more very copious rice-water stools during this period, and then the system appearing to be relieved, all the symptoms of collapse quickly subsided, and the breathing and pulse resuming their natural states, there followed a speedy restoration to the usual state of health. At bedtime an opiate was given, and next day the patient was well, and appeared as if nothing had happened. Case 6. — A healthy young Muhammadan woman, aged 22 years, married. In the first days of the month of May, carried the usual morning meal to her husband, who was working in the fields about a mile distant from their village, situated in the suburbs of the town of Bhera, on the river Jhelam. The sun was hot, and she -arrived at the spot heated, perspiring, and complaining of a feeling of faintness. She rested under the shade of a large tree at the side of an irrigation stream close b} r , and presently recovered somewhat. She did not eat with her husband, but before starting on her return journey she drank some water from the irrigation stream. Very soon after reaching home she was suddenly seized with giddiness and a severe frontal headache, with most painful oppression at the heart, and a feeling of burning heat in the bowels. Her mother, alarmed at this sudden attack and the ghastly 12 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. features of the patient, at once laid her on a cot and called the neighbours. Before they could do anything beyond rubbing and shampooing the limbs, the patient was seized with a violent and depressing nausea, but vomited very little ; there was immediately after this a very active purging, the stools being passed involuntarily and unconsciously. At first the motions were loose, faecal, dark-coloured, and very foetid, but very quickly changed to light-coloured, watery, and frothy stools, which were passed suddenly and in quick succession for three or four times. With the commencement of this purging there' was an outbreak of profuse perspiration, as if from every pore of the body, and for some moments the patient became insensible, with ghastly lividity of features, and very slow and laboured respiration ; these symptoms appeared to be relieved by the purging, but the patient remained excessively weak and felt cold ; and after a short interval, the purging recommencing, she quickly passed into a state of profound collapse, and died the same evening, about ten hours after the commencement of the attack, marked by the symptoms of ailment in the field. Throughout this case there Avere no cramps, or but very slight ones, and no vomiting after the first slight vomit at the commencement of the purging, but thirst was urgent from the first, and the heat of the bowels intense and distressing, though the rest of the body was cold and clammy. The heat on the belly and inner sides of thighs was observed to be so great for some hours after death that it gave rise to doubts in the minds of her friends as to the patient's real death, so suddenly had it occurred, in the midst of perfect health. Case 7. — Dr. , aged 46 years, European, had for a long time been in bad health, suffering from irregularly recurring attacks of intermittent fever, and a chronic indigestion with a proneness to mucous diarrhoea; but for some weeks previous to this attack of cholera had been in better health than usual. One day, about the middle of April, after a long ride in the sun about the suburbs of Lahore, he returned home about sunset feeling fagged and out of sorts, but ate his dinner and went about his ordinary routine work as usual. After dinner he sat writing at a desk till a late hour, the doors and windows being open. At about midnight he went to bed ; lying on the bed in a light cotton sleeping suit, and without any coverlet, but with the punkah pulled on this night for the first time, owing to the increasing heat of the weather. He slept soundly for a few hours, and then awoke at daylight feeling unrefreshed, thoroughly chilled, and with a sensation of general uneasiness. On getting up he voided the night's urine as usual, and was immediately afterwards purged of a copious, loose, dark olive-green, greasy motion, slimy and foetid, but attended with no pain, and folloAved by a brief feeling of relief and cheerfulness. He then sat in the verandah, clad only in his light sleeping suit, and took a cup of tea and toast as usual. After half an hour, got up to bathe and dress, but on rising from the easy chair felt nauseated and a feeling of chilliness pervaded 13 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. 14 the whole body, and a few minutes later he was purged of a very copious watery stool of a greenish colour, and with an oily scum in which were many little flakes of ash-grey greasy matter, but with little or no bad odour. The motion was passed with much ejective force, but was attended with no pain, and was followed by a remarkable feeling of relief and bouyancy. The patient then dressed as usual, but instead of going out sat writing at his office desk till breakfast time at 10 a.m. Shortly before that meal was again purged, the stool being scanty and of very loose, light yellow, bilious faecal matter, very slimy and frothy, but with little odour ; and it Avas passed with no attendant pain. He ate a light breakfast of dal (lentils) and rice, with some toast and butter and tea ; and afterwards resumed his work in office. Half an hour or so later felt very sick and had a succession of hot and cold flushes, and was again purged of a thin, watery stool, slightly tinged with bile and very frothy. He now took a full dose of chlorodyne, and lay down for a short time. During the next two hours was purged three or four times, the stcols being thin and watery and very frothy. Now feeling cold and faint, the patient took a second dose of chlorodyne, and a few minutes later a tablespoonful of neat brandy. No relief following, and the feeling of nausea increasing, he got up from the sofa, went to his bedroom, and partially undressing, lay down on the bed. Presently, though there was no vomiting, an intense headache and feeling of sickness, with most painful oppression at the heart supervened, and a profuse cold sweat broke over the head and face. These symptoms were quickly followed by a violent accession of purging; two very copious "rice-water" stools, frothy and Avith a scum full of small white flakes, being passed at short intervals with strong expulsive force, but with no pain ; whilst a profuse perspiration streamed from every pore in the body. Both the stools and the sweat emitted the peculiar fishy sickly odour characteristic of the discharges in cholera. At this stage a great and alarming change suddenly came over the patient's features, and the civil surgeon was hastily summoned, but before his arrival collapse had already set in. The eyes were sunk back in their sockets, the features were pinched and ghastly, and the skin was clammy, cold, and wrinkled. The voice was lost in husky whispers, whilst the breath was cold, and the tongue sodden, cold, and blue. The pulse was fluttering and almost imperceptible ; and for a few moments there was a complete loss of consciousness. There were thirst and cramps, but neither was very urgent. There was much restlessness, and sighing groans repeatedly broke forth as if in efforts to fill the lungs with air. There was also some distress from burning heat in the pit of the stomach, during which a jet of hot fluid was distinctly felt to pass as if from the gall bladder into the duodenum. On the arrival of the civil surgeon at about 2 p.m., he at once administered twenty grains of NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. calomel, with -which he came provided, restricted the patient to his bed, and applied a mustard plaister over the abdomen. An hour or so later a marked improvement took place, and all the symptoms of collapse began to subside rapidly. The patient now took some beef-tea and toast, and then slept for nearly half an hour, and on awaking had some sips of iced champagne. After the dose of calomel there was no more purging ; the next stool was passed early the following morning after a good night's sleep, and though not solid was fairly consistent, and of a healthy yellow colour. Throughout the attack there was no actual vomiting, though at first the feeling of nausea was intense and depressing. There was no suppression of urine, and cramps, though troublesome, were by no means severe. The collapse, though complete, did not. endure long and was recovered from with remarkable rapidity, and the reaction proceeding favourably, the patient was able to take nourishment in small quantities at frequent intervals, and the next day was restored to his previous state without any ill results beyond the debility produced by the severity of the attack. Case 8. — A sickly -looking young man, aged 26 years ; Eurasian by birth; employed as a clerk in the railway at Delhi. Had been suffering for some past weeks from dyspepsia, with looseness of the bowels, and irregular attacks of fever and ague ; but went about his daily work and avocations as usuil. Towards the end of October, after an evening party with some friends, at which there was a good deal of smoking and drinking, he went home, a short distance off, and slept lightly clad in an open verandah. At daylight he awoke, feeling sick and chilled all over, and on getting up to look for some warmer covering, was seized with giddiness and vomiting, and was immediately afterwards purged sharply two or three times in quick succession ; the stools being thin, fseculent, light-coloured, frothy, and of an acrid sour smell. He drank a little cold water, and lay down again under a blanket for a couple of hours or so, but without getting warm or feeling much better. At about 7 a.m. he got up and dressed, but the exertion brought on a feeling of faintness, followed by a succession of cold and hot flushes. He remained quiet for a while, sometimes lying down and sometimes sitting in a chair, but all the time feeling cold and benumbed all over. He took no food except a cup 'of tea and a bit of bread, and later a glass of brandy and water. Shortly after this he had an unusually hot flush, which soon passed off, and was followed by a cold ague fit which lasted two or three hours. During this time there was much nausea, but no vomiting, and the bowels were only once purged of a rather copious, thin, watery, and coffee-coloured stool, which was free of smell and was passed without pain. The features were pinched and anxious-looking, and the skin cold and rough ; and altogether he felt very ill, with no appetite, but with a nasty sour taste in the mouth, whilst giddiness and headache 15 i 6 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. were brought on by the least exertion. At about 2 p.m. purging set in with some violence ; three or four " rice-water " stools with a frothy scum studded with white flakes on the surface, and emitting the peculiar cholera odour, were passed within an hour. This purging was preceded by a cold sweat over the whole body, and a painful tightness at the heart ; at the same time the breathing became greatly oppressed, and there was much involuntary sighing. The purging was soon followed by great thirst and a burning heat in the bowels, and there were some occasional cramps in the arms and legs, fingers and toes. He had taken two doses of chlorodyne, and two or' three tablespoonfuls of neat brandy at intervals during the day, but up to this time had received no medical treatment. At about 4 p.m. he was seen by an apothecary, and was then found to be in a state of collapse, and very drowsy, but quite sensible, and answering questions properly when roused. Dry rubbings to the body, hot bottles to the feet, and sinapisms to the epigastrium were diligently employed, and a dose of castor-oil was administered. About an hour later symptoms of reaction commenced to appear, and towards nightfall developed into a high fever, with delirium, constant incoherent chattering, and sudden efforts to get out of bed in fright. •o After the castor-oil was taken there was only one motion from the bowels, thin and watery ; no urine was observed to be formed during the day. Towards morning he fell into a heavy drowsy state, and died comatose about 8 a.m. — about twenty-eight hours from the commencement of the attack. The foregoing cases furnish illustrations of the forms of acute cholera occasionally met with in practice during non-epidemic seasons. In epidemic seasons the same sort of cases occur in greater frequency, scattered about among others of much milder character and longer duration, but usually they appear clustered together in restricted localities within circumscribed areas or regions of greater or less superficial extent. But still with this difference that, in epidemic seasons, for one case of the disease presenting itself in the severe form of the symptoms described in the above-quoted cases, there are scores of others in which the disease presents itself in every variety of milder symptoms — from the form of mere malaise to that of acute bilious diarrhoea, verging upon the copious watery stools and severer symptoms producing collapse. During seasons of epidemic cholera, the cases of mere malaise — indicating the actual invasion of the disease — greatly outnumber all other forms of the attack ; and they advance no further than this initial stage, apparently for the simple reason that in the majority of instances of those affected by the cholera influence, the body is capable, under favourable conditions or circumstances of health, and of ordinary care and self - management, of overcoming the malific NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. influences affecting it, and of righting the derangement produced by them at its very commencement through the natural efforts of the functional organs concerned. The truth of this explanation is confirmed by the fact that individuals suffering from the malaise stage of cholera during seasons of the epidemic prevalence of that disease, after recovering from one or more such mild attacks, not unfrequently later on succumb to severer forms of the malady, owing generally to avoidable or unavoidable neglect or carelessness in protecting the body against the prevailing influences of the epidemic season ; as often occurs in the case of travellers, pilgrims, troops on the march or in the field, and the poorer classes generally, who are subject to all sorts of exposures, privations, and hardships in the course of their various pursuits and avocations ; and even in the case of the European troops and Native prisoners, who are housed in barracks and jails of faulty construction in respect to ventilation and protection from the action of weather influences. As regards these last two classes, it has been clearly shown by statistics of twenty consecutive years, published in my " History of Cholera in India from 1862 to 1881," that the death-rate from cholera amongst them — amongst these two very different classes, whose conditions of life are totally different except in the one matter of their housing, under fixed rules of discipline, in Government buildings erected on a standard plan — is always very nearly the same, and is habitually, both in epidemic and non-epidemic years, very greatly and remarkably in excess of that amongst the Native troops and the general civil population, whether Native or European, who house themselves according to their own notions of comfort and protection from weather influences. Though the vast majority of those who are affected by the influences prevailing during a season of epidemic cholera do not suffer more than the inconvenience attending the initial or malaise stage of the disease — owing to the body in such cases righting itself by its own natural efforts, under the aid of favouring circumstances, before severer symptoms have time to develop — still a considerable proportion of those thus affected do suffer more or less seriously, without, however, developing the severest symptoms of the disease before the body rights itself of the derangement in its functional processes produced by the operation of the prevailing epidemic influence. In these cases the symptoms present every variety of form, from a mere sudden attack of simple diarrhoea — bilious diarrhoea — attended with little or no constitutional disturbance, and usually followed by a remarkable sense of relief and freshness of spirits, to a severe form of acute diarrhoea — still mostly bilious — but attended with more or less constitutional disturbance, marked by more or less nervous depression, and not unfrequently by the symptoms characteristic of an ague fit ; till these in turn pass away after a few hours' duration more or less, and the patient then quickly recovers his previous state, and generally with a : B 17 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. feeling of renewed health. Many of the latter class of cases, however, pass on to the still severer form of the disease, in which all the symptoms are greatly aggravated and proceed with a greater or less rapidity to the stage of collapse. In some few instances the first stages of the invasion of cholera are passed very rapidly and unobserved, and, the severer symptoms, setting in suddenly and violently, advance with appalling rapidity to the extremest degree compatible with life, or at once terminate in death. The cases of cholera, however, which proceed to the stage of collapse, are always, in all epidemic visitations of the disease, comparatively few in proportion to the number of persons affected by the influences producing the disease and actually manifesting signs of its invasion ; and generally they occur in greater frequency amongst the poorest classes of the population, whose conditions of life and general sanitary surroundings are always more or less inimical to the habitual preservation of a state of sound health, whilst they more than others are exposed to weather inclemencies. And though the disease strikes terror when it prevails in violent epidemic prevalence, owing to the suddenness of its onset, the awful rapidity of its course, and the frequently fatal issue, it is nevertheless by no means so common and widespread a cause of death among populations as many other diseases, such as epidemics of smallpox, pulmonary catarrh, measles, typhus fever, or even bowel complaints, unless, indeed, this last be considered a mere form of cholera. Like ordinary bowel complaint, or common bilious diarrhoea, or even the summer diarrhoea of England (British cholera, as it is sometimes called), acute cholera, when it occurs in sporadic form, that is, in scattered and isolated cases out of epidemic season, whether in India or in England, shows no signs of communicability by contagion, or, of spreading amongst the population by means of human traffic and intercommunication. It is only in seasons of the epidemic prevalence of cholera, when the disease manifests its presence in different localities of different areas within limited periods, and amidst populations in more or less constant intercommunication, irrespective of such limited periods, that it can be said to be contagious. This is owing to the evidence at such times producible of its apparently direct communication from one individual to another, or of its supposed transportation from one locality to another (sometimes very distantly separated) by human traffic during the period of the epidemic prevalence. But such evidence is producible only at the very commencement of the limited period of the duration of an epidemic of cholera, and is not producible after the epidemic is established ; nor is it producible at all in instances of the sporadic appearance of the ¦disease. It is preferable therefore to consider cholera as infectious rather than as contagious, that is, of infecting certain areas or regions of country of greater or less extent, and manifesting activity in certain circumscribed localities within such areas, as the result of climatic 18 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. or weather influences, combined with peculiarities of local conditions ; and as affecting a greater or less number of the population of an infected area in the localities in which the disease manifests its presence according to the circumstances of their general health standard, as this is affected by the sanitary and other life conditions of the people at the time of or immediately preceding the appearance of the epidemic amongst them. The recorded statistics of the appearance and course of cholera in successive epidemics of the disease in different parts of India during a continuous and unbroken period of twenty years show conclusively that cholera does not spread from one part of the country to another along the principal lines of human traffic, or in accordance with the frequency or rapidity of human intercommunication. On the contrary, they show very distinctly that the course and progress of cholera epidemics, whilst entirely independent of such means of propagation, are wholly dependent on climatic or weather influences, aided by the actually existing condition of the general health standard of the population, as this is affected by famine, or high prices, or other accidental causes of distress amongst the people. In India there is no instance known of a general epidemic of cholera occurring out of the natural seasons for the appearance of the disease ; though, in exceptional instances of famine and abnormal seasonal phenomena of weather, such epidemics are sometimes prolonged beyond the ordinary duration of prevalence. Epidemics of cholera prevailing in Bengal at the seasons of their regular occurrence do not appear in the Punjab and Northern India generally until months later, sometimes not till the following year, when they appear with the advancing seasonal influences, although railway communication between these provinces is continuous day and night. Nor is any instance known of an epidemic of cholera commencing in the Punjab being carried down or spreading down through the intermediate provinces to Bengal or Southern India — that is, against the current of the weather influences producing the disease. 19 PART 11. ON THE CAUSES OF CHOLERA. The nature and symptoms of cholera having been described in the preceding accounts of the sporadic and epidemic appearance of the disease, we proceed now to discuss the causes of the malady and the various symptoms manifested in its course. In Section XII. of " The History of Cholera in India from 1862 to 1881," before referred to, I have pointed out that an extended and general experience of the deportment of cholera in India, supported by the evidence afforded by the recorded statistics of monthly mortality from that disease in the several provinces of British India during a consecutive series of twenty years, is corroborative of the fact that cholera in India is a disease, which, in point of epidemic prevalence, is very intimately related to and dependent upon the climatic and seasoned influences of the country. And, further, that the effects of these climatic and seasonal influences, as manifested by the prevalence and fatality of the disease, are in a very remarkable manner modified and controlled by collateral circumstances, such as conditions of locality affecting the soil, the weather, and the life circumstances of the people. The collateral circumstances, I pointed out, which experience has proved to be favourable to the continued prevalence of a naturally developed seasonal epidemic of cholera, are — (1.) Certain conditions of climate or weather, characterised in the main by an abnormal excess of atmospheric temperature and humidity, coupled with some ill understood, but nevertheless very plainly perceived, changes in the electric condition of the air and the amount of its present ozone. (2.) Certain conditions of the soil, favouring sudden and unduly active evaporation of moisture from its surface — as in normally water-logged or submerged areas, when the excess of water is drained off, and the soil begins to dry ; and as in normally arid areas, when rainfall moistens the parched surface, and as, in both cases, when seasons of unusual drought are followed by copious rainfall, or are attended by periods of humidity of the atmosphere without rainfall, but with unusually high temperature. (3.) Certain conditions of the life circumstances of the people, characterised mainly by an abnormal decline in the general health standard, produced either by deficiency of food supply, or by an unusual exposure to fatigues, privations, and vicissitudes of weather — as in the case of NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. troops on the march or in the field, or of masses of the population on pilgrimage, &c. — which last by accident may happen to be coincident with the ordinary seasonal activity of the disease, or which may be prolonged into the succeeding season of its natural abatement or quiescence. Further on (page 781) it is pointed out that, so far as has been recorded, the evidence regarding the nature of the weather which has been observed to prevail at the times and places of epidemic cholera prevalence is generally corroborative of the existince at such times and places of certain salient characteristics of climate, which may be defined in the abstract as possessing the following principal features: — (1) an unusually high day temperature ; (2) an excess of the normal humidity of the atmosphere ; (3) a more or less complete stagnation in the movement of the air; (4) a general state of the weather, variously described as "muggy," "oppressive," "depressing," "sultry," "enervating," &c, and commonly supposed to be the result of absence of ozone or of electricity from the air; and, the most important of all, (5) a more or less unusually great range in the diurnal temperature — that is, between the temperature of the air in the day-time and of that in the night-time ; together with suddenly occurring more or less great falls in the temperature. The intensity and degree of persistence of these characteristic phenomena of "cholera weather" vary very remarkably in different parts of India. Yet they are everywhere present where cholera prevails in epidemic form, although they are affected largely by the operation of special conditions of locality and climate, as well as of geographical position. These special conditions I have briefly indicated on page 782 of the work previously mentioned, and have pointed out that the statistics of mortality from cholera, taken together with the statistics of the registered rainfall, prove — (1.) That in the areas of country possessing an habitually moist soil and hot humid atmosphere, the periods of cholera activity are the natural periods of most active evaporation, and consequently of greatest and most sudden changes of day and night temperature, combined with alternately heated and chilled vapour in the air ; and these phenomena as the results of the subsidence of the periodical river inundations and drying up of the monsoon-flooded land. (2.) That in the areas of country possessing an habitually dry soil and arid atmosphere the periods of cholera activity are also the natural periods of most active evaporation, and consequently of greatest and most sudden changes of day and night temperature, combined with alternately heated and chilled vapour in the air ; and these phenomena as the results of a rapid drying up upon a thirsty soil, suffering from drought, of periodical discharges of rain and flood waters in more or less greatly excessive quantity over the average monthly rainfall of these areas, immediately as that rainfall or flooding occurs. 21 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The difference, as I have stated in the place above mentioned, is merely a comparative one, and in point of fact the distinction is one without much real difference. In both cases the characteristic features of climate attending the respective seasons, and present in the respective areas of cholera prevalence, are heat and humidity of the atmosphere, combined with an active evaporation from a more or less moist soil, and an excessive range of day and night temperature, with consequent alternations of hot and cold vapours. In other words, the ultimate product of these meteorological changes is, in both cases, chill. In short, the statistics of cholera prevalence and of rainfall in all parts of India show very clearly that in whatever place, or circumscribed area, cholera breaks out, the manifestations of its activity are accompanied by the same sort of plainly perceptible weather phenomena as are habitually observed to be coincident with the prevalence of the disease in epidemic form over extensive regions or provincial areas affected by it :— namely, abnormal activity of evaporation of moisture from the soil, as the result of unseasonable changes of weather, such as excess of rainfalls, following upon a period of drought, producing a local excess of humidity in the air and soil, with, concurrently, an excess over the normal temperature, and an unusual stagnation of the local atmosphere. These characteristic elements of weather are more or less invariable accompaniments of cholera activity ; but they are not on all occasions or in all localities of cholera manifestation equally pronounced. As, for instance, when cholera breaks out in localities notorious for their general and habitual aridity of soil and air ; though even in such localities the habitual condition of soil and air, in the seasons of cholera prevalence, is altered to a condition of comparative humidity, either by direct local rainfall, or by the effects of rainfall in the vicinity upon both the soil and air of such localities. As a general rule, however, cholera is observed to occur very much more frequently in relatively low-lying damp situations than in those which are elevated and dry. But the result of experience is that the disease may occur in any sort of locality under the prevalence of certain conditions of weather or of atmospheric influences, whether on land or at sea. The nature of these atmospheric influences, and they are plainly perceptible to the senses, unaided by artificial or scientific means, has been described in preceding passages ; but it is very probable that there are other elements of weather connected with or acting in combination with them, and which are not so plainly perceptible to the unaided senses, such as the electric condition of the air and the amount of its ozone, &c. But whatever may be the part played by weather influences in developing the activity of cholera, there is no doubt that these influences alone — though they undoubtedly are the prime and most important of such factors — are not the only factors in operation for the production of cholera, as is evident from the very large number who pass through 22 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. an epidemic season altogether unaffected by the disease. All experience proves that in every visitation of epidemic cholera, the disease prevails with incomparably the greatest frequency amongst the poorer classes of the population ; amongst the ill-clad, poorly fed, badly-housed and hard-worked portion of the community, whose daily pursuits and avocations necessitate greater exposure to weather influences under unfavourable conditions of bodily fortification, and whose generally faulty sanitary surroundings and irregular habits of life are adverse to their maintenance of a high, or even moderate, standard of sound health under even the ordinary circumstances of their lot. In fact, apart from the effects of weather influences in the production of epidemic cholera, it is the actual health-condition of the individual which determines proneness of susceptibility or otherwise to the assaults of the disease. In other words, certain well ascertained general conditions of weather may be considered as the exciting causes of epidemic cholera prevalence, and certain well ascertained general conditions of individual health may be considered as the predisposing causes of an attack of the disease. It has been stated in a previous passage that, amongst the most characteristic features observable in the meteorological phenomena prevailing during the period of a cholera epidemic, are the abnormally high temperature and excess in the humidity of the air, together with a more or less remarkable stagnation of the atmosphere, and great and sudden changes in the daily range of temperature. "Whilst as regards the nature of the soil, with all the varieties of physical condition in which it is found in the different provinces of India, I have already explained — and more in detail in the work before mentioned — that the effects of seasonal influences, as determined by the nature of the rainfall, is everywhere reducible to a common standard of results ; the ultimate product of the effects of the seasonal meteorological phenomena during the prevalence of epidemic cholera being in all of them a more or less abnormally active evaporation of moisture from the soil, with consequent hot and cold vapours, or, in other words, the abnormally frequent production of chills. The seasonal occurrence of these results of weather-influences in constant regularity, coincidently with periodically recurring visitations of epidemic cholera prevalence, is an established fact, as is proved by the statistics of cholera mortality and the rainfall in all the different provinces of British India ; and this fact points to the connection between the two as one of cause and effect : chill — in a comparative sense, during periods of abnormally high temperature and excess of humidity in the air, with more or less general stagnation of the atmosphere, and abnormally active evaporation from the surface of the soil — being the cause, and cholera — in its varied degrees of epidemic severity, according to the intensity of the seasonal weather-influences, and according to the existing health standard, as that is affected by accidental causes of privation, exposure, or distress amongst the people — being the effect. 23 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. In regard to the production of chill as a result of the operation of meteorological agencies at all times and in all parts of India, I have explained, in " The History of Cholera in India " before mentioned (on pp. 792-794 of that work), that the difference between the climatic phenomena of the monsoon and the non-monsoon seasons — the periods respectively of epidemic cholera prevalence and of sporadic cholera occurrence — is reducible to one of comparative degree only. The intensity, violence, and wide diffusion of the regular monsoon phenomena being proportionate to the magnitude of the areas affected, and to the seasonal power of the sun's action — especially in periods of drought preceding or following the usual seasonal rainfalls ; whilst the opposite characters of the non-monsoon phenomena are commensurate with the limited extent of the areas acted upon by rainfall, and with the diminished power of the sun's action in those seasons — especially in periods of abnormally high temperature accompanied by irregular rainfalls. In both cases the ultimate results are always the same, namely, the production of an abnormally active evaporation from the soil. These phenomena of climate — of local climate especially — are infinitely varied and modified by surrounding circumstances, but the main result is the production of chill, whether perceived or not, whether accompanied by noxious exhalations from decomposing organic matters or not. The effects of chill depend very much upon the character of the chill in respect to its relation to the temperature and electric condition of the air, and in respect to its combination with gaseous and vapoury products of the decomposition of organic matters in the soil ; and also very much upon the actual health state of the individual exposed to its influence. In almost all cases of sporadic cholera, as also in the first cases occurring in local epidemic outbreaks of the disease, in which the history has been carefully investigated, it is found that the attack of cholera has been either directly connected with exposure to chill, or to weather calculated to produce chill. But also, almost always, with the existence at the same time of some other cause or causes tending to predispose the sufferer to the full effects of the chill ; such as ill-health from intermittent fever, or dyspepsia, or deranged digestion with tendency to looseness or irritability of the bowels, or other accidents, such as exhaustion from fatiguing labour, fasting, want of sleep, debauchery, or derangement of stomach from over-feeding, bad food, &c. &c. This is well illustrated by the few cases of typical cholera met with in epidemic seasons which are hereunder subjoined. That chill — by which term I mean to express a sudden transition from a higher to a lower temperature of the air, Avhen in a state of more than its usual humidity, in conjunction with stagnation or absence of wind — is the exciting cause of cholera, both in instances of its sporadic occurrence and of its epidemic prevalence, seems to be borne out by the first symptoms of the commencement or invasion of the disease indicating 24 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. an arrest or impediment in the functions of the skin and lungs — the parts of the body most exposed to the direct action of the air — apparently in consequence of a constriction, of greater or less duration and degree, of their minute capillary blood-vessels. In epidemic seasons, it is the exposure to such influences of the air, prolonged over an unusually protracted period, that produces a greater effect upon the human body, and finally overcomes its powers of resistance — and usually under accidental circumstances which at the time place the body in an unfavourable state of health, as has been described in previous passages. Case 10. — Mr. , a civil engineer, aged about 28 years; arrived at Murree Hill Sanatorium towards the end of August 1 881, in a very weakly state from the effects of an attack of continued fever at Lahore. On first arrival he occupied a house on the east side of the hill above the Kashmir road, but next day moved to another house on the opposite slope of the hill. The change of air from the plains appeared to improve his condition, and on the third day after his arrival at Murree, he sat for some hours in an easy-chair placed in the open verandah. He was lightly clad, and exposed to the cold and damp of the prevailing weather, driving mists and frequent showers being of daily occurrence on the hill at this time. Whilst in the verandah he ate some lunch and drank some brandy and soda water. Shortly after this he felt very sick and thoroughly chilled, and moved into the house, and was immediately purged. The civil surgeon was hastily summoned, but the purging, and vomiting later on, continued with violence ; towards nightfall symptoms of collapse supervened, and he died early the next morning. Case i r. — Mrs. , aged about 24 years, the wife of an officer in the Military Convalescent Depfit at Murree. She was making a slow recovery from her accouchement, when, for the first time since that event, which occurred twelve days previously, she was moved out of her room on to a sofa placed in the open verandah, built up against the side of a drainage gully passing close to the house. Here she was exposed for several hours, very lightly clad, to the cold damp air of the place, and to the driving mists and chills of frequently falling showers. Whilst in the verandah she ate some cold tinned bacon served at luncheon, and shortly after felt very sick and faint. The nurse in attendance gave her a small wine-glass of neat brandy ; but this was quickly rejected by the stomach, and followed by a very copious, loose, watery, dark-coloured bilious stool of very foul odour, which was passed involuntarily or unconsciously as she lay on the sofa. She was at once removed back to bed and given another dose of brandy. This also was immediately thrown up, and presently both vomiting and purging became severe and frequent. At about 6 p.m. she passed into a state of profound collapse, and died shortly after midnight. The house occupied by this patient was situated below the Kashmir road, and only a short distance lower down the hill slope than that 25 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. first occupied by the preceding case No. 10. Both these patients were taken ill about the same time, under very similar circumstances of exposure to weather and of enfeebled personal health, and in both death occurred within twelve hours of the commencement of choleraic symptoms. These two cases were at the time supposed to have been the first cases of cholera in Murree in that year ; but inquiry elicited the fact of four or five other cases of cholera having occurred amongst the native population in the station during the preceding week or ten days. The two cases above recorded are not known to have been followed by any others of the same disease in Murree itself during the rest of that season, though a few days later a violent outbreak of cholera occurred in the European Soldiers' Family Camp on a hill six miles distant; other outbreaks followed a few days later again in different localities of the adjoining districts, whilst for several weeks previously cholera had been epidemic in Kashmir. Case 12. — At Murree, during the outbreak of epidemic cholera in July and August 1876. A Kashmiri coolie, aged about 30 years, was found by the police lying on the roadside almost insensible from the effects of violent vomiting and purging, and was carried to the cholera hospital. On admittance vomiting and purging had ceased, but he was in a state of profound collapse and apparently moribund. Under the influence of shampooing and hot bricks to the calves and soles, he gradually revived and was able to take a small quantity of milk and rice-gruel as nourishment. There was no return of vomiting or purging, but about four hours after admission, and shortly after partaking of the food above mentioned, he passed a milk-white gelatinous stool, which coagulated like blancmange and adhered to the vessel when inverted. Late in the evening he passed another similar stool, and next morning a loose, bilious faecal motion, with a free discharge of urine. On the third day he left hospital, apparently quite recovered. For several days prior to this attack of cholera he had been wandering about the station, homeless, in search of odd jobs about the roads, and had been much exposed to the weather by day and by night, poorly fed, hardly clad at all, and for two days previous to the sudden onset of vomiting and purging ending in collapse, had suffered from belly-ache and diarrhoea. During this outbreak of cholera at Murree, a large number of Kashmiri labourers in the station were attacked by the disease, but only in two other cases was it reported that patients had passed similar gelatinous stools in the stage of reaction after collapse. Case 13. — At Ludhiana. A Muhammadan woman, aged 30 years, and nursing an infant aged six months ; wife of a weaver. Had for several weeks been in distressed circumstances owing to her husband being out of work, and for some five or six days prior to this attack of cholera, early in June 1879 — a season of severe epidemic cholera in the Punjab generally — had suffered much from fever and ague, with more or less diarrhoea. On the day preceding the attack of cholera had, with a large crowd of men, women, and children, attended the funeral of a 26 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. neighbour deceased of that disease, and had partaken rather largely of the food distributed on that occasion, and consisting mainly of a greasy pilao of rice and goat's flesh cooked together with spices. At night slept in an open shed on one side the court of their house with her infant at her side ; nursed the child — a fine healthy boy — as usual, at intervals of a few hours, and awoke in the morning feeling sick and chilled. Got up and went about her usual domestic duties, but was soon overpowered by a distressing oppression at the heart, quickly followed by vomiting and purging and a profuse perspiration about the face and neck. She lay down on the cot to rest awhile, and drank some cold water, but could not eat any food except a few mouthfuls of bread and curds. Presently the purging returned and continued violently and frequently for several hours, attended with urgent thirst and cramps, but no vomiting. About midday she sank into collapse and died the same evening, about twelve hours after the commencement of the attack. Throughout this attack she kept her infant in her arms, and even during the collapse, and almost up to the time of death, the infant took nourishment from the dying mother's breast. During this epidemic of cholera several other instances of a similar kind were reported from different districts, in which infants sucked the breasts of their mothers prostrated in collapse ; in some of these cases the mothers recovered, but in no instance was it reported that any ill effects ensued to the infants. Case 14. — At Kurnal, in May 1879. A man aged 28 years, of the tanner caste. Was in apparently good health when, suddenly one evening towards the end of May, he was seized with a severe sick headache, followed by giddiness and a momentary dimness of sight. He lay down on the floor for a while, but feeling chilled and nauseated he got up and sat at the door of his hut. A cold sweat and feeling of tightness in the chest now came over him, and he immediately vomited freely and was purged. The purging continued during the night, and soon produced an intense collapse, in which state he died towards daylight, in less than twelve hours from the commencement of the attack. During the early part of the preceding day he had been working for several hours in the sun, and during the afternoon sat for some time resting near a large pool of stagnant sewage in conversation with some comrades, but made no mention of any feeling of illness. Several other cases of cholera had occurred in his quarter of the town during the preceding few days, and the disease was epidemic in the neighbouring districts to the north at the time. Cases similar to this are not uncommon in seasons of epidemic cholera. It is not necessary here to quote more examples illustrating the part played by chill in producing an attack of cholera during periods of the prevalence of the epidemic influence, numerous other cases being recorded in the pages of "The History of Cholera in India," before referred to. In the preceding chapter on the Nature of Cholera I have shown that the disease, during seasons of its epidemic prevalence, as a rule, commences 27 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. with very mild symptoms, distinguished as the stage of malaise or mere indisposition, marking the actual invasion of the disease ; and indicating by the concomitant symptoms of functional derangement that the normal offices performed by the skin and lungs are more or less impeded or thrown out of their natural course. These symptoms, in the vast majority of cases, are usually got over, without much inconvenience or constitutional disturbance, by the natural efforts of the body, in the course of a few hours under ordinary care, diet, and self-management. They may last for two or three days in weaker subjects — in fact in this stage an attack of cholera resembles a slight cold or mild attack of influenza, or, more closely, the commencing symptoms or premonitory stage of an ague-fit or paroxysm of intermittent fever—both of which affections are held to be the results of exposure to vicissitudes of weather, quite irrespective of any connection with cholera. In the case of influenza, or catarrh of the respiratory mucous membranes, owing to the anatomical structure of the parts concerned — their being encased in unyielding bony or cartilaginous surroundings, such as the nostrils and their appendages, the fauces, the bronchial tubes — the first effects of the malific weather influences produce an amount of pain or inconvenience which is at once perceived by the patient. Whereas in case of cholera, or catarrh of the alimentary mucous membranes, owing to the anatomical arrangement of the parts concerned — their being disposed in a wide, loose, and everywhere-yielding envelopment, such as the stomach and intestines, &c. — the first effects of the disorder produced by the functional derangement of the great excreting abdominal viscera in consequence of the action of the epidemic influence, cause little or no pain or other inconvenience, and are at first hardly perceived by the patient. Similarly in the case of ague or intermittent fever, the first effects of malarious chill upon the skin and lungs are hardly ever perceived by the patient at the time of their production, though subsequently pains and aches across the loins and under the lower ribs indicate congestion of the kidneys, liver, and spleen — as the case may be — in consequence of the determination of blood from the surface upon the inward parts. And, as a rule, it is only after prolonged or repeatedly recurring exposure to the action of such morbific influences that the functions of the skin and lungs become so deranged as to upset the normal balance in the harmonious operation of the great excretory processes, and thus make themselves felt by the patient. Though I have here classed cholera with influenza and intermittent fever, as being all three homologous diseases owing their origin to the effect of morbific weather influences, acting differently in each separate case by a derangement, in the first instance, of the great excretory functions of the body through impairment or obstruction to the proper discharge of the normal services of the skin and lungs, there is no doubt that of the three diseases, when prevailing in epidemic intensity, cholera — though it is by 28 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. no means the most deadly, nor the most destructive to health in the long run — is by far the most alarming and dreadful on account of the suddenness and fatality of its attacks, in many cases occurring together within very circumscribed areas of place and very limited periods of time. In these cases, the suddenness of the supervention of severe symptoms and the very rapid course to a fatal termination, is easily explained by the vast surface of the intestinal mucous membrane affected, and the great size and importance of the excretory organs implicated in the course of the disease. In the work before mentioned (" History of Cholera in India") I have expressed the opinion (p. 797) that cholera is simply a catarrh or influenza of the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal precisely homologous to the influenza or catarrh of the mucous membrane of the respiratory passages ; and as an illustration of the general characteristics of the disease in respect to origin and diffusion have referred to the quotation of an extract from Copland's Dictionary under the head of Influenza, which applies exactly, mutatis mutandis, to cholera, as I understand the disease. But cholera, as met with in India — and this is a fact admitted by all the best authorities on the disease — presents itself in three different forms or stages of development, each of which may, and as a matter of fact often does, prevail independently of the other more advanced stages or stage, especially during the prevalence of the disease in epidemic seasons — though sometimes the earlier and milder stages are of so short duration and attended with so little inconvenience that they are passed unnoticed ; and hence arises the notion entertained by many that an attack of cholera in the severest form of the disease frequently occurs without necessarily passing through the initial and premonitory stages of malaise and bilious diarrhoea. The three forms or stages of cholera above referred to — as I have stated in " The History of Cholera in India from 1862 to 1881 " (p. 801) — are these, and they are habitually met with in every season of the epidemic prevalence of the disease. First Stage. — That of malaise or general discomfort of body, without any markedly great or serious constitutional disturbance, consequent upon more or less trivial and transitory (under favourable circumstances) derangement of the normal balance between the functions of the great eliminating organs of the body — namely, the skin and lungs externally, and the liver and alimentary system internally — and attended by a more or less marked depression of spirits and nervous energy generally, until the temporary derangement is rectified by the vicarious action of the organs unaffected by the influence producing the original derangement ; or, in the event of their failure, followed by fever, more or less severe, and the development of the next stage. Second Stage. — That of catarrhal diarrhoea, or, as it is termed in seasons of epidemic cholera prevalence, premonitory diarrhoea, either bilious or mucous, indicating the efforts of the liver and digestive canal 29 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. to readjust the disturbed balance of functions originating in derangement of the action of the skin and lungs, by which, as one consequence, an excess of water is thrown upon the blood. These efforts are aided also by the kidneys, 'and usually the alvine discharges are passed without pain or much constitutional disturbance. But if these vicarious efforts fail, then the ailment is attended, among other signs of functional disturbance, by a more or less marked febrile activity and the occurrence of severer symptoms ushering in the next stage of the disease. Third Stage. — That of colliquative diarrhoea, either serous or hemorrhagic, which is often accompanied by vomiting and sweating, and tends rapidly to collapse — the suppression of urine occurring as the result of the excessive drain of fluids from the blood. In some epidemic forms of the disease either the vomiting or the sweating assumes the colliquative character instead of the diarrhoea ; and occasionally, in the more malignant forms of the attack/all three may be colliquative together, the result being a profound collapse and speedy death. Or, on the other hand, as occasionally occurs, all three of these symptoms may be conspicuously absent, and death results very speedily from shock, produced by sudden and unremedied arrest in the functional action of the skin and lungs, the blood accumulating, surcharged with water and salts, in the abdominal venous system. These are the three typical forms or stages in which the cholera disease is met with in India, and more especially in seasons of its epidemic prevalence. But between them are numerous gradations of symptoms, linking one form with another, and varying in each case with the infinite diversity of surrounding circumstances and individual idiosyncrasy which control and determine the particular course of events. In epidemic manifestations of the disease, among the circumstances controlling or determinating the type or form which it assumes, by far the most active and important is the special character of the epidemic season itself. And next to that comes the general health standard of the people, as this is affected by the food supply, and the conditions of life in respect to shelter, clothing, and sanitary surroundings. And to these may be added the personal conduct and self-management of the individual. I have repeated the above remarks here, because the description of the chief features characterising the several stages of cholera — in brief and general terms though it be — will assist in our understanding the causes which produce the first symptoms of the disease, and enable us to ascertain and determine to what extent these first symptoms are due to the operation of morbific weather influences ; and, also, how the later stages are produced by the effects of the derangement in the functional processes thus brought about, almost invariably under circumstances unfavourable to recovery through the natural efforts of the body itself. In the first stage of cholera, as above described, the symptoms indicate a state of mere indisposition or malaise of the body — marking the actual 30 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. invasion of the disease — caused by the operation of the cholera-producing influence, whatever that may be; though it is clearly connected Avith the state of the meteorological conditions existing at the time. The most prominent of the symptoms of this malaise stage are :—: — (1.) An alteration in the character of the respiration, not always directly noticeable by the patient ; but, nevertheless, clearly marked by a more or less distinct irregularity and want of freedom, in the breathing, accompanied by yawning and sighing, as if in unconscious efforts to fill the lungs with air. (2.) An alteration in the normal functions of the skin, indicated by an unnatural state of dryness or roughness (though sometimes by a sticky, clammy feeling), and by a distinct sensation of chilliness of the surface generally. ISTot unfrequently the chilliness spreads down the back and across the loins, and there are repeated horripilations, or transient occurrences of ''goose-skin," or successive slight and ill-defined alternations of hot and cold flushes. These symptoms indicate a check or arrest, more or less pronounced, in the exhalant functions of the lungs and skin — of the mucous surface of the one and of the integumentary surface of the other — as the result of the action of chill in the atmosphere. This check to the natural performance of the proper functions of these extensive exhalant surfaces leads to an undue accumulation of water in the blood from the defective action of both surfaces ; and to some extent also of salts from the faulty action of the skin, and of carbonic acid from the impeded action of the lungs. And this alteration in the condition of the blood produces a feeling of discomfort in the body generally ; though, owing to the slight amount of the alteration at this stage of the commencing malady, the symptoms marking this bodily discomfort or indisposition are not, as a rule, very prominent or disturbing. When well defined, these symptoms generally consist of a feeling of languor or lassitude, unevenness of temper with fretfulness or anxiety, loss of or capricious appetite, restlessness of mind with slight headache or tendency to giddiness. Sometimes there is a feeling of drowsiness ; sometimes the reverse — the patient being wakeful, and the thoughts incessantly active and wandering. In addition to these there is often an uneasy feeling about the bowels with much flatulence and desire to go to stool, though often without the actual passage of any motion. This state of malaise may last only a few hours, or it may be prolonged over two or three days, before relief is obtained by the natural efforts of the body, or by the effects of regimen, diet, or medical treatment, as the case may be. Generally, under ordinary care and selfmanagement, the body rights itself after a few hours by the occurrence, naturally, of a reaction in the skin and lungs ; or the advent of this reaction is naturally brought about through the vicarious action of the liver and kidneys, and the glands of the intestinal mucous membrane 31 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. relieving the blood of its abnormal constituents by a more active discharge of their special secretions. There is then a freer flow of bile and mucous matters into the alimentary canal, with one or more loose or soft motions from the bowels, or a discharge of acrid watery matters from the stomach by vomiting; and a freer discharge of urine, of a higher colour and containing more salts than ordinary. The blood being thus relieved, and the skin and lungs recovering their natural functions, the patient is soon restored to his previous state, and usually with a feeling of renewed health and freshness. Medical aid is rarely sought or used in this stage of cholera; and when it is, the object of the physician is to aid the natural efforts of the body towards resolution by careful regimen and diet, and perhaps, when necessary, by the administration of mild remedies to act on the bowels and liver, or the skin and kidneys, according to the circumstances in each particular case. In the vast majority of cases manifesting the symptoms of this stage of cholera — and during seasons of epidemic cholera prevalence they are of very common and general occurrence amongst the population inhabiting any given area visited by that epidemic influence — the patients recover rapidly, under ordinary care and self-management, through the action of the unaided efforts of the body ; and by the observance of careful precautions may suffer no farther inconvenience from the assaults of the disease, though continuously residing in the same locality of the epidemic visitation. But very often, and especially in the case of individuals at the time suffering from some forms of ill-health — such as dyspepsia, diarrhoea, gastralgia, the cachexia of intermittent fever, &c. — this initial or malaise stage of cholera is not so easily got over; and the patient, more or less rapidly, according to the varying circumstances of each case — such as exposure to weather, fatigue, fasting, bad food, &c. — passes into the more advanced or second stage of cholera. In the second stage of cholera, usually distinguished by the term " premonitory diarrhoea," the symptoms described in the preceding stage are quickly intensified, and more or less rapidly succeeded by others of a severer type. The check or impediment in the action of the lungs and skin is greater and more distinctly marked, and the alteration in the character of the respiration and in the state of the skin are also now more prominent features in the train of symptoms marking the earlier course of this stage. The breathing is short and oppressed, and disturbed by occasional dry coughs ; there is frequent yawning and sighing, and now and again long breaths to fill the lungs. The skin is cold, dry, and rougli ; or it is clammy and moist but still cold. There is a good deal of bodily discomfort, and sometimes considerable constitutional disturbance, indicating a greater amount of alteration in the condition of the blood than in the preceding stage, though of the same kind — that is, an undue accumulation of water in the blood, and of salts, or of the elements of the salts naturally eliminated by the skin and lungs. The circulation of 32 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. this altered blood, coupled with a congestion of the abdominal venous system, produces symptoms proportioned in severity to the amount of the divergence from the normal condition. There is more or less marked discomfort about the stomach and bowels, with nausea or squeamishness, and occasionally slight vomiting. There is more or less severe headache and giddiness, with anxiety of mind and irritable or fretful temper. There is a feeling of greater or less chilliness, especially in the hands and feet, and there are aches in the back and loins ; sometimes hot and cold flushes succeed each other at short intervals for a while, or '•'goose-skin" creeps over the back, shoulders, and neck; and occasionally a distinct shivering fit occurs. The pulse is generally weak and soft, though full ; and there is a marked loss of energy or tone in the system generally, but there is no fever. There is loss of appetite, or a desire for unwholesome things ; and generally there is thirst, with a craving for cold or stimulating drinks. But these symptoms vary in every degree of severity according to the particular circumstances or idiosyncrasy in each individual case ; and in epidemic seasons they are met with in every form of intensity — from that hardly more severe than the initial malaise to that of acute cholera verging upon collapse. These symptoms may endure for several hours — or, may be, for a day or two, if they are of the mild sort — before nature comes to the rescue. Or they may be quickly followed by violent symptoms, indicating the great and active efforts of nature to restore the system to its normal condition. There is then a more or less sudden and great revulsion produced by the active efforts of the liver and glands of the intestinal mucous membrane, aided also by the kidneys, to rid the blood of the accumulation of abnormal constituents forced upon it by the check to the cxhalant functions of the skin and lungs ; and to relieve the congested state of the abdominal venous system, caused by the impediment produced in the minute capillary circulation of the skin and lungs through the action of chill. Bile, in great quantity and of altered quality, is now rapidly secreted and poured into the alimentary canal, where it acts as a purgative, and stimulates the already active secretion of mucus from the intestinal glands, which are themselves also acting as vicarious agents in remedying the deranged state of the functional system ; whilst the kidneys, too, lend their aid in the general remedial efforts by a free secretion of lightcoloured limpid urine. By the action of the liver and intestinal glands a more or less active catarrh of the bowels — themselves already prone to such a condition by the effects of the epidemic influence, and in sympathy with the outer integument — is produced, and an active diarrhoea sets in. In this stage of the disease this diarrhoea is always characterised as being of a distinctly bilious and fseculent nature. This diarrhoea is nature's remedy for the relief of the blood surcharged with water and salts, and for the c 33 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. relief of the "blood congestion in the abdominal venous system. It is a salutary symptom so long as it acts within moderate limits, and is not aggravated by injudicious conduct or careless neglect on the part of the patient. Usually, under proper care and management, it succeeds in restoring matters to their normal condition, though not always without some considerable constitutional disturbance and activity of purging. But as soon as the blood is cleared of its surplus elements, and the portal venous system is relieved of its state of congestion, the circulation resumes its natural course, the breathing again becomes full and free, the skin returns to its natural state, the vicarious activity of the liver and other abdominal organs subsides, and the patient more or less quickly recovers from the effects of the attack, and usually with a feeling of renewed health. This is the stage of the disease to which the term Cholera, or " Bileflux," most appropriately applies. But by the prevailing custom the name of cholera is restricted to the next and severest stage of the disease, in which the secretion of bile, in common with the secretions of the other great abdominal glands, is for the time being more or less entirely suspended during the period of collapse. Whilst the stage in which the inordinate flow of bile — the true " bile-flux " — occurs, is distinguished by the term "Bilious Diarrhoea" — a mere paraphrase or translation of the word cholera — or by the terms, Catarrhal Diarrhoea, Epidemic Diarrhoea, Choleraic Diarrhoea, or, as during periods of the epidemic prevalence of cholera, by the term Premonitory Diarrhoea. The use of the term Cholera to distinguish the severest and most acute stage of the disease has become so well established and generally recognised that we may accept this application of the term as in itself unobjectionable for practical purposes, so long as — and this is a very important pomt — it is understood and considered as merely a distinctive term designating a severer form of the bilious diarrhoea. But when, as. is too generally found to be the case, the term Cholera is understood as signifying a disease sui generis, and distinct from the bilious diarrhoea upon which it commonly supervenes, not only in the nature of its symptoms but also in the causes of its origin, then the matter assumes a different aspect and graver importance, and gives rise to doubts and notions for which neither the physiology nor the pathology of the disease afford any warrant. Those who understood the term Cholera to designate a separate disease distinct from the train of symptoms distinguished by the term Bilious Diarrhoea, and not as a severer succeeding stage of one and the same malady, neglect to pay due attention to the physiology and pathology of the symptoms presented severally by the two successive stages of — as far as meaning is concerned the convertible terms — bilious diarrhoea and cholera, and are carried away by other notions and theories of an untenable nature, which not only mystify the intelligent appreciation of the true character of the 34 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. disease, but make the confusion of terms already existing still worse confounded. In another place — page 799 of "History of Cholera in India," previously mentioned — I have observed that the popular notion of the day is to fix the cause of cholera upon a specific germ, of the mere existence of which no satisfactory proof has yet been adduced. " But for the sake of argument, granting the germ and its power to produce an attack of cholera, I maintain that the more reasonable means of combating or destroying its deadly effects are not by direct attacks aimed at the invisible enemy, but by efforts and measures directed upon the fortification of the individual exposed to its assault. If the real cause of cholera be a specific germ — one of the multitudinous varieties of those minute organisms which are at all times and seasons diffused through the air we breathe " (and I might have truly added, through the water we drink and the food we eat) — " then I hold that the healthy body is capable of disposing of it without personal inconvenience or injury, along with the other similar forms of microscopic organisms with which it has constantly to deal in the ordinary course of life. Therefore, our main efforts should be devoted to the maintenance of the most perfect state of health attainable in the individual, more especially during the period immediately preceding the anticipated advent of the dread foe, whether it come in the form of epidemic cholera or epidemic catarrh, or epidemic malarious fever. All these maladies are, it is well known by experience, very closely associated with seasonal influences ; but .whether they owe their origin to the direct effects upon the body of these seasonal influenceSj or to their indirect effects upon it through the agency of organic germs brought into vitality by them — as in vegetable life in general by seasonal influences — is an unsettled question, and at present a mere matter of opinion. So far as my lights direct me, I can see my way to the production of these diseases by the simple disarrangement of the physiological functions of the organic viscera of the body through the action of seasonal and weather influences alone, without the intervention of any germ whatever as an agent." That chill, understood in the sense I have already indicated on a previous page, is the real prime factor in the causation of cholera, and the other diseases mentioned as allied to it in respect to their nature and origin — viz., influenza or catarrh and intermittent fever or ague — seems evident from the generally acknowledged dependence of these diseases upon weather influences ; though the precise nature of these influences and the mode of their operation has not been clearly explained. It may be said, however, that, considering the different kinds of weather present in any particular locality during the period of an epidemic visitation of either of these diseases, there are points of divergence sufficiently well marked to enable us to differentiate the season peculiar to one of the diseases from that proper to either of the others. 35 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. Thus we may assert, as a matter of general experience, that the meteorological character of the season prevailing during the existence of an epidemic of cholera differs from that prevailing during an epidemic visitation of pulmonary catarrh or influenza in the broad general features of abnormal excess of heat and moisture of the air, with a stagnant atmosphere, marking the season in the one case — that of cholera ; and of abnormal excess of moisture, but with diminished temperature, of the air, and more or less active movement in the form of wind, marking the season in the other case — that of influenza. Whilst in the case of intermittent fever or ague the main features of the climate favouring its occurrence in endemic form are a more or less constant excess of humidity in the air, with tendency to stagnation of atmosphere and increase of temperature above the normal seasonal heat, but with alternations in the degrees of intensity, as the result of evaporation from a soil habitually supersaturated with moisture. In what manner these different kinds of weather influences operate to produce the different forms of disease attributed to them — from the fact of their regularly concomitant occurrenc — is not so clearly apparent; although it is quite clear that the varying severity of the epidemic prevalence of these diseases is coincident with a distinctly perceptible intensity of the weather phenomena of the several respective epidemic seasons. This is especially observable in the severer visitations of epidemic cholera, in which the disease more frequently runs on — and often with most alarming rapidity — to the development of the next stage, presenting the severest symptoms of the disease, which we have now to consider and describe. In the third stage of cholera — that to which the application of the name cholera is most commonly restricted by general usage — the symptoms of the preceding stage are more or less quickly succeeded by others of a much graver character ; or, as not unfrequently happens in severe epidemic seasons, the symptoms of the third stage make their appearance with appalling rapidity and violence at the very outset of the attack, and, as it were, obliterate or rush through the symptoms of the ordinary first two stages without their being observed either by the sufferer or those about him. Generally, however, the preceding stage of bilious diarrhoea — premonitory diarrhoea — is more or less clearly defined, and passes into the more advanced stage by the more or less rapid supervention of the graver symptoms we have now to describe. When the bilious diarrhoea and other efforts of the system marking that stage of cholera fail to restore the deranged functions and altered condition of the blood to the normal state of affairs, the failure is .due either to an unfavourable health state of the individual attacked, or to the neglect of the symptoms under which he is suffering, or to exposure to the epidemic weather influences under unfavourable conditions — such 'as fatigue, hardship, privation, and so forth ; or to other circumstances adverse to the success of the natural efforts of the body to righ itself. 36 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OP CHOLERA. In such instances — as in the case, most commonly, of troops on the march or in the field, of devotees on pilgrimage, of the famine-stricken tramping in crowds in search of food, of the labouring poor moving about in quest of their daily sustenance, of travellers in pursuit of their business, &c, and as in the case also of prisoners in jails and soldiers in barracks, who are housed in buildings not always suited, in respect of protective arrangements, to the vicissitudes of weather — the history of each individual case invariably discloses some fact or other proving exposure during a longer or shorter time — and generally in a passive state of the body, as when resting or sleeping — to the direct effects of the prevailing epidemic weather influences ; and most commonly, too, in conjunction with some fact or other proving the existence of some bodily infirmity, such as is caused by previous illness, especially illness of a nature similar in respect of origin to cholera itself, as febrile catarrh, intermittent fever, &c. ; but very commonly also, illness caused by bad food, or want of food, by unusual fatigue, want of sleep, privation, &c. ; or some fact or other proving injudicious conduct on the part of the sufferer, as by acts of carelessness in eating and drinking, excess in debauchery, &c. It is to the operation of causes — perhaps several of them combined together — such as those above enumerated, that the second stage of cholera, instead of terminating in resolution by the natural or the judiciously aided efforts of the body itself, passes on to the third stage. In this stage the bilious fseculent diarrhoea of the preceding becomes changed to a colourless or turbid watery diarrhoea, and all the other symptoms become more or less intensely aggravated, and sooner or later produce a state of collapse in the functional operations of the great eliminating system, which may very speedily cause death, or which, after a few hours, more or less, may be followed by a reaction and rapid restoration to the previous state of health ; or the reaction may be accompanied by complications which may retard recovery, or finally kill the patient. The first symptoms of this third or collapse stage of cholera — whether following upon the preceding stage of bilious diarrhoea, as in the ordinary course, or whether appearing as an independent onset of the disease — are the sudden accession of a severe chilliness all over the body, but especially about the back and loins, together with a feeling of intense nausea and violent headache ; accompanied by great oppression and distinctly marked anxiety of respiration, and quickly followed by a distressing feeling of anguish or constriction at the heart, which lasts a few minutes, during which a profuse cold sweat breaks out upon the head, face, and neck. If the sufferer be at the time standing or walking he falls down senseless and pulseless, and may — as indeed sometimes does occasionally occur — expire on the spot. More commonly the distressing constriction at the heart soon subsides, but the pulse remains thin and thready, very quick, fluttering, and barely perceptible ; whilst 37 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. a sensation of great discomfort and fulness, with burning heat, about the stomach and bowels soon sets in, and continues for some time ; until indeed the collapse stage is recovered from, or the patient dies ; and in the latter case this unnatural heat in the abdomen endures for several hours after death, gradually spreading to the inner surfaces of the thighs and arms. "With the outbreak of perspiration upon the head and neck the feeling of chilliness becomes one of decided coldness, and occasionally there is distinct shivering. At the same time the whole skin becomes cold, wrinkled, and of a bluish colour, and feels clammy or sodden with moisture. The sense of nausea is generally quickly followed by vomiting ; and this may continue as an urgent symptom with extreme intolerance of the stomach throughout the remaining course of the disease ; or, as is very generally the case, it may cease after two or three violent and copious evacuations, and give no further trouble. Simultaneously with the vomiting, there is usually a more or less active diarrhoea ; sometimes the purging is incessant and profuse, the stools being passed several times in an hour, and consisting mostly of colourless or ash-grey turbid water, containing a quantity of greasy white flakes, and presenting a frothy scum dotted with the same sort of soft flaky matter. These stools are characteristic of the collapse stage of cholera, and are distinguished from the watery bilious motions of the preceding stage by the term "rice-water stools." Sometimes instead of the whitish turbid stools just described, the motions are of a dark colour like light port wine or thin coffee, with a brownish scum speckled with a few lighter coloured flakes ; and occasionally, towards the subsidence of the purging, the stools are of a white gelatinous nature and coagulate in jelly-like form resembling blane-mange. But whatever the character of the stools during this stage of cholera, they always emit a more or less distinctly perceptible or strong odour, which is peculiar to them and distinctive of cholera, and which has been variously described as "musty," " fishy," " mawkish," &c, but which, in my experience, exactly resembles the odour of freshly shed blood, or the odour pervading a slaughter-yard after the recent butchery of cattle. After the first few rice-water stools have been passed, or, more commonly, simultaneously with the commencement of vomiting and purging, and not unfrequently for some short time preceding the appearance of these symptoms, the expression of the patient's features undergoes an alarming change. The previously anxious, drawn and haggard aspect of the countenance becomes intensified ; the features are now pinched and of a ghastly pallor ; the eyes sink back in their sockets, and present a look of extreme anxiety ; the tongue is cold, sodden, and of a bluish hue ; the breath — what little there is — is also cold, thick, and damp, and the voice is either lost or is hoarse and husky, or stridulous and squeaky- — sometimes alternately the one and the other in the same 38 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OP CHOLERA. patient. The skin is shrunk, wrinkled, and clammy j and there is little or no pulse. Thirst is generally urgent, and there is an insatiable craving for iced drinks, though in many cases the smallest quantities taken are immediately rejected. The sense of discomfort in the stomach and bowels is very distressing, and is commonly described as a burning heat. There is often much and constant restlessness, with tossing of the limbs and turning from side to side, or attempts to get up ; and the patient groans aloud for relief to the respiration, or shrieks with the pain of cramps in the belly and limbs. With all these severe symptoms, and the more or less profound state of collapse or suspension of the functions of the great eliminating organs — more especially of the secretion of bile and urine — the intellect remains clear, and with the exception of a momentary or transient insensibility or loss of consciousness from shock at the first onset of the attack in this stage of the disease, shows no signs of any poison circulating in the blood furnished to the brain. It is only at a later stage, during the reaction from collapse, when the liver and kidneys fail in the proper resumption of their natural functions, and the elements of bile and urea accumulate in the blood restored to its active circulation through the lungs, that head symptoms indicative of bloodpoisoning show themselves. After these symptoms of the collapse stage of cholera have endured for some few hours, more or less, they either kill the patient from the intensity and violence of their action — and this is especially the case in those instances in which vomiting and purging are either very slight or altogether absent, when death ensues very rapidly owing to no efficient natural efforts of the body taking place to relieve the system — or else, their intensity and violence being less severe, an improvement takes place by the more or less rapid subsidence of the symptoms of collapse and the development of a reaction, by which the great eliminating organs resume their several respective functions and the body is speedily restored to its previous state of health. This salutary change, under favourable circumstances, progresses with remarkable rapidity, and the patient usually recovers from the attack almost as suddenly as he succumbed to its onset. But when the circumstances are not so favourable — as in enfeebled constitutions, or in cases of neglect or of injudicious treatment — the course of the reaction is impeded by complications which may kill the patient speedily or slowly, or from which he may ultimately recover after a prolonged and tedious struggle. The first signs of the commencement of reaction are usually ushered in by more or less profuse and general perspiration, which streams from the pores of the skin, and is soon followed by a sensible improvement in the breathing and expression of the features, together with a return of the pulse at the wrist. These signs are indicative of a removal or cessation in the previously existing impediment in the circulation of the 39 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. blood through the minute capillaries of the skin and lungs ; and they are followed by a more or less rapid disappearance of all the other symptoms resulting from the effects of that impediment, and by the restoration of the patient to his previous state. With the recovery of free respiration and with the return of the pulse, the skin fills out and resumes its former bulk and warmth ; the vomiting and purging cease, the thirst and cramps disappear, nourishment is retained and digested, and generally the patient drops off into a quiet and refreshing sleep. Later on bile reappears in the stools, and urine is again voided as usual ; the appetite and strength return, and in the course of twenty-four hours or so the patient is free from all signs of his recent severe illness, though of course weak and shaky and somewhat emaciated for a while longer ; but, generally, even these traces of the attack also very quickly disappear, much in the same manner as the effects of a very similar train of symptoms do in the recovery from a paroxysm of intermittent fever. Such is the ordinary course in favourable cases. But in severe epidemic cholera seasons — especially when there is much concomitant prevalence of bilious diarrhoea, or of influenza, or of ague — and at all times when the individual attacked happens to be in a state of health unfavourable for battling with the disease, or predisposing him to susceptibility of it — such as enfeebled health from recent diarrhoea, influenza, ague, or other zymotic disease ; or derangement of digestion from want of food, or bad food — such as unripe fruits, rotten vegetables, rancid butter or oil, stale sweetmeats, cakes or confectionery, crudely fermented liquors, putrid flesh, or other articles of food likely to disagree with the stomach ; or neglected derangement of the system from the effects of exposure to the prevailing weather influences, as when marching, travelling, &c, combined with fatigue, want of sleep or rest, anxiety of mind, &c. — then, under the concurrence of some or other of these circumstances the attack of cholera generally sets in with unusual violence at the very outset, and either speedily kills or runs its course with most alarming intensity of symptoms, and after reaction is fairly established exposes the- patient to a slow and uncertain recovery, during the progress of which complications frequently arise either from the failure of the liver and kidneys to resume their proper functions in full, or from some other cause producing a general state of ardent fever or pyrexia ; then the attack of cholera becomes followed by some other disease, which very often proves more frequently fatal than the cholera itself. The foregoing description of the three stages of cholera fairly represents the general course and character of the disease as it is met with in practic — whether the attack occur sporadically or epidemically. But, as has been stated before, cholera — more especially in epidemic seasons of its prevalence — presents many variations and divergencies from the typical forms described in the preceding pages, but without altering the general character and distinguishing features of the disease. These divergencies 40 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLEBA. from the normal type are observed most commonly 4 ul 'i n g epidemic visitations of cholera ; and generally they present specialties of symptoms distinguishing the epidemic of one year from that of another ; or distinguishing, during the same epidemic, the character of til outbreak in one locality from that of another in some other place more or i° ss distant. In either case, the changes or diversities are attributable to the c narac t e r of the epidemic season itself, controlled or modified, no doubt, by other circumstances pertaining to the physical aspects of the locality, ana to the life conditions of its inhabitants, but still mainly due to the nature, of the meteorological phenomena of the epidemic season itself. For we find that in India — as explained in detail in " The History of Cholera in India," before referred to — the epidemic seasons of cholera occur at regularly recurring intervals in every year, and with gradations of intensity during every cycle of three years in a successive periodicity, the regular recurrence of which is very remarkable ; although there is much diversity of degree in respect to the intensity and severity of the epidemic season of maximum prevalence in the several successive threeyear cycles. Thus, if the epidemic season of maximum prevalence be of a mild nature — and such mild seasons almost invariably follow upon good harvests and cheap food, though the season itself may be, and very often is, one of drought — then the form of cholera which presents itself is of a mild form, in the vast majority of cases producing no more inconvenience than that caused by the first or malaise stage of the disease, though there may be a more or less general prevalence of mild forms of diarrhoea, of dyspepsia, and of bowel complaint, with occasional local outbreaks of bilious diarrhoea, or even of acute cholera. If the epidemic season be of a severe nature — accompanied by rainfall after a period of drought, and with high prices of food— then the epidemic cholera presents symptoms of a severer type and prevails in greater frequency ; the malaise stage more often passing on to that of catarrhal diarrhoea, and these in turn more often running into acute cholera, with collapse. But if the epidemic season be exceptionally severe — as when heavy and intermittent rains follow upon long periods of drought, and the people are more or less distressed by high prices of food, or are in large numbers suffering from the effects of famine — then the action of the inclement weather operates with greater force, and cholera presents itself in far greater epidemic prevalence, and with an increased severity of symptoms in all its stages ; the number of cases of epidemic or catarrhal diarrhoea — frequently complicated with influenza, or intermittent fever, or sun fever — being greatly more common and fatal, and passing also more frequently into the stage of acute cholera, with collapse. Cholera in such epidemic seasons is unusually fatal, owing to the deterioration of the general health standard, consequent upon the hard times and the unfavourable weather influences. During such exceptionally severe epidemic seasons, it is not uncom- 41 NATURE, CAUSES; AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. mon to find epidemic^feholera or choleraic fever associated with, as the case may be, either an epidemic of intermittent or malarious fever, or an epidemic of influenza or catarrhal fever, or an epidemic of sunstroke or sun fever. Occasionally all four classes of disease are found prevailing together at same time in the same locality, or in different localities of some pa:p£i cv ] ar tract or region of country. And sometimes these diseases becom c so intermixed by community of symptoms that it is difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish one from the other, except when their Sliaracteristic special symptoms are clearly marked. In this latter case — as I have recorded in the work before mentioned (page 805) — it is by no means a rare occurrence to meet with cases of simple influenza or catarrhal fever simulating ague or intermittent fever ; of ague or algid fever simulating cholera ; of insolation or sunstroke simulating sometimes ague and sometimes cholera ; and, finally, of cholera so closely simulating malarious fevers, either intermittent or remittent — in some epidemic seasons the latter more commonly — that it is the usual practice to consider and treat cholera as malarious fever until the development of the last stage of the disease, characterised by the appearance of " rice-water " stools and suppression of urine, determines the diagnosis to cholera. The main difference between these diseases, in the initial stage of their development, lies in the different results immediately following upon derangement of the functions of the skin and lungs, caused by influences of the weather in the first instance. In the case of cholera the effects thus produced are of the kind that we have seen in the preceding pages. In the first or mildest forms of symptoms — marking the commencement of the action of the epidemic weather influence, or the first actual invasion of the disease — the train of symptoms may be transitory or prolonged according to the severity of the producing causes, and the recuperative powers of the individual attacked. If the powers of resistance fail, then the symptoms of functional derangement increase, and the disease passes into the second stage, in which there is a greater amount of constitutional disturbance, with more active efforts of the body to right itself. These efforts may succeed in restoring the normal equilibrium, and the patient then recovers his previous state without experiencing the severer tests of the bodily powers ; or they may fall short of the efforts requisite to readjust matters, and the patient falls into a febrile state — either remittent or continued ; the latter nowadays commonly styled typhoid or enteric— which, after a more or less prolonged and complicated course, may prove fatal, or terminate in resolution. Or these efforts of the body to relieve the system by defluxion from the bowels may be of so energetic a kind as speedily to reduce the patient to an alarming state of exhaustion before the derangement is readjusted, or they may kill outright by their violence. It thus appears that the phenomena of an attack of cholera, considered in its three several stages, are merely the manifestations of the 42 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. efforts of nature — through the medium of the organic machinery of the body itself —to readjust a derangement in its eliminating functions produced by the adverse operation of weather influences of a particular kind ; in conjunction generally with other accidental conditions connected with the bodily health of the individual affected by the disease. The actual nature of these particular weather influences, and the precise character of the effects they produce upon the body, have not been hitherto clearly defined. But from the mass of evidence accumulated upon these points, there appear to be sufficient grounds for stating the case in the following general terms, namely :—: — That the weather influences — especially in epidemic seasons — operating in the production of cholera, act, in the first instance, by the effects of "chill " upon the functions normally performed by the skin and lungs ; and that this action of " chill," though not generally perceived or felt by the patient at the time of incidence, is manifested in most cases by a feeling of chilliness in the body, and a sense of uneasiness or discomfort in the respiration. These symptoms may be slight and transitory, or severe and prolonged, according to the nature of the " chill " itself, and the nature of the exposure to its action; and they may be modified more or less seriously through the operation of other concurrent circumstances of many various kinds. That the primary effects of this action of " chill " upon the exhalant surfaces of the skin and lungs is to produce a constriction of their capillary blood-vessels — more or less extensive as to the surface affected, and more or less intense as to the degree, according to the circumstances of each individual case, and according to the character of the epidemic season — the consequence of which is a greater or less degree of impediment in the circulation through these capillaries, and a corresponding amount of derangement in the proper discharge of their normal functions. The result of such check to the proper performance of the natural exhalation normally discharged by the skin and lungs is to throw back upon the blood an abnormal amount — varying in quantity according to the nature of the case — of water and salts, or the elements of the various matters excreted by the skin and lungs. That this altered condition of the blood produces symptoms of derangement in the harmonious discharge of the great eliminating functional processes of the body ; which are proportioned in the amount of their severity to the degree of alteration produced in the blood, and to the adequacy or otherwise of the vicarious efforts made by other eliminating organs to readjust the disordered state of affairs. That if this alteration in the condition of the blood be of a trivial nature — as is most commonly the case in the first stage of the attack, or the initial period of the invasion of cholera — then the symptoms of functional derangement are slight and transitory in their character; the 43 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. vicarious action of the great abdominal organs, by an increased activity of their natural functions, generally sufficing to relieve the blood of its abnormal constituents, and thus, under ordinary care and favourable circumstances, enabling the skin and lungs to recover from the effects of " chill," and to resume the natural discharge of their proper functions. That if, on the contrary, the " chill " be of a severe nature, and of more prolonged operation — and especially when conjoined with unfavourable circumstances of the patient's actual health condition — then its effects upon the skin and lungs are more intense in degree ; and the amount of impediment in the circulation of the blood through check in the capillaries, together with the consequent degree of alteration in the condition of the blood, from want of proper oxygenation and exhalation, produced thereby, are proportionally great. The symptoms of functional derangement now present themselves in varying greater degrees of severity — corresponding with the second or bilious stage of cholera — and indicate greater and more active efforts on the part of the vicariously acting organs to relieve the blood of its superfluous constituents by a defluxion from the bowels. That the severer effects of " chill " in this stage of cholera are marked by a greater and more generally perceptible disorder ; by oppression in the breathing and a distinctly greater feeling of chilliness — -the respiration being interrupted by yawning and sighing, and the skin becoming cold, shrunk, and livid — -whilst there is also generally a greater degree of constitutional disturbance. These symptoms are the signs of a greater impediment to the pulmonary and integumentary circulation through a more pronounced and prolonged constriction of their capillary bloodvessels. The result of this impediment is a pressure of un-oxygenised venous blood upon the right ride of the heart as regards the lungs, and an unnatural determination of similar venous blood upon the portal veins in the abdomen as regards the skin ; in both cases the blood being surcharged with water and other constituents which the constricted state of the capillaries in the skin and lungs has prevented from being duly exhaled and oxygenised by those organs in the ordinary manner. The succeeding symptoms in this stage of cholera are those produced by the efforts of the vicariously acting organs to restore the altered blood to its normal condition by a more energetic and copious discharge of their several natural secretions. Under ordinary care and favourable conditions these natural efforts of the body generally prove successful, the superfluous constituents of the blood being discharged by a more abundant secretion of mucus and water from the intestinal mucus membrane (which itself not unfrequently assumes a catarrhal state of irritability in opposition to the inactive and numbed state of the skin), of bile — increased in quantity and altered in quality — from the liver, and of urine — generally increased in quantity, and with more discharge of salts — from the kidneys. This freer flow of urine, and the defluxion from the bowels — marked by copious, loose or watery, bilious, and fajculent 44 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. stools — usually suffice to relieve the blood of its superfluous constituents, and thus enable the skin and lungs to resume their natural offices in the ordinary manner ; the return to the proper discharge of which is usually ushered in by a free perspiration, and recovery of the natural freedom in the respiration. That again, if, whilst these vicarious efforts of the great abdominal viscera are in operation to restore the disordered blood — disordered by the effects of " chill " as above described — the patient be exposed to the adverse operations of weather-influences — and more especially in conjunction with other accidental circumstances causing enfeebled or deranged health — then the effects of " chill " operate with greater intensity, and rapidly produce a state of collapse. The check to the action of the skin and lungs is greater and more general, owing to a more sudden and intense constriction of their capillary blood-vessels ; this is evidenced by the distress in breathing and great shrinking of the skin, coupled with the tightness and anguish at the heart ; and by the feeling of burning heat in the bowels, which soon supervenes upon the sudden and great check to the pulmonary and integumentary circulation, owing to the active combustion transferred from the bloodless skin and lungs to the blood-engorged abdominal venous system. The impediment to the pulmonary circulation throws back the blood upon the right cavities of the heart and leaves little for the left side to play upon, and hence the thin, thready, barely perceptible pulse, with the check to pulmonary combustion or oxygenisation, and the consequent coldness of what little breath there is. Similarly the impediment to the integumentary circulation throws back the blood upon the portal venous system, and produces that feeling of oppressive fulness in the abdomen, speedily followed by those distressing sensations of burning heat in the stomach and bowels which are such prominent symptoms in this stage of cholera, and are caused by the active combustion taking place in the blood there accumulated in the process of the extraordinarily increased secretions immediately preceding collapse. These intense effects of " chill " may, and occasionally do, act so violently and generally as to produce a sudden and complete collapse as almost the first sign, or, at least, perceived sign, of the invasion of cholera. The onset of the attack in such cases is apparently the result of a suddenly occurring intense constriction of the pulmonary and integumentary capillary blood-vessels, producing a more or less complete check to the circulation of blood through the lungs and the skin, and generally proves fatal at once, before any vicarious efforts of the body can take place towards remedying the disordered state of affairs. More generally, however, these grave symptoms, following upon the preceding or bilious stage of cholera, produce more active and renewed efforts on the part of the vicariously acting organs to relieve the system. The vomiting and purging become more active and violent, and the character 45 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. of the matters discharged by them becomes quickly changed ; the mucous membrane of the intestines now becomes the main channel through which the system seeks relief, the functions of the liver and kidneys becoming more or less completely suppressed during the excessive activity of the intestinal mucus glands. The discharges from the stomach and intestines are thin and watery, and generally profuse in quantity ; the vomited matters are thin and watery, and mostly colourless and frothy ; whilst the discharges from the bowels consist of copious watery and turbid motions, distinguished by the term "rice-water stools," with numerous little white flakes floating in them, and in the frothy scum which collects on their surface. These discharges are also often accompanied by a very profuse perspiration from all the pores of the skin at the very outset of the attack, and all these discharges — by vomiting, purging,' and sweating — emit a very peculiar sickly odour, which is characteristic of this stage of cholera. These remedial efforts of the body are not always found acting all three together, and occasionally, in rare instances, they are all three absent. In these rare cases death is almost immediate from unrelieved asphyxia, caused by engorgement of the right cavities of the heart and emptiness of those on the left side. Generally, vomiting and purging are the symptoms most commonly observed, though sweating also is almost always present with them ; but there is much variety in the share taken by these remedial efforts. Sometimes there is little or no vomiting, at others it is an urgently severe symptom ; the purging is sometimes slight, at others it is incessant, and rapidly exhausting ; in some cases the sweating is a cold, clammy moisture of the surface — in others it pours out in streams all over the body. These remedial efforts of the body may act so violently as to kill by a speedy exhaustion of the powers of the patient ; or they may relieve the system by less excessive violence of action — and most promptly in the cases in which all three act together in moderation — and then the symptoms of reaction setting in, their activity subsides. The other severe symptoms of the disease now quickly disappear, and the patient comes out of the state of collapse, or of exhaustion verging upon collapse, and recovers his previous state of health with astonishing rapidity ; so much so, that a man reduced by cholera to the state of collapse one day, may be up and about his ordinary avocations on the next. The greatly increased activity of the mucus glands of the intestinal canal in this stage of cholera, with the extraordinary quantity of water secreted or discharged by them — that is, the greatly increased activity of combustion going on in the bowels during this process in consequence of the inordinate accumulation of blood in the portal venous system — accounts for the excessive heat generated in the abdomen during this period of the disease, and for the suppression in the functions of the liver and kidneys by diversion of action to the glands of the intestinal mucous membrane. 46 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. In the milder forms of this collapse stage of cholera (a stage of the disease which, in the most essential points both of physiological symptoms and pathological conditions, bears a very close and remarkable analogy to the algid stage or ague fit of intermittent fever — so much so, that very often the two diseases, when prevailing together epidemically in the same locality, are not to be distinguished one from the other, and are consequently by many held to be merely different forms of one and the same disease, simply modified by peculiarities of epidemic season and and of local conditions), the impediment to the pulmonary and integumentary circulation generally bcomes intensified in a more gradual, or at least less sudden, manner than above described, in consequence of exposure to the epidemic influence, or other unfavourable circumstances, whilst the patient is suffering from the preceding or second stage of cholera — the bilious stage of the disease. In such cases the bilious symptoms, with loose or watery bilious fsecal stools, are succeeded by those of acute cholera or collapse, with copious turbid, watery stools, without bile or fsecal matters. That, finally — cholera thus showing a gradual progression from mild to severer symptoms in each of its successive stages, and all the symptoms being referable to one and the same order of exciting causes, of physiological effects, and of pathological results, differing only in the degrees of intensity in the several stages ; and that cholera being liable to occurrence, not merely once in a lifetime, as in the ordinary rule observed in the case of the zymotic exanthemata (the eruptive fevers due to the operation of a specific poison which is communicable from one to another by inoculation, namely, small-pox, chicken-pox, cow-pox, measles, scarlet fever, &c), but to recurrence in successive epidemic seasons, or even to recurrence in one and the same epidemic season, as is observed to obtain in the case of the malarious fevers (due to the operation of certain atmospheric influences, and not communicable from one to another by contagion, namely, intermittent, remittent, bilious or yellow, and catarrhal or influenza) — it is only reasonable to consider the disease in the light of the characters which it presents to our observation, and to adapt our measures of curative treatment and of preventive precautions in conformity thereto. These measures will form the subject of the next chapter. 47 PAET 111. ON THE TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. From what lias been stated in tlie preceding sections on the Mature of Cholera and on the Causes of Cholera, it is clear that the disease, for purposes of practical treatment, must be considered as dependent for its development and epidemic prevalence upon weather vicissitudes and periodical recurrences of particular seasonal influences, in the first instance ; but modified in the character and course of its symptoms by a variety of circumstances relating to the life conditions of the people amongst whom the disease may make its appearance ; and more especially in respect to their general health standard, as this is affected by the quality and sufficiency, or otherwise, of the food supply, and the nature of the protection by clothing and housing, or shelter against the action of the prevailing epidemic weather influences or changes. Experience has proved over and over again that in all general epidemic visitations of cholera the classes most prone to the assaults of the disease, and most largely suffering from its attacks, are the poorer classes of the population amongst which the disease may manifest its epidemic activity. The bulk of the sufferers from cholera at such seasons, and of those most susceptible to an attack of the disease, are the poorly-clad, illfed, badly-housed, overcrowded, and much-exposed portions of the population. The more well-to-do and better circumstanced portions of the population in respect to material prosperity, although equally subjected to the prevailing influences of the epidemic season, are, as a rule, less exposed to the adverse action of the prevailing vicissitudes of weather — at least, under the unfavourable conditions obtaining amongst the poorest and labouring classes — and are, by reason of the superior sanitary advantages they enjoy, better prepared to resist and overcome the primary effects of the epidemic influences which tend to the development of cholera. And in those amongst this better conditioned class who do at such times succumb to an attack of the disease in its more advanced and severer stages, it is found that in the history of each such case there is always recorded some fact or other proving unusual exposure to the prevailing epidemic weather influences, under more or less decidedly unfavourable conditions — such as debility from previously contracted illhealth, or from insufficient bodily protection by clothing, housing, or NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. other shelter ; or exhaustion from long fasting, want of sleep, protracted fatigue, &c. ; and especially exposure to draughts and chills or damp night air when in a passive state of body, as in the repose of sleep, or the sedentary state of rest or occupation. These conditions of exposure to Aveather influences are particularly observed to obtain in local outbreaks of cholera among troops in barracks, prisoners in jails, passengers on shipboard, bands of pilgrims and other travellers by road, &c. In such cases it is commonly found that a greater or less number of persons are more or less crowded together Avithin a restricted area, and are all more or less alike subjected to the same adverse conditions of exposure to sudden changes in the character of the Aveather influences, under circumstances either of faulty ventilation, or insufficient clothing, food, shelter, or other protection. Of those so exposed, some feAy with enfeebled poAvers of resistance quickly succumb to the prevailing influences, . and rapidly develop the severest symptoms of cholera, from the effects of which, they may die in the course of a few hours, or from Avhich they may recover after a short and sharp struggle, or after a more prolonged ordeal ; a large number throw off the derangement caused by the attack of cholera Avithout passing into the acute or severest stage of the disease ; but the great majority repel its assaults at the initial stage of indisposition or malaise, whilst others again remain altogether unaffected by the epidemic influence. In such outbreaks, as indeed in all epidemic manifestations of cholera, it is commonly believed that the disease spreads from one to another by contagion. But there are no solid grounds for any such belief. In all visitations of epidemic cholera it is observed that the disease suddenly attacks several individuals simultaneously— sometimes dAvelling under the same roof, or in houses situated close to each other ; sometimes in houses distantly apart. Whilst no instance is knoAvn of cholera having been carried by human agency from a place within the epidemic influence of the disease, or from a place in which the epidemic influence is present, to another place beyond the area of the epidemic influence, or in which the epidemic influence is absent, and there spreading or developing into an epidemic of cholera. There is no evidence- — as is abundantly and clearly illustrated by the facts recorded in " The Historjr of Cholera in India from 1862 to 1881," before mentioned, regarding the behaviour of the disease in the several provinces of British India — to prove that cholera is spread by contagion. On the contrary, there is much evidence to prove that cholera appears and prevails quite independently of any contagious property the disease may possess. Cholera may, however (as stated at page 830 of the work above mentioned), under certain circumstances, be " catching," just as is influenza ; and the disease may possibly be communicable from one individual to another by means of undue overcroAvding of the affected and free together, or by means of close and prolonged contact ; as is sometimes i) 49 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. observed to be the case in ordinary intermittent fever or ague, when an individual suffering from that disease is held to communicate it to another in quite a different, and may be distant, locality where ague was unknown, by intimate contact and sleeping together. It is possible, also, that cholera may be communicable by means of the cholera discharges from the bodies of cholera patients, perhaps much in the same manner as ophthalmia, gonorrhoea, &c, are capable of communication from one individual to another. ~No instance of the communication of cholera by contagion has ever come under my personal observation, and if the disease really be so communicable, the instances in which it is so communicated must be very rare. In fact, it appears that the cholera virus is of an extremely evanescent nature ; and in no instance has it been shown that such communicability is in any way connected with, or in any way affects, the ordinary prevalence of cholera in its periodically recurring regular seasons of epidemic activity. The most remarkable evidence against the contagiousness of cholera is the well-known fact of the commonly observed immunity of hospital attendants, nurses, and menials, who are in frequent and prolonged communication with cholera patients, and are constantly handling their discharges. Amongst the poorer classes of the population it is a common occurrence to find several persons living in a single room of small dimensions, the free and the affected with cholera together, and sometimes sleeping all huddled together, yet rarely do we find more than those originally attacked at about the same time, or within a very short time of each other, contracting the disease. It is a circumstance of common observation in households in which cholera makes its appearance that, among the friends and relations who take it in turn to shampoo, dry rub, and otherwise attend to the cholera patient, remove the discharges by vomiting and purging, &c, rarely, if ever, are any of them attacked by the disease on that account. Amongst the civil population generally, of those who recover from an attack of acute cholera, the greatest number go about their usual avocations in the same clothes they wore during the attack, without any washing or other means of purification, but there is no evidence to show that they spread cholera amongst the people with whom they mix. Amongst all classes of the people it is the recognised perquisite of the members of the sweeper caste to receive the clothing worn by those dying by cholera in the families upon whom they attend for the service of the menial domestic offices ; as a rule, these people make use of such articles of clothing as they receive them, seldom, if ever, washing or otherwise purifying any article except such as may be much stained by vomited matter or alvine discharges ; yet it has nowhere been observed that this particular caste of people is more prone to cholera, or is more numerously affected by the disease, than the other portions of the general population residing in the locality where the disease has made its appearance in epidemic form. 50 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. In some parts of India the bodies of the deceased from cholera are thrown into rivers, streams, pools, lakes, &c, and in others they are buried in shallow graves at the threshold of the house, or in the area of its courtyard; yet in these places cholera does not prevail in greater frequency or for longer periods than in other places of its epidemic activity where no such customs are known. In some places where cholera appears epidemically the disease is observed to prevail mostly, or almost entirely, along the course of some stream or moist water-course, whilst other quarters of the locality — as of a town or village upon its banks — away from the water-course or stream are almost or entirely free from the disease ; yet in respect to mere surface cleanliness, the former position is comparatively far superior to the other, though in respect to its sanitary condition it is inferior, owing to the greater moisture of its atmosphere, and consequently of its greater insalubrity on that account. In epidemic seasons of cholera it is not an uncommon occurrence to find a severe outbreak of cholera almost entirely confined to the European troops and their families in different portions of a palatial range of barracks, or to the Native prisoners in some portions or other of a scrupulously clean kept jail, whilst the villages in the immediate vicinity remain entirely, or almost so, exempt from the disease, notwithstanding that they present the most insanitary conditions imaginable — such as filthy exteriors, with foul wells and tanks, open pits and pools of stagnant festering sewage, and heaps of dung and dirt in all directions. But there is — apart from the mere outward cleanliness and other sanitary advantages enjoyed by the former class of dwellings — this difference in the interior sanitary arrangements obtaining between the two classes of dwellings compared ; namely, that the villagers, in their dirt and poverty, enjoy the shelter of a hut which protects them from the weather and its vicissitudes of temperature and humidity at night, whilst the European troops in their lofty and airy barracks, and the Native prisoners in their clean-kept but open-grated wards, with their carefully guarded water-supply and daily inspected food rations, are exposed to the effects of weather influence — more especially at night time — owing to the faulty ventilation of their barracks. Sometimes, when prevailing epidemically in a large town or populous city, cholera is observed to show a partiality for some quarters in preference to others ; but the quarters in which the disease thus manifests its activity are not by any means always the foulest or most neglected parts of the town or city — either in respect to the drinking water, or the sewerage, drainage, and scavenging of its streets. On the contrary, in some recorded instances, the quarters thus affected by cholera were amongst the cleanest parts of the city ; but they laboured under sanitary defects — of a grave nature where cholera is concerned — relating to the condition of the soil from stagnation and redundance of its underground water, and were further most disadvantageously circumstanced by the distressed condition of their inhabitants through want of 51 r NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. employment and food during a prolonged depression of some particular handicraft trade. The above cited particulars will suffice to show that the behaviour of cholera, when it appears in epidemic form, is not such as lends any support to the belief in its being a contagious disease propagated from one to another by contagion, or spread from one place to another by means of human agency. For it must be borne in mind that cholera, when it prevails epidemically — as is largely illustrated in the pages of the work before mentioned — commences at first by a few cases here and there (sometimes in travellers arriving from places in which the disease was at the time in epidemic activity, but often in residents who have not left their homes or been known to have come in contact with others coming from affected localities) as precursors of the approaching epidemic influence, and apparently as victims of the foremost waves of the advancing meteorological changes which characterise the epidemic season. As these seasonal weather influences become more pronounced, and overspread the tract or region subject to their action, cholera becomes more frequent, and bursts out suddenly in epidemic form in different places, sometimes widely distant and in little communication with one another; prevails with more or less violence during a limited period, attaining its maximum intensity during the time of the greatest variations in the weather phenomena of the season; and then abates and revives, as the case may be, with more or less rapidity, in conformity with the decline or revival of the epidemic influence as that is affected hj the nature of the rainfall and temperature of the season. This fluctuation of cholera activity in conformity with the rainfall, and its effects upon the local soil and air, is abundantly illustrated in the Section of the "History of Cholera in India," before referred to, which relates to the history of the disease in the Punjab Province. From the evidence furnished by this behaviour of epidemic cholera, coupled Avith the character of the disease itself, we can hardly avoid the conclusion that cholera is a disease which, as has been previously stated, is entirely dependent for its origin upon the effects of atmospheric influences acting upon the body through the skin and lungs ; and dependent for the mildness or intensity of its prevalence upon the peculiarities of the epidemic season itself, coupled with other circumstances relating to the general health standard of the populations subjected to its influence. Taking this view of the case as the basis of practical measures for the treatment of the disease, we may consider the subject under two distinct heads, namely, measures of prevention and means of cure ; in other words, measures of sanitary precaution and means of medical relief. To the first category belong all the multifarious details connected with conservancy — including sewerage, drainage, scavenging, and domestic hygiene — ventilation, space, diet, clothing, shelter, occupation, and habits. To the second belong the methods of medical treatment suited to the 52 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. several stages of the disease, and varied in accordance with the particular requirements of individual cases. With regard to the measures of sanitary precaution against the occurrence of epidemic cholera, it is apparent from the nature of the case — dependent as the disease has been shown to be (and in plentiful detail and illustration in the pages of " The History of Cholera in India from 1862 to 1881," before referred to) upon atmospheric influences for its origin and development in epidemic prevalence — that, apart from the general measures of sanitation adopted habitually for the preservation and improvement of the public health, there are others relating to the protection of the individual person against vicissitudes of the "weather, more especially in epidemic seasons, which require a very special attention, and more particular care than they have hitherto received. For whilst fully admitting, and indeed insisting upon, the advantages of an efficient conservancy system in all its details relating to the removal of filth by sewerage and scavenging, to the drainage of the soil, to the purity and protection of the water supply, and to the preservation of the purity of the breathing air by properly adjusted ventilation, it is clear that all these measures, however beneficial and advisable on their own merits, can exercise no controlling effect upon the seasonal phenomena of meteorological changes, or upon the divergencies therefrom characterising epidemic periods. Whilst by themselves, they are insufficient to secure the individual from the assaults of cholera, unless at the same time they be also accompanied by other precautionary measures directed towards the protection of the individual from the vicissitudes of weather which are the invariable attendants or concomitants of epidemic cholera prevalence. The records of the incidence of cholera in individual cases — as is in so many instances illustrated in the pages of the work previously mentione — show conclusively that, with very rare exceptions indeed, the subjects of cholera have been exposed, immediately antecedent to the attack of the disease, to the influences of the prevailing epidemic weather whilst in a state of more or less unprotectedness against their effects upon the functional operations of the body — as by sitting or sleeping insufficiently clad in a cold, draughty room, or other exposed situation, in which the body, whilst in a state of repose, is subjected for a longer or a shorter time to the unguarded inclemencies of the prevailing epidemic season ; and more especially if the individual be at the same time in an enfeebled condition of body through the effects of previous ill-health, or of long fasting, protracted fatigue ; or from exhaustion resulting from excitement of mind, want of sleep, unusual exertion, &c. ; or through debility produced by deranged digestion^from bad or unwholesome food, &c. In seasons of the epidemic prevalence of cholera it is common to find railway passengers sickening of the disease whilst in transit from exposure to draughts and chills in the carriages, especially so during, night travelling ; to find troops on the march, pilgrims and mendicants 53 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. on the tramp, travellers and merchants on the road, &c, contracting the disease by exposure to the weather tinder unfavourable conditions of bodily protection and shelter, especially at night time, when the body is exposed to the full effects of the inclemencies of the season in the unfavourable states of repose and fatigue, and most commonly, also, in a state of unprotectedness from want of suitable clothing. To properly understand the nature of the injurious effects upon the functional system liable to be produced by exposure to the weather influences prevailing during seasons of epidemic cholera, more especially under the unfavourable and unprotected states of the body just mentioned, we must bear in mind the nature of the weather changes which usually characterise periods of epidemic cholera prevalence — namely, more or less abnormally high day temperature and humidity of the air, followed by more or less comparatively cold night temperature and moisture, with generally an unusually stagnant atmosphere from absence of winds, or an atmosphere moved only by gentle currents or draughts, produced by evaporation from the surface soil, which prove most injurious to the proper performance of the functional services of the body exposed to their action, especially under the unfavourable conditions above mentioned. In a previous passage I have referred to the habitually greater mortality occurring from cholera among the European troops and the Native prisoners in India — both of which classes are housed in Government barracks and jails built on standard plans — as compared with that occurring among the Native troops — who live in more sheltered quarters of their own construction — and have attributed the very great difference in the rates of cholera mortality between these two differently housed classes of men to the faulty ventilation in the Government barracks and jails, by reason of which the European soldiers and Native prisoners are exposed at night — under other unfavourable conditions also as to the protection of the body by suitable clothing — to the effects of a damp, cold, or chilly air in its most injurious form, namely, of draughts. And in the work before referred to have stated " that one of the most important of the measures of sanitary precaution for the prevention of cholera, which demands our earliest and most careful attention, is the provision of some means for more efficiently protecting our European troops and prison populations in India from exposure to the effects of night air in their sleeping barracks, especially during periods of epidemic cholera prevalence. At the same time, I consider that at such times — of epidemic cholera prevalence — warm clothing, such as woollen shirts and drawers, should be worn at night time, and that during sleep the body, most especially the trunk from the hips to the armpits, should be covered by a good blanket ; and in quarters or barracks which are themselves in a damp state, or which are in the immediate vicinity of a damp plot of land, I consider that the use of fires between sunset and sunrise is highly to be ecomm ended as a means of maintaining an equable and comparatively 54 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. dry temperature. At times of cholera prevalence, the observance of these protective measures I consider to be a matter of the first importance ; for I am convinced, from the teachings of a long and extensive experience, that all other measures of sanitary precaution will, as they have in the past, prove ineffectual as preventives of cholera, so long as the protective measures above indicated are neglected." I have introduced this quotation here because, in my belief, the protection of the individual person from the effects of weather influences during seasons of epidemic cholera prevalence is by far the most important and necessary of the measures to be adopted with the object of protecting the individual from an attack of cholera. All experience of the disease, as it is practically dealt with in India, confirms the absolute necessity of attention to this point, as the first and most important of the preventive precautions to be taken against the assaults of cholera. In the case of infants at the breast and young children attacked by cholera, it is invariably found, on inquiry into the history of each case, that the sufferer has been exposed to the inclemencies of the epidemic weather in an underclad state, especially at night time, or during the period between sunset and sunrise. And often it has been observed that at such times a change to lighter clothing, on account of the advancing heat of the season, has been immediately followed by derangement of the bowels producing active diarrhoea, or, very frequently, a sudden attack of acute and usually fatal cholera. In the case of adults of both sexes, the same neglect of attention, in respect to the matter of proper clothing at such times, is found amongst the facts of individual histories, and is followed by equally quick and decided effects, whatever may be the other circumstances of the sufferer's surroundings. Very often the character and effects of the epidemic influence producing cholera are modified, favourably or unfavourably, as the case may be, by the nature of the physical conditions of the locality and the quality of the prosperity of its inhabitants. Generally, it may be said, localities possessing a dry soil and equable temperature during the revolutions of night and day, and inhabited by a people in prosperous circumstances, are little liable to visitations of cholera, and in epidemic seasons of the disease frequently remain exempt from its effects. The favourite localities for the appearance of the disease, not only during the seasons of the epidemic prevalence of cholera, but at other times also, are those in which the soil is habitually in a moist or marshy state, and in which there are frequent and great changes in the heat and humidity of the air during the course of the twenty-four hours, but most markedly so between the alternations of day and night temperature. In such localities, whatever the material prosperity of the inhabitants, the standard of the public health is generally inferior, owing to the insalubrity of the climate in which they live, and they are consequently more prone to the assaults of cholera than others more favourably situated. 55 r NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. Between these two extremes there are endless varieties of locality and climate in which cholera may make its appearance in epidemic form, but always there is to be observed a coincident alteration in the character of the local conditions or the local climate ; either by floodings of the surface soil, or saturation of the subsoil by rain or flood waters • or by increased heat and humidity of the air by increased temperature and abnormal rainfall in the locality itself or in its close vicinity. In all seasons of cholera prevalence, therefore, the points to be more especially guarded against are the unusual alterations and alternations in the temperature and humidity of the air, and the chills they produce in their effects upon the human body, more particularly when exposed to their operation in a state of inertia or repose, and insufficiently protected by suitable clothing. In such seasons, therefore, it is necessary to be on the watch against exposure to the prevailing weather influences, whether indoors or out of doors, in an unprotected state in respect of clothing, ventilation and warmth of the house, &c. ; and more especially so in the case of those who from any cause are in an enfeebled state of health. The pursuit of sedentary occupations in cold and draughty rooms or other situation is to be avoided, as is also exposure to the night air in a state of inertia or repose. It is advisable at such seasons to protect the body against the action of chill by the use of some extra clothing or outside wrap, especially after sunset. Flannel, woollen, or silken underclothing, in addition to the ordinary dress, usually affords efficient protection in this respect to the great eliminating organs contained in the trunk of the body. With these may be worn with advantage a flannel or silken waistband, or the ordinary cholera belt. In some epidemic visitations of cholera the season is characterised by a greater than usual intensity of the epidemic influence, the exact nature of which is not well understood. The special character of the season itself, however, is perceived plainly enough by the effects it produces upon the bodily sensations, without necessarily in all cases inducing an attack of cholera. These peculiarities of the epidemic season commonly produce a widespread — within the area of the epidemic influence — and very general complaint of indisposition and discomfort, described by the terms "debility," "languor," "depression of spirits," "want of energy," " loss of appetite," and so forth, and are usually attributed to some adverse change in the electric conditions of the atmosphere. Sometimes these peculiarities of the epidemic weather produce epidemics of indigestion, with troublesome flatulence, and somewhat active watery, but altogether painless, diarrhoea, without advancing further to the stage of acute cholera, except in the case of those whose unfavourable state of health predisposes them to an attack of the disease in its severer forms. In some constitutions, especially those enfeebled by previous ill-health — as from the effects of long-continued suffering from malarious cachexia, or intermittent fever, or chronic indigestion accompanied by gastralzia, or a 56 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. neuralgic state of the bowels, irritability of the bowels, or chronic catarrh of the bowels without actual diarrhoea, but with soft, shapeless stools containing an excess of mucus and pale acrid, oily or greasy bile — there appears to be an unusual sensibility to the slightest changes in the weather, and a very ready susceptibility to the effects of chill. In such subjects there appears to be a greater proneness to succumb to cholera than in others enjoying more robust constitutions and a sounder state of health j and they require particular and individual care to guard themselves against the adverse influences of the season, especially in those, seasons of cholera prevalence which are characterised by an unusual intensity of the epidemic influence. As before stated, the precise nature of this greater intensity of the epidemic cholera influence is not well understood. But, from what is observed to obtain in such seasons, there appears to be a greater amount of electrical disturbance than is noticed in the milder or ordinary seasons of epidemic cholera. In the severer epidemic seasons — usually following upon long periods of more or less severe drought— there is an abnormally high temperature and unusual humidity of the air, with, apparently, fewer thunderstorms and less lightning than in ordinary epidemic seasons of cholera. There appears to be a greater amount of leakage or abstraction of electricity into the air and into the ground — both in a state of abnormally high temperature and humidity at such seasons — from surrounding bodies, whether organic or inorganic. And it would seem that the symptoms of discomfort and loss of tone above mentioned as so commonly and generally experienced at such times are due to this abstraction of electricity from the human body ; the symptoms of enervation being more distinctly felt by and proving the most inconvenient to those who, from an enfeebled state of health, have not the power of resisting the outflow, or of recuperating the thus lost electricity. This idea seems to receive support from the benefit said to be derived by those who at such times wear galvanic discs over the pit of the stomach, or use other similar magnetic appliances. Be this as it may, hoAvever, there seems to be no doubt that during such epidemic seasons, characterised by abnormally high temperature and humidity of the air, there is frequently interruption to telegraphic operations owing to leakage, of a more or less pronounced kind, from the wires. There is also no doubt about the fact that the severity or intensity of an epidemic of cholera is frequently observed to abate, or suddenly to subside altogether, immediately after the occurrence of a violent thunderstorm with free play of lightning has cleared the air and dissipated the previously existing state of atmospheric conditions. Under any circumstances the main point to be attended to is' the protection of the individual against the effects of the weather influences operating during seasons of epidemic cholera prevalence. This protection is best secured by careful attention to the proper ventilation and warming of the dwelling quarters, and more especially of the sleeping rooms, so as 57 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. to shut out draughts and to maintain an equable and moderate temperature ; and by careful attention to the clothing of the body, so as to protect it against chills and the effects of exposure to the weather out of doors, especially under the unfavourable conditions before mentioned. There is less risk of contracting chill during active exercise or exertion of the body ; the danger occurs when the individual is exposed to the effects of chill, or the incidence of chill, during the state of bodily repose or rest. On such occasions it is advisable to protect the body with an extra wrap. Next in importance to the protective measures of proper ventilation and warming of the dwelling quarters, and proper clothing of the body, come the protective measures requisite in regard to diet. These also require careful attention, more especially on the part of those not in the enjoyment of robust health. In times of cholera prevalence, owing to the naturally depressing effects of the seasonal influences upon the bodily functions generally, the appetite and digestion become more or less commonly and seriously impaired, and give rise to unusual cravings for stimulants and capricious fancies for other than the ordinary articles of food to which the individual is accustomed. The careless indulgence in these is always at such times attended with perilous risk, and, owing to the more or less impaired powers of digestion, has so constantly led to serious consequences that there is scarcely an article of ordinary food which has not, in its turn, been denounced as the immediate cause of precipitating an attack of cholera following upon its consumption. In the vast majority of such cases, however, the fault lies not entirely upon the quality of the — often unaccustomed — food alone, but also, to a great extent, upon the weak condition of the stomach into which it is introduced ; and, both being often at fault together, the consequences of their mutual contact are usually more serious than when only the one is in default. Articles of food which, in ordinary times, are received by the stomach complacently and disposed of comfortably, are in times of cholera prevalence found to be irritating and indigestible, and sometimes even poisonous in their effects ; thus indicating a default in the powers of the stomach as the primary cause of the mischief. This impairment in the digestive powers of the stomach at such seasons is apparently due to derangement produced as a result of the action of the prevailing high temperature and other influences of the epidemic season ; and may be attributed to an over-excitation of the functional actions of the skin and lungs being followed by a reduced activity in those of the stomach and intestinal glands and the liver; and also, in some measure, to the enervating effects of the weather itself — which at such times is habitually observed to be of a more or less oppressive character—producing a depression in the tone of the sympathetic nervous system. This impairment of the digestive functions is often observed to rise and fall 58 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. with more or less of regularity in conformity with the alternations of day and night temperature ; hut the impairment is present in more or less pronounced degree all through the persistence of the epidemic seasons, to the direct influence of which it owes its origin and, indeed, its subsequent aggravations also. For it is almost always some sudden check — through the action of chill — to the previously over-excited action of the skin and lungs which throws back upon the liver, and other internal excretory organs, not only their own normal amount of work, but that also of the external excretory organs whose functional activity, in respect to their eliminating offices, has been thus suddenly checked, or, may be, been temporarily well-nigh stopped altogether ; and with the result of a more or less serious upset in the harmony of their mutual relations. Impaired digestion, then, whether seriously incommoding or the reverse, we may consider to be a common and general concomitant of seasons of epidemic cholera. Further, we are taught by experience that this impaired digestion is a very common and general predisposing cause of cholera incidence ; and more especially when, as is usually the case, it happens to be associated with the catarrhal state of the bowels, produced by the effects of the prevailing weather influences, or pre-existing from some other cause. Many accidents occur, and many causes co-operate to aggravate these unhealthy conditions or states of the body — and generally all connected with the nature of the daily pursuits of life, and the movements of man. We see the aggravation of these unhealthy conditions of the digestive organs and alimentary canal illustrated on a large scale in seasons of famine distress which may happen to be coincident with periods of epidemic cholera prevalence. We see them on a lesser scale during seasons of epidemic cholera in pilgrim assemblages and journeyings, in bodies of troops on the march or in the field, or in the daily wanderings and labourings of the poorest classes about the larger cities and toAvns. We see them also, on a lesser scale still, in the management of our troops and prison populations. In each and all the aggravation of an impaired digestion and unhealthy condition of the alimentary canal — produced wholly, or partly, as the case may be, by the effects on the system of naturally recurring adverse weather influences — is brought about by neglect, helpless maybe or careless, of the precautions rendered necessary by the established circumstances of the occasion. As regards the famine-stricken, the pilgrim devotees, and the other poor classes of wanderers in search of their daily bread, there seems little prospect, under the existing conditions of life in India, of seeing any sensible or material alleviation in their liability to the incidence of cholera. There are, however, just grounds for the hope that the rapidly increasing extension of railways in all parts of the country will not only greatly diminish the risks of famine-distress in the future, but will also very greatly alleviate the sufferings of the travelling multitudes by affording them a rapid and convenient mode of transit, instead of the 59 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. hazards, exposures, hardships, and privations of their wonted journeyings by road. But the facilities afforded by railway travelling may be confidently expected to lessen the liability to cholera of the multitudes of the travelling public, who have hitherto suffered so cruelly and severely from, its epidemic virulence under the exposures and privations of their toilsome marches by road, only on the condition that they take care to protect themselves, individually, from the effects of the epidemic influences to which they are exposed in transit by rail by proper attention to the requirements of the occasion, in respect to clothing, diet, and shelter. On all these points the multitude require to be taught and instructed. As regards the troops and prison populations, and other classes more immediately under Government control, there is a great deal to be done — apart altogether from the general sanitary measures and works usually adopted and carried out for the improvement and preservation of the public health, and apart also from the special sanitary precautions of a preventive nature which have been above described — in order to mitigate their liability to the incidence of cholera when the disease is abroad in epidemic form. Stress is laid here upon the impairment of digestion, which is a constant accompaniment of seasons of cholera prevalence, because it is considered the first stage in the general deterioration of health which at such times predisposes to an attack of that disease. And so convinced am I of the great importance of this premonitory sign that I would unhesitatingly give it the first place in our consideration of any measures of a preventive kind, against the effects of cholera-producing influences, which are directed towards the protection of the individual. As before stated, the impairment of digestion which is observed to be so common and so constant an accompaniment of seasons of cholera prevalence is due to the effects of the epidemic weather influences upon the functional operations of the system • and is, of course, produced in very different degrees of severity according to the individual idiosyncrasy and health state, and is aggravated or otherwise according to the efficiency or the inefficiency of the protection enjoyed by the individual against the operation of these weather influences in respect of clothing, diet, and shelter ; and more especially if the mere state of indigestion be accompanied also, as is very often the case in epidemic seasons, by a catarrhal state of the bowels. The precautionary measures of protection considered requisite to secure the individual against the effects of weather vicissitudes during seasons of epidemic cholera prevalence, have already been referred to so far as they relate to clothing and housing. We have now to consider the precautionary measures which are requisite to insure the protection of the individual against the deteriorated standard of health which prevails during seasons of epidemic cholera, as a consequence of the impairment of digestion naturally produced by the effects of these seasonal influences, or against the aggravation of the deteriorated health so produced. 60 i NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. As has been already stated, there is commonly observed to prevail during seasons of epidemic cholera an unusual degree of irritability of stomach — owing to the natural impairment of digestion during the prevalence of such epidemic seasons — in consequence of which almost every article of the ordinary or customary diet is at times apt to disagree with that organ, and to produce an aggravation of symptoms which greatly predispose the sufferer to the supervention of an attack of acute cholera. This is especially the case if this state of indigestion be accompanied also by a catarrhal condition of the intestinal mucous membrane ; a circumstance by no means uncommon at such seasons as a result of the effects of the prevailing epidemic influence. The means best calculated to guard against, as well as to remedy, this impaired condition of the digestive powers is the observance of a carefully-regulated diet, aided, when necessary, by the use of medicinal tonics and other appropriate remedies. During seasons of epidemic cholera prevalence too much care cannot be devoted to the maintenance in the individual of a sound digestion and good appetite. The kinds of food best calculated to secure these ends are those which are easily digestible and grateful to the palate. But whatever the kind of food, it must be taken at such times in very moderate or even sparing quantity at each meal, and never to repletion of stomach, or surfeit. It is impossible to lay down precise and rigid rules of diet to suit all constitutions and stomachs, or to formulate diet scales adapted to all the various circumstances obtaining in particular cases at such seasons. But it may be stated, in general terms, that the plainer the food and the smaller the quantity taken at a meal, the greater the likelihood of its easy digestion, provided always that the articles themselves be of sound quality and suitable kind. Ordinarily, the kind of diet found most useful at such seasons consists of various plain dishes made of rice and lentils, maccaroni or vermicelli prepared with milk, tapioca, sago, &c, or other light farinaceous preparations, with milk as a main constituent, and perhaps some fresh eggs. Flesh and fish should be very sparingly used, whilst shell-fish and tinned meats should be carefully avoided. There is no objection to the moderate use of fresh, sound, ripe fruits and wellcooked vegetables. But the consumption of raw or rotten vegetables, unripe, over-ripe, or rotten fruits — particularly melons, cucumbers, newly harvested rice, maize, &c, all old and musty grains, &c. — the consumption of immature or newly ripe maize cobs ; bread made from recently harvested maize flour or meal, &c. ; and fruits of various kinds whose natural quality is to act on the bowels as a laxative — should at such seasons be carefully avoided as dangerous poisons. In the use of milk and its preparations, care should be taken that they are fresh and sound, and especially free from rancidity. It is best and safest that the milk be boiled before consumption. Butter and oil and all fats should be sparingly used, and care must be taken that 61 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. they are of sound quality and free from rancidity or putrefactive change. At such seasons milk, oil, butter, grease, flesh, fish, &c, and in fact all such lifeless organic substances, are apt to undergo rapid changes of decomposition owing to the heat and humidity of the air; and when consumed in such state of rancidity, decomposition, or putrefaction, almost invariably produce severe derangement of the bowels, and very frequently precipitate an attack of acute cholera which rapidly kills. The use of fermented liquors, sweet sherbets, and spirituous drinks should be very cautiously indulged in by all during seasons of epidemic cholera, and should be altogether avoided by those whose digestion shows signs of impairment. The best ordinary beverage is plain water, boiled and filtered day by day, and moderately cooled. "Water that has been boiled must not be kept more than twenty-four hours for use as a beverage, owing to its greater tendency to putrefy than unboiled water. Moderately cooled water is preferable to iced water as an ordinary day beverage, but it should be taken in small quantity at a time. Iced water often increases thirst, and taken too frequently or in large quantity weakens digestion. Tea, coffee, and cocoa, taken in the morning and evening, are grateful and refreshing, and are sometimes taken with advantage as a midday " pick-me-up." There is no objection to the ordinary milk, cream, and lemon ices during the day, provided they are not indulged in to excess. In moderation they are wholesome and refreshing. The above hints will suffice as an outline of the kind of diet most suitable at such seasons. The main object to be attained is the maintenance of sound digestion, and this is best worked for by the careful avoidance of all articles of food which are known to be deleterious — at such epidemic seasons especially — or are found to be so by individual experience. For the rest, the natural powers of the body may at such seasons be materially aided and benefited by the use of some of the ordinary medicinal tonics — such as the bitter vegetable infusions or quinine with sulphuric acid. In some constitutions, especially when there is persistent irritability of the stomach or a catarrhal state of the bowels, an anodyne astringent tonic is preferable, and in such cases may be used with advantage as a prophylactic. But under all circumstances in this connection, the precautions mentioned in regard to clothing and housing must be carefully attended to in conjunction with those relating to diet. It will not suffice to be careful in one direction and negligent in the others. The neglect of the precautions indicated as necessary to be carefully observed by the individual at such seasons, in respect to dress, shelter, and food, is fraught with peril. For it is the neglect of such precautions which is the cause in most instances of precipitating an attack of acute cholera, more especially in those naturally susceptible to the assaults of the disease. It has often been noticed that during the seasons of epidemic cholera 62 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. prevalence the alternations of day and night temperature are more keenly perceptible to the senses than in ordinary times or seasons. Owing, apparently, to the more than usually stimulated action of the skin during the heat of the day rendering the sweat glands and integumentary capillary circulation more than ordinarily sensitive to the diminished temperature and damp chills of the night air obtaining during such epidemic seasons- At such times much benefit may be derived in the way of fortifying the system against the effects of the prevalent night chills by the use of some hot, nourishing drink, such as soup, gruel, tea, coffee, &c. The encouragement of the use of these hot drinks during such epidemic seasons among the poor and labouring classes should be facilitated and fostered by arrangements on the part of municipal corporations, with the object of popularising them as ordinary beverages of a wholesome, nourishing, and comforting quality, so as to divert these classes from the use of cold water, more or less of impure quality, which under the existing circumstances is the only resource available to them. For it is a well-known fact that in times of epidemic cholera, or of endemic malarious fever — ague more especially — a draught of cold water, whether pure or impure, has very often precipitated an attack of either disease in those predisposed to such forms of ailment, merely from the shock thus conveyed to the system, already more or less chilled and depressed by the effects of the prevailing weather influences ; or by direct shock to the alimentary mucous membrane, already in an irritable state from impaired functional health, or from the existence of a state of catarrh. Such, in brief terms, are the principal of the measures of sanitary precaution — with a view to the prevention of cholera by fortification of the body — so far as they relate to the individual during seasons of epidemic cholera prevalence, which require careful attention and steady observance, in addition to the measures and works of general sanitation usually adopted and pursued in view to the maintenance and improvement of the public health. During recent years much reliance and much weight have been put upon early removal or flight from a locality visited by cholera as the surest and best means of escaping the disease. There is, no doubt, much advantage to be derived from such a course when timely arranged and judiciously carried out ; although in India our experience in the adoption of this course of giving cholera a wide berth, so far as concerns the wholesale removal of troops and jail populations amongst whom that disease may make its appearance in epidemic form, has not always been attended with uniform success, or even with a success at all commensurate with the efforts made, the discomforts endured, the risks run, the losses suffered, and the expenses incurred. The amount of mortality, sickness, and discomfort, not only from cholera, but also from sunstroke, fevers, and other maladies, attending a hasty removal of troops and jail prisoners into camp on the outbreak of epidemic cholera (for it is only on 63 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. such epidemic visitations of the disease that removal is resorted to) amongst them has hitherto been, there is no doubt — judging from the recorded facts regarding the incidence of cholera (exclusive of other diseases) amongst them whilst in camp — very much greater than was at all contemplated or anticipated as a result of such movement from the locality in which the disease first made its appearance amongst them. It is no argument in favour of the measure to adduce the fact that after several moves in camp from site to site, or that after the first move — when, as is almost always the case in such instances, that move was made late in the course of the outbreak — the change from the locality in which the disease originally made its appearance has been followed by a cessation or a diminution in the activity of the disease. Because it is a well-known and commonly observed peculiarity in the deportment of epidemic cholera to appear suddenly in some particular locality, endure for a while, and then rapidly to subside ; or to suddenly cease entirely among any particular community visited by the disease. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that a change of site or removal from a locality affected by epidemic cholera is, when early and judiciously carried out, of the very highest advantage. But the advantage depends entirely upon the judiciousness and timeliness of the change, and the circumstances under which the removal is effected — especially in respect to the quarter or direction resorted to, and the period after the first appearance of the disease in its earlier stages, that the shift of site is made. Otherwise the move may be merely from one locality to another within the area of the epidemic influence, and from a place of comfort and shelter, with all sorts of domestic conveniences, to another of discomfort, exposure, and various sorts of privations ; with a number, large or small, of persons a certain proportion of whom are already affected by the disease in its earlier stages before they quit the locality in which the epidemic first appeared amongst them. It is not on all such occasions easy to make a correct choice of locality, or to provide for the necessary requirements of the change ; whilst under the views at present' held as to what constitutes cholera, the waiting for the appearance of the disease in its acute and most severe form, is incompatible with the adoption of timely action. So that, under the practice hitherto pursued, the measure of moving bodies of troops or jail prisoners into camp on account of the appearance of epidemic cholera in its severest or acute stage amongst them, is always, even under other favourable circumstances, attended with a considerable amount of exposure and many risks ; whilst the expense to the State, especially in the case of European troops, is not compensated by any commensurate saving of life, if indeed by any saving of life at all, so far as is indicated by the annual death-rates. "With a proper observance, on the part of the individual more especially, of the sanitary precautions relating to dress, shelter, and food, which have been mentioned in the preceding pages as salutary means of 64 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. protection against the incidence of cholera, there is reason to hope that the necessity for such removals into camp — on a wholesale scale, at all events — will to a great extent be obviated altogether. For the more strongly fortified is the individual in respect to dress, shelter, and food- — ¦ as previously indicated — during such epidemic seasons, the less risk is there of his becoming susceptible to the effects of the prevailing influence, or of his contracting an attack of acute cholera. At the same time, there is no doubt that a change of climate — especially in the case of those in enfeebled health, or prone to attacks of ephemeral or of intermittent fever, or suffering from irritability of stomach, or a catarrhal state of the bowels — is always highly advantageous at times of epidemic cholera prevalence. But in order to derive the greatest advantage attainable by such change, the move should be made judiciously, and as part of a prearranged plan anticipatory of the advent of the epidemic. So far as regards the choice of locality, the District Mortality Returns for each Province of British India afford a good guide as to the localities or tracts of country habitually remaining exempt from visitations of cholera during seasons, of the periodical epidemic recurrence of the disease. And these should be selected as the places to resort to at such times, in preference to others situated within the areas which are habitually subject to visitations of cholera in the periodically recurring seasons of its epidemic prevalence. The foregoing details of the measures of sanitary precaution necessary to be observed as preventives of the incidence of cholera in the individual, comprise all the important requisites for protection during seasons of the epidemic prevalence of the disease. No mention has been made of quarantine, because that measure is in itself useless as a preventive of the spread of epidemic cholera. This has been proved over and over again by the experience of many years and numberless instances in which the measure has been carried out under the strictest possible regulations. The most strict regulations fall far short of preventing the spread of cholera — even were the disease really communicable by contagion or by human intercommunication and traffic — because of the impracticability of insuring a complete isolation of each individual subjected to quarantine, or of insuring the sound health of each person when freed from its restraint. Whilst it is impossible to insure the protection of the individual against the effects of the epidemic influence by any amount of mere quarantine, or by any amount of mere fumigation or disinfection, because such measures are in themselves utterly ineffective for that purpose. The measure of quarantine, as usually enforced, is to be condemned not only as useless, but as extremely inconvenient and hazardous to many persons who, under its regulations, are subjected unnecessarily to many discomforts, privations, and exposures which they would otherwise probably escape. And it is to be condemned under any circumstances as totally inefficacious in respect to the purposes for which it is enforced. We now proceed to consider the remedial treatment of cholera. X 65 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. There is no other disease in the long list of medical nosology which has been treated by the profession with more of empiricism — understood in the vulgar acceptation of the term — and of experiment, or with greater variety of irrational and contradictory notions of its nature and causes, than cholera ; and with the natural result that no advance whatever has been made in the diminution of mortality amongst those coming under medical treatment for the disease. So notorious is this unhappy result that in many parts there is a profound aversion to call in the doctor, under the belief that the chances of recovery are greater without medical interference ; and the belief is not altogether unfounded. The mortality from cholera in India among the European troops and Native prisoners in jails, treated by qualified medical officers, and with all the appliances of medical science at command, is very often appallingly high. Of this many instances are recorded in the pages of "The History of Cholera in India from 1862 to 1881," before referred to. In one instance — recorded on page 587 of that work — during an outbreak of epidemic cholera, which lasted only ten days, among the European troops in the Murree Convalescent Depot, there were altogether twenty-four cases of cholera recorded, and of this number no less than twenty-two died — most of them within twelve hours of seizure. But these cases of cholera were — for I was at Murree at the time of this epidemic, and, though my official duties as Sanitary Commissioner of the Punjab lay with the civil establishments and civil population, the facts of this outbreak in the Depot came unofficially under my cognizance, and I saw some of the cases under treatment in company with, and by the courtesy of, the medical officer in charge of the Depot — were cases of the disease in the most advanced or severest stage of cholera; no case of the disease — as has been previously stated is the usual custom nowadays, and in India by authoritative ruling — which did not run on into collapse, or which did not present the symptoms of rice-water stools and suppression of urine, being recorded as cholera. Still this mortality is appallingly high, even for this advanced stage of cholera ; and being concentrated within a short period amongst a limited number of men compactly located together, naturally produced a gloomy despondency, for which the move into camp was a welcome relief, although some of the fatal cases occurred in the new situation. It is the occurrence of such outbreaks of cholera, with the panic effects they produce, which has been the main incentive to flight from the locality so cruelly visited. But a more reasonable procedure would be to guard against the occurrence of such outbreaks by carefully-arranged and strictly-observed precautionary measures of a preventive kind, such as those already described in the preceding pages. For it is a fact that in the history of almost every individual case of these cholera-stricken subjects in such epidemic outbreaks, there are invariably recorded some circumstances or other evidence proving the exposure of the sufferer to causes obviously predisposing to an attack of the disease, or even of 66 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OP CHOLERA. actually exciting it — such as neglect of the symptoms of the malaise stage produced by the effects of the epidemic influence, or of the diarrhoea produced by exposure to draughts, chills, and damp air, or other inclemencies of the prevailing weather, and generally in an insufficiently clad and passive state of the body, as for instance whilst sitting, reclining, idling, or sleeping in shirt sleeves or other light clothing, &c. ; and often aggravated by carelessness in eating and drinking, or the consumption of unwholesome articles of food, &c. From such like evidence, almost invariably recorded in the histories of these severe forms of cholera, there are afforded reasonable grounds for insisting on the strictest attention being paid to the observance of the precautionary measures relating to clothing, shelter, and diet which have already been described. And it is not asserting too much when I say that, were these preventive precautions always observed by the individual in times of epidemic cholera prevalence, we should hear less of the panic scenes and demoralisation of spirits, and experience less of the terribly sudden losses of life occurring on occasions such as that above mentioned — as one instance out of many — during epidemic visitations of cholera. Cholera is a disease which rarely strikes with the suddenness commonly supposed, without some previous warning, whether that be heeded or not. As has been described in the First Part of this treatise, the invasion of the disease is almost invariably marked by an initial stage of malaise — more or less pronounced and of longer or shorter duration — which may be thrown off, and the patient recover his previous state, without further inconvenience, by the natural efforts of the body under ordinary care and self-management ; as is usually the case with the healthy and the prudent. Or, the ailment may pass on to a further stage marked by greater constitutional disturbance and attended by diarrhoea ; as is usually the case with those in enfeebled health and predisposed to the disease by previous derangement of the digestive system, and with those who carelessly neglect the warnings of the malaise stage. But even in this stage of diarrhoea, as in the preceding of malaise, the patient frequently recovers through the naturally exerted remedial efforts of the body, when these are aided by ordinary self-care and nursing ; though when neglected or thwarted by rash and injudicious acts on the part of the patient, especially in regard to eating and drinking and exposure to damps and chills, the malady very often quickly develops symptoms of great severity, which may speedily destroy life. From what has been stated in the earlier sections of this treatise on the Nature and Causes of Cholera, and the three stages marking the commencement, progress, and termination of the disease, it is clear that the medical treatment of cholera, to be of any practical benefit, must be of a nature suited to the symptoms presenting themselves in the several stages of the malady. And as these symptoms have been shown to be mainly dependent upon the effects of the epidemic weather influences 67 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. acting as their exciting causes in the first instance, it naturally follows that the chief object in the medical treatment should be in the first instance to counteract the operation of these morbific influences. Whilst in the more advanced stages, as the symptoms presenting themselves are mainly manifestations — more or less active in kind — of the natural efforts of the body to set right the derangement of functional processes caused by the adverse effects of weather influences, and of the effects — more or less violent and dangerous in degree— of these remedial efforts on the system, so the medical treatment, to be of any practical utility, must aim at controlling these naturally occurring remedial efforts of thebody within tolerable and moderate limits, and at supporting the patient under the strain of these efforts — severe or perilous, as the case may be — to tide over the crisis in safety. In this view of the case the medical treatment of cholera, being based on rational principles, becomes somewhat simplified, and does away with the necessity or cause for all the random expedients and empirical practices which have hitherto rendered the medical treatment of the disease so futile in its results and so little creditable to the profession. In theanxiety and fear caused to friends and relations in attendance by the appallingly sudden and alarmingly great changes in the aspect and condition of the patient — denoting imminent peril or foreboding speedydeat — which frequently supervene upon some slight sense of ailment, or trivial feeling of indisposition — often hardly noticed either by the sufferer or by those about him — there is a natural impulse to impatience and inquietude on the part of friends and relations to see something done to meet each succeeding symptom on behalf of the sufferer. This solicitous anxiety very commonly communicates itself to the medical attendant, and thoughtlessly impels him to resort to a succession of remedies and expedients with rash haste and little consideration of the fitness of things. And so it is that we find, in the histories recorded of the medical treatment of cholera cases, all sorts of drugs have been used, and with very little benefit, if any, as concerns the greatest number, and all sorts of expedients have been put into practice with equally unsatisfactory results. In different hands and on different occasions stimulants, antispasmodics, astringents, emetics, purgatives, &c. &c, have in turn been used ; and some of them have enjoyed a short-lived popularity, based on the reports and opinions set forth by practitioners of reputation or local celebrity. Similarly all sorts of expedients have been resorted to in the hope of revitalising the moribund patient or alleviating his sufferings — blisters, cauteries, hot baths and cold baths, medicated and plain ; wet: sheets, vapour baths, subcutaneous injections of narcotics, enemas of astringent and other drugs ; venous transfusion of blood, of water, of saline mixtures, &c. ; electricity, inhalation of oxygen, &c, have each and all had their experimentors and advocates ; but each in turn has been discarded as useless or unreliable, or even as downright harmful or perilous. 68 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. It is not necessary for the purposes of this practical treatise to enter into any description of the various modes and methods of treating cholera which have at different times and in different hands heen resorted to by medical practitioners, because there is nothing satisfactory to be gained by such a course, or from the recorded results of most of such treatment. It is enough for our purpose to state that, so far as practice is concerned, there is no recognised system of treating cholera based upon principles of action which are themselves founded upon a proper apprehension of the nature and causes of the disease, or upon a general consent as to what actually constitutes cholera. It is this very want of unanimity upon these most important points which is answerable for the very diverse methods and empirical — in the vulgar acceptation of the term — practices adopted, no less than for the unsatisfactory results obtained, both as regards the fate of the patient and the confidence of the public. By the common practice — and in India by authoritative ruling, so far as coixcerns the Medical Department of the Government of India — cholera is not recognised as such until the appearance of symptoms which characterise the last and severest stage of the disease. The first or initial stage — marking the commencement or invasion of cholera — is hardly ever recognised in practice as a premonitory sign denoting the sufferer's liability, proneness, predisposition, or susceptibility to the severer forms of the disease. Yet it is a well-known fact that the transient or trifling feelings of indisposition marking this initial stage — so commonly prevalent during seasons of epidemic cholera — very often, when neglected or disregarded, pass rapidly to the development of the more prominent symptoms of illness which constitute the second stage of the disease, namely, that characterised by bilious diarrhoea, as has been previously described. Even in this stage the malady is not commonly recognised as cholera, but, owing to its most prominent symptom, is styled Premonitory Diarrhoea, or Choleraic Diarrhoea and Cholerine if very severe. Frequently this stage of the disease causes so little inconvenience that the sufferers go about their ordinary avocations as usual, and too often neglect sanitary precautions and medical treatment ; even in hospital practice sufferers from this stage of the disease are commonly treated as out-patients with no more than some palliative potion or pills, precautions as to clothing, shelter, and diet being unheeded. And thus it happens that many pass from this stage of bilious diarrhoea to the next and always serious stage — that of acute cholera, with its purging and vomiting, cramps, collapse, and other grave symptoms. It is only when this bilious diarrhoea alters its character, and assumes the form of ricewater stools — usually accompanied by vomiting of similarly colourless liquids, together with suppression of urine, cramps, collapse, &c. — or when, as occasionally happens, the collapse symptoms suddenly supervene without much previous diarrhoea, that the disease is recognised on all hands as cholera. It is then looked on as a virulently contagious dis- 69 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. ease ; the sufferers are promptly sequestered, and the main attention is devoted to isolation, disinfection, and the prompt removal of ejected and dejected matters. Whilst as to the urgent symptoms presented by the patient, these are too often treated with rash haste and unquiet activity, according to the promptings of anxious friends, or the views of the medical attendant, without due consideration of the collapsed state of the functional organs implicated, and of the inability of the stomach and absorbent system to deal with the medicines introduced on such occasions so largely by repeated doses. So that when reaction sets in — should it take place — the patient is frequently overpowered by the stimulants, narcotics, astringents, and other drugs which have been administered by mouth, or by subcutaneous injection, or by enema. In hospital practice, whether amongst the military, police, jails, or in civil dispensaries, special precautions are taken for the isolation or sequestration of those manifesting the symptoms of this acute and severest stage of cholera under the belief that it is a highly contagious disease ; whilst no such precautions are taken in respect to those suffering from the milder forms of the disease — even from choleraic diarrhoea or cholerine. Whole wards and barracks are immediately vacated on the occurrence in them of a single case of acute cholera, and the deserted quarters are given up to fumigation, disinfection, whitewashing, and other purificatory processes. All this is quite unnecessary, involves great inconvenience and expense, and, worst of all, creates needless alarm and a very harmful diversion of attention from more important and useful measures of remedy and prevention. As a rule, no attention is paid to glaring defects in tho sanitary requirements of the quarters in which these cholera cases occur, or to the individual state of protection of their occupants. It is true that extreme care is taken to maintain and preserve a most scrupulous surface cleanliness in and about these quarters at all times, so far as regards mere scavenging and removal of filth ; the drinking water is carefully protected from impurity, the cooking places and the rations are constantly inspected, the latrines are disinfected and promptly cleaned out, and overcrowding is guarded against. But all this, though very good and highly to be commended in its way, is not the main requirement which needs the most special attention at such times — in times of epidemic cholera. What is of more importance at such times is a strict attention to the state of the weather and its effects upon the soil and air of these quarters, and upon the health and feelings of their occupants. A soil saturated with rain, or damp from obstructed or defective subsoil drainage, and an atmosphere in and about the quarters more than usually hot and humid by day and chill and damp by night are almost invariably found to be present in the localities where cholera appears ; and their effect upon the health and feelings of the occupants of such quarters are always observed to be more or less distinctly marked, though, of course, where numbers are affected generally it is only individuals here and there among them 70 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. who, owing to the operation of the various causes previously mentioned, succumb to the train of severer symptoms resulting therefrom. But, as a rule, no attention is paid to these most important matters. In regard to them the same general routine is followed during epidemic cholera seasons as is ordinarily pursued at other times, and no special precautions are taken to protect the quarters and their occupants against the altered conditions of the local climate produced by the changes in the weather. The consequences of this neglect have been referred to in a previous passage as illustrated by the extraordinarily high cholera death-rate habitually occurring among the European troops and Native prisoners in all parts of India, compared with the cholera death-rate obtaining amongst the Native troops and civil populations generally. The remedy lies in rectifying defects of ventilation — especially in respect to overventilation through numerous large open doorways in barracks, and large, open, iron-grated windows in jails ; in rectifying a damp and chilly state of the indoors air by means of fires ; and in rectifying the unprotected bodily state of the inmates by suitable clothing. Attention to these points is essentially necessary in order to mitigate the sufferings and reduce the mortality from cholera when it prevails in epidemic form. No amount of quarantine, however strictly enforced ; no amount of scavenging and disinfecting, however fussily performed ; no amount of cholera hospitals and other forms of sequestering those suffering under the severest forms of the disease, however absurdly carried out ; and no amount of physicking and treating such cases, however varied the drugs and methods, will suffice to check the frequency of cholera incidence, or reduce the mortality from the disease treated in our hospitals. All these measures have proved utterly inefficient either to check the prevalence of cholera in epidemic seasons, or to diminish the mortality caused by it amongst the European troops and Native prisoners in India — the two classes upon whom they have been most strictly enforced — because of neglect in respect to the defects of ventilation alluded to, and want of attention to the protective requirements of the individual by suitable clothing, &c, against the altered conditions of the local climate prevailing at such times ; in consequence of which these classes in British barracks and Native jails are more than others exposed to the effects of the epidemic weather influences and of the chills produced by their action. Among the civil populations generally there is a great diversity in the character of the sanitary conditions obtaining in and about their dwellings. But it may be stated generally that they everywhere present more or less serious defects in all the details which go to constitute a properly sanitated dwelling — more particularly in respect to sewerage and drainage and the cleanliness of the surface layer of soil — defects which naturally affect more or less deleteriously the quality of the drinking water and the purity of the breathing air. On the other hand, their dwellings — though not free from serious faults in ventilation, generally 71 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. in respect to its insufficiency — are better adapted for shelter from inclemencies of weather than are our European barracks and Native jails, and the majority of the European dwelling-houses. Such is the case at least with the generality of the better class of native houses. The huts and hovels of the poorer and labouring classes are, like their inmates, commonly wanting, to a greater or less extent, in all the requisites of a wholesome dwelling and a sound state of health. It is in these huts and hovels and amongst their occupants that epidemic cholera — and, indeed, all other epidemic diseases dependent upon weather influences for their origin and spread — commits the most severe ravages. In seasons of epidemic cholera — although all classes residing within the epidemic area are more or less affected by the epidemic influences, whether trivially, mildly, or severely, as the case may be — it is these poorer classes of the community, the badly-housed, poorly-clad, ill-fed, and hard-worked ; the homeless, the friendless, the stranger, and the wanderer, who furnish the greatest proportion (together with the working classes generally) of cholera cases. It is upon these most numerous classes that our measures of treatment fall most hardly, especially in respect to quarantine and cholera hospitals. Both these measures — quarantine and cholera hospitals — naturally prove odious to the people, and lead to much concealment of the disease, through fear of the sick being carried away from their homes and families to be consigned to doctors whom they dread more than the cholera itself ; and through disgust at the idea of being mixed up under a common roof with all sorts of strangers, beggars, waifs, and strays. Among other measures of activity against cholera adopted on such occasions, is the custom of setting about the cleaning of a place directly cholera appears amongst its residents. Extra scavengers are entertained, sweeping of streets, alleys, and courts is briskly carried on ; dung-heaps are raked up and removed \ cesspits and pools of stagnant sewage are cleared out, or filled in with earth ; sewage gutters and drains are broomed and flushed out with water, ; rubbish and litter are collected in heaps and fired ; wells and tanks are looked to, and suspected ones are closed ; and sometimes long-standing defects in sewerage and paving are now taken in hand and rectified. But all this fussing and stirring up of filth at such times is harmful rather than beneficial; because, at an inopportune moment, it exposes moist, decomposing organic matters and filth of all sorts, which were previously covered over and rendered inert by a layer of already deodorised substances, to the action of the air, and with the result of a much freer disengagement of deleterious gases and disagreeable odours than before. In conjunction with these measures, it is sometimes customary to light bonfires in the main streets ; the material used is usually green wood, and generally quantities of sulphur are burnt in the embers, with the object of destroying cholera germs in the air by the dense smoke and sulphur fumes. Good, brisk, flaming fires of dry wood, 72 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. and in much greater numbers than it is usual to light, but without the sulphur as a necessary adjunct, would prove more useful in remedying the damp, chill air of the locality. To be of any real utility, however, they should be continued for several days in all parts of the quarters fastened on by cholera. Another measure usually adopted at such times, and one of eminently practical utility, is the inspection of butchers' meat, vegetables, and fruits exposed for sale, to condemn and destroy whatever is unwholesome or unfit for consumption as food. The inspection is sometimes extended to grocers' provisions. It would be well on such occasions to include under systematic supervision all the commodities commonly sold as articles of food. Too much care cannot be bestowed on securing the sound and wholesome quality of the various articles ordinarily exposed for sale as food staples; most especially in respect to mouldy flour, rancid oil or butter, stale sweetmeats cooked in oil, putrescent milk, &c, which are frequently largely disposed of among the crowds attending fairs or composing pilgrim assemblages. Besides these measures, it is usual at such times to organise a system of house-to-house visitation for the distribution of medicines free of cost to those suffering from cholera or its predisposing ailments. The intention is of the best kind, and the measure itself, when carried out with tact and kindness on the part of the agents employed, is of the greatest advantage, inasmuch as it tends to allay alarm, and, when not injudiciously forced upon the people, is generally welcomed by all classes with expressions of gratitude and confidence, and mostly so by the indigent and poor. But the mere distribution of medicines is not all that is required to render this system of house-to-house visitation of really practical benefit — even were the medicines commonly so distributed in themselves the best suited for the purpose they are meant to serve. To work this system of house-to-house visitation to the best advantage, and with greater success than has hitherto attended the efforts made in this direction, the distribution of medicines — medicines suitable to the occasion — should be accompanied by advice to the people in plain, brief, and homely terms, and kindly tendered, upon the great importance of their personal attention to the necessity of their protecting themselves individually by suitable clothing, efficient house shelter — especially by warming damp floors and walls by means of fires on the hearth — and careful diet, against the effects of the prevailing epidemic influences and weather vicissitudes. Attention to these points, in the several details described in previous passages, is of far greater importance than the mere swallowing of physic ; for without their due observance by the patient the medicine taken is powerless to render its full service. There is no fear that the advice indicated above upon these essential points would not be accepted and acted upon as far as the means of the individual permitted ; because the details in themselves are such as recommend their proper observance to 73 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. the reason as contributing to the comfort and well-being of the person. Indeed, advice in these directions is always looked for as part of the regimen to accompany the use of any medicine ; and the neglect to give such advice or to emphasise it with the stress it deserves on occasions such as that in question, often leads, especially among the more intelligent classes, to rejection of the aid proffered — partly through the light esteem in which they hold the qualifications of the agents employed on this duty, and partly from their distrust in the efficacy of the medicines they distribute. As regards the medicines which are commonly distributed on such occasions, there is room for great improvement, if not, indeed, the necessity of a radical reform. Among the great variety of drugs and mixtures — some of them very crudely prepared — which are commonly used at such times, the great " stand-by " of Municipal authorities and Government establishments for widespread distribution among the people in cholera-smitten places as a prophylactic, is the famous " cholera pill." There are several kinds of these pills, some of which are known by the names of eminent medical officers who first introduced them or popularised their use in Municipal and Government dispensaries. Though varying somewhat in composition, the several kinds of " cholera pills " which are issued by Municipal and Government dispensaries all contain opium as their principal therapeutic ingredient. It is on this narcotic, combined with stimulants, astringents, antispasmodics, &c, as the case may be, that their efficacy depends. Of the different kinds that have come under my observation and experience, the most useful — so far as this form of medicine is at all useful in cholera — is that composed of opium, assafcetida, black pepper, and anise oil. Other kinds, commonly used, are composed of opium, camphor, and cayenne pepper; of opium, ipecacuanha, and extract of gentian; of opium, catechu, ginger, and peppermint oil ; and so forth. But whatever the efficacy of these " cholera pills " — and there is no doubt that they have acquired a certain amount of celebrity in this respect — the form in which their constant ingredient and chief therapeutic agent is administered, namely, that of pill — usually as hard as stone and little less soluble — deprives the medicine of much of its utility, and debars a very considerable proportion of those predisposed to or suffering from cholera from its use ; as, for instance, infants and young children, those of delicate stomach who cannot swallow a pill, and those prone to vomiting, who cannot retain such a form of medicine. These are serious defects in this form of exhibiting opium ; because there is no doubt that opium itself, when exhibited in suitable form and proper dose, is a very successful remedy, both preventive and curative, against cholera and allied catarrhal affections caused by the effects of adverse weather influences. Amongst the natives of India — apart altogether from the abuse of the drug as a narcotic — opium is very generally used as a prophylactic 74 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. against malarious fevers and catarrhal affections of the bowels and lungs, resulting from the effects of weather inclemencies and insalubrity of climate in particular tracts of country. This addiction to the use of opium is especially observed in malarious districts, in marshy and swampy tracts; and the drug is used in such places, commonly as a medicinal remedy, in very small doses but for prolonged periods, its action being more that of a sedative tonic than of a pure narcotic. This prophylactic use of opium is not peculiar, or confined to the people of such malarious tracts in India only; the custom is common to all Oriental peoples dwelling in similar tracts of country, and is also largely adopted by the rural population in the fen districts of England — Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire, &c. In India opium, thus used as a prophylactic against malarious ailments and catarrhal affections of the bowels and lungs, is often combined with nux vomica, or some other bitter vegetable tonic. The therapeutic effects of the combination appear to be tonic and sedative ; but after a time — as when long persevered in without a break, or a change of air — these drugs generally lose their power over the system, though even a short change to a more salubrious climate now and then seems to protract the power of their prophylactic properties. Much the same loss of power or diminution in the prophylactic properties of quinine is observed to occur in the case of those using that febrifuge steadily during a prolonged residence in such malarious tracts without an occasional change of climate or a temporary break in the use of that medicine. And of the two — opium and quinine — I am inclined to think, from my own observations and experience in the matter, that the latter loses its special protective powers sooner than the former. As a prophylactic against the effects of malaria or adverse weather changes producing chill, both opium and quinine are most efficaciously exhibited in fluid preparations and combinations, and in very small doses, say morning and evening, to be steadily continued throughout certain seasons — such as the periods of the spring and autumn changes — during which malarious and chill-producing influences habitually prevail with greater intensity in regular periodical recurrence. Administered in small doses at the above-stated intervals, both opium and quinine appear to act as general tonics to the system, and to give tone to the minute capillaries, thus rendering the body generally, and the capillary blood-vessels particularly, less prone to be affected by the action of chill. Whilst the sedative properties of opium may further fortify the system by rendering the minute capillaries less sensitive to the effects of weather vicissitudes. Whether or not this explanation be the correct view to take regarding the therapeutic action of these medicines, there is no doubt that opium especially, and quinine also to a less extent, have both acquired a stable reputation as reliable prophylactic remedies, not only in the various ailments and maladies attributed by common consent to the effects of malaria and chill-producing weather changes, but also in cholera. 75 r~ I 76 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. This being accepted as a fact, and as the explanation of the reputation for efficacy acquired by the "cholera pills" — composed principally of opium — we are led to the question, whether the form of pill is that best suited to the exhibition of opium as a prophylactic and curative remedy for general distribution on occasions of the outbreak of epidemic cholera. It has certainly the merits of being a cheap, quickly prepared, and easily distributed medicine, so far as the convenience of the compounders and dispensers is concerned ; but, as regards the interests of the patient, its great drawbacks are the indigestible and slowly soluble form in which the ingredients are presented, and the impossibility of the pill form being used in the cases of infants and young children — who, be it remembered, are equally prone to the attacks of cholera as adults, if not, indeed, more so — or by most persons of delicate stomach. ; whilst the form itself — that of a hard, dry pill — in most cases precludes the possibility of its being taken promptly whenever required, owing to the absence of water or other liquid wherewith to wash it down, as under many circumstances of ordinary occurrence, such as travelling, marching, &c. &c. These objections to the general use of the "cholera pill" have led to the adoption by some medical men of specially prepared " cholera mixtures " for distribution on occasions such as that under consideration. These " cholera mixtures" are of different kinds according to the prescriptions of different practitioners, but they generally, if not always, contain opium, in the form of tincture or the salts of morphia, combined with astringents, carminatives, antispasmodics, &c, and always largely diluted with water the purity of which can seldom be depended upon. The common kinds of these cholera mixtures — issued on such occasions from Municipal and Government dispensaries — consist of the ordinary chalk mixture, with opium ; the tinctures of opium, catechu, and ginger or capsicum ; tincture of opium, with logwood and dilute sulphuric acid ; and other mixtures in which the opium is combined with one or other of the ordinary astringents, carminatives, antispasmodics, &c. These " cholera mixtures," though certainly more generally available to sufferers of all ages and more easily swallowed than the " cholera pills," labour under some serious disadvantages, which necessarily confine their use within very restricted limits. In the first place their large dose — generally two table-spoonfuls for the adult — is more than most stomachs in the unusually irritable state of that organ at such seasons will tolerate, especially in cases where there is an already established tendency to vomiting. Next, the large admixture of water, whilst unnecessarily adding to the bulk of the mixture, largely destroys its keeping powers ; thus rendering it difficult of transportation from place to place, and liable to fermentation and other such changes from the heat of the weather and other causes. These are serious drawbacks, and necessitate the fresh preparation of the mixture every day and in a number of different places, or, as the demand increases, on continually recurring occasions. All this NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. entails unnecessary, or at least avoidable, delay, trouble, and expense ; and where the dispensary hands are over-worked, or not very carefully supervised, leads to carelessness or neglect in compounding. Owing to such defects these " cholera mixtures " are unsuited for distribution in rural districts, and even in towns, where access to the public dispensaries and the shops of druggists is at all times easy, their preparation entails delay and inconvenience, and when there is much haste or press of work is liable to neglect and mistakes. Thus neither the pills nor the mixtures so distributed as preventive and curative remedies in seasons of the prevalence of epidemic cholera are free from very serious defects which to a considerable extent nullify their utility in the purpose for which they are designed. What is wanted at such times as a preventive and curative remedy for general use among all classes and all ages of the sufferers from cholera is a speciality medicine which possesses the requisite qualities of easy and ready administration at all times promptly and without further preparation or extraneous aid, such as mixing with water or other vehicle or solvent ; which is of small dose, easily taken alike by the adult and the infant in quantity proportioned to age, and easily administered at all times and under all circumstances of situation and occupation, such as on the spur of the moment whilst travelling by road or rail or boat, &c, or on the march, or working in the field, or shop, &c. &c. ; which is of concentrated preparation in the liquid form, and so put up as to be of easy portability about the person; which is composed of ingredients possessing special therapeutic properties of recognised and established repute for efficacy in the class of ailments for the prevention and cure of which the remedy is designed ; and which possesses the quality of preserving its therapeutic properties and composition unaltered for au indefinite period under ordinary care in all climates and states of the weather. When I was nominated Secretary and Member of the Special Committee on Cholera appointed by the Government of India in September 1881, as described in the Preface of "The History of Cholera in India from 1862 to 1 88 1 " before referred to, I had acquired some experience in the practical treatment of cholera, and, from my official duties as Sanitary Commissioner for the Punjab Government during the preceding five years, had become acquainted with the various practices pursued in the treatment of that disease in most parts of the province coming under my official supervision. The knowledge thus gained was very considerably increased by the study and examination of the official records of the sanitary departments of the other provinces of British India which I had to draw upon in the preparation of the work above mentioned. And the result of all was to confirm the conclusion I had previously arrived at as to the want of some special medicine for general use as a preventive and curative remedy in the class of ailments caused by the effects upon the system of malaria and chill-producing weather influences — more- 77 « NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. especially of cholera and catarrhal affections of the bowels and lungs generally. Because, notwithstanding the number of speciality medicines of this class — proprietary and patent — already available to the public, and notwithstanding the free distribution by municipalities and charitable dispensaries of specially prepared medicines for use in seasons of epidemic sickness — such as those above described as the remedies commonly distributed in times of epidemic cholera prevalence, and notwithstanding the various medicines compounded on the prescriptions of civil and military medical practitioners on such occasions, there was always — whatever the special therapeutic merits of any particular medicine might be — the great disadvantage of delay in its purchase, or in its preparation Avhen compounded on prescription in the ordinary practice, besides other defects such as those above indicated in respect to readiness for immediate administration, convenience of dose, adaptation to sufferers of all ages, easy portability, and uniformity and durability of composition. But delay in the use of preventive and curative remedies, in times of epidemic sickness more especially, is an evil very often followed by most serious or even fatal results, and more particularly so in the case of cholera — a disease in which symptoms develop the gravest character with frightful rapidity. To obviate this evil, the great desideratum — nay, an absolutely necessary requisite — in any speciality medicine of the kind under discussion is the provision for its prompt and ready administration in convenient dose proportioned for sufferers of all ages, at all times and under all circumstances of situation and occupation, without any further trouble or preparation than dropping or measuring it from the bottle in which it is contained ; the bottle itself, for these purposes, being of convenient size and shape for easy portability about the person, and graduated for facility of measuring full adult doses or lesser ones thereby. Of all the speciality medicines of this kind which have been before the public during many years past that which comes nearest to fulfilling the several requirements of the case is " chlorodyne," or the preparations known by that name. But an extensive experience of the use in India of different brands of chlorodyne has disclosed some serious defects which deprive that medicine of much of its value as a speciality remedy of a preventive and curative nature in the class of ailments above mentioned. The pungent, volatile nature of the medicine itself, whilst preventing its prompt and ready administration unless first mixed with water or other vehicle, which very often is not at hand or procurable when required — thus leading to delay or postponement of its use — renders it, so soon as the bottle is once opened, peculiarly liable to change by evaporation ; and this want of stability in the composition of the medicine when exposed to the air is largely and injuriously affected by the climate in India, and accounts for the diversity in effects produced by similar doses from the same bottle at different times. These defects largely detract from the utility of chlorodyne on many occasions, and under some 78 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. circumstances of situation and occupation prohibit its use altogether. Yet, .under proper care and in ordinary times — notwithstanding the defects noted and despite the over-narcotism of the great eliminating abdominal viscera occasionally following its use — chlorodyne has proved, generally speaking, a more useful speciality remedy in the class of ailments above mentioned than any of the others alluded to in this connection, or commonly used for the same purpose. Much of the popularity of chlorodyne — apart from its intrinsic therapeutic qualities — is very probably due to its convenient dose and easy portability. But the defects above mentioned greatly detract from the practical utility of the medicine. A consideration of all these circumstances, and of the delays, difficulties, and inconveniences attendant upon the measures and means of medical relief resorted to by the authorities or available to the public on occasions of epidemic cholera prevalence in India, together Avith the general inemcacy of the results attained thereby, led me in 1882, whilst collating and preparing the materials of "The History of Cholera in India" before referred to, to the conviction that something should be done to produce a speciality medicine, which would meet all the requirements of such occasions in regard to the points before noted more fully than any of those which were used in the Government establishment of the Medical Department or were available to the general public. Impressed with this conviction, I carefully considered the drugs which in my own practice and experience — extending at that time over a period of nearly thirty-four years — had proved most efficacious in the treatment of cholera and catarrhal affections of the bowels and lungs generally, and at the same time noted how far the experience of others, as derivable from their published accounts and official reports, was in accord with my own, and confirmatory of the opinions I entertained on this subject. The result of this investigation was that I devised an original combination of well-known and long-tested pharmacopoeia drugs, the therapeutic properties of which, and special efficacy in the class of ailments previously mentioned, were established by the proof of experience. The several ingredients were selected and prepared by a method of my own invention, with special reference to their peculiar fitness for the purposes designed ; and the result was the production of a concentrated compound medicine which in its therapeutic effects bears some resemblance to chlorodyne ; though it differs from that preparation in its ingredients, and also in the superior advantages it possesses in respect to readiness for administration immediately as drawn from the bottle without any necessary admixture by way of vehicle, or other preparation ; and in respect to its stability of composition, with ordinary care, under exposure to the air or the effects of climate. I gave this medicine the name of " Almi'laj" — an Arabic term signifying " The Remedy" — and distributed it widely in the Punjab and other 79 r~ NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. parts of India for use as a remedy, preventive and curative, for cholera and all catarrhal affections of the bowels and lungs, as "well as for continued and intermittent fevers, neuralgia, and other ailments caused by the effects of adverse weather influences. From my own observation of the use of this medicine on a somewhat extensive scale among the poorer class of natives, as well as from the favourable reports made by others — Natives and Europeans — who used it, I received abundant evidence to satisfy me of its efficacy as a remedy — preventive and curative — in the class of ailments for which it is specially designed. This, however, was no more than was to be expected, owing to the established reputation of its ingredients for efficacy in the class of ailments mentioned ; but the convenient form in which it is prepared and put up, insuring its easy portability about the person and readiness for immediate use on emergency, is a novelty the utility of which was largely appreciated, no less than the keeping properties of the medicine. " Almi'laj "is a concentrated compound preparation, the main ingredients of which are quassia, krameria, and capsicum, with morphia — in the proportion of one and a half grains to the fluid ounce of the medicine — anise oil, and glycerine, all combined together in suitable proportions and prepared in a concentrated form, with the express purpose of insuring the preservation of the compound in an unaltered form for an indefinite period. With the view of making this medicine available to the general public, I desired to secure a patent for it, so as to insure the genuine article being placed in the market, but as this was incompatible with the high administrative appointment I held in the service of Government, I deferred that step until my retirement on pension, a prospect which was not far distant on the completion of my term of service, and in the meantime continued the distribution of the medicine and accumulated evidence of its efficacy up to the time of my departure from India last year. The circumstance above alluded to explains the delay that has occurred in fulfilling the purpose I have mentioned on page 837 of "The History of Cholera in India from 1862 to 1881," of publishing this short' " Practical Treatise on the Nature, Causes, and Treatment of Cholera," which I am now bringing to a close, as a sequel to that work published in October 1885. Having recently retired on pension after completion of thirty-one years' service in the Indian Medical Department, exclusive of one year's service in the British army during the Crimean War, I have now more leisure than I could command during the last year of my service in India, and have taken advantage of the opportunity to finish this short treatise for the press, and to secure a patent for my medicine, the objects and merits of which I shall presently describe in detail. But in order to show that there is a real want — if this has not been already made sufficiently clear — of a speciality remedy such as that I have invented for general use as a preventive and curative remedy: — more especially in seasons of 80 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. their epidemic prevalence — for cholera and other allied catarrhal ailments, &c, I here produce an extract somewhat to the point from the same page 837 of the work above mentioned. "There is no disease in the long list of medical nosology which has been treated by the profession with greater empiricism than that commonly known by the term cholera, the commonly accepted definition of which I have already given in earlier passages of this work. And this diversity and contrariety of practice is the mere natural result of the want of agreement as to the nature and causes of the disease, no less than to the want of appreciation of its true character under the different stages of development and the varied forms of severity in which it presents itself to our notice, in epidemic seasons more especially. In practice it is the habitual rule to ignore the disease in its earlier and usually triflingly mild stages, and to recognise it as cholera only when it presents the symptoms of the gravest and most perilous stage of the disease ; and it is this custom which has endowed the disease with a mystery, a dread, and a fatality which it really does not possess. Were it the practice to habitually ignore the ordinary and milder forms of ' cold,' or catarrh of the respiratory passages, and recognise the true nature of the affection only when it had advanced to the stage of diffuse bronchitis or of pulmonary catarrh (pleuro-pneumonia), as the case may be, we should endow that disease with just as fictitious a mystery, as panic a dread, and as unreal a fatality as we have done in regard to cholera. And, indeed, as a matter of fact, this class of pulmonary diseases, as they prevail among the millions of this great country at least, has already acquired characters of mystery, dread, and fatality very akin in all respects to those with which cholera is invested. The cause of this is the same in both cases, namely, want of proper appreciation of the true nature of the diseases and of the various influences operating to produce their graver and more rapidly fatal forms. A catarrh of the respiratory passages under ordinary circumstances often, and in epidemic seasons very much more so, under neglect or maltreatment on the part of the sufferer, passes on into diffuse bronchitis or pleuro-pneumonia. Similarly, whether through helplessness or carelessness, a catarrh of the alimentary canal, under ordinary circumstances, often, as in cases of the sporadic form of the disease, and in epidemic seasons much more commonly so, under neglect or injudicious conduct of the patient — whether helpless or careless — passes on into active diarrhoea, or into the severer stage of the malady known as cholera. In both forms of catarrh the earlier stages and milder attacks are so little inconvenient to the patient that they are seldom much noticed or cared for, until this neglect causes their aggravation and the development of more serious symptoms. The neglect referred to is more often helpless than careless ; nevertheless it is the cause, more especially in epidemic seasons, of the greater incidence of the severer forms of these maladies, as well as the allied diseases mentioned in earlier passages, viz., malarious F 81 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. fevers. Hence the necessity of a more careful attention to the wellbeing of the patient in the earliest stages of these several diseases. " We are here concerned only with the discussion of cholera, and I have no hesitation in asserting my belief, that if we are ever to cope successfully with that dreaded disease, it must be by a careful attention to the earliest signs of its initial stages, and by prompt and judiciou3 treatment as soon as these are detected. The presence of indigestion, or of catarrh of the alimentary canal — in seasons of epidemic cholera most especially — should never be neglected. The appropriate remedies for these ailments are well enough known ; but of far greater importance than the mere administration of medicine is the observance of a judicious regimen and wholesome diet, coupled with careful nursing." Sufficient has already been said in the preceding pages of this treatise on the great importance of precautionary measures for the protection of the individual against the effects of epidemic weather influences by means of suitable clothing, diet, and shelter. But with regard to nursing — " by which is meant ordinary self-management and self-care on the first perceptions of ailment, it is not too much to say that the proper observance of this precaution is itself sufficient to enable the system to recover itself from the first effects of deranged functional offices in the vast majority of instances, and that a careful attention to its observance in seasons of epidemic sickness is one of the surest means of escaping attack. "As to medicinal treatment, it is impossible to lay down any fixed course applicable to all cases, owing to the varied forms and different degrees of the disease met with when first brought under medical care. In every case it is necessary to be guided in our practice by the symptoms presenting. But in no case of cholera prevalence will it suffice, to meet the necessities of the occasion, merely to distribute cholera pills or other medicines for general use amongst the affected, and then to await the arrival of cases in the severer stages of the disease, or even in a moribund state, as is too generally the custom at present. If cholera is ever to be combated successfully it must be by taking the attack in hand in its earlier and comparatively mild stages, and by care and nursing aiding the efforts of nature to restore the body to its normal state of health. The more thoroughly this early treatment of the disease is pursued the more completely will the suffering and mortality from its assaults be diminished to a minimum and the terrors of its assaults be dissipated. I am well aware, however, of the difficulties which interfere to prevent such an early treatment of the disease in the vast majority of the cases of its incidence, more especially among the general population, owing to the slight inconvenience felt by the sufferers in its earlier stages, and the ignorance prevailing as to the true nature and susceptibilities of such slight attacks. . . . But the object to be aimed at is to reduce the number of such cases to a minimum ; and the attainment of this object 82 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. ¦will be best effected by a very careful and sustained attention, during epidemic seasons, to the health standard of the individual, and the early treatment of the first signs of disorder." It is to facilitate this early treatment of the first signs of disorder among the people during seasons of epidemic cholera and allied forms of sickness that I have devised the speciality remedy for which I have invented the name " Almi'laj," as before described. The original and novel combination of the ingredients of "Almi'laj " has been devised with particular reference to their individual special efficacy as acknowledged remedies of established reputation in. the class of ailments previously enumerated due to the effects of adverse weather influences. Whilst the peculiar method of preparation has been designed with the special purpose of producing a concentrated medicine of durable properties and stable composition, easily portable about the person, of convenient dose proportionable to sufferers of all ages, and ready for immediate administration as measured from the bottle without further preparation or any admixture by way of vehicle. For the sake of easy portability about the person — as when travelling by road or rail or sea, when working in the fields, factory, office, f buoyancy and relief. The occurrence of such symptoms in epidemic seasons is always a grave warning to the sufferer, and should on no account be neglected or made light of. For this kind of diarrhoea is of a most insidious and perilous nature, and its neglect or heedless treatment is almost always speedily followed by an aggravation of symptoms which suddenly develop into acute cholera with collapse. On no account should this stage of premonitory diarrhoea be neglected. For neglect at this stage of the disease commonly leads to very rapidly fatal results. On the first appearance of this diarrhoea — however mild, trifling, or little inconvenient it may be — the sufferer should take a full dose of Almi'laj without delay, and the dose should be repeated at intervals of three hours for a second, third, or fourth time if necessary ; the full dose for an adult ranges from twenty-five to forty drops according to sex and strength of constitution. At the same time the strictest attention must be paid to clothing, shelter from inclemencies of the weather, diet, and 86 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. general self-management. Attention to these points is of even greater importance than the mere taking of medicine — of any kind whatever. The clothing must be suitable to the occasion and adequate to keep up a free and natural action of the skin, as Avell as to protect the body efficiently against chills, draughts, and damp air — especially during the night and early morning, and more particularly when the body is in a state of inactivity or in the repose of sleep. During this stage of bilious diarrhoea the patient should be confined to the house or other suitable shelter, and in the severer cases to the bedroom, or, preferably, to bed. The room must be kept dry and airy, and if there be moisture in the air — which is almost always the case — a fire must be lighted and kept briskly burning till the air of the room is warmed and equalised. Charcoal must on no account be used for this purpose ; and good dry wood is preferable to coal. At night the body must be protected against the risk of chill by sufficient bedding both over and under the body, especially the trunk from the hips to the armpits. The sufficiency of bedding under the body is a point of great importance ; where its provision is neglected there is always the risk of congestion of the kidneys, the occurrence of which is signalised by dull heavy pain across the loins. The diet must be wholesome, nourishing, and digestible, and the meals must be moderate or even sparing in quantity. The preferable articles are beef tea, jugged soup, chicken broth, mutton broth, pish pash of rice and fowl or mutton, &c, with rusks, toast, soft biscuits, and the like ; milk boiled with arrowroot, tapioca, sago, gruel, and the like, and sweetened with a little sugar ; light puddings of rice, tapioca, vermicelli, maccaroni, and the like prepared with milk and sweetened with a little sugar; custards, blancmange, jellies, and the like. Flesh — unless in the form of fine mince or puree and plainly cooked and taken very sparingly and cautiously — should be avoided altogether ; as also should vegetables generally, those of a watery and fibrous nature especially. Fish and shell fish, and all preserved or tinned meats generally should be carefully avoided, tinned soups included. Hot tea, coffee, cocoa, or gruel, or plain hot water peppered or sugared according to taste, are very grateful drinks and refreshing, and in the raw damp hours of the night and early morning are especially comforting; but they should be taken in sips and sparingly at a time so as not to overload the stomach. Large draughts of cold water should be carefully abstained from. To allay thirst and check diarrhoea a wineglass of water acidulated with from ten to twenty drops of the dilute sulphuric acid should be taken in sips ; and this medicinal drink may be repeated, if necessary, three or four times in the twenty-four hours. In respect to self-management, the patient must very carefully avoid all manner of excess in eating and drinking; and, if a smoker, must entirely stop the use of tobacco -whilst there is any tendency to looseness 87 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TEEATMENT OF CHOLEEA. or irritability of the bowels, and so long as he is taking Almi'laj. Excess of any kind must be carefully avoided, whether in daily pursuits and pleasures or in bodily and mental exertion. Exposure to chills, draughts, wet, damp air, and all the exciting causes which favour the supervention of acute cholera, must be carefully guarded against. With early treatment and careful attention to the precautions above described, the stage of bilious or premonitory diarrhoea is usually checked or arrested, and the patient quickly recovers without further suffering, and often experiences a feeling of renewed health. In many cases, however, owing to the neglect of these necessary precautions, or owing, through helplessness or other unavoidable circumstance, to exposure under unfavourable conditions of bodily protection, &c, to some or other of the exciting causes, the stage of simple bilious diarrhoea becomes suddenly aggravated and passes very rapidly into that of acute cholera. The exciting causes of acute cholera are — in conjunction with the epidemic influence itself — any of those circumstances or conditions above indicated which tend to enfeeble the bodily powers; such as exhaustion from unusual or prolonged bodily or mental exertion, from excessive fatigue, long fasting, deprivation of sleep, and so forth ; such as derangement of stomach and digestion from the consumption of unwholesome food — raw, unripe o-r rotten fruits and vegetables, mouldy bread, meal, rice, &c, rancid butter, oil or fats r decomposed milk, putrid flesh or fish, fermenting liquors, stale sweatmeats and greasy confectionery, foul water, saline purgatives, &c. &c. All these and many others of a like kind act as exciting causes of acute cholera at times or during seasons of the epidemic prevalence of that disease,, and occasionally also when epidemic cholera is not present, most especially in those whose digestive system is deranged or who suffer from a catarrhal state of the bowels. All these exciting causes of acute cholera must, therefore, be most carefully guarded against, and particularly so during the period that epidemic cholera is present. At such times the onset of an attack of acute or malignant cholera is extremely sudden and very rapid in its course, whether the attack end in recovery or in death. In most cases it commences with a feeling of coldness which pervades the whole body and with the sudden supervention of an intensely painful anguish or oppression at the heart or pit of the stomach, coupled with difficulty of breathing, severe sick -headache, and feeling of giddiness or fainting, and the simultaneous outbreak of a profuse cold perspiration about the forehead, temples, and neck. These symptoms are quickly followed by a profoundly depressing nausea or by vomiting, and by purging of very copious watery stools, which, if there has been no previous diarrhoea, are at first thin, fsecal, and bilious, but very quickly become copious and watery, with a frothy scum, and contain numerous small white flakes ; these stools are usually passed without pain, and with considerable ejective force, and they emit a very peculiar 88 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. mawkish odour, like tlie smell of raw sodden flesh or of the blood in a slaughter-yard. This peculiar smell is also often given off by the perspiration and by the watery matters vomited, and is characteristic of this stage of cholera. These watery stools are more or less turbid, and either of a grey or whitish colour like rice water (serous diarrhoea), or brownish like thin coffee with the grounds, or reddish like diluted claret (hsemorrhagic diarrhoea). These symptoms, according to their intensity, are quickly followed by collapse more or less severe or profound. The state of collapse is marked by lividity of the countenance and a peculiar anxious expression of the features (both of which signs are in many cases observable immediately before the approach of collapse), and the features themselves are generally much pinched and drawn ; by sinking back of the eyes into their sockets • by coldness, blueness, and sodden appearance of the tongue ; by coldness of the breath, which is very feeble and thick ; by loss of voice, or huskiness, hoarseness, or squeakiness in efforts to speak ; by shrivelling of the skin, which feels cold and clammy ; and by threadiness or loss of pulse at the wrist. There are also now distressing thirst and an intolerable sensation of consuming heat in the belly ; there is much restlessness and loud groaning; and more or less of cramps in the stomach and extremities, with sometimes shrieks of pain when they are severe; but the intellect remains clear to the last, and there is a considerable amount of muscular power. Vomiting and purging usually cease in this state or occur occasionally only, though sometimes vomiting of a spasmodic kind is an urgent symptom throughout ; but the skin continues loose, shrivelled, moist, and clammy, and a profuse general perspiration usually ushers in reaction or death, as the case may be. Such an attack may, and very often does, prove fatal in the course of a few hours only ; or the purging and vomiting may cease suddenly and a reaction set in. As the reaction advances all these severe symptoms quickly subside, and with careful management the patient recovers his previous state with astonishing rapidity, j In this severe form of cholera medicine is useful only in the short period preceding the supervention of collapse. At its very commencemen — on the first perception of a feeling of coldness or nausea — a full dose of Almi'laj should be given without delay ; and, according to the progress of the symptoms, the dose may be repeated if necessary every half hour or hour for two or three times. But after collapse has set in it is useless to give medicine of any kind whatever. The most suitable and the safest and the most successful treatment during collapse is that in which judiciously directed efforts are made to support the strength of the sufferer by nourishing food in very small quantities at short intervals ; expressed beef juice, strong chicken broth, jugged mutton soup, jellies, milk, arrowroot, and such like, with brandy or port wine in small and cautious doses, and occasional sips of champagne, &c, are the best forms. 89 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLEEA. Thirst may be allayed or its urgency alleviated by occasional small sips of champagne, lemonade, or soda-water, by a small lump of ice in the mouth, or by sips now and again of water acidulated with the dilute sulphuric acid as before mentioned. Cramps may be relieved or their severity mitigated by dry hand-rubbing and shampooing, the use of hot water bottles, &c. ; and vomiting by mustard plaisters over the pit of the stomach. The air of the room or around the patient must be kept dry, warm, and free ; and this is best effected by a good brisk fire as before mentioned. But under any circumstances the use of a fire must be adopted in the treatment of every case of cholera ; and if the patient is so situated as to admit of it, the fire should be near his cot or bed ; it is the best and speediest means of clearing and equalising the air about the sufferer. A good, brisk, crackling fire without smoke is preferable to one of coal; but charcoal for this purpose is absolutely poisonous and is strictly prohibited. On recovery from the state of collapse, if urine is not voided within an hour or so a piece of flannel steeped in turpentine should be applied next the skin across the loins to cover the kidneys, and it should be kept in position as long as may be needed by a handkerchief or bandage round the waist. At the same time the lower part of the belly over the bladder should be fomented with hot water with some mustard stirred up in it. Whilst in the state of collapse the patient must be kept strictly lying down, and warmly covered, as with a light but warm sheet of wool, or silk in preference. And this should be continued during the period of reaction. Quiet must be maintained to encourage sleep. Eecovery from an attack of acute cholera such, as above described, when judiciously managed, and not too much dosed with medicine, is usually as rapid and complete as the onset was sudden and severe. The less medicine is administered and the more nursing is attended to in the later stages of acute cholera — especially after collapse has set in — the greater and surer the prospects of recovery with freedom from after complications ; provided always that the air about the patient be kept dry and free and the sufferer's body be protected against chills and draughts. Fussiness and repeated doses of medicine to meet every varying change in the patient's state or the impulsive wishes of anxious relatives must be carefully avoided. The simpler and earlier the medicine, and the more thorough, and suitable the nursing, the greater are the prospects of the sufferer coming out of the severe ordeal safely. It is unnecessary, in a short practical treatise such as this is intended to be, to refer to the various methods of treating acute cholera which have been and still are commonly practised, since many of them are only remarkable for their unsuccessful results ; more especially those in which the treatment by medicine consists in the administration of repeated strong doses of powerful stimulants, narcotics, astringents, pages. Apart from the utility of these cholera mortality tables for the purpose of comparison with the corresponding rainfall tables, they furnish a valuable index to the several districts periodically affected by cholera, to the extent to which the disease prevailed amongst the civil populations of those districts, and to the seasons of its habitual activity or quiescence. Further, these records show that cholera in India is a disease which in its epidemic visitation is very closely related to and dependent upon the climatic and seasonal influences of the country or region in which it prevails ; whilst the intensity of prevalence is distinctly modified and controlled by the conditions of locality affecting the soil, the climate, and the life circumstances of the people. But for a detailed explanation of these conditions, the various forms in which they are found in different parts of India, and the apparently opposite nature of the circumstances presenting in certain provinces in which cholera prevails in periodically recurring epidemics, I must refer the reader to the work before cited ; the subject is discussed in Section XII. in the form of summary. 96 TABLES. G NOTE. MADRAS PROVINCE— RAINFALL REGISTER. In the district of Vizagapatam the rainfall is that registered at Vizianagram ; in Godavari at Rajamandry ; in Kistna at Guntoor ; in Chingleput at Conjeveram ; in South Arcot at Cuddalore ; in North Arcot at Vellore ; in Nilgiri at Shevaroy Hills ; in South Kanara at Mangalore ; and in Malabar at Cannanore. In the other districts the rainfall is that registered at the headquarters station of each respectively. BOMBAY PROVINCE— RAINFALL REGISTER. In Khandesh District the rainfall is that registered at Dhulia; in Dharwar at Eijapur ; in North Kanara at Karwar ; in Kolaba at the Observatory in Bombay City at Byculla ;in Panch Mahal at Godhra ; in Thar and Parkar at Umarkot ; and in Upper Sind Frontier at Jacobabad. In the other districts it is that at the headquarters station. NORTH-WESTERN PROVINCES AND OUDH— RAINFALL REGISTER. In the Kumaun District the rainfall is that registered at Nainital ; in Garhwal at Pauri ; in Tarai at Rudarpur ; in Bara Banki at Nawabganj ; and in the other districts at their respective headquarters stations. ASSAM PROVINCE— RAINFALL REGISTER. In the Kamrup District the rainfall is that registered at Ganhati ; in Darrang at Tezpur ; in Lakhimpur at Dibrugarh ; in Cachar at Silchar ; in Khasi Hills at Cherapunji; and in the other districts at their respective headquarters stations. BENGAL PROVINCE-RAINFALL REGISTER. In the Beerbhum District the rainfall is that registered at Suri ; in 24 Pergunuahs at Alipore ;in Calcutta at the Observatory ; in Nuddea at Kishnaghar ; in Rajshahye at Rampur Baulia ; in Backergunge at Barisal; in Tipperah at Comillah ; in Shahabad at Arrah ;in Tirhut at Muzafferpore ;in Sarun at Chaprah ; in Champarun at Motihari ; in Sonthal at Nya Dumka ; in Lohardagga at Ranchi ; in Singbhum at Chaibasa ; in Manbhum at Purulia ; and in the other districts at the headquarters stations respectively. NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. 99 The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Madras Province during the Year 1871 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Eegisteeed in the Months of 1871. Districts. —— : : Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June.ijuly. Aug. | Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Ganjam ... 11 15 12 8 7 10 7 4 j 4 6 8 4 96 Vizagapatam . . 11 G 1 17 8 10 53 Godavari 49 42 16 ... 6 51 34 2 2 202 Kistna .... 64 34 35 88 120 141 235 162 77 22 60 88 1,126 Nellore. ... 26 132 132 145 81 152 240 131 84 17 1,140 Madras Town . 7 13 24 20 173 83 36 41 85 10 1 .. 493 Chingleput . . 8 18 29 121 226 143 37 31 17 2 ... 11 643 South Arcot . . 134 147 150 141 39 22 16 19 12 22 19 13 734 Trichinopoly . . 600 218 96 53 13 29 41 25 18 5 13 16 1,127 Tanjore ... 320 359 56 31 24 29 32 16 25 25 17 11 945 Madura ... 187 126 46 25 31 34 15 28 19 16 36 33 596 Tinnevelly . . 1903 691 131 33 14 4 19 4 9 11 9 10 2,838 Kurnool ... 18 18 Cuddapah 10 169 151 63 130 168 137 ! 116 10 3 ... 957 Bellary 7 2 11 10 3 38 71 North Arcot . . 218 345 281 90 29 34 198 189 171 76 102 411 2,144 Salem .... 473 494 199 426 52 241 121 20 | ... 2 56 181 2,265 Coimbatore . . 221 362 173 153 171 138 • 34 7 i 2 7 6 7 1,281 Nilgiri 3 ... 11 ! 5 South Kanara . 48 38 45 47 45 63 56 37 25 38 38 45 525 Malabar ,' . . 225 99 22 22 13 2 5 1 j 5 3 397 Monthly Totals . 4474 3156 1652 1572 1103 1279; 1330 906 j 606 j 269 376 873 17,656 Of the total 17,656 deaths, 9648 were males and 8008 females. Eatio per 1000 of population, 072. Eatio per cent, of all deaths registered, 3 97. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Madras Province during the Year 1871 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months op 1871. Districts. ; —: r : : Total. Jan. Feb. I Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. j Nov. Dec. Ganjam 170 3-00 T5O 0-95! 390 320 3"05 6'oo 075! 2405 Vizagapatam TOO 220 1-60 330. 5-00 T5O 6"40 710 ... I 0-30 ... 28-40 Godavari . . . 0"55 o'3o T95 250 575 710 785 4*65 3"04 0-80^ 4 03j ... 38-52 Kistna.... l'OOi o'Bo T5O 070 T95 1 T95 6"55 5"40 5"23 4-65| 1*30! ... 31-03 Nellore . . . 135j ... 210 0"20 1-50J 0"40 485 3"60 2"90 3 20i 22-05; 125 4340 Madras Town . 0"44 0"02 119 0"01 0-31 2"84 8-88 1-43 818 6*21 26-41! 043 5635 Chingleput o'2o T5O ... 265 T45 4"30 401 10-44 434: 17 00! 145 47"34 South Arcot. . T2O ... T6O 010 0-25 TOO 3-48 045 12-381176! 18-86! 296 54-04 Trichinopoly 2"40 ... 070 530 1-68 1\57 2*55 419 6 31j 703 2"27 34-00 Tanjore . . . T9O 1-30 ... 0"95 855 0-75 230 300 7-35 6-65; 1095 0-90 39-60 Madura . . . 2"50 1-35 1 458 l"20 1*55 6-50 0-28 3"20 320 7-52| 4"32: 0%50 3670 Tinnevelly . . 10-20 1-90 0"95 3'Bo 100, o'so 0-20 0-55 ... 4 60, 1040 175 3585 Kurnool I'l2 ... 265 1"51 7"50 4"28 574 0-12 0-05 ... 22"97 Cuddapah. . . 0"30 2"50; 0-60 5"38 3"60 065 2'oo 2-55 ... 17"58 Bellary . . . 055 o'2o 3"20 255 035 l"20 397 2"00 2-15 ... 1617 North Arcot. . s'oo ... TBO 0-10 1-00 3-30 3"25 125 14-80 4;35 1515 0"55 50-55 Salem o'4o ... 3"40 2"40 ... 5"80 2"55 7-50 4-80| 3-30! ... 3015 Coimbatore . . o'4o 015 0-40 2"26 1"82 0-82 0-66 ... O'SO 4-39! 13-68 010 25"54 Nilgiri .... 020 0-45 1-18 2'Bo 540 170 1275 650 9"30 s'oOi 7-00 T4O 5418 South Kanara . 4-16 178; ... 1"98 694 50-32 51-5015-62 17-08 979 209 ... 161 -31 Malabar . . . 678 4"05 730 4230 47-7710-75 992 425 8"47 ... 141 "59 Monthly Totals . 36-531375 2513 28-05 61-2713617179"97 84-0413977 93 90177-09J13-56 ! J i : ! 989'3 r Quarterly Totals 75*41 225*49 403-78 28464 Monthly Averages 174' 0-65 l'2O 1"34 2"92 6-48 5"57 j 4"00 | 6"66 4-481 8"43 0"64 , ! 1 47*13 Quar. Averages . 359 10 74 19-23 1355 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. 100 The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Madras Province during the Year 1872 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months or 1872. Districts. j ; Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Ganjam ... 6 1 59 633 1208 989 302 141 28 17 57 ... 3,441 Vizagapatam 16 311 1304 2081 1052 346 125 25 3 5,263 Godavari ' "... 25 239 961 125 12 1,362 Kistna .... 45 50 59 35 189 Nellore 3 2 1 16 2 ... 5 56 85 Madras Town .... 3 2 5 Chingleput . . 5 » 1 33 3 42 South Arcot . . 313 241 37 39 32 18 16 8 16 11 17 10 758 Trichinopoly . . 12 20 5 18 13 6 10 12 6 7 13 6 128 Tanjore ... 15 18 29 10 22 19 5 ... 2 120 Madura ... 20 7 21 6 3 1 5 3 6 10 75 94 Tinnevelly , Kurnool 3 53 73 ... 129 Cuddapah Bellary North Arcot . . 521 284 174 4 7 4 4 998 Salem .... 214 86 100 150 26 4 1 581 Coimbatore . . 3 1 16 20 Nilgiri 1 1 South Kanara Malabar ... 3 4 8 4 13 7 4 1 2 46 Monthly Totals . 1157 669 453 881 1668 2380 2667 2244 593 271 197 82 13,282 Of the total 13,282 deaths, 7328 were males and 5919 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, 0*43. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 2 "64. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Madras Province during the Year 1872 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1872. Districts. r— Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. l; April. May. June. July.! Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Ganjam . . . j ... o'3o I*3o 19-50 5*00! 4-80 3*40 1710 I*3o 0-90' 53-60 Vizagapatam. . 1-00 o*2o 710 6"90 7 "30 670 7 "80 3-00 TOO 41-00 Godavari o*o4 211 10*95 7-10, 1430 6-30 1310 | 53*90 Kistna 0*95 3-35 5*25 3*82 7"45 13*05 350 T45 38*82 Nellore. . . . 0-25 1*95 o*4o 515 7*23 0-83 19*03 12*48 4-40 51*72 Madras Town . ! ... 0-28 ... 1*65 415 0*97 271 7*58 2*90 18*48 28*98 5*971 73*67 Chingleput . . | | 050 6*20 1*92 7*ol 12*94 3*06 7*92 2717 5*37| 72*09 South Arcot 015 o'6si 5*75 7*oB ... 7*87 7*50 310 s*BB 32*48 7*24; 77*70 Trichinopoly 0-05! 2*lo 2*79 1*79 677 3*06 5*30 593 9*BB 3*75 41*42 Tanjore . . . |o*6o ... 0*55; 5*50 315 2*55 5 06i 3*12 6*60 6*49 8*76 4*60 46*98 Madura . . . ;o*2o|l-600*30; T3O 0*25 375 2*Bo| 6-05 4*90 s*oo 7*23 4*25 37*63 Tinnevelly 0-70 310 095 o*Bo I*3o 1-30 4*30 0-40 11*30 275 26*90 Kurnool 0*76 0-85 5*46 4"92 3*41 8*76 0*74 2*15 2-13 2918 Cuddapah 3*oo 1*35 3*40! 5*25 6*90 7*60 7*45 2'oo 36-95 Bellary o*6o o*6o 2*61 119| 0*45 5*72 5*42 o*B7 o*6o 18-06 North Arcot 9*65 1-36 2-311 812 3*99 717 14*67 2-68 49*95 Salem 1-4011*30 2*95 2*301 6*35 610 3-80 5*55 2*20 41*95 Coimbatore 315 0-40 4-91 T25 1 o*6o 3-29 374 5-58! 1-29 24*21 Nilgiri 1*901410 1-30 410! 19*50 10*40 B*3o B*9o 22-00 90*50 South Kanara . 0*66! 631 36*67 70*43; 3569 B*9B 379 TO7 091 164-51 Malabar 015:11*80 37*45 3852 2170 14*15 o'9o o*so o*2o 12537 _ I I Monthly Totals . o*Bo3-03 4*65 27*6688*94147-64190*04180-07J123 113161*64192-8275*69 Quarterly Totals B*4B 264*24 493-24 43015 Month. Averages ;0-040*14:0*22 X*32-j 4*231 7*03 9*05 B*sB I 5-86 770 I 918 J3-60 j 1 I 1 J . _j ; 56 "95 Quar. Averages . 0-40 12-58 2349 2048 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. 101 The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Madras Province during the Year 1873 is shoxvn in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months op 1873. Districts. I — : -, 1 Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. ] June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec, 1 Ganjam 29 5 ... 23 ! 6 10 5 ... 1 ... 4 83 Vizagapatam Godavari 1 ... Kistna 24 60 11 ... j 95 Nellore .... 356 120 14 1 3 3 | 497 Madras Town 1 ... 1 4 6 Cbingleput South Arcot . . 10 6 1 2 1 10 3 3 7 3 3 jl 50 Trichinopoly Tanjore 5 2 2 8 6 11 2 6 5 6 1 54 Madura .... 3 54 6 2 4 1 ... 25 Tinnevelly Kurnool Cuddapah Bellary North Arcot . . 1 1 2 Salem 6 6 Coimbatore Nilgiri South Kanara Malabar. ... 1 ... 1 11 9 22 Monthly Totals . 371 166 27 |23 46 29 24 16 42 69 21 6' j 840 Of the total 840 deaths, 458 were males and 382 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, o*o3. Katio per cent, of all deaths registered, 016. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Madras Province during the Year 1873 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1573. Districts. — ¦—¦ ! Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. ;june. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. | Ganjam o*6o 045 o*4o 1-50 2*30 7*lo 12*50 18*30j 0-80; I'Oo' 44*95 Vizagapatam 2'lo 120 8-20 14-40; 4 '00 6 "80 2'oo 2-00, 4070 Godavari 010 0-30 1-40 7"90 470 10*50 22*60 0"50 ... i4B 00 Kistna 067 3*03 375 372 5"22 13*35 07l| ... I 30-45 Nellore 150 018 070 0"43 315 2"08 2045 9*33| 2"25: 40"07 Madras Town .0-010*28 ... 1-37 0-02: 1*96 223 3*39 3"02 10*61:13-5 l! 9-43J 45"83 Chingleput . . | ... 8"55 ... 2"90 0-15 0-81 3*20 2"40 2"59 715 2*40 0-85! 3100 South Arcot. . 015 5"95 ... 6-50 0-60 0"60 175 4-55 376 12-621110 I*43j 49-01 Trichinopoly 4"84 ... 2-95 2"90 ... 210 495 5*46 17"02 rO4 0*59 41-85 Tanjore 4*86 ... 2*34 1*35 ... 2*75 4*44 3"22 1612 273 0-85! 3866 Madura 2"00 ... 6-80 370 ... T45 170 1-90 4*45 2'9'S l-90! 2685 Tinnevelly . . | ... 3"85 207 175 365 o'3o j 5"85 0701 1817 Kurnool 2"98 2"97 177 4-67 3-43 337 o'2o ... 19"39 Cuddapah 0"80 l'so TBB 6"20 8"20 12-20 0-80 0"45: 32"03 Bellary 135 2"32 297 2"57 985 077 ... 19-83 North Arcot 643 ... 0-80 0-96 0"32 417 422 7"29 8-61! 2"04 0"94 i 3578 Salem 0-85 ... 210 l'4O IBs 2'Bo 7'oo 4"85 11-00 0"40 ... j 32-25 Coimbatore T26 ... 2-28 3 601 T4l 1-58 219 1-91 7-86, 0-fi9 009| 22"87 Nilgiri 215 ... 3"65 I'OO 510 3"30 7"40 970 1170 060 l'3oj 45-90 South Kanara . ... 0*52 ... o'BBloll 43*47 2374 1653 10-34 9"37 ... 078,115 74 Malabar 560 i ... 535 9"55 37*37 42"37 1012 4'oo 4W ... 0-62119-05 Monthly Totals . 016;48-64' 2*67 41 -5748-7410519117*6711610106*54227-50584225*18 J „_ ¦ ! ! ' l 898-38 Quarterly Totals 51*47 195 50 340 31 311-10 Month. Averages 0 01J 2 -311 013 I*9S' 2 321 5-01 5*61 | 553 | 507 10-83 j278 j T2O | Quar. Averages. 245 931 16*21 14*81 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Madras Province during the Year 1874 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1574. Districts ~ "— Total. I Jan. Feb. Mar. April.l May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Gaujam. . . .| 27 27 7 3 11 2 50 95 21 243 Vizagapatam . .1 Godavari Kistna .... Nellore Madras Town Chingleput South. Arcot 1 3 1 3 ... 3 2 2 2 1 1 19 Trichinopoly Tanjore . ... 5 ... 3 2 2 3 3 52 1 3 4 33 Madura Tinnevelly Kurnool Cuddapah Bellary North Arcot 1 1 Salem • Coimbatore 2 2 Nilgiri South Kanara 2 2 I Malabar 6 13 11 1 ... 13 I Monthly Totals . 32 29 13 12 17 10 57 103 25 3 5 7 313 Of the tot.il 313 deaths, 182 were males and 131 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, o'ol. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, o'o6. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Madras Province during the Year 1874 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registerd in the Months of 1874. Districts. ¦—— ¦ — ¦ — Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. j Oct. Nov. Dec. Ganjam.... 1-20 110 470 570 ... 3"20 1870 34-60 Vizagapatam . . 0-30 TOO s'oo 760 1-40 9-00 12"50 2-10 ... 38-90 Godavari ... 0-80 0-30 2"20 4"40 730 170 6-40| 5"40 2850 Kistna .... 3-46 7*14 492 2"95 5"47 6"50 2"45 ... 32"89 Nellore .... ... 3"58 3"45 4"80 078 6"80 13-23 5"55 276 40-95 Madras Town. . 7-96 376 618 2-68 519, 21-2610-30 5*57 62-90 Chingleput. . . 8"90 557 5"09 7*33 21 -20 1610 3-05 270 69"94 South Arcot . . | 4'Bo 4"30 5"25 4"47 818| 5"00 8-16 5-63 45 79 Trichinopoly . . 5-05 ... 1-16 ... 233 sfiB 5"98 854 T52 30-26 Tanjore . . . .... 2-30 0-05 o'2o TO5 0-60 I*so 2"80 7"05 6-65 615 IBs 3020 Madura . . . .... 075 ... 350 4"20 0-40 TOO 3-40 2*50 441 8-45 2-20 3081 Tinnevelly. . . ... 1700-90 2-05 113 040 5-351415 070 26"38 Kurnool. ... 0"05 4-85 470 12-16 298 17-05 7"46 0-63 0"63 50-51 Cuddapah ... 4"50 2"90 405 1-60 30"55 1185 260 0"45 58-50 Bellary .... 010 560 2"45 375 065 5"22 7"12 2489 North Arcot . . 10-95 7-09 736 3"52 1510 10-57 2"40 l'lo 58-09 Salem .... 0-50 10-85 260 2"58 5-60 4"90 5-65 2-80 ... 35"48 Coimbatore . . ... 035 017 1-80 3"04 2"32 I'B2 0"49 1-24 329 416 042 1910 Nilgiri .... 0-30 T5O 17*00 1-30 570 920 14"40 10-40 2"20 0"05 6205 South Kanara. . ... o'o2 ... 355 2243 3929 49-3519-29 2476 1272 3"25 045 17511 Malabar. ... 370 21-67 5773 33-4719-95 1154 365 1-40 o'2o 153-31 Monthly Totals . 1 -20 5 -12 2 -22 22 -GO 1 140 -27161 -26169 "58 9312 205 "43193 '79 88 '34 26 "23 ! ! ! ! ! _ 110916 Quarterly Totals. 8 "54 324-13 468-13 308-36 Month. Averages. 0-000-24011 1-08 668 768 8"08 4"43 978 923 4-20 1-25 5282 Quar. Averages . o'4l 1544 22"29 1468 102 NATURE, CAUSES AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Madras Province during the Year 1875 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Begistered in the Months of 1875. Districts. ; - Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. I Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Ganjam 114 1 ... 3 15 20 5 178 114 342 Vizagapatam Godavari 12 12 Kistna 5 6 7 22 40 Nellore ... 151 1,072 910 353 173 358 3,017 Madras Town 185 248 147 170 129 879 Chingleput 3 4 215 290 346 318 327 1,503 South Arcot ..36... 3 3 216 2,338 2,338 906 695 659 1,167 8,334 Trichinopoly 1 ... 9 549 2,847 2,008 780 457 260 360 7,271 Tanjore ... 4 7 2 65 1589 4972 7,184 1,733 945 822 348 45418,125 Madura 1 113 412 915 2,783 4,074 3,30311,601 Tinnevelly 9 30 59 227 541 1,341 1,150 1,081 2,073 6,514 Kurnool 40 447 262 118 19 886 Cuddapah ... 31 763 1,513 1,394 492 245 213 4,651 Bellary 9 569 657 672 345 134 2,386 North Arcot 5 1,357 1,746 937 624 1,194 5,863 Salem .... 135 464 1,549 1,524 1,507 1,360 6,539 Coimbatore . . 60 383 427 1,239 2,741 4,680 3,40012,930 Nilgiri 3 ... 1 ... 8 12 South Kanara . ... ... ... ... ... 8 8 Malabar ... 1 2 2 3 1 1 ... 26 146 579 1,227 1,645 3,633 Monthly Totals . 8 16 6 84 1633 5892 14,16212,91813,53813,97216,01716,30094,546 Of the total 94,546 deaths, 50,491 were males and 44,055 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, 312. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 1474. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Madras Province during the Year 1875 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Eainfall Eegistered in the Months of 1875. Districts. ¦ Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June, July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Ganjam 2-Oo| 2"20 2"97 6-22 325 2175 676 4515 Vizagapatam. . o'3o 12-00 1-60 3*60 8*95 980 11-25 37*50 Godavari 0-20 ... I 655 2"22 4*60 430 8*25 9*25 35*37 Kistna .... 250 ... 080 005, T5O 110 5"84 9"40 323 7*92 ... 075 32*49 Nellore 0*55 0*45 ... ... 015 2*25 3*90 510 7"25 315 4-42 2722 Madras Town . 0-01 ... 118 0761 o*o7 o*B6 176 7*04 4*60 6-471119 318 3712 Chingleput . . 005 I 1-90 070 2-90 7#20 175 2*20 2*67 0-91 20*28 South Arcot 253( 1"35 ... 1-00 11-07 615 3"65 773 406 37"54 Trichinopoly. . o*os T97! 6\34 193 o*o2 616 6*02 5*43 215 I*o2 31-09 Tanjore . . . 0-55 0-60 275 1-55 075 636 s*Bo 4-90 410 T3O 2765 Madura 025 4-00J 270 6*87 2*48 5*92 2-15 2035 T4O 0-60 4672 Tinnevelly o'so o'6o 1-951 o*4o 6"88 4*60 2"50 1743 Kurnool 0-32 ... j 2-80 215 918 3"33 4-60 2"80 2518 Cuddapah j 0"50 410 .4*05 765 1070 260 29"60 Bellary 0-30 ... j T97 3"51 1-85 177 4"20 3"92 1752 North Arcot. . 0-60 o*3Bl 195 1*66 175 10-46 4-27 643 o'sB 1-42 2950 Salem 115 6-25 i 280 200 4-05 310 4-55 1395 012 ... 37"97 Coimbatore . . 0"04 ... 099 T37 264 273 1"34 0-20 0"42 11-24 1-59 0"33 22"89 Nilgiri 110 1-90 750 5"60 3"00 11-00 620 13-50 3-00 ... 52-80 South Kanara 230 2"60 3652 34"94 21*47 6-42 259 o'3l 096108-11 Malabar 2"38 371 43*67 32-75 16"50 6*oo I*9o o'so 045107*86 Monthly Totals . 41o!r05 734 28*4453-83121-89124"33148*02122-36151*2443*0921*30 ! ! ! ! ! 826*99 Quarterly Totals 12*49 20416 394*71 215*63 Month. Averages 0-20 0-05 0-35 1"3512*56 5-81 5*92 I 7-05 5*83 7"20 2-05 1-01 ! ! 39.38 Quar. Averages . 0-60 972 18*80 10*26 103 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Madras Province during the Year 1876 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1876. Districts. j Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Deo. | Ganjam . . 26 19 46 171 155 837 1,416 724 204 102 160 66 3,926 Visagapatam . ... 7 30 11 9 48 351 299 245 125 128 20 1,273 Godavari . . 350 115 35 14 1,490 2,008 1,939 641 292 93 6,977 Kistna ... 199 279 62 74 674 1,512 2,159 874 387 120 17 370 6,727 Nellore. . . 766 336 99 83 51 176 357 533 638 465 997 3884 8,385 Madras Town 166 194 122 116 148 165 231 240 61 30 98 464 2,035 Chingleput . 517 194 52 96 127 188 182 177 110 56 60 191 1,950 South Arcot . 2,208 1,781 828 593 958 906 1,325 473 117 18 59 277 9,543 Trichinopoly « 522 617 298 224 300 708 525 406 30 70 148 1,426 5,274 Taniore . . 1,227 1,359 318 126 414 1,051 1,808 481 201 112 55 863 8,015 Madura . . 737 438 256 145 103 53 21 ... 63 46 140 70l! 2,703 Tinnevelly . 737 269 87 48 120 343 306 731 648 458 768 1,680] 6,195 Kurnool . . 44 87 316 988 855 709 1,211 423 169 38 876 6,042 11,758 Cuddapah. . 175 143 41 466 641 967 1,520 1,2321102 540; 970 3,777 11,574 Bellary. . . 150 6961617 2,282 1,505 2,229 1,970 1,010 305 1661341 2,858 16,129 North Arcot . 2,246 1,653,1253 1,374 1,336 923 1,375 594 214 683 853 2,471 14,975 Salem . . . 1,583 1,4871316 2,395 1,554 613 411 293 152 124 903 3,928 14,759 Coimbatore . 613 292 102 40 89 212 119 73 22 9 321 2,157 4,049 Nilgiri 9 7 3 5 ... 1 25 South Kanara 12 62 42 136 49 41 74 103 99 618 Malabar . . 2,329 1,6551370 1,452 885 985 1,338 1,056 206 20 ... 7 11,303 Month. Totals 14,607)11,683 8299 | 10,834 | 11,46314,68118,64110,363 5265 3280 789431,183J148,193 Of the total 148,193 deaths, 81,511 were males and 66,682 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, 5"08. Eatio per cent, of all deaths registered, 2178. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Madras Province during the Year 1876 is shoivn in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1876. Districts. — — Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Ganjam o'2o o'Bs 060 370 395 6-0010-2010-20 3570 Vizagapatam 3"00 I*9o 1-00 9"80 5-3017-28 38"28 Godavara 2-00 211 5"53 10-15 666 236 28-81 Kistna 2"55 3"67 363 6"22 2-40 0-30 1877 Nellore T5O 057 232 575 0-07 ... 3-30 ... 13"51 Madras Town . 0-12 071 119 310 377 300 3"26 I*o4 0"30 011 16-60 Chingleput o'2o 0-69 277 4-35 355 706 0"35 4-90 ... 2387 South Arcot . . 0"04 ... 0-06 165 078 l'O3 2"01 770 T5l 1-321218 129 2957 Trichinopoly 018 ... 2-91 019 2-25 442 4"99 016 212 314 20%36 Tanjore o'2o ... 295 125 0-25 6-10 3"55 o'4B 2"65 640 23"88 Madura 1 "05 0 '40 2 '95 1-40 0-65 362 2 -90 5-20 115 1-35 20-67 Tinnevelly 2"35 255 1-80 o'BB 530 4"30 TBO 1898 Kurnool 015 125 0"04 373 1-26 I*so 011 ... 0"55 ... 8"59 Cuddapah o*2o o*Bo 075 6"25 110 0"35 9"45 Bellary T4O 0-68 070 1-89 ... 0-91 1-65 ... 7 "23 North Arcot 329 3-55 585 T5O 3-28 o'BB 1-93 20"28 Salem o'9o 0-95 620 2-00 4"67 477 6"50 0-05 o'3o 015 26"49 Coimbatore 114 2-60 4-42 0"35 2-38 3-09 TB3 170 1-55 025 1931 Nilgiri 1-80 1-20 6"00 0"80 960 795 570 ... 1-50 3455 South Kanara 0"35 270 175 38"29 45"93 21-24 957 T54 010 121-47 Malabar 0"55 210 1-59 30"82 43"59 1295 5"21 0"45 o'2o ... 97"46 Monthly Totals . 016 ... !10-53 1784 46-91103-9214374126 -47 837348-96 37-0314-54 ! i 633-83 Quarterly Totals 10-69 168-67 35394 100-53 Month. Averages o*ol ... |0- 50 0"85 j 2"23 495 684 602 399 2-34 176 0-69 3018 Quar. Averages . 0-51 8 03 16*85 479 104 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Madras Province during the Year 1877 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1577. Districts. ¦ Total. Jan. Fob. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Ganjara . 6 73 688 469 224 20 6 60 240 147 770 587 3,290 Vizagap'm 48 663 920 351 31 190 506 641 863 8481055; 807 6,923 Godavari. ... 3 23 50 189 227 825 1,324 928 1,1681436 899 7,072 Kistna. , 1,472 2,529 1,917 559 298 351 1,173 2,391 1,200 193 110! 181 12,374 Nellore . 8,816 4,804 1,556 545 365 218 222 1,132 1,302 280 177 59 19,476 Madras Tn. 1,596 1,099 626 449 831 373 443 384 213 125 73 34 6,246 Chingleput 1,275 413 266 154 333 214 900 591 143 58 13 31 4,391 S. Arcot . 1,608 1,249 1,770 1,289 2,259 1,738 3,629 4,947 3,370 1,055 1220!1649 25,783 Trichino'ly 2,374 619 993 1,170 2,150 1,139 1,596 1,958 2,076 656 383 333 15,447 Tanjore . 2,982 905 755 487 1,116 1,785 1,632 1,276 1,041 380 194 545 13,098 Madura . 1,680 914 1,069 1,075 2,519 1,654 1,379 2,292 1,804 539 466 256 15,647 Tinnevelly 1,288 1,310 2,467 2,212 1,017 854 892 1,345 1,343 567 351 568 14,214 Kurnool . 1,989 1,463 2,008 1,715 1,437 566 473 747 31 22 10,451 Cuddapah 9,924 8,216 3,561 2,235 2,829 2,501 1,196 1,667 651 149 104 69 33,102 Bellary . 4,191 6,953 6,945 3,415 2,708 2,714 2,215 797 224 15 2 4 30,183 N. Arcot . 9,605 8,432 5,657 2,731 3,461 2,110 3,590 3,559 1,975 891 58 78 42,145 Salem . . 6,788 7,158 8,523 6,875 7,329 2,668 2,074 2,278 2,300 797 553 290 47,633 Coimbatore 3,032 3,990 3,093 3,926 6,180 4,005 2,725 2,849 4,060 1,804 731 227 36,622 Nilgiri 27 30 130 213 61 6 1 6 2 476 S. Kanara 7 12 40 100 69 216 218 220 264 498 654 602 2,900 Malabar . 31 379 846 1,068 1,581 2,317 1,653 1,278 467 196 68 73 9,957 Mth.Totals 58,712 51,211 43,753 31,005 37,139 25,921 27,353 31,737 24,501 10,390 8416 7292 357,430 Of the total 357,430 deaths, 200,803 were males and 156,627 females. Eatio per 1000 of population, 12 "24. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 22 97. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Madras Province during the Year 1877 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1877. Districts. i Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Ganjam . . . 0"06 TBO 270 310 8-40! 4"80 341 535 675 075 o'4o ... 37*52 Vizagapatam . ... 5"50 7"50 2'oo 12-80 200 5"90 240 5*40 240 45*90 Godavari . . . 2*95 T97 016 075 585 218 2"48 2"96 710 3"00 29*40 Kistna. . . . 110 170 6-50 ... 570 T3O 305 415 639 712 070 o*os 37761 Nellore . . . 010 010 2"67 ... 870 235 0-30 0*55 572 13-20 415 4*52 42*36 Madras Town . 0"01 ... 0-03 ... 21-271 2"36 1-22 2"49 3-15 8*56 21*25 5"86 66-20 Chingleput . . 0-30 ... 0"20 ... 6-62! 4*29 115 4"62 770 759 3"07 3"00 38-54 South Arcot 773 1-22 1-24 229 8.26 10-50 91316-95 5732 Trichinopoly 0-04 0"52 2"23 0*52 o'4o 0-31 10-07 13-01 5"54 5"30 37"94 Tanjore T95 315 0-87 022 6-08 10*22 6-42 9*55 38-46 Madura 0*47 013 2-50 2"02 065 0"95 5 "82 16-8011-2013-50 5404 Tinnevelly 2"43 0-52 ... 250 172 5*5215-8214-60 43-11 Kurnool I*o7 0-08 3"32 205 0"87 2"34 7*Bo 4-31 0"56 ... 22-40 Cuddapah 1-90 ... 177 412 1-40 2"26 4"82 387 075 0-02 20-91 Bellary 250 035 212 1-46 T97 5"31 8"95 0"52 0-80 2398 North Arcot 012 112 2 "92 3 "04 110 2 "95 11-55 14-12 4-21 2-98 4411 Salem 270 005 376 5"95 055 3"26 9-80 12-00 2-25 220 4252 Coimbatore 0-56 0"55 2"42 3"68 o'o3 0"57 T94 1299 250 215 27"39 Nilgiri 320 095 370 7*90 2"00 TBO 15-22 2425 5-20 5-15 69-37 South Kanara 0"56 049 40-822516 34"33 17-68 12*24 1-76 o'o4 133-08 Malabar 213 1-65 38*621052 30-40 13-50 18-66 272 090 11910 Monthly Totals 4"52'11-07i32*25 149610413136-99 63-76106-17161-78 210-06 98-15 8757 ! ! ! 1031-41 Quarterly Totals 47"84 256 08 331-71 395-78 Month. Averages 0-21 0-53 1-54 071 4-96 6.52 3-04 | 506 j 770 IO'OO j 4"67 14171 417 49 "11 Qaar. Averages. 228 12-19 15-80 18-84 105 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Madras Province during the Year 1878 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1878. Districts. i 1 Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June.Uuly. Aug. Sept. Oct. | Nov. Dec. Ganiam ... 500 641 1756 1573 1430 1021 1061 295 48 18 8 33 8,384 VizaWpatam . 340 138 714 533 455 688 804 490 159 21 7 107 4,456 Godavari ... 230 61 20 98 229 724 2616 2348 1629 681 406 506 9,548 Kistna. ... 522 80 52 ... 2 270 460 1389 1874 505 346 731 6,231 Nellore ... 74 37 5 2 54 116 26 314 Madras Town 11 8 5 2 1 4 ... 3 ... 6 19 5 64 Chingleput . . 17 6 1 51 10 85 South Arcot . . 514 182 59 89 44 60 471 465 137 23 2l 31 2,096 Trichinopoly. . 348 65 12 7 4 2 3 10 26 3 2 2 484 Taniore ... 671 257 71 56 13 9 218 805 402 134 34 74 2,744 Madura ... 80 46 10 8 3 85 13 30 ... 275 Tinnevelly . . 271 32 5 3 4 2 ... 1 318 Kurnool 193 571 399 417 297 18 1 ... 1,896 Cuddapah . . 93 60 10 ... 70 341 1579 754 323 21 10 ... 3,261 Bellary 286 1643 1647 664 295 33 49 9 ... 4,626 North Arcot. . 67 7 74 Salem .... 273 209 111 10 10 5 47 20 9 3 697 Coimbatore . . 97 7 28 80 107 44 2 ... 365 Nilgiri 2 10 5 17 South Kanara . 293 45 ... 6 2 1 ... 2 349 Malabar ... 38 104 123 55 56 26 17 88 182 95 37 62 883 I Monthly Totals 4439 1985 2981 2726 4160. 5368 8343 7525 5432 1659 983 1566 7,167 Of the total 47,167 deaths, 25,463 were males and 21,704 females. Eatio per 1000 of population, 1"62. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 582. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Madras Province during the Year 1878 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1878 Districts. i ; Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Ganjam . . o'o2 0"25 0"40 ... 2-40 0-80 290 11-02 5-06! 13-45 5*951071 52"96 Vizagapatam l'4O 0"20 2"40 i 555 8-65 615 880! 19"00 4"5021 -95 78-60 Godavari 0"45 3-30] 7'oo 13-05 1800 700! 8-30 4"30 010 6150 Kistna 110 4"55 2"30 11-80 8"25 410; 1073 450 015 4748 Nellore 0-80 0-70 0"30 6"58 2"63 643 258 318 5"40 28-60 Madras Town 011 0"34 T6O 012 4-80 5"62 6-07! 626 210 T63 28"65 Chingleput 0-07 l'O4 1-50; 325 525 11-25 8"05 4"65 2"35 035 3776 South Arcot . 0"33 030! 0"27 405 059 4"80 766 320 675 2-39 30"34 Trichinopoly . 023 4-09! I*4B 2"88 2"42 352 492 4"68 1-96 037 26"55 Tanjore. . . 2-00 0-90 210 1-65 090 8"40 6-50; 4-00 195 070 2910 Madura. . . 215 ... ... 2-05 6-50 110 T52 756 525 6-30 4-50 095 37"88 Tinnevelly . 175 ... 012 362: 667 115 ... 035 1-80 112 515 2-85 24-58 Kurnool T3O! 022 296 10-67 1310 9"20 969 TOO 0-03 4817 Cuddapah 0"40 0"90 2-25 14-35 1143 1211 5"22 1-85 015 48-66 Bellary 1-30 1 -90 1-05 3"90 2"90 5"44 435 3-37 075 24"96 North Arcot 0-40] 313 2"23 912 12-46 4-22 632 3"50 3"23 44-61 Salem 010 3"60 4"90 745 216 510 290 370 315 0-55 33-61 Coimbatore . 0"22 5"02 175 1-00 1-25 1*42 TB4 T93 2-39 o'B7 1769 Nilgiri I'OO 410 4 "65 4-90 9-00 14-97 11-20] 1110 3-60 0-10 65-22 South Kanara o'os 485 8"94 47-61 33"27 4372 2948 12-44 1-30 0-44' 182-30 Malabar O'OS T35 8"50 41-70 23"65 4792 26-00 10-80 6-30 015 166-42 Monthly Totals 6'Bl 0"25 379 37-2168-36141 -30165-83 24077174-03149-82 73-65 53-82 . : j ! 1 1115.64 Quart. Totals. 10-85 246*87 580-63 277-29 Mon. Averages 0*33 lO'Ol 018 177 3"26 673 7"90 11-47 8"28 7.13 3.51 256 —~ 53 "13 Quar. Averages 0"52 1176 2765 13-20 106 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. 10/ The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Madras Province during the Year 1879 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1879. 1 Districts. ; , ; ¦ , Total. Jan. j Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Ganjam ... 44 7 14 1 I ... 3 1 2 1 73 Vizagapatam. . 214 152 138 11 I 1 ... 16 37 1 4 574 Godavari . . . 985 209! 102 123 I 271 1423 3970 150G 300 105 20 ... 9,014 Kistna .... 1375 423 64 117 56 52 199 101 2 2,389 Nellore 8 4 1 13 Madras Town . 31 2 1 34 Chingleput 5 ... 1 . . 6 South Arcot . . 84 25 j 4 ... S 2 ... 118 Trichinopoly . . 5 13 5 6 4 ... 3 3 1 40 Tanjore ... 125] 194 j 208 71 | 110 123 39 15 7 ... 2 ... 894 Madura 11 16 1 i 28 Tinnevelly Kurnool Cuddapah 1 1 Bellary North Arcot Salem I Coimbatore I Nilgiri South Kanara Malabar ... 82 20 10 '.. ... ... ! ... 112 Monthly Totals . 2945 j 1060 561 333 j 450 1601 4228 1671 310 j 109 24 4 13,296 Of the total 13,296 deaths, 6934 were males and 6362 females. Eatio per 1000 of population, 0*46. Katio per cent, of all deaths registered, 242. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, atone Station in each District of the Madras Province during the Year 1879 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months op 1579. Districts. ; — — . j Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June, j July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. I Ganjam 2>65, ... 310 417 3-01 2*8713-01 1108 375 2-30; 45*94 Vizagapatam \ ... 10-20 2"90 4-20 6-90 410 270 370 010 34-80 Godavari T2O, ... 6"27 6"00 4-32! 1017 2"05 5*57 6*02 ... 41-60 Kistna o'Bs ... 4-48 8"80 4-20; 1150 3'oo 3*35 775 ...43-93 Nellore . . . j 0*95 4*60 4-50 3"20 2-40 0-52 111512-80 0"05 4017 Madras Town . T3O; ... T5O ... 4-43 210 4"30 661 0"54 18-2310-91 4"33 54-25 Chingleput . . TOO 1 ... 1-25 j ... 2-85 4-53 690 672 407 1071 330 ... 41-33 South Arcot. . 0*95, ... 1-25 ... 2"82 2-92 376 478 2-46 91810-96 985 48"93 Trichinopoly. . 0-60: ... 262; 2"50 0-43 0"22 395 3-06 2-54 813 T5B 071 26*34 Tanjore I ... 375 o*4o 0"35 170 4-85 6-80 6"25 7*25 2-00J 170 35"05 Madura . . . 0"09 ... 4*31 1-00 1-00 0-58 472 4-22 4-50 8*25 3*35 ... 32-02 Tinnevelly o'3o 790 020 4-80 ... 075 0-31 211 6"00 5"65 4"50. 32-52 Kurnool o'2o 3"85 175 2-65 7*20 177 2*05 0-30 ... | 1977 Cuddapah . . 0100-25 7"40 5-00 5-32 3"25 3"37 6-52 115 ... I 32-36 Bellary 0"39 ... 059 3"03 l'so 7"34 2"98 3"54 3"03 0-86 o'o2| 23"28 North Arcot. . 1-45 0-80 025 ... 4-60 7^oo 7-47 I*sll "40 5"82 164 ... [ 31*94 Salem .... 3"20 ... 1-35 1-00 270 1-05 11-85 5-6010-45 510 0-35 ... | 42"65 Coimbatore 1-01 2\35 0"44 3-64 016 3-63 0-35 078 4"52 1"93 0 27i 1908 Nilgiri.... 3-00 ... 165 290 4-60 535 16-40 7"60 8"95 5"50 175 ... | 5770 South Kanara 0-05 010 31 -52 30751 34-50 32-941070 10-88 344 0-3015518 Malabar 0"30 170 2010 24'00J 2530 18-41 8-10 810 5"20 0171111i92 Monthly Totals. 12-642-9533"23 10*8312677114-98162-62146*1894-211531288-39 24-84' ! : _ 1 L ! ;970.76; 970.76 Quarterly Totals 48-82 252*58 403*01 266-35 Month. Averages I 0-60 o*l4 I*sB 0"52 j 6-04 5-47 7*74 j 6"96 4"49 7*29 4*21 I*lB 46-22 Quar. Averages.! 2*32 12-03 1919 12*68 108 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Madras Province during the Year 1880 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1880. Districts. Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Ganjam .... 6 1 ... 41 131 49 36 8 7 216 495 Vizagapatam 5 39 1 1 46 Godavari 2 1 1 13 8 Kistna 2 1 3 Nellore 1 ... 3 4 Madras Town 1 ... 1 2 Chingleput South Arcot . . 3 ... 5 8 Trichinopoly 1 1 Tanjore 6 2 ... 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 23 Madura 1 1 Tinnevelly Kurnool Cuddapah Bellary 3 3 North Arcot Salem Coimbatore Nilgiri 2 2 South Kanara 11 1 12 Malabar 4 1 5 Monthly Totals .| 9 24 12 52 175 j5B 40 10 2 3 9 219 613 Of the total 613 deaths, 315 were males and 298 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, o*o2. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 0"13. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches'and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Madras Province during the Year 1880 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1880. Districts. : Total. Jan. Feb. Mar.ApriL May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Ganjam . . . . 0*020*59 ... 0"05 2*15 12*30 8-80 11*3014*95 9*60 810 ... 67*86 Vizagapatam . . 010010 ... 110 5-20 910 9*oo 9-00 9*Bo 915 170 ... 54"25 Godavari o*Bo ... 110 I*6o 510 B*Bs 2"00 4*35 3*35 2*60 0-20 29*95 Kistna 015 176 4*55 0-80 6*50 5*90 2*85 9*05 ... 31*56 Nellore o*3o 172 0*35 472 215 B*6o 30*53 512 53*49 Madras Town. . 2*652*48 11l 4*49 4*90 B*B2 B'6l 22*97 577 61*80 Chingleput. . . 010 017 2*45 I*2o 4*35 3*35 6*oo 7 "00 11*45 4*Bo 40*87 South Arcot . . 0-95 015 ... o*os ... 1*59 4*oB 6*57 5*56 6*38 24*82 7*45 57*60 Trichinopoly 0*25 1*56 I*2o ... 0*32 7*03 2*oo 5*07 13*89 3*24 34*56 Tanjore .... 0*350-07 ... 070 0*45 010 I*os 670 I*6o 5*95 22*25 3"80 43*02 Madura I*4o ... 2-35 115 ... 0*57 616 1*77 14*00 6*24 I*7o 35*34 Tinnevelly . . . 1-20 o*6o ... 5*40 175 ... 0*25 0"65 ... 5"50 18*25 6*45 40*05 Kurnool I*2o 1*57 375 I*Bs 6-21 2*67 2*05 0"94 o*o3 20*27 Cuddapah 0*22 0"95 3*46 2*40 205 4*82 5-50 11*47 o*3o 3117 Bellary 0*59 118 1*47 I*so 5*22 2*86 6*lo 3*39 o'o6 22*37 North'Arcot 0"20 ... 0"90 3-04 ... 2*47 6-86 3*67 5"32 15*08 374 41*28 Salem 0*65 ... 3*42 7*55 3*58 2*27 8*49 2-67 10*55 9"33 2*38 50*89 Coimbatore . . 0-04 o*ol ... 2*42 2*45 172 o'3o 2*65 0*93 10-41 612 1-90 28*95 Nilgiri o*Bo ... 4*65 570 2*43 3*95 B*Bo 315 11-80 14*35 2*lo 5773 South Kanara I*2o 5*22 40*55 41*50 8"82 B*Bs 5*58 3*65 2*20 117*57 Malabar 2.70 9*65 34*20 29*25 7*23 4-65 170 470 1-30 95*38 Monthly Totals . 5*418*000*25 29*7855*32127*93128*40125*219717145*07j240*8852*54 ! ! ! ! ! ! 1015*96 Quarterly Totals . 13*66 213*03 350*78 438*49 Month. Averages. 0-26'0*38|0'01 1-421 2*631 6*09 611 5*96 j 4*63 6*91 11*47 2*50 ! ! ! ! 48-37 Quar. Averages . 0*65 10*14 16*70 20*88 NATUEE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. 109 The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Madras Province during the Year 1881 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1881. Districts. Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Ganjam ... 51 3 10 50 4 50 2 1 171 Vizagapatam 1 40 83 90 2 216 Godavari 2 2 Kistna Nellore Madras Town 2 40 81 123 Chingleput 4 ... 21 25 South Arcot 1 1 ... 2 1 7 1 ... 2 32 89 136 Trichinopoly 28 617 1159 1804 Tanjore 3 6 5 ... 4 1 275 2507 2801 Madura 3 2 267 272 Tinnevelly 6 2200 2206 Kurnool 1 1 Cuddapah 3 3 6 Bellary 120 1 ... 121 North Arcot 62 58 374 494 Salem 59 137 344 540 Coimbatore 13 129 290 432 Nilgiri South Kanara 14 63 77 Malabar 4 19 5 19 Monthly Totals .51 4 12 92 92 151 16 1 4 297 1323 7403 9446 Of the total 9446 deaths, 4870 were males and 4576 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, o'3. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 2 "03. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Madras Province during the year 1881 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Kainfall Kegistered in the Months of 1881. Districts. : Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Ganjam 3*52 o*o6 159 3*Bl 5*30 B*os 4*50 B*6o 0*65 0*45 36-53 Vizagapatam 4*oo o*so TBO 9'Bo 610 4 "20 4*2012-60 270 ... 4590 Godavari o*so 2"65 2*oo 4*60 5-00 7*90 1510 ... 110 ... 38*85 Kistna o*2o TOO 070 5*25 1*35 5-90 6*85 070 215 ... 2410 Nellore 0"35 0"30 110 I*so 170 3*85 5*90 075 17*00 330 3575 Madras Town . . 0"52 0 -26 2 "33 2 -60 5 -08 811 I*9l 15 -40 7 '83 44 "04 Chingleput 0-65 ... 470 8*95 6*40 050 9*65 2-95 33-80 South Arcot . . 118 0-32 o*6l 2-33 5*24 6"44 ... 671 817 31-00 Trichinopoly . . 0*25 ... I*o7 ... 0*97 o*o2 2-66 7"40 4-99 4-41 341 4"04 29-22 Tanjore .... 1-00 o*so 0-05 115 4-50 6-20 2*45 2-851215 3085 Madura .... 0"35 ... 011 ... 279 0"94 070 5*29 9"95 4"56 589 1-98 32-56 Tinnevelly . . . T35 ... 1-40 075 2-35 ... T25 3"20 1007 2"35 2272 Kurnool 1"95 0"43 o'4o 212 1*43 7*26 3"94 095 1*49 ... 19-97 Cuddapah 310 762 0-90 1327 6"35 216 4"25 ... 37*65 Bellary 053 1-95 T2l 071 014 o'9B 670 0-80 3"08 ... 1610 North Arcot 076 214 TB6 972 975 270 882 o'B2 36-57 Salem 5"25 3-50 2-53 15-86 949 2"97 6"45 I*o3 4708 Coimbatore . . o'oB ... 013 ... 5"60 097 0-62 057 0-19 716 668 064 2264 Nilgiri o'os o*so 3"20 5"30 470 12"50 ll'Os 1-50 1040 245 51-65 South Kanara 4-50 243411-34 3513 12-41 0"90 6-88 ... 95-50 Malabar 0-01 4 "451360 ll'Sl 30-83 7-00 2'ol B*Bs 0"45 79-01 Monthly Totals .473 ... 13-81 815 43\50 89"21 68921924814677 6083134-48 4861 I I ! ! ! 811*49 Quarterly Totals. 18*54 140*86 408*17 243*92 Monthly Averages 0*22 ... 0*66 0*39 2*071 4"25 3*28 9*17 6*99 2*90 6*40 2*31 ! __ 38-64 Quar. Averages . o*BB 671 19.44 11*61 110 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Bombay Province during the Year 1871 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1871. Districts. ; : . "j Total. Jan. Feb. Mar.! April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Khandesh .... l] 4 197 329 377 239 96 20 32 44 1339 Nasik 41 36 79 61 333 367 317 175 10 4 ... 28 1451 Ahmednagar 14 22 76 110 187 221 19 9 658 Poona 8' 3 1 2 16 68 95 1 15 35 243 Satara 1! 3 18 38 63; 6 2 131 Sholapur .... 41 6; ... 1 ... 18 89 54 88 13 6 280 Belgaum 22 [17 lj ! 40 Dharwar | Kaladgi 301 2 1 2 55 57 20 167 North Kanara Eatnagiri .... 10! 4 17 15 17 68 208 257 54 7 5 1 663 Kolaba ..... 22 51 4 12 212 27 121 Bombay City ... 77 44 38 28 17 10 5 11 15 34 96 294 Thana 133 70 22 99 29 10 16 ... 379 Surat 1 1 31 ... 4 3 12 Broach j 1 1 Kaira 2 17 6 3 1 20 Panch Mahal I 1 1 2 Ahmedabad ... 1 3 3 9 1 3 20 Kurrachee , Hyderabad Thar and Parkar j Shikarpur Upper Sind Frontier Monthly Totals . . 351! 237 174 137 591 804 1005 1014 555 598 j 174 \ 181 j 5821 Of the total 5821 deaths, 2897 were males and 2630 females.* Ratio per 1000 of population, o'4l. Ratio per cent of all deaths registered, 2"08. * Exclusive of Bombay City, in which the deaths by sexes are not distinguished. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Bombay Province during the Year 1871 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1871. Districts. Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Khandesh .... 3*oo 174 129 072 1-95 015 072 ... 9'57| Nasik 1-03 0"82 ... 506 5"33 4"36 I*Bs 1*47 o'3B ... 20 301 Ahmednagar . . . 7"84 0-69 0*42 3"87 034 1*57 3*25 o'o3 0-96 ... 18-97! Poona I 5"J4 I*B6 T45 5:69 417 3-04 3"64 216 1-67 ... 28-92 i Satara 8"02 0*33 1*59 7"89 10-43 767 077 286 135 ... 40*91 Sholapur 1-35 0"49 219 8"81 018 0"07 ... 13-091 Belgaum .... 0*93 ... 0-48149 2-07 9"36 9-24 7*35 1-85 5-89 2'oB ... 4074 Dharwar .... 0-25 126 2"05 099 2"26 274 209 0"46 ... 1210 Kaladgi .... o*2l 0-06 0"27 0"57 I'sl 4 "89 171 213 8"04 394 0-06012 23-51 North Kanara. . . 272 1-03 8-04 1716 29 "81 9-36 718 325 3-04 ... 81-59 Ratnagiri .... 1577 0"05 I*B7 19-50 1874 1032 777 041 078:0-09 75"30 Kolaba ..... 2-22 1-25 8"91 9-96 8"95 6'ol 0-25 2970-06 4058 Bombay City . . . 210 0"65 11 -36 16"26 896 7"87 47"20 Thana . 17-90 22-58 12-55 793 o'4B 61'44j Surat 11-27 584 3"54 2-54 ... 145 ... 24'64j Broach 319 3-21 879 T92 ... 2-510-42 20-04 Kaira 016 3"29 715 16-84 345 ... 2 62! 0 05' 33-56 Panch Mahal 023! 212 15-31 20"92 5"32 ... 0-65012! 44-67 i Ahmedabad . . . | j ... 0-19 l"40 2"66 822 16-86 192 ... 0-57,019; 32-01 i Kurrachee 036 o'o6 0 04002J 0-48J Hyderabad 0-56 010 ... TBO 049 o'sB ... | 3*531 Thar and Parkar 1-60 0-30 1*90! Shikarpur l'6O l'6O: Upper Sind Frontier ... 0-23 007 0"39 057 o'oB I*34| Monthly Totals . . [49*33 1*44J0*75 703 2177139.*33176*52149*74 84-812316 22'96jl 15 677*99 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. 11l The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Bombay Province during the Year 1872 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1872. Districts. — ¦ — Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Khandesh 4 77 259 1137 94 6 1,577 Nasik 14 44 21 30 168 270 413 598 251 76 8 ... 1,893 Ahmednagar 7 87 332 354 436 508 104 9 ... i 1,837 Poona 21 311 1290 1199 553 190 24 20 5 3,613 Satara 6 15 2 28 44 165 559 363 308 150 1,640 Sholapur .... 2 6 57 124 325 517 268 110 23 31 1,463 Belgaum 8 97 193 97 111 50 56 5 617 Dharwar 24 ... 24 Kaladgi 5 12 12 11 136 311 511 482 187 40 29 14 1,750 North Kanara Ratnagiri 12 6 55 18 91 Kolaba 24 2 22 57 9 ... 2 116 Bombay City ... 7 2 4 7 6 7 46 54 33 11 3 11 191 Thana 9 27 52 118 53 18 36 313 Surat 3 1 4 30 99 264 46 7 ... 454 Broach Kaira 1 1 5 10 2 19 Panch Mahals 2 ... 14 14 30 Ahmedabad 4 ... 4 2 ... 1 3 14 Kurrachee Hyderabad Thar and Parkar . . ... Shikarpur Upper Sind Frontier Monthly Totals . . 61 82 113 237 1098 3127 3932 3991 2145 611 174 71 15,642 Of the total 15,642 deaths, 8374 were males and 7268 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, l'O3. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 4 "39. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Bombay Province during the Year 1872 is shoivn in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1872. Districts. ; Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May.' June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Xov. Dec. Khandesh 0"35 010 472 9*43 o*Bs 815 0*29 2389 Nasik 0-25 ... 5*24 750 T6O B*o4 073 ... 2-05 25-41 Ahmednagar 0"85 o*4o 714 4*52 TOO 13*60 001 ... 0-63! 2815 Poona 0-59 o*B3 617 8*23 1*59 4*20 0*34 ... 0-92 1 22*87 Satara 1-06 ... 8"39 1470 3*28 6-43 I*oB ... s'3Bi 40*32 Sholapui 066 016 o*4o 337 471 5*92 2032 112 008 O'S7j 3761 Belgaum 013 2-49 118 1272 16-98 407 6*39 3"91 o*o4 3'oB 50*99 Dharwar 0*23 5*54 1*95 12*45 077 ... 2"46 23-40 Kaladgi I*os ... 0*24 0*45 I*sl 270 218 617 5-61 6-20 0-31 0-02 26-44 North Kanara 4*35 48*87 51*26 2069 5"99 2*84 ... 1-50135"50 Ratnagiri o*o6 0*59 27"35 35*54 1117 1035 0"48 ... 0"33 85*87 Kolaba 0"06 24"43 24-84 949 1659 107 76-48 Bombay City 34*33 27*98 10*11 1772 9014 Thana 29"58 33-29 11-57 11*52 010 86*06 Surat 1673 12*46 498 1912 0*46 5375 Broach 853 14*56 2*87 10-24 36-20 Kaira o*3o 1175 13-26 481 2*83 32 95 Panch Mahals o*o9 ... 832 24"53 7"90 7*40 ... 48*24 Ahmedabad 6*oB 1685 7"07 3*24 33*24 Kurrachee .... o*o9 006 6*42 0"02 I*ol 7*60 Hyderabad 6*05 1*56 T2O ... 8-81 Thar and Parkar o*os 002 0-04 010 008 4*95 3*89 1*47 0-03 10*63 Shikarpur . . o*lo 034 0"57 I*ol Upper Sind Frontier 0*180*020*55 0*57 0-63 4*50 1*32 777 Monthly Totals . . 1*32 0-071*60 7*06 9*82 26679 34675127*631951919*43 0*43 1.7*2-1 993*33 112 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Bombay ¦ Province during the Year 1873 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1873. Districts. Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Khandesh Nasik ..... Ahmednagar Poona Satara Sholapur Belgaum .... 10 6 16 Dharwar .... 12 5 17 Kaladgi 17 61 12 90 North Kanara Eatnagiri 15 15 Kolaba Bombay City ... 22 13 17 12 8 73 1 2 3 2 2 92 Thana Surat 6 12 ... 2 1 12 Broach Kaira 1 1 13 ... 1 16 Panch Mahals 1 ... 2 3 Ahmedabad 5 15 1 1 22 Kurrachee Hyderabad Thar and Parkar Shikarpur Upper Sind Frontier Monthly Totals .. 61 100 35 34 24 10 4 3 3 3 2 2 283 Of the total 283 deaths, 165 were males and 118 females. Eatio per 1000 of population, 0-02. Eatio per cent, of all deaths registered, 0"l. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Bombay Province during the Year 1873 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1873. Districts. Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Khandesh o*3o 134 672 4*24 4*67 B*o4 ... 4*69 ... 30-00 Nasik 0*72 3"36 3*07 3*62 4"58 4-90 073 123 ... 2221 Ahmednagar 089 ... 013 072 777 377 756 7*05 ... 316 ... 31-05 Poona 0-20 ... 018 361 6*32 330 3*39 817 018 I*2o o*o3 26*58 Satara 0-60 1*22 4*94 19-08 616 520 318 1 '54 0-02 41*94 Sholapur o*Bl ... 1-29 2-40 7*oo 303 4*86 7"88 o*Bl 0*25 ... 28*33 Belgaum 0*59 0-252-30 610 ¦ 4*67 1617 5 "37 5*39 3*92 065 ... 45*41 Dharwar 0*23 ... 015 1-58 0*96 152 422 532 3"59 17*57 Kaladgi 0*74 I*6l o*lo 0*77 1*99 3"33 7*19 1573 North Kanara 015 31-81 23*41 11-28 816 179 76-60 Eatnagiri o*l2 0*42 3020 3011 1115 10*94 070 83*64 Kolaba o'os 0-51 2036 16-98 23*96 7*77 007 6970 Bombay City I*ls 15-97 21-88 36-61 11*81 87*42 Thana I*2l 20*29 32*26 27"60 14-58 ... 0-30 ... 96*24 Surat 1-26 B*4l 18*36 1372 5*68 47*43 Broach o*o6 5"34 17*46 7"21 492 0-36 35"35 Kaira 019 1*27 5-53 1291 2"96 22*86 Panch Mahals. . . 002 o'2o 1426 13-59 4-51 32"58 Ahmedabad 0"02 0*34 7*98 14*46 o*7o 23*50 Kurrachee .... I*3B ... 001 ... o*o3 0*64 0*44 2"50 Hyderabad .... 0"33 017 0*34 213 018 315 Thar and Parkar 0-05 0-020-04 010 0-08 4"95 389 1*47 o'o3 10-63 Shikarpur .... o'sl 356 4"07 Upper Sind Frontier I*o7 o*sB ... 0-03 2"47 0-20 4"35 Monthly Totals . . 3*31' 4*24 o*2B 5*43 27*5417579 249"65 227"98128*78 22*5513*02 o*B7 858*84 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. I I 3 The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Bombay Province during the Year 1874 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1574. Districts. Total. Jan. Fob. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Khandesh Nasik Ahmednagar Poona 1 1 2 Satara Sholapur Belgaum Dharwar Kaladgi 1 1 North Kanara Ratnagiri Kolaba Bombay City ... 1 ... 2 2 7 ... 2 1 2 2 19 Thana Surat 1 ... 1 ... 1 ... 1 4 Broach Kaira 1 1 Panch Mahals Ahmedabad 1 6 3 10 Kurrachee Hyderabad Thar and Parkar Shikarpur = Upper Sind Frontier ' Monthly Totals .. 2 ... 4 8 13 1 3 1 3 2 37 Of the total 37 deaths, 24 were males and 13 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, o'oo2. Eatio per cent, of all deaths registered, o*ol. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District oftne Bombay Province during the Year 1874 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in thk Months of 1874. Districts. Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Khandesh 918 1020 114 314 23"66 Nasik. 015 0-03 1274 9"36 476 6-83 1-4301G0-O8 35-54 Ahmednagar 018 ... 0*26 351 356 5"62 216 1348 2-420"06 ... 31*25 Poona 026 ... 0"89 1-55 893 6-96 496 6"36 816 0-89010 39-06 Satara 0-80 ... 036 3-32 1272 9-97 3-92 11 -53 2-64010040 4576 Sholapur 0-05 ... 0"39 256 516 8"56 295 12"61 2*39 3467 Belgaum 0-67 5-66 14-20 1717 7"03 10"42 7-600-87 ... 6362 Dharwar o*o3 ... 0-40 2-11 4 "92 416 1*32 18-68 2-99 003 ... 34-64 Kaladgi 0-30 ... 043 2-44 3"93 2"64 052 2206 2-98 35-30 North Kanara 10-52 3412 6312 17-92 20\59 3-100-05 ... 149-42 Katnagiri 011 279 28"39 60-17 15"65 1332 I'9oo-SO ... 123-13 Kolaba 0-05 18-68 41*24 1114 11-05 0"02 82-18 Bombay City 21-04 4650 1124 1478 93-56 Thana 2753 6934 1953 14-09 0"37 ... 010 13096 Surat 1672 14-47 5-81 480 41-80 Broach 12-45 1222 14-59 o'3o 39-56 Kaira 3"04 1241 4"35 3"42 23"22 Panch Mahals 285 2903 4-81 9"05 4574 Ahmedabad o'B7 3"43 20 88 1096 416 40-30 Kurrachee .... 0-55010 0"87 6-05 0"97 8"54 Hyderabad. . . .0-29 0-39 3"98 516 982 Thar and Parkar 677 5"69 010 12*56 Shikarpur .... 044 611 382 0-02 10"39 Upper Sind Frontier 046 010 0060-39 4"92 2"61 8"54 Monthly Totals . . 174 2*32 o*o6 3*94 3541 24446471 '85 1630120079 36*00 2*96 0-68.1163-22 H 114 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Bombay Province during the Year 1875 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1575. Districts. i — Total. Jan. I?eb. j Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Khandesli 26 809 1,660 2,825 870 22 12 0,224 Nasik 10 481 1014 610 386 201 93 14 3 ... 2,812 Ahmednagar 65 456 1,297 1,994 815 197 89 20 ... 4,933 Poona 43 1402 1,704 775 505 201 16 4,646 Satara • 53 1,505 1588 416 95 9 ... 3,666 Sholapur 1 ... 94 2,453 731 210 33 3 11 3,536 Belgaum 49 281 445 1460 451 50 2,736 Dharwar 216 1056 539 477 2,288 Kaladgi ... 13 544 441 157 172 38 1,365 North Kanara 6 23 18 47 Ratnagiri 8 3 1 13 238 246 162 178 51 900 Kolaba 3 18 312 721 361 37 1 ... 1,453 Bombay City ... 1 1 ... 31 67 132 279 168 43 53 38 21 834 Thana 3 182 1,679 1,545 1653 492 234 93 88 5.969 Surat 1 315 288 76 89 124 53 19 '965 Broach 44 614 167 37 862 Kaira 95 838 942 150 14 4 ... 40 21 2,104 Panch Mahals 41 289 673 83 3 1,089 Ahmedabad 1 251 577 68 164 17 1,078 Karachi 17 25 42 Hyderabad Thar and Parkar 5 1 6 Shikarpur Upper Sind Frontier Monthly Totals . . 1 I 1 10 795 5359 10,37412,906 8609 3493 3548 1640 819 47,555 Of the total 47,645 deaths, ? were males and ? females. .Ratio per 1000 of population, 2 93. Batio per cent, of all deaths registered, 1266. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Bombay Province during the Year 1875 is shown, in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1575. Districts. j Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Khandesli 3"93 516 387 672 1968 Nasik 0-05 0-05 0-07 0-22 0"03 8"95 10-47 5"86 697 063 010 1-29 34"69 Ahmednagar 013 0"28 014 173 2'oo 413 8"94 rOO 0061-41 1982 Poona 012 ... o*sl 073 ... 6"84 11-34 1134 7"45 153 ... 0"39 40-25 Satara 019 311 575 1979 7 "39 1613 210 0-33 0*45 55-24 Sholapur 0-30 0"06 0"25 379 423 7"35 4-39 3-22002112 2473 Belgaum 0-80 3-64 1*37 15"37 24"97 8-29 3"30 474111002 6361 Dharwar 3"97 T42 2"34 2"01 4"08 ]3"82 Kaladgi 0"21 0"49 0"89 813 197 l"90 669 228 ... 058 23 14 North Kamira 1-40 016 0-89 3189 4085 23"41 1094 o'Bo 110-34 Ratnagiri o'o7 39-61 44"92 15-10 1897 006 ... 034 119-07 Kolaba 047 2436 15-39 12-23 3176 ... 035 ... 84\56 Bombay City 2675 16-04 15"91 29"38 8808 Thana 015 010 33-06 29"03 16-01 1987 98"22 Surat 045 15-30 1613 5-22 8-51 45G1 Broach 0"27 10-67 25-67 5-82 14-32 0-09 56-84 Kaira 2"02 119 1731 471 10*52 001 3576 Panch Mahals 077 017 o'o2 1*29 5"32 21 "98 340 13-04 035 4634 Ahmedabad 0"94 0"04 029 110 1-03 7"83 195 1015 o*2B ... ... 2361 Karachi 0-05 0-41 374 010 270 ... 1-38113 9-51 Hyderabad 0-20 ... 1098 ... 016 ... 0"44 ... 1178 Thar and Parkar 010 ... 7"46 o'o7 237 ... 0"04 ... 10-01 Shikarpur 0-58 012 ... 2"45 ... 017 ... 0-80 003 415 Upper Sind Frontier ... o'B2 117 ... o'B2 ... 0-510-07 3"39 Monthly Totals . . 0-84 6-31 3"63 6-08 9-66 247 -64342-30 156-40 23628 21-085146-921042-28 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. 115 The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Bombay Province during the Year 1876 is shoivn in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1876. Districts. — : Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.] Dec. Khandesh 3 13 13 ... j ... 29 Nasik 61 212 52 8 ... I ... 333 Ahmednagar 11l 380 442 87 53 1 42 1,115 Poona 21 157 278 108 46 88! 21 719 Satara 259 816 503 160 140 38 22 1,938 Sholapur 25 97 1094 503 154 98 170 94 2,235 Belgaum .... 54 193 454 614 1077 794 385 108 42 150 136 943 4,950 Dharwar .... 642 834 1797 1081 643 486 160 61 155 162 280 791 7,092 Kaladgi .... 67 80 459 889 1575 968 612 195 29 71 22 105 5,072 North Kanara . . 65 167 188 216 100 88 12 10 30 53 929 Katnagiri .... 17 45 79 12 2 8 10 30 ... 1 ... 2 206 Kolaba 11 49 10 70 Bombay City. . . 1 ... 2 4 5 9 119 141 64 23 6 ... 374 Thana 17 5 2 196 79 256 97 28 ... 13 693 Surat 17 50 112 105 390 151 156 109 26 5 10 1 1,132 Broach 135 190 313 105 3 746 Kaira 1 176 609 388 127 12 2 1,315 Pach Mahal 109 76 78 ! ... 263 Ahmedabad ... 19 79 427 676 632 387 93 415 64 26 ... ! ... 2,818 Kurrachee Hyderabad Thar and Parkar 8 50 29 1 88 Shikarpur Upper Sind Frontier Monthly Totals . . 899 1453 3519 3773 5312 4168 4423 3371 1421 858 833 2087 32,117 Of the total 32,117 deaths, 17,559 were males and 14,558 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, I*9l. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 8"72. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Bombay Province during the Year 1876 is shown in the subjoined 'Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1876. Districts. ; Total. Jan. Feb. Mar J April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Khandesh 5*59 364 2"80 070 1273 Nasik 1-54 952 565 o*Bo ... o*2o ... 1771 Ahmednagar 3*24 230 I*2B I*B2 009 0*26 ... 8*99 Poona 0-31 393 605 318 I*l4 073 15*34 Satara 472 24*39 4*16 032 ... o*3o ... 33*89 Sholapur 152 0-24 ... 205 2*36 360 0-54 0"26 1057 Belgaum 2*44 I*l9 ... 6*ol 2111 2"25 1*94 0*97 3591 Dharwar o*BB| I*o2 ... 213 059 (V 25 074 5*61 Kaladgi 0-90 077 110 9*60 TOO 010 2-53 I*o7 17*07 North Kanara 32"55 42f>7 8*53 434 8809 Ratnagiri 20"85 2370 6*98 G*Bl 58*34 Kolaba o*ol 12-97 23*69 8*66 4"68 50-01 Bombay City 13*53 2734 11-94 612 58-93 Thana 1372 42*45 17-35 966 8318 Surat 7*43 17-69 2270 I*B6 49*68 Broach 3*69 12*57 12 "61 3*51 32"38 Kaira 006 ... 0"39 039 14-60 1218 276 30*38 Panch Mahal 0*26 18*34 14-451675 49*80 Ahmedabad 025 B*B4 7*99 505 2213 Kurrachee o'o6 0-07 4*oo 1*24 o*o3 ... 5"40 Hyderabad .... 017 ... 0-06 528 317 B'6B Thar and Parkar . . 0"02 8"46 3"80 033 12-61 Shikarpur . . . . o*3lo-23 015 ... 010 017 310 3"28 o*l6 ... 7 "50 Upper Sind Frontier 0*200*02 0*26, o*o9 3-91 171 0"39 o*o3 6*61 Monthly Totals . . o*7oo-31 6-34 3-22 1*91144*71327*60159*86 72*40 3*12 1*34 0-03 721*54 I 16 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Bombay Province during the Year 1877 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. I Cholera Deaths BuorsTEBED in the Months of 1877. Districts. ¦—¦ ' Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Khandesh 477 986 221 4 6 ... 1,694! ISTasik 4 111 192 548 620 351 76 39 22 1,963 Ahmednagar ... 2 6 53 166 353 640 992 247 102 166 29 4 2,760, Poona 213 107 198 379 721 611 899 439 34 29 7 36 3,673j Satara 20 52 412 1879 1545 1616 859 138 29 135 15 2 6,702 Sholapur .... 174 188 22 66 287 383 90 48 32 53 2 9 1,354 Belgaum .... 1098 1076 2223 1185 1403 844 218 57 5 5 13 230 8,357 Dharwar .... 1542 1941 2112 1648 928 431 123 5 36 9 4 ... 8,779 Kaladgi .... 542 797 1356 1986 1529 549 126 158 78 3 7,124 North Kanara . . 142 152 324 426 205 219 363 405 229 177 111 51 2,804 Ratnagin 90 45 56 64 803 1297 462 197 67 31 13 3,125 Kolaba 18 29 32 77 544 204 165 31 24 1,124 Bombay City. . . 1 61 111 185 337 704 495 337 162 42 21 54 2,510 Thana 101 730 680 726 673 159 122 46 100 3,337 Surat 1 1 9 100 168 327 142 140 59 31 978 Broach 88 76 66 41 30 1 302 Kaira 37 108 60 205 Panch Mahal 1 4 117 54 176 Ahmedabad 4 175 106 285 Kurrachee Hyderabad Thar and Parkar Shikarpur Upper Sind Frontier Monthly Totals . . 3734 4488 6887 8114 8299 8320 7673 5143 1874 1110 813 797 57,252 Of the total 57,252 deaths, 31,344 were males and 25,908 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, 354. Ratio per ceat. of all deaths registered, 912. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Bombay Province during the Year 1877 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1877. Districts. Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Khandesh .... L*6B 0-68 3*46 269 1022 199 I*4o ... o*B4 22*96 Nasik 0-25 015 4*42 2*93 1*27 5*89 418 ... 015 19*24 Ahmednagar o'o2 016 2150-94 9"93 049 3*63 4"51 273 042 011 25"09 Poona 0-02012 012 0-020-02 8-85 1*42 I*3B 4*68 2-95190 ... 21*48 Satara 110 0"59 411 459 4*66 B'4l 6-42 0-39 ... 30*27 Sholapur 0-110-48 1-60 014 8"40 376 575 10-86 379 .., 1*39 36*28 Belgaum 3*661-23 16-43 312 7 "69 663 7-42 o'o4 060 46*82 Dharwar 0"40 2-60 0-31 4*98 2-24 4-23 13*78 877 ... 3*41 4072 Kaladgi 0210-060-27 0-571-51 4"89 171 213 8"04 3-940-06 012 2351 North Kanara 1-05 23"98 1089 21*90 11*51 16-020-45 1*26 87-06 Ratnagiri 45*00 9"92 11-68 1174 618 0-63 ... 8515 Kolaba 0-22 0-52 35*58 1110 B*sl B'B9 8"33 7315 Bombay City 2906 1293 13-41 7"48 7*BB 70*76 Thana 1-43011 ... 0*44 1200 17*53 18-00 6*54 5*94 61*99 Surat 313 2"48 3*98 3*65 3"42 ... 0-07 1673 Broach 0*23 o*lo 379 275 I*B7 422 7"45 20-41 Kaira I*3o ... 0-63 0-91 4 "42 7*ol o*ol 5*52 5*44 ... 110 26*34 ranch Mahal 0-60 0-29 3"92 4*71 o*2l 575 I*9l ... 0-76 1815 Ahmedabad 030 ... 0-08 0-87 233 5-69 0-60 5 "64 5*64 ... o*so 2165 Kurrachee 1-580-08 0-22 016 ... o'o2 0"03 2*09 Hyderabad 0-43003 0*55 2-39 3*40 Thar and Parkar 016010 0-200*40 3*85 017 4*BB Shikarpur . , . . 0-910il0'80 070 023 ... 0-06 037 318 Upper Sind Frontier ... 007 ... 0"20 095 ... 086 o*sl 2*59 Monthly Totals . . 3*27 B*B4 2*7013*18 B*Bo 228*68107-9612113143*31109*984*83 11-22 76390 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. llj The Monthly Mortality Registered from. Cholera among the Civil Population of the Bombay Province during the Year 1878 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1878. Districts. ' ~~ : — Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Khandesh 5 389 1525 3356 725 1 53 23 6,077 Nasik 18 257 499 81 16 ... 871 Ahmednagar 3 98 365 1034 546 180 41 2,267 Poona 2 14 7 229 -568 1,292 933 396 145 15 ... ... 3,601 Satara 52 837 3,157 1195 94 49 2 5,386 Sholapur 116 1189 705 909 155 3,074 Belgaum. . . . 259 131 349 2492 1979 470 63 1 13 5,757 Dharwar 156 396 411 291 161 314 61 1,790 Kaladgi 16 ... 59 360 987 481 290 37 2,230 North Kanara ... 32 11 2 3 12 2 6 6 74 Ratnagiri .... 50 86 49 19 29 75 147 47 12 10 35 ... 559 Kolaba 12 2 321 206 198 47 1 787 Bombay City ... 35 109 224 128 137 99 156 116 43 53 40 25 1,165 Thana 172 149 18 64 142 361 463 260 24 62 54 40 1,809 Surat 90 100 31 225 299 432 211 52 73 157 56 ... 1,726 Broach 2 5 96 169 308 312 115 19 ... 1 1,027 Kaira 25 7 404 560 357 190 50 ... 1 1,594 Panch Mahal ... 33 4 85 926 1458 1,379 222 22 1 4,130 Ahmedabad. ... 7 ... 99 654 1146 629 193 58 3 4 2,793 Kurrachee Hyderabad Thar and Parkar 7 19 26 Shikarpur Upper Sind Frontier Monthly Totals . . 735 616 1586 6415 9964 10,950 7891 5928 1882 434 254 88 46,743 Of the total 46,743 deaths, 25,076 were males and 21,667 females. Eatio per 1000 of population, 289. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 8"77. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Bombay Province during the Year 1878 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1878. Districts. - —; ; ; L '—' ¦—¦ ¦ ¦- Total. Jan. Feb. IMar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Khandesh 6*oB 823 1375 9'Bl i*Q6 38-93 Nasik 0-23 ... 310 12*99 14*62 18-38 2"64 51-96 Ahmednagar 0"86 o'os T64 4-06 8*54 678 2"66 0"22 ... 24-81 Poona 0-63 ... T94 10"43 873 469 6-65 0-51 ... 33"58 Satara 0-30 TOO 3*48 13-26 12-91 1014 3*53 44f>2 Sholapur 1-25 0*39 419 983 19-02 197712*59 0*99 ... 68-03 Belgaum 2-63 l'2O 5-60 12-09 1434 610 6*64 5*37 ... 53"97 Dharwar 0"64 0-44 224 7*90 7*49 677 7"09 2-08 ... 34-65 Kaladgi .... 0-21006 0-27 0-57 I*sl 4-89 171 213 8"04 3"94 0-06012 23-51 North Kanara o*4B 4204 3584 61-48 3975 548 8"26 ... 193*33 Ratnagiri 3518 4216 4845 2729 9"20 055 ... 162*83 Kolaba 0-03 o'o2 o*o2 1999 4833 20-46 16-42 489 261 ... 11277 Bombay City 4"04 20*89 1606 25*23 6-64 0*55 7341 Thana 370 3213 1964 39*66 476 0*27 10016 Surat 13-45 28-06 1709 2861 210 8931 Broach O'OS 012 6-10 27"89 17-52 13-16 2-98 67-85 Kaira 0-09 0-88 2-95 20-01 12*68 5"57 4218 Panch Mahal. . . 0-09 0*33 1-58 2937 2218 10-21 038 6414 Ahmedabad I*ol 2"29 2039 18"64 5"56 4789 Kurrachee. . . . 0-29 0-31 0-07 11 "25 1126 0-65 23-83 Hyderabad ... ...012011 ... 020 015 431 11*56 16-45 Thar and Parkar . ... 0-08 0"43 2"05 9*89 074 1319 Shikarpur .... 0-01014 ... 002 ... 011 376 623 10*27 Upper Sind Frontier 0-050*58 ... 010 008 0-03 272 7"88 11-44 Monthly Totals . . 0*681*29 0-38 7*42 15*45210*55392*34|431*74 249*8472*6520*65012140311 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Bombay Province during the Year 1879 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1579. Districts. r~—i i " ' Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. I April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. j \ Khandesh . . . . I 40 86 10 136 Nasik. . . . . . ! 28 74 30 2 134 Ahmednagar 6 71 74 35 186 Poona 2 2 2 ... 94 100 Satara Sholapur 13 9 22 Belgaum Dharwar Kaladgi North Kanara Ratnagiri 22 4 26 Kolaba 35 8 72 40 25 180 Bombay City ... 27 10 13 4 29 14 33 74 64 41 10 4 323 Thana 13 117 200 129 98 50 38 75 50 770 Surat 1 81 30 30 24 123 195 25 ... 509 Broach 4 13 8 Kaira 2 23 5 77 22 129 Panch Mahal Ahmedabad ... il6 ... 8 40 104 34 25 39 8 274 Kurrachee . . . . ! 219 607 322 26 1 1175 Hyderabad . . . . 380 909 144 1433 Thar and Parkar . .j 8 66 74 Shikarpur . . . . 204 673 133 37 95 184 33 ... 1359 Upper Sind Frontier 8 85 6 99 Monthly Totals . . 78 18 21 64 1176 j 2684 1088 510 401 541 183 173 j 6937 Of the total 6937 deaths, 4007 were males and 2930 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, 0*43. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 1*79. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Bombay Province during the Year 1879 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1579. Districts. j : : : ; ; Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. ,Dec. Khandesh 077 7*ol 3*02 3-86 372 1-99 20-37 Nasik 4-29 1411 3"89 8"02 324 2"53 36-08 Ahmednagar 011 1"69 5-63 8*33 6"36 115 5"20 o'2o ... 28*67 Poona 713 816 2-63 7"00 0*69 0*95 0*55 ... 2711 Satara 0"08 ... 0"42 2*02 10*77 7*38 1484 I*3B 231 I*oB ... 40*28 Sholapur 0*350-02 0*32 2*36 335 3*57 8"99 o*4l 321 0-440*04 23-06 Belgaum 0"05 ... 064 535 1340 866 1713 I*4o 3*Bl 440 0-07 54-91 Dharwar 012 0 "02 0 '41 1"45 414 7 "94 377 418 4 "33 0 "98 018 27*52 Kaladgi 2*400"26 0"05 1-42 3"53 6*Bl 2*Bl 0*42 4"97 0-510-03 23-21 North Kanam o*2l 1877 30-15 25"96 3473 6-5311-92 2-03 0-02130-32 Ratnagiri 1173 22"85 14-87 39*21 570 2*84 0"32 ... 97"52 Kolaba 0"03 ... 523 16*56 11*21 22-36 5*61 o*4o 61-40 Bombay City 4"04 20"89 16-06 25-23 6"64 0-55 73*41 Thana 370 3213 19*64 39-66 476 0"27 10016 Surat 0-02 011 8"95 5"26 12*51 5-08 3*30 35-23 Broach 0"46 10*48 5"04 10-991214 2"40 41*51 Kaira 012 0-04 618 s*ol 10-06 5"07 26*48 Panch Mahal 0"50 0-85 970 8*42 17*40 5"54 2*21 44"62 Ahmedabad 0-02 0"07 9-01 614 10*47 615 31*86 Kurrachee 1-00 o*o4 ... 0-87 o*ol 1*92 Hyderabad 0-20 0-32 ... 070 1*52 0*55 3"29 Thar and Parkar O'OS ... o*o6 1*67 o*3o 1*37 1*63 o'o4 515 Shikarpur o'4o I*2] I*6l Upper Sind Frontier o*6B 018 ... 0*45 I*3l Monthly Totals |3*77 2*69 2*37 71*54 239-59171*66 299*85 81*45j531910*510*38 937*00 118 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Bombay Province during the Year 1880 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera. Deaths Registered tn the Months of 1880. Districts. Total. I Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. Juno. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Khandesh . . . . 1 Nasik 44 ..; ..'. 4 7 .'.'. ..'. ... 55 Ahmednagar . . . .. 2 9 11 Poona 388 20 6 12 ... 1 34 461 Satara 14 14 Sholapur ... 3 3 Belgaum Dharwar .... Kaladgi 4 4 North Kanara Ratnagiri Kolaba 27 27 Bombay City ...8 63 22211 1211 30 Thana 22 40 4 4 70 Surat 2 ... 1 ... 1 4 Broach Kaira '.. Panch Mahal 1 3 4 Ahmedabad 1 1 Kurrachee Hyderabad . . Thar and Parkar Shikarpur Upper Sind Frontier Monthly Totals . . 418 110 15 18 4 2 2 8 10 3 2 92 684 Of the total 684 deaths, 351 were males and 333 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, o'o4. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, o*2l. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Bombay Province during the Year 1880 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1880. Districts. ; Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Khandesh | ... o*6o 179 2"28 267 11*37 3*41 0*94 ... 2306 Nasik 0-01 271 8"60 I\l9 4*22 2"99 o*3l ... 20-03 Ahrnednagar | ... 0*55 o'B4 289 I*3B 10-99 238 111 ... 2014 Poona 0-33 112 174 428 375 019 6"00 224 1*37 ... 21-02 Satara 0-23, ... 1-31 734 652 1-97 4*56 4"66 2"09 ... 28-68 Sholapur 048! 0-31 0"09 421 9*oB 5*44 12-47 3"44 0"50 ... 36-02 Belgaum 105 117 I'sl 5-59 10-30 3-59 2-89 8-10 097 ... 3517 Dharwar 037 0*63 029 4"67 2"02 214 4*86 8"98 3-05015 2716 Kaladgi 1-22 0"41 394 216 T67 417 4"87 975 0-65 ... 28"84 North Kanara 0"05 V 33 31-87 3372 9"55 1302 513 187 ... 96-54 Ratnagiri 001 001 0-01 3215 37-9711-31 1616 234 TOO ... 10096 Kolaba 1-010-02 21*48 18*37 4-08 2280 118 67"94 Bombay City 0-26 1752 21*27 450 26*02 1*66 71*23 Thana 22*43 31*00 810 21-50 312 86*15 Surat 770 9"67 677 515 321 3250 Broach 0*59 27^00 429 16"39 3*06 0-21 ... 5754 Kaira 4*41 29*85 993 14*48 0"43 5910 Panch Mahal 010 1*62 777 5"65 1340 0"59 2913 Ahmedabad 2*36 1495 244 812 o*B2 2869 Kurrachee o*2l 3*BB 409 Hyderabad 0"42 050 ... 1*55 2*47 Thar and Parkar 0"29 0"93 070 043 2"36 471 Shikarpur TO4 o'oB 014 1*26 Upper Sind Frontier ... 0-65 064 ... 019 011 1*59 Monthly Totals 2*62 3*98 370 11*47 18265 28052 89*79 227*33 67*4914*07 o*4o 884*02 119 I 2O NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Bombay Province during the Year 1881 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Eegistered in the Months of 1881. Districts. Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Khandesh 11 ... 7 59 716 1847 490 28 13 5 3,176 Nasik 3 476 420 503 59 ... 1,461 Ahmednagar 307 1347 800 173 18 ... 2,645 Poona 45 22 39 509 409 177 178 33 1,412 Satara 1 89 367 307 62 40 866 Sholapur 181 855 221 13 37 ... 1,307 Belgaum 60 140 68 78 3 349 Dharwar .... 2 3 ... 5 Kaladgi 28 12 4 50 4 40 138 North Kanara 1 1 2 Eatnagiri 1 ... 5 ... 3 143 238 78 16 484 Kolaba ..... 31 24 7 8 150 290 97 8 18 54 687 Bombay City 2 9 68 85 111 73 48 33 9 91 529 Thana 1 78 98 90 155 74 11 24 ... 531 Surat 1 ... 2 ... 189 1199 780 515 59 6 ... ... 2,751 Broach 2 47 51 15 4 1 120 Kaira 1 17 45 9 72 Panch Mahal Ahmedabad 1 3 17 70 68 159 Kurrachee .... Hyderabad Thar and Parkar . . Shikarpur Upper Sind Frontier Monthly Totals . . 79 47 23 20 344 1499 2618 6568 3327 1403 500 266 16,694 Of the total 16,694 deaths, 8684 were males and 8010 females. Ratio' per 1000 of population, l'Ol. Eatio per cent, of all deaths registered, ? The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Bombay Province during the Year 1881 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered! in the Months or 1881. Districts. Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April- May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Khandesh 2*ol 330 4-27 2*61 2*lo 1-00 0-32 043 16-04 Nasik 0-18 208 1*42 10-86 334 285 T5B 013 ... 22-44 Ahmednagar 0-21 276 I*BB 228 875 115 0"85 ... 17"88 Poona 0-01 1*35 ... 0*43 7*BB 227 228 2*53 o*4B ... 17*23 Satara 0-50 153 0*43 1678 777 326 177 3-88 ... 35*92 Sholapur .... 070 171 3*23 2*oB 767 4*40 0-84 217 ... 2280 Belgaum o*sl 1*26 0-86 1973 11-97 411 1*44 417 ... 44-05 Dharwar T57 0*43 2*04 0*42 5*27 477 509 319 ... 2278 Kaladgi 011 070 3-01 0-76 1*24 3"28 373 213 50S ... 20-04 North Kanara o*o2 318 18-45 2760 24-30 10*43 3*47 915 ... 96-63 Eatnagiri . * 001 ... 0-53 1859 2846 24-84 6*45 200 I*lB ... 82-06 Kolaba 0-04 ... 036 15*29 29-47 1906 4*56 417 0"09 ... 73*04 Bombay City 0-27 11-87 3373 2216 697 2*25 77*25 Thana 014 16*15 4008 21-08 10-68 3*33 91*46 Surat 0*63 15*07 7*05 571 I*2B 013 ... 29*87 Broach 018 503 25*64 9-02 3-83 018 43-88 Kaira 0-20 ... 203 2715 13*57 4*48 030 4773 Panch Mahal 3*90 22"08 11*27 5"47 o*o7 4279 Ahmedabad TO9 1839 717 7*09 o*lo 33"84 Kurrachee 0-080-35 475 ... 004 171 204 I*os 10"02 Hyderabad 0*10,3*40 060 6-61 372 14*43 Thar and Parkar 0-030-37 245 2*82 577 1*94 13-38 Shikarpur 0190*22 070 016 I*ol 2"28 Upper Sind Frontier ... 017012 o*l4 o'o6 0*23 072 Monthly Totals 0*471*5117*17 16*69108*30 33816 22170 108*63 34*58 30*82 0*53 878*56 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. I 2 I The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Central Provinces during the Year 1871 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1871. Districts. ; Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July, j Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Saugor Damoh Murwnra Jubbulpore Narsinghpur Hoshangabad 5 5 Nimar 1 1 2 Burhanpur 1 1 2 Mandla Betul Chhindwara Seoni Balaghat Bhandara Nagpur 2 3 2 7 Wardha 1 1 2 Chanda Sironcha Raipur Bilaspur Sambalpur 1 1 Monthly Totals 2 3 3 1 3 7 19 Of the total 19 deaths, 10 were males and 9 females. Eatio per 1000 of population, o'oo3. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 0"02 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Central Provinces during the Year 1871 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1871. Districts. Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Saugor. . . . 1-02 0-35 ... 010 115 14-65 2412 15*33 11*39 ... 0-30 O'oO 6891 Damoh . . . 0-60 010 110 11-90 13-95 1360 14-80 5(5"05 Murwara ... ... Jubbulpore . . 0"37 o*6l ... 002 071 1241 1971 11-20 1319 1-00 59*22 Narsinghpur. . 1-00 2-40 1-90 21*20 2070 9*Bo 13-20 70*20 Hoshangabad . 105 0-90 14*30 15-40 12-80 22-40 ... o*2o 0-05 67*31 Nimar .... 324 0*64 2-41 3*36 387 7"57 ... o*ls o*o7 21-31 Burhanpur ... ... Mandla 0-50 1-80 14*20 24"80 2"30 B*lo ... o*so ... 52-20 Betul .... 2-02 0-53 0*36 11*36 12*19 372 1562 ... I*2l ... 47"01 Chhindwara . . I*o2 0-85 o*Bo 12*30 8*96 2*46 7*41 ... -017 ... 33-97 Seoni o*4o I*4o 1560 11*82 560 7*66 ... I*6o I*2o 45-28 Balaghat . . . 0-20 065 090 29*50 21*20 1290 10-40 7575 Bhandara 0"42 ... 0-20 078 17*64 19-20 376 10-43 52*43 Nagpur . . . 0-17 0"20 133 1280 17-15 2"04 12-86 o*2o 4675 Wardha . . . 010 o*lo ... 010 1*33 4"84 13-94 I*2o 7*58 2919 Chanda . . . 0*64 0*69 O*4S o*lo 0"56 813 1310 1*96 12*85 o*o2 38-53 Sironcha . . . 010 0-30 I*2o 4*14 9-46 s*Bo 8*52 240 31*92 Raipur 054 o*2l o*ol I*2B 11-48 1372 2*62 8-70 o'o2 3858 Bilaspur 0"20 105 10-93 1471 6*07 8 "56 41-52 Sambulpur 070 ... 1.73 0"45 8"47 14*57 8-58 714 41-64 Monthly Totals . 11*53 9-34 0-69 2*46 1964 238-26 292*0612561208*38 2"40 413 306 917-50 Quarterly Totals 21 *56 260-36 626-05 9"59 Month. Averages 0-61 0*49 ] o'o4 0131 103 1254 15*371 6-61 1097 012 0"22 o*l6 ! ! 48-29 Quar. Averages. I*l4 13*70 32*95 o*so NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. I 2 2 The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Central Provinces during the Year 1872 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1872. Districts. 1 ¦ Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Saugor Damoh . 12 3 15 Murwara ... ... Jubbulpore 8 4 26 23 1 62 Narsinghpur 1 11 12 13 13 ... 50 Hoshangabad ... 31 11 1 1 5 27 30 47 153 Nimar 39 177 42 177 192 179 43 849 I Burhanpiir 1 6 60 29 38 31 165 1 Mandla Betul Chhindwara Seoni .. .. Balaghat Bhandara Nagpur 1 3 12 8 24 Wardha . 205 62 267 Chanda 7 7 Sironcha Kaipur Bilaspur ' Sambalpur . . . .1 Monthly Totals . . 31 11 41 184 111 214 285 487 148 60 13 7 1592 Of the total 1592 deaths, 904 were males and 688 females. Eatio per 1000 of population, 0"22. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, o'BB. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Central Provinces during the Year 1872 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1872. Districts. —— Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Saugor. . . . 0-32 0"53 o*3o l\3o ... 3*55 20"63 12-67 716 0"20 4666 Damoh 0"80 T5O o*3o 2*60 13-50 2610 4*60 0-20 ... I*6o 51*20 Murwara ... ... ... Jubbulpore . .0*27 014 2"04 0"65 .„ 6*45 28-67 21*95 614 I*4B ... 0"40 6719 Narsinghpur. . 1-30 2-00 ... 8-50 13-90 23*50 s*oo 410 ... 0-30 58*60 Hoshaugabad 0"02 o*o7 o*ol 0-09 12-60 14-00 770 1-50 ... 0-20 3619 Nimar o*o6 0-86 ... 379 1715 419 9*38 0-56 ... 2"03 38"02 Burhanpur . . ... ... Mandla 070 0"40 ... 1070 15*40 2070 6-30 5"20 ... 170 61-10 Betul 0-04 117 ... 8"07 1217 7"63 B*o2 I*oo ... 0"94 39*04 Chhindwara o*4B o*9l ... 1010 11*03 12*20 11-26 I*oB 0-80 o'sB 48*44 Seoni o*2o 0-80 0"45 1577 14*43 16*25 7*99 o*9o ... o*so 57*29 Balaghat o*lo ... I*oo ... 21*50 15*80 23*30 11-30 I*2o 74-20 Bhandara 170 ... 7*90 24*59 15*52 5"94 0"62 56*27 Nagpur 0-06 I*ol ... 4-01 7*44 9*35 14-80 4"22 ... o*os 40*94 Wardha 0*99 ... 4*67 10*08 6*04 7*51 3*84 3313 Chanda 032 2*05 o*2o 6*93 18*84 819 10*88 077 ... 0-52 4870 Sironcha 0*22 ... 9*lo 14*34 8*99 14*58 3*13 ... o*9o 51*26 Raipur. . . . 073 o*4B o*4l ... 0*45 19*47 2112 19*06 7*lB 3*34 72-24 Bilaspur 072 ... 974 13-06 8*45 7*99 2*43 42*39 Sambalpur o*3o 0-30 0"33 ... 19*56 19*07 1872 B*5Q 2*61 o*o6 ... 69"45 Monthly Totals . 1*32 1*55 7*03 17-68 I*4l 171*50 303*82 276*81162 *23 35 75 o*B6 12*35 _ 992.31 Quarterly Totals 9 *90 190 59 74286 4896 Month. Averages o*o7 [ o*oB 0*37 0*93 0-07 903 15-99 14*57 8*54 1-88 o'o4 0-65 52-22 Quar. Averages. 0*52 10*03 39*10 257 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. I 23 The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Central Provinces during the Year 1873 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera. Deaths Registered in the Months of 1873. Districts. ¦ Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Saugor . . . . Damoli .... Murwara ... Jubbulpore ..... 1 1 2 Narsinghpur . . Hoshangabad . . 1 1 Nimar .... 10 ... 10 Burhanpur . . Mandla .... Betul .... „ Chhindwara . . Seoni .... Balaghat ... Bhandara ... Nagpur .... , . Wardha. ... ... Chanda 1 1 Sironcha ... Raipur .... 1 1 Bilaspur ... . 20 20 Sambalpur. . . ... 40 190 69 4 6 ... ... 309 Monthly Totals . 1 41 210 71 4 7 10 ... 344 Of the total 344 deaths, 185 were males and 159 females. Ratio per 1000 of populatiou, 0"05. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 0 25. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Central Provinces during the Year 1873 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfaix Registered in the Months of 1873. Districts. — 1 : Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Saugor. . . . 1-08 ... o*lB ... 0*23 115 1022 11-00 1775 4161 Damoli . . . 0-80 o'4o 090 18-66 18*45 2015 005 59*41 Murwara ... ... Jubbulpore 0*49 0*24 ... 076 033 16-89 12-98 14-21 0-21 46 11 Narsinghpur. . o*4o o*so o*2o ... 010 I*6o 15*20 11-90 17-20 0-46 47"56 Hoshangabad . 0-60 010 TOO 1040 10-40 19*60 4210 Nimar. . . .0 60 2*ol o*os ... 0-66 6*32 7^42 6*47 7*39 30*92 Burhanpur ... ... Mandla 015 070 ... I*2o 3*30 1970 11-50 9"05 1-50 4710 Betul .... 0-35 0-66 369 610 5-45 10-54 2679 Chhindwara 076 0-48 ... 012 7-65 6*50 3*94 1017 ... 0-26 048 3036 Seoni 0-95 I*os 0*63 1*22 378 11-60 779 14-47 104 42"53 Balaghat o'2o 1-50 ... 1-00 TBO 21-90 11-98 910 060 48*08 Bhandara 0"30 110 ... 0-30 I'M 1319 1214 18*44 47*01 Nagpur I*o2 070 035 o*sB 4-80 603 B*o2 911 o'o2 30*63 Wardha o*4o ... 020 I*oo 610 7*05 8"22 688 2985 Chanda 003 ... 2*38 3*09 12*64 12*49 7*68 o*o2 38"33 Sironcha o*2o 179 OD4 1175 11*92 611 1-97 34-68 Raipur o*o2 0-46 ... 0-48! s*oo 1155 1020 7-08 0*27 ... 010 3516 Bilaspur 2*13 ... I*o3 2-38 15-36 6*83 5*84 o*3l 33-88 Sambalpur 1*33 ... 0*36 315 2959 972 4*77 175 ... 0*37 51*04 Monthly Totals . 13-83 6-80 1015 I*3B J14'37 5852 25175191*40215-54 4"45 0*26 j 470 ! ! 7G3.15 Quarterly Totals 20*78 74 27 658*69 9*41 Month. Averages o*2o 0-36 j 0*53 o*o7 0*76 3'oB 13*25 10*07.11-35 0*23 001 0*25 . J 40-ic Quar. Averages. TO9 3"91 34*67 0*49 124 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Central Provinces during the Year 1874 is shoicn in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1874. Districts. - Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Saugor Damoh Murwara Jubbulpore Narsinghpur Hoshangabud Nimar ... Burhanpur Mandla 1 1 ... 2 Betul Chhindwara , Seoni Balaghat Bhandara Nagpur "Wardha Chanda , Sironcha Raipur Bilaspur Sambalpur 12 12 Monthly Totals 1 1 12 14 Of the total 14 deaths, 5 were males and 9 females. Eatio per 1000 of population, o*oo2. Eatio per cent, of all deaths registered, 0"01. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Central Provinces during the Year 1874 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1874. Districts. ; Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. 1 April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Saugor . . . 0-94 ... O'Ol ... 1-30 1578 23-66 2139 573 68-81 Damoh . . . 0-20 0"45 11-92 18-59 16-20 13*46 o*lo 601)1 Murwara ... ... Jubbulpore . . 036 0-13 0*97 19*58 25*12 3614 4-38 0-20 ... 0-05 86*93 Narsinghpur 0"80 15-60 19-30 14*90 270 5330 Hoshangabad o*ls 11*35 15*30 12*80 s*lo 4470 Nimar o'o6 7*12 1317 672 3*92 3099 Burhaupur ... ... Mandla . . . o'Bs 1*25 075 ... 2*20 2360 14-05 17-90 7*35 I*oo 68"95 Betul 0-02 5-34 15*09 6*44 3*57 30-46 Chhindwani o*o6 0-04 0"04 0"52 14-16 1773 510 7"55 o*l6 ... o*l2 4548 Seoni .... 0-20 0*45 11*92 18*59 16*20 13*45 010 60*91 Balaghat 14*94 16*80 19-50 4"40 0-50 5614 Bhandara . . 1*77 0*22 o*so 8*63 16-56 13*25 9*66 I*o2 51*61 Nagpur 0-25 0-57 8*53 19*43 7*33 4*61 o*o4 ... 012 40*88 Wardha 0*45 0"44 568 14-01 2-22 6*78 o*3B 0-22 ... 3018 Chanda . . . 0-06 0*49 010 o*4l o*6B 11*20 11*11 10*24 10*95 0"43 019 0-03 45"89 Sironcha 009 ... 015 117 11*41 12*86 17-57 10*43 I*6B o*3l ... 5567 Eaipur . . . 073 0-48 o*4l ... 0"45 19*47 21*12 19*06 718 3-34 72-24 Bilaspur . . . I*o4 o*B2 I*sl 0-25 023 714 7*59 2319 10*35 3-96 ... o*lo 5618 Sambalpur . . 1*35 007 0-69 ... 2*50 16*46 11-57 27*83 5*43 4-37 0"20 ... 70*47 Monthly Totals 7*50 431 3-51 o*Bs 13-46239-83 311*65 293*98136*9917*08 0*92 062 ! 103070 Quar. Totals . 15*32 25414 742-62 18 62 Month. Averages 0"39 0"23 o*l9 0-04 071 12*62 16*40 15*47 721 0-90 o'os 0-03 54-24 Quar. Averages 0"81 13"37 39-08 0"98 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. I 25 The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Central Provinces during the Year 1875 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1875. Districts. : Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. Juno. July. Aug. j Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Saugor 161 4 20 Damoh I Murwara 18 8 26 Jubbulpore 1 1 7 2 11 Narsir.ghpur 15 17 30 31 93 Hoshaugabad 10 392 158 50 63 91 39 19 7 629 Nimar 21 34 40 63 180 43 2ti 13 3 423 Burhanpur 13 ... 3 179 31 226 Mandla 7 38 2 47 Betul 12 ... 55 116 129 9 4 ... 325 Chhindwara 454 190 6 650 Seoni 3 3 Balaghat 2 2 4 Bhandara 45 4 42 35 85 45 5 261 Nagpur 60 1541 481 29 2,111 Wardha 31 1355 541 69 19 ... 2,015 Chanda 167 283 33 59 9 551 Sironcha 11 7 2 ... 20 Raipur 16 ... 227 779 1279 1397 521 120 76 34 4,449 Bilaspur 7 77 32 498 604 466 748 79 14 2,525 Sambalpur 16 77 137 24 254 Monthly Totals 7 93 77 984 1654 2220 6224 2624 465 237 58 14,643 Of the total 14,643 deaths, 7858 were males and 6785 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, 197. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 9"51. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Central Provinces during the Year 1875 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1875. Districts. — Total Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Saugor 0-51 0-31 519 28"60 19-26 5*70 I*lB 6075 Damoh. . . . 0-75 030 ... 015 1*25 1410 2790 775 1075 280 6575 Murwara ... ... ... ... Jubbulpore . . 0-20 o*oB ... 010 ... 749 22"60 8-80 1154 o'B2 51-63 Narsinghpur. . o'4o o'2o 21-50 28-60 14-00 8-80 T4O 74 90 Hoshangabad . 9-02 i 2379 11-31 1872 039 6323 Nimar ....... I*o6 ... 009 ... 4*29 7*95 7"25 10-64 31-28 Burhanpur . . ... ... ... ... Mandla . . . 0-90 0-50 0"80 1480 26*50 10-60 4"30 370 62-10 Betul ....... 1-45 949 20*30 11-87 1057 0-03 ... 0*52 54-23 Chhindwara . . 0-15 070 ... 030 018 9"09 15-20 6"47 1578 2"93 50*80 Seoni .... 0750-30 ... 015 1-25 1410 27"90 775 1075 2-80 6575 Balaghat . . . 020 V 25 030 18-60 2800 12-80 7*40 2"60 71-15 Bhandara ...... 110 1-26! 9*66 21-69 14-55 8"98 o'9B 58"22 Nagpur . . . 0-39 150 ... 011 ... j 1257 20-84 873 684 388 54-86 Wardha ...... 071 ... 015 2-47! 1015 1272 7*47 7*22 8"48 49-37 Chanda . . . 006 ... .... 036 082 983 16-08 11-81 792 3-96 50-84 Sironcha . . . 029 ... 021 o'o3 0-59 12*67 12"24 9*41 1085 2-92 49"21 Raipur. . . . 0"25 011 0-85 16-51 17*97 8-05 B'ol 211 53*86 Bilaspur . . . 0-55 010 ... 0-01 o*Bl 9*66 14-37 575 8*46 115 40-86 Sambalpur . .117 029 0*44 7 "43 23 36 15-44 14-65 2 -51 65*29 Monthly Totals . 5*66 9-56021 2*25 11-53 21615 39601199 07187-88 44"64 ... 052 Quarterly Totals 15*43 229 "93 783*56 45*16 Month. Averages 0-30 0500-01 012 o'6l 11 "37 20-87] 10*48 9-89 2*35 ... 003 ~~ — : 56-53 Quar. Averages . o^Bl 12-10 4124 238 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OP CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Central Provinces during the Year 1876 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1576. Districts. Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July.l Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Saugor 18 331 12G5 1141 216 4 2,975 Damoh 6 112 5561 139 4 817 Murwara 37 134 39 i 4 214 Jubbulpore 2 11 48 67 532 4921 116 10 1,278 Narsinghpur 42 1358 1854 858 80 4,192 Hoshangabad 86 441 738 742 248 83 29 4 2,371 Niinar 2 15 117 74 15 223 Burhanpur Mandla 41 78 ... 21 28 7 175 Betul 107 172 282 130 75 433 106 29 19 ... 1,353 Chhindwara . . ... 29 6 ... 83 5 123 Seoni 18 39 17 94 130 29 22 82 11 442 Balaghat 3 1 42 19 65 Bhandara 75 132 96 13 230 59 605 Nagpur ... 2219 101 62 38 456 30 701 Wardha 23 15 177 81 53 88 6 443 Chanda ... 12 ... 122 247 514 851 624 600 150 1 7(3 51 3,248 Sironcha 46 24 65 135 Raipur 40 52 1 12 105 Bilaspur 1 1 Sambalpur ..... 7 46 20 90 204 72 102 46 66 ... 5 658 Monthly Totals . 12 7 407 1032 1825 3835 5176 5062 1234 260 1076 198 :20,124j Of the total 20,124 deaths, 10,222 were males and 9902 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, 272. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 894. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Central Provinces during the Year 1876 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1876. Districts. 1 ; ; ' Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April., May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. Saugor i ... 2-89 29*82 11-38 8"85 026 5320 Damoh o'Bs ... i 070 4*15 12*80 10-95 10-95 I*3o 4170 Murwara ... Jubbulpore I*o2 219 28*33 1272 12*37 56-63 Narsinghpur 1-10 17-04 13-55 970 41*39 Hoshangabad o*o2 ... • 0*66 3*72 17*15 17*17 1173 50-45 Nimar o*Bs 7*51 11*62 5-85 25*83 Burhanpur ... Mandla 4-50 ... o*3o 4"40 2085 6*45 855 0*35 45*40 Betul 0-25 ... 0-67 3"46 13*90 10*42 2694 55154 Chhindwara 4*87 11*31 10*43 13*85 0*25 4071 Seoni 0-85 ... JO7O 4*15 12*80 10*95 10*95 130 4170 Balaghat 0-40 ... j o*Bo 2*oo 2770 11-20 1370 030 5610 Bhaudara Jo*so 5*65 11*04 14*17 6*87 0*22 38*45 Nagpur 0-17 ... 0*37 2*Bl 13*95 10*15 9"06 o*9l 37*42 Wardha 1*69 1170 1079 7*84 o*o3 32*05 Chanda o*o3 ... 0-62 I*o9 10*40 1577 6*82 o*l2 34*85 Sironcha o*o6 o*l9 4*oB 12*46 6"83 417 2779 Raipur o*lo ... 0*63 6*lB 1314 9*Bo 13*67 o*o4 43*56 Bilaspur 0"22 7 "88 18*64 7*Bl 9*51 o*]s 44*21 Sambalpur o*Bl ... 112 649 21*93 11*32 17*74 377 03*18 Monthly Totals 7 "98 o*o6 ' B*so 69 *G5 312*47 213*48 20912 9*oo : ! ! 830*26 Quarterly Totals . . 7"98 78*21 735 07 9*oo Monthly Averages 1 0*41 ... 0*45 367 10*45 \ 11*23 11*01 0*47 j ... \ ... ! ! ! 43.(59 Quarterly Averages . 041 4*12 38*69 0*47 126 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. I 27 The Monthly Mortality Registered from, Cholera among the Civil Population of the Central Provinces during the Year 1877 is shoion in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera. Deaths Registered in the Months op 1877. Districts. : ; . : i Total. Jan. I Feb. Mar. [April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. | Dec. 1 Saugor 1 285 58 j ... 344 Damoh Murwara Jubbulpore j Narsinghpur 10 18 j ... 28 Hoshangabad •. ... | Nimar Burhanpur Mandla .-. ... Betul i Chhindwura . . 6 6 ... i 22 ... 34 Seoni 8 15 -. 23 Bakghat ... 7 23 9 41 10 6 96 Bhandara ... 109 118 32 76 51 34 1 421 Nagpur .... 2 9 41 4 ... 1 2 1 60 Wardha j Chanda .... 5 ! ... 5 Sironcha 50 13 81 20 ... s'¦ ... Ifi9 Raipur .... 76 78 81 119 329 800 370 100 26 i ... 1985 . Bilaspur 18 52 ! ... 70 Sambalpur 43 110 19 3 8 ... i ... 183 Monthly Totals . 205 303 288 j 259 390 943 384 187 52 304 103 | ... j 3418 Of the total 3418 deaths, 1960 were males and 1458 females. Eatio per 1000 of population, 0"46. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 1*93. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Central Provinces during the Year 1877 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1877. Districts. i 7 ; ] Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April.; May.: June. July. Aug. I Sept. Oct. iNov. Dec. Saugor. . . . 3-04 0"38 ... I*o9 0*3 l! 578 7*21 419 0-87 273' ... 174 27-34 Damoh. . . . 3'Bo I*6o o'6B 3-50 070 1185 965 855 s'oo 5950*25 3-33: 54-86 Jubbulpore ! ! 2*33 l: 09 i'; 98 5"52 2*62 17; 26 7*05 9; 82 1*63 107 ... ... I 48; 37j Narsinghpur . . I*9o 2-22 0"88 0*46 1*07! 4-30 2453 719 6*BB 275 ... 2'Bsj 55*03 Hoshangabad. . T43 0"47 018 010 0-381 4"28 15-51 778 140 2"68! ... 3-26; 37"47J Nimar .... 0"64 2"82 ... 012 0121 4 "87 6*83 11-41 0"94 0-94006! 1"69 30*44 Burhanpur | ... ... ... Mandla. . . . 2"95 ... 270 6-30 119 12"53 7"83 670 452 I*3l ... 0*66 4669 Betul .... 3-08 073 079 010 ... 973 11*46 13-36 2*30 5-330*23 2-861 4997 Chhindwara . . I 6"30 1*52 037 2-19 l'6o 7^49 5"51 11-21 6-09 4101-20 l 2"29; 49"93 Seoni .... 3"80 1-60 068 3-50 070 11-85 9"65 8"55 5"00 5-950-25 3-33 1 54-86 Bakghat . . . 4-40 270 ... 2-40 B*6sj 12-46 16*44 1518 5"83 3'38|1*20 0"90 i 68"54 Bhandara. . . 410 ... o'2o 353 278 9"49 15-65 16*38 7"48 1*260-34 0741 61 "95 Nagpur . . . 4-23 0"66 0*25 2*16 I*o9 9-88 14*86 1276 4-53 476010 T57 56-85 Wardha . . . 173 TOO ... 1*72 0"69 5"07 1158 5"32 434 2-29 020 1*82! 35*76 Chanda . . . 1-40 0"02 119 436 0"89 2"24 1119 6-83| 374 I*Bs ... ; 1*37 3508 Sironcha . . . o*sB T43 T57 2"65 853 3"53 1200 5-65; 576 4"44 ... I ... 4614 Raipur .... 3-54 0*25 073 3"58 218 10-87 5"05 16*071 o*7o 2*74 ... ! o'sl 46"22 Bilaspur . . . 2"35 080; l"20 2"30 7"55 13*75 17*85 24*32 6.49 387 ... 0-15 8063 Sambalpur . . 4-24 i' 43 0"23 0"49 171 16-96 13-53 20-62| 6*03 I*so ... | 0*87: 67*61 Monthly Totals . 55*84 207213*63 44 07:377617419 223-38 211 80' 79-5358*903*89 29 94 1 1 . ! ! —, ! ! ! ,053*74 Quarterly Totals 90*19 25602 514-80 9273 Month. Averages 2"94 I*o9 072 2"3 l! 1*99! 917 1176 1115 418 310 !O'2OJ 1-58 ! I j I i 50191 Quar. Averages. 475 13-47 2709 4'BB 128 NATURE. CAUSES. AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Central Provinces during the Year 1878 is shown injhe subjoined 'Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 187 S. Districts. ; j ; Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. 1 July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Saugor 6 ... 9 399 288 54 24 780 Daraoh 185 356 48 589 Murwara 19 30 66 115 Jubbulpore 3 115 104 41 36 ... 299 Narsinghpur 1 1 Hoshangabad . ... 4 ... 42 139 355 331 149 29 6 1,055 Nimar 10 36 138 182 143 613 231 30 2 ... 1,385 Burhanpur 20 12 601 279 167 12 1,091 Mandla 234 264 144 13 655 Betul 4 ... 18 28 119 208 327 68 78 22 872 Chhindwara 97 195 135 23 55 ... 505 Seoni 69 177 168 76 2 33 1 526 Balaghat 2 117 127 74 33 353 Bhandara 100 484 870 523 86 21 2,084 Nagpur 62 195 1,243 1271 516 138 3,425 Wardha 35 156 416 970 1268 190 ...1 ... 3,035 Chanda . . 25 267 533 791 700 254 2,630 Sironcha Raipur 55 3666 4346 4,026 1311 227 196 163 3086 17,076 Bilaspur 39 935 1,493 267 119 3 31 41 2,928 Sambalpur 17 17 734 541 145 57 37 23 10 1,581 Monthly Totals. ... 4 14 j 181 4503 8155 11,815 7986 3942 804 421 3160 40,985 Of the total 40,985 deaths, 21,707 were males and 19,278 females. Eatio per 1000 of population, 5 53. .Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 12"02. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Central Provinces during the Year 1878 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1878. Districts. ; ' — Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Saugor. . . . 014 ... 0-03 0-07 3-29 6-00 1062 9"88 6-56 o*o9 ... ... 3©'S6 Damoh. . . . 065 375 0-20 010 3"84 258 15 38 16-05 9*20 2"05 025 ... 54*05 Murwara | ... Jubbulpore . . 012 0-47 ... 012 0-32; I*Bs 1171 12*41 7"20 017 011 ... 34-48 Narsinghpur 056 ... 170 T29, 3*49 1972 1978 678 o*so 0"02 ... 53"84 Hoshangabad . 012 0-98 ... 004 259 115 1811 1297 13"99 032 50*27 Nimar 0"20 0"24 4"33 13-05 1693 8"62 079 4416 Burhanpur ... ... Mandla . . .0-96 TB9 o*sl I'B9 179 4-01 10 43 1720 6*06 0 "39 45 IS Betul .... 0-05 0-64 o*4o 0"29 074 291 23"63 12*33 8*52 T3B 50-88 Chhindwara . . 079 I*ol ... 0-60 o*B3 192 2471 1283 538 579 003 ... 53'8fi Seoni .... 0-65 375 0-20 010 3"84| 2-58 15-38 16-05 9"20 2-05 0-25 ... 54-05 Balaghat . . . 093 1*64 012 092 I*2o 6-42 21-47 22-87 8-80 0"23 o'2l ... 64-81 Bhandara. . . 081 0-96 0-40 110 1"43 336 21-61 17-57 943 I*B6 ... 58-53 Nagpur 0-65 0-96 T54 1-30 3-86 17-91 19 "45 1278 4"37 62"82 Wardha 0"55 017 0"90 0-48| 4"31 1511 21-59 ... 3"24 46"35 Chanda 0"26 0"69 0"99 I'52J 275 1937 2381 8"23 l'34i 5896 Sironcha . . . 0"03 ... o'o3 015 2'34i 6"05 16-39 17-68 4"29 3-63 0-79 ... 51 '38 Raipur. . ' .10-09 0"29 ... 1-00 2*22, 367 1488 1171 726 I #.9s!-1"24 099 45-28 Bilaspur 125 045 6"93 3-65! 1-62 5"48 17*03 4-41 . J2'oo 010 42"9 i Sambalpur 045 0"25 227 3*56 212 11*83 12*67 s*Bl 229, ... 224 43"4S Monthly Totals . 5*34 1910 4*41 20*91 36*47 64 *98 306 "69 310 *81142 *52 32 -42 4 *90 333 — ! — ! ! ! , 951 •& Quarterly Totals 28 '85 122-36 760-02 40*65 Monthly Averages! 0-28 11-001 1-00 0"23 110 1*92 3"42 1614 116*361 16*36 i 7*50 \-i\ 0*26! 017 ' ! ' ' 50-09 Quar. Averages. I*sl 6 44 4000 2-14 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. I 29 The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Central Provinces during the Year 1879 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1879. 1 Districts. ; Total. Jan. J Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Saugor Damoh 10 18 28 Mufwara ... Jubbulpore 1 1 Narsinghpur 2 ... 1 3 Hoshangabad 13 ... 1 14 Nimar Burhanpur I .-. Mandla 59 218 265 346 203 1,091 Betul .... 2 5 ... 11 95 42 4 5 ... ... 164 Chhindwara Seoni 6 346 221 106 32 60 22 793 Balaghat 127 1025 414 62 67 1,695 Bhandara 24 817 810 303 134 70 116 7 2,281 Nagpur 1 89 165 83 26 40 4 ... 408 Wardha 29 6 35 Chanda 6 513 426 272 66 11 4 1,298 Sironcha Eaipur ....... 32 202 2168 4663 2841 1162 311 23 11,402 Bilaspur 17 123 726 3385 2536 978 210 65 8,040 Sambalpur . . 6 71 106 103 3 ... 3 3 24 3 322 Monthly Totals. 8 120 469 4049 10,998 7060 3104 1198 524 41 4 ... 27,575 Of the total 27,575 deaths, 14,574 were males and 13,001 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, 3*72. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 10 "80. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Central Provinces during the Year 1879 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1879. Districts. ; —: Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April May. June. July, j Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Saugor 0-85 075 4-93 1188! 13-81 3-23; 3*BB 39"33 I Damon o'Bo 0-38 717 12-99 13*88 5*74 3*52 44*48 Murwara .... ... ... ... Jubbulpore 073 ... ... o*o6 B*6o 10-84 17-45 8*67 3"92 ... [ ... 50*27 Narsinghpur 019 098 9*20 ll;8l! 1719 6*47 4*53 ... \ ... 50-37 Hoshangabad 015 0*39 4*41 9"07 i 20*23 14-86, 2*60 5171 Nimar 011 2*Bo 8*54 4*20 7*23 1018 3*87 36*93 Burhanpur ... ... Mandla 094 0"98 9"92 9"60 25-03 4-86 T52 52-85 Betul 0-30 0-98 11 "04 6-64: 17*88 B*22j 5*48 50-54 Chhindwara o*7l 5*49 913 778' 11*71 672! 3*13 44*67 Seoni 2-03 2-10 1575 9-45! 16"34 462; 2*61 52*90 Balaghat ....... 075 574 13"46 756 37*21 5*23J 1"84 71*79 Bhandara o*l9 4*20 5-89 6*58 22*51 7-43, 2"04 48*84 Nagpur 0-63 5-92 13*46 8-48| 13*50 6*54 3"65 5218 Wardha 073 518 7"91 10-49 14*84 4*06 2*22 45*43 Chanda 0-61 412 7-20 673 33*54 7*02 5*82 2110*02 6717 Sironcha ....... 0"50 ... 0*33 5-50 658 9*3o' 27-80 2"56 3-023-37 ... 58-96 llaipur 1-86 1092 13-29 2172 12*00 3*87 63*66 Bilaspur 1-22 8*45 812 16*49 7*23 314 44-65 Sambalpur ...... 0"30 7*85 B*o9 25 07 27*95 7*57 170 78*53 Monthly Totals . J... ,10*52 ... 0"33 '56-50170-65 189*88 376-31133-2162-365-48 0 -02 — ._j ! ! i ! 1005-26 Quarterly Totals . i 10-52 227*48 699*40 67*86 Monthly Averages . ... 1 0*551 ... o*o2 2*97 B*9B 9"99 19*81 i 7*ol 3*28|0*29J ... L ! ! ! ! 52-90 Quarterly Averages 0*55 11*97 36*81 3*57 I NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the_ Civil Population of the Central Provinces during the Year 1880 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 18S0. Districts. "• : Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Saugor Damoh Murwara Jubbulpore Narsinghpur Hoshangabad . . 1 1 Nimar Burhanpur Mandla ... Betul Chhindwara Seoni 1 1 Balaghat 1 1 Bhandara Nagpur Ward ha. ... Chanda Sironcha Raipur 17 76 93 Bilaspur 15 17 12 2 2 48 Sambalpur 91 86 0 186 Monthly Totals . 1 ... 32 94 12 2 2 91 86 9 ... 1 330 Of the total 330 deaths, 167 were males and 163 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, o*o4. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 015. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Central Provinces during the Year 1880 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registerd in the Months of ISSO. Districts. *— •(- — ; - — Total. Tan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Saugor 5*72 1315 4*03 9*97 1*37 2*87 ... .37.11 Damoh o*3o 173 1592 3*55 470 210 I*4l ... 2971 Murwara ... ... ... Jubbulpore 6*30 1911 713 10*89 473 2*06 o*o3 5025 Narsinghpur o*o9 476 1175 8-05 13-68 076 246 ... 41*55 Hoshangabad 0"09 1073 13 65 20*30 10*25 0*96 2*16 ... 5814 Nimar .... 002 079 I*2o 373 9*92 3*BB o*6B ... 20*22 Burhanpur ... ... ... | Mandla 0(39 o*2l 14*56 29*60 6*33 7*59 219 070 .. 61*87 Betul 670 6-62 599 15*56 2*49 1*52 ... 38*88 Chhindwara o*o9 6*91 610 6*BB 14*25 4*06 0*37 ... 38*66 Seoni o*ol 016 1574 872 B*lB 1614 2*50 015 ... 51*60 Balaghat 024 011 22*89 34*20 14*05 14*04 3*oo o*os ... 88*58 Bhandara 023 16*88 22*44 6*60 13*35 3*89 o*ol ... 63*40 Nagpur 0-34 9*21 B*o6 2*91 10*31 2*64 o*o7 ... 33*54 Wardha I*3o 4*86 11*56 371 10*31 178 0*62 ... 34*14 Chanda 044 041 o*o4 0*25 4*89 17*10 5*03 14*89 4*54 249 ... 50*08 Sironcha 0*67 0"64 3*22 21*14 3*54 1078 087 2*13 ... 42*99 Raipur 0*24 11*50 12*13 10*33 10*62 073 o'BB o'o4 46*47 Bilaspur 0*45 o*o9 1217 22*09 7*51 15*81 5*98 010 ... 64*20 Sambalpur 1*44 ... o*o9 I*Bo 16*48 15*92 24*70 9*05 I*3o 0*420*02 71*22 Monthly Totals 3*50 o*4l 081 572 17604290*46152*552221149*7721150*09 92261 Quarterly Totals . 3-91 182*57 665*12 71*01 Monthly Averages . ... 018 o*o2 o*o4 o*3o 9*27 15*29 8-03 11*69 2*62 111 ... , 48-55 Quarterly Averages o*2o 9*61 35*01 3*73 130 ; NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. 13 I The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Central Provinces during the Year 1881 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1881. Districts. — ~ Total- Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Saugor 1 27 102 147 12 289 Damoh 8 3 27 193 47 13 4 290 Murwara 16 176 301 204 25 722 Jubbulpore 196 630 642 201 21 4 ... 3 ... 1697 Narsinghpur 34 123 264 161 181 16 ... 779 Hoshangabad 1 6 28 15 50 Nimar 1 ... 11 4 16 Burhanpur ... 10 7 1 18 Mandla 3 34 26 63 Betul 2 2 Chhindwara 113 99 11 223 Seoni 1 147 133 136 40 2 459 Balaghat 15 93 39 1 148 Bhandara 4 169 440 182 21 3 819 Nagpur 79 306 680 309 28 ... 1402 Wardha 12 484 332 24 5 ... 857 Chanda 5 106 89 79 17 ... 296 Sironcha Raipur 7 6 2 14 114 265 216 39 5 668 Bilaspur 44 90 46 ... 4 ... 26 210 Sambalpur. . . 12 32 28 43 11 1 127 Monthly Totals . 12 83 152 494 1086 1519 958 1961 1969 813 90 3 9140 Of the total 9140 deaths, 4729 were males and 4411 females. ¦ Eatio per 1000 of population, 1*23. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, ? The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Central Provinces during the Year 1881 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1881. Districts. Total. Jan. Feb. I Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Saugor 0-25 T27 010 ... 1-87 704 1393 2*54 039 27*39 Damoh 039 171 713 630 22*24 3*52 073 42*02 Murwara ... ... ... , Jubbulpore . . o*ol 0*24 2*lo 0-05 0-27 6'Bl 21-45 17-10 175 011 0-16 ... 50*05 Narsinghpur 033 T2B ... 0*44 915 1579 13-48 311 ... 0*35 ... 43*93 Hoshangabad I*6B ... o*2o 18-87 24*06 12-30 6*44 4*33 0*23 003 6814 Nimar 1-08 ... 017 3*33 1779 3*59 5*83 118 o*4B ... 33*45 Burhanpur Mandla 377 0*35 ... 7-96 2913 1274 6*83 065 0*32 ... 6175 Betul .... '. 2-58 ... 0*29 13*55 18-02 6"32 2-98 1*55 o*sl ... 45-80 Chhindwara.. . 0*33 o*ol 2*oB 0-02 0-66 12*09 13-37 1279 9-66 0-81 0*63 ... 52-45 Seoni 0*25 3*oB 014 012 10-99 13-62 13-40 975 2*38 o*so ... 54-23 Balaghat 006 I*o2 015 070 11-31 2616 15*44 5*55 1*46 I*o7 ... 62*92 Bhandara 2*82 027 ... 16-83 18-77 19*66 7*69 003 113 ... 67-20 Nagpur . . . 0-03 ... 213 ... 076 1971 14*28 11-56 10-24 0"44 0-61 ... 5976 Wardha . . . 0-06 o*o9 3*56 ... I*o6 1501 17*00 919 11*58 275 I*o4 ... 61*34 Chanda 310 o*6l ... 1271 14*63 11*34 10*31 0*39 4*53 ... 57*62 Sironcha 094 0*22 o*3l 10*38 1415 9*82 516 111 0*42 ... 4251 Raipur 0*49 375 0*29 0*52 12*87 18*39 15*20 5"47 I*o9 I*ol ... 59 08 Bilaspur 3*09 o*l7 I*ol B*Bs 2274 18*92 9-93 0*59 o*o2 ... 65*32 Sambalpur 237 013 173 971 2624 16-87 6*84 8*35 013 o'o4 72*41 Monthly Totals. 0*43 21143*41 2*50 8*24 20913338-93255-891251828-341314 o*o7 < 1027 '37 Quarterly Totals 45*95 219 -87 720*00 41*55 Month.Averages 002 011 2*28 013 0*43 11*01 17*84 13*47 6*59 1*49 069 ... 54*07 Quar. Averages 2*41 11*57 3790 2*19 132 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the^ Civil Population of the Berar Province during the Years 1871-2 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera. Deaths Registered in the Months of 1871. Districts. : ¦ — Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. | Juno. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Amraoti 2 ¦ 2 Ellichpur Wun 2 1 3 Basim 1 10 29 7 1 48 Akola 45 117 49 4 1 216 Buldana 58 21 125 77 17 14 312 Monthly Totals .2 1 ... 2 ... 45 175 71 135 106 28 16 581 1872. Amraoti ... 2 35 148 40 85 ... 2 312 Ellichpur 2 6 8 Wun 2 226 244 47 2 13 534 Basim ... ... 31 229 60 320 Akola 21 112 63 18 214 Buldana ... 5 2 ... ... 17 103 41 20 2 ... 1901 Monthly Totals . 5 2 ... j 2 106 818 j 450 176 4 15 1578 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Bcrar Province during the Years 1871-2 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1871. Districts. — : ; Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. | Dee. Amraoti. . . . o'6o 1-06 6-66 7"42 T2l 672 016 23-83 Ellichpur . . . 1/96 0"20 547 4 "68 ] '42 404 17*77 Wun 0-70 1-20 605 710 170 10-05 ... 0"20 ... 2700 Basim .... TO3 010 0*34 378 272 259 5"90 0-26 0-85 ... 17*57 Akola .... 2-87 4"93 3'ol T35 3"05 0*26 2"00 ... 17"47 Buldana . . . 5"23 2"86 223 TB4 633 ... I*s9j 010 2018 Monthly Totals . 1239 010 2'Bo 2975 2716 1011! 36 09 052 464 1 0"26 : ! ! 123-82 Quarterly Totals. 12-49 3255 73"36 5-42 Monthly Averages 2"06 002 I 047 4 "96 4531 1*69 6-01 o #o9 i 077 io'o4 _ ! ! ! ! 20.64 Quar. Averages . 2'oB 5 '43 12 "23 0"90 1872. Amraoti. . . . I 1-65 ... 715! 13-65 749 470J1-20 35-84 Ellichpur . . . o*B2 ... 412;10-23 4*89 10-38 0"66 ... 00*3 3113 Wun ! 9-4516-40 5-00 9"37 225 ... 4247 Basim . . . . o*o3 291 ... 9-5214-48 13"57 1132 193 ... 053 5429 Akola . . . . 173 ... B*ol| 710 3"62 12-32 795 ... 0-20 40"93 Buldana . . , \ 2*24 ... 6-6815-39 7 gBl 1029 110 ... 1-64 4515 Monthly Totals 0-03 9-35 ... 44 '93 77 -25 42 -38 5838 15-09 ... 2"40 — ! ! 249-81 Quarterly Totals. 003 5428 17801 17-49 Monthly Averages 1-56 ... 7^49 12*88 706 973 251 ... 0-40 __ 41.63 Quar. Averages . ... 905 2967 2"91 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. T O 1 iO3 i 03 The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Berar Province during the Years 1873-74 *s shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. 1 Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1873. Districts. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total. Amraoti ... Ellichpur ... Wun ,T, T , , , . ? jj agi m No cholera during the year. Akola .... I Buldana . . . Monthly Totals . j 1874 Amraoti Ellichpur Wun Basim Akola Buldana | 2 2 Monthly Totals i 2 i | 2 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Berar Province during the Years 1873-74 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1873. Districts. Total. ! Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Amraoti . . . j 014 0*79 1-34 6*94 7*62 B*2B 719 ... J 32-30 Ellichpur . . . ! 0*76 o*2B 0*42 5*23 5*56 541 7*45 ... | 2511 Wun I ... I 3-47 5-44 553 4*37 8*66 ... \ 27*47 Basim .... I ... j 012 o*o2 ... 2"30 5*25 7 "29 97314-36 ... 0*24 ... 3931 Akola . . . . iOIO 0-36 011 ... 0*43 4*Bo 4*52 714 417 ... 0*94 ... 22*57 Buldana. . . . 0'12.|1*20 110 3*38 817 655 7*27 ... 0-50 ... 28*29 Monthly Totals . 112 275 J 013 ... 9*06 3104 38*6941*48 4910 ... I*6B ... ! ! ! , 175*05 Quarterly Totals. 4*oo 4010 129*27 I*6B Month. Averages. 1019 0*46 o*o2 ... I*sl 517 6*45 6*91 818 ... o*2B j ... ! 29*17 Quar. Averages . 0-67 6*68 21*54 o*2B 1874 Amraoti 0*33 0*54 7*BB 9*BB 2*85 5*30 018 ... 0101 27*06 Ellichpur . . . o*ol o*sB o*4l 517 14*29 4*Bo 570 o*oB o*2B ... 31*32 Wun 075 0*22 ... 2*Bl 710 1617 3"00 9*oo 075 115 o*os 41*00 Basim . . . .1 019 o*o2 179 10*26 25*40 3*34 578 2*Bo 010 ... 49*68 Akola o*ol i ... o*oB 8*93; 9*54 I*o3 6*Bo 0*24 o*os ... 26*68 Buldana j 010 o*6B 7*09 '5*34 214 s*oo 0*97 o*oB ... 21*40 Monthly Totals . o*ol 075 j 0*42 I*o3 6*31 46*43,80*62 1716,37 *58 5*02 1*66 015 _ ! L_ —! — j 197.14 Quarterly Totals. 118 5377 135*36 6*83 Monthly Averages ... 013 1 0*07 o*l7 1 05! 7*74 13*44 2*86 6*26 o*B4 1 0*28 | o*o2 j . ! 32.86 Quar. Averages . o*2o 8*96 22*56 I*l4 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. *34 The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Berar Province during the Years 1875-6 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1875. Dlstnots - Jan. Feb. Mar.: April. May. June. July. | Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Amraoti ! 77^777 19 696 1344 888 177 39 ... 3,163 Emchpur ' 106 1,397 553 49 2 2,107 wK 3 1042 605 102 13 ... 1,765 B^irn ... ... 5 314 642 186 18 1,165 AkX • .» 165 3033 3,712 874 63 7,847 Buldana ". ! . '." 84 462 4,252 1385 216 19 6,418 "Monthly Totals 77 77 77j77 249 3625 10,374 5840 2007 318 52 ... 22,465 1876. Amraoti. .7~ 7 4 192 241 339 145 69 990 w!t hpUr 19 109 126 135 ilO 66 83 35 683 pXi 3 131 210 189 63 27 623 aS "'¦ 105 108 20 233 Buldana! '. \ Z Z_ '.'¦'. \\ 9 11 101 21 11 1 154 Monthly Totals 7777 19 109 142 469 662 720 410 152 2683 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Berar Province during the Years 1875-6 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1875. Districts. j i Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. Tune. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Amrao ti . . 0-82 0-03 7-50 892 514 7-87 2*64 32*92 KUichpur ' o'4o 755 9*26 3*44 7*oB o*oB 27*81 Wft n l"20 0-10 0-60 010 13-35 14*75 870 9*65 9 "90 010 ... 58-45 Basini '.'... "'. o*o7 ... 12*60 719 7*4217*15 4*67 4910 Akola . o*o9 ... 002 o*3o 7*67 712 5*4312 52 090 ... 017 34 22 Buldana' . o*2o ... s*Bo 6*46 4171212 I*4l ... 0*47 30*63 Monthly Totals 2*51 010 089 0*43 54*47 5370 34*30 66*39 19*60 010 0*64 ___J. ! ! 233*13 Quarterly Totals. . 2*61 5579 154*39 20*34 Monthly Averages . ... 0*42 o*o2 015 o*o7 9*oB 8*95 5*72 111*06 3*27 002 010 ' 38*86 Quarterly Averages. 0*44 9*30 25*73 3*39 1876. Amraoti 004 4*23J 9*19 718 B*6l 2925 Ellichpur 2-59| 5*51 8*95 9*33 26*38 Wun. 0-30 318 10*69 11*08 2*74 0*79 28*78 Basim 6-84 9*9610*63 2*30 o*Bl ... ... 30 54 Akola 2-66 6*89 8*43 3*03 o*o6 21*07 Buldana 4 "26 8*2210*29 2*26 015 2518 1 Monthly Totals . . j ... .; 0*34 237650-46 56-5628*27 1 "81 ! ! 16 i.20 Quarterly Totals. . ... 24*10 135*29 I*Bl Monthly Averages , o*o6 3*96 B*4l 9*43 4*71 o*3o — 26-87 Quarterly Averages. ... 4*02 22*55 o'3o .NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. I 35 The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Berar Province during the Years 1877-78 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1577. Districts. Total. Jan. Feb. Mar.- April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Amraoti G 29 26 3 20 17 5 100 Ellichpur 12 5 30 1 48 Wun 15 48 11 74 Basim .... 14 42 13 26 52 5 3 10 165 Akola 29 34 96 47 2b' 82 80 394 Buldana 4 12 21 5 9 4 ... 55 Monthly Totals . 14 j ... 29 40 125 131 j59 194 203 30 7 10 842 1878. Amraoti ... | ... 1 1 17 733 2,002 1470 485 64 52 4,825 Ellichpur 213 762 141 13 1 6 1,136 Wun 30 112 639 1203 2,049 766 75 17 ...- 4,891 Basim .... 2 ... ... 22 912 4706)4158 ],653 240 5 ... ... 11,698 Akola 9 73 i 883 2,674 666 34 3 ... 4,342 Buldana 31 1286 1296 2254 2,123 409 15 ... ... 7,414 Monthly Totals . j 2 1 ... 83 2320 6731 9444 11,263 3692. 627 85 58 34,306 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Berar Province during the Years iBjj-y8 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Bain fall Registered in the Months of 1877. Districts. ; : Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April.' May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. j Dec. Amraoti 211 1*34 0"32 TBB 0"38 7 "51 402 458 OD3 216 0"04 393 29-20 Ellichpur 012 019 2*0912'5913'45| 6"54 4"01 3899 Wun ... 1-65 015 3"69 9"97 i 9"45 610 075 ... 175 3351 Basim 1-49 071 l'Ol 086 0-27 672 5"40 3-97 415 270 016 0-44 2788 Akola 3-01 112 0"35 ... 018 6"85 2-63 344 2-61 1-45 0-24 2-44 24-32 Buldana 1-68 0-52 0-81 0-47 0-05 3-92 3"59 924 2"42 3-39 0"01 117 27-27 Monthly Totals . . 8"29 3"69 249 498 j 1*22 307838-204413227514"46 045 \ 973 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 18H7 Quarterly Totals . . 14 "47 36-98 105-08 24-64 Monthly Averages . 1-38 0-61 0"42 0"83 020 [513 6-37 ! 735 j 379 2-41 0-08 T62 ! ! 3019 Quarterly Averages . 241 6-16 17*51 411 1878. Amraoti 0-35 008 017 0"89 4-1111 "871 12-98 7'Bs| 4"37 42-67 Ellichpur .... 0"03 005 042 2-8312-0610-50 605 4-92012 ... 36-98 Wun 015 0-45 T65 0-25 3-52127520-65 soB 2"07 46-57 Basim 015 1-84 0-27 4"8412-01|24-53 916 331 5611 Akola 0-77 021 003 511 619i14-36 9"56 6-84 43-07 Buldana 0-81 0-11 513 6-9614-26 867 6"45 4239 Monthly Totals . . o'o3 0-50 T45 473 197 25-54 61-84 9728 4637 27"96 012 ... __ 267-79 Quarterly Totals . . 1-98 32-24 205 "49 28-08 Monthly Averages . 0-01 0-08 024 079 033 4-25 10 3116-21 773 4-66 j o^o2 ... ! 44-63 Quarterly Averages . 0"33 537 34*25 468 I 136 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Berar Province during the Years 1879-80 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1879. Districts. : ¦ ¦ ¦ ——— Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. j June. July. Aug. Sept. | Oct. Nov. Dec. Amraoti ... 3 1 11 34 41 ... 90 Ellichpur 18 67 34 119 Wun Basim .... Akola 14 14 Buldana Monthly Totals . 3 1 29 115 75 ... 223 1880. Atnraoti . . . \ Ellichpur ... I Wun j > No cholera this year. Basim . . . . I Akola . . . . J Buldana 1 1 Monthly Totals 1 1 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Berar Province during the Years 1879-80 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1879. Districts. j ; : Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. I July. Aug. Sept.! Oct. Nov. Dec. Amraoti 010 3*27 6*52 4*49 11 '96 5*48! 2*40 34*22 Ellichpur 0-22 1*25 4*26 7"231 824 6*87 3*95 3202 Wun 0-19 6-32 917 5*27-15-85 6-05 1*25 4410 Basim 0-25 5-38 10-55 571 jlO-13 716 373 42*91 Akola 0-31 0-84 4*99 529 i 7*99 5*23J T25 25*90 Buldana 123 2"01 9*66 6"31 10-201115 242 42*98 Monthly Totals . ... 2*30 19*07 4515 34*30 64*3741 -9415*00 1 ! ! ! 222*13 Quarterly Totals. 2*30 64*22 140 61 15*00 Monthly Averages ... 038 318 7*52 572 1073 6*99! 2*50 . 37-02 Quar. Averages . o*3B 10*70 23*44 250 1880. Amraoti . . . 0*36 3*86 1*47 I*4B 6*49 0*96! 178 ... 1640 Ellichpur 4*90 1*72 211 7*51 1*52 I*B3 ... 19*59 Wun o*2B 2*95 6*95 5*50 9*27 1*66 2*20 ... 2880 Basim . . . . I o*o7 o*o6 010 371 6*49 3*36 7*38 075 6*67 ... 2859 Akola 056 227 183 2*82 7*20 139 3*33 ... 19*40 Buldana 003 4*38 5*48 2*4512*93 l-40( 2*50 ... 29*17 Monthly Totals o*o7 o*o6 1*33 22*07 23*94 1772 5078 7*6718*31 ... ! ! i4i-95 Quarterly Totals. o*o7 23*46 92 44 25 98 Monthly Averages o*ol o*olJo*22J 3*68 3*99 2*95 8*47 I*2B 3*05 ... 23.66 Quar. Averages . 001 3*91 15*41 4*33 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Berar Province during the Year 1881 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of ISBI. Districts. : — ¦ ¦ — Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. | Oct. Nov. Dec. , ; I Amraoti 12 157 165 36 10 ... 380 Ellichpur 27 22 47 4 ... 100 Wun 104 96 35 ... 74 309 Basim 8 144 227 12 27 9 427 Akola 1 111 559 231 48 9 ... 959 Buldana 114 753 323 39 1229 Monthly Totals 1 245 1744 1064 217 50 83 3404 Of the total 3404 deaths, 1760 were males and 1644 females. Eatio per 1000 of population, I' 6. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Berar Province during the Year 1881 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Bainfall .Registered in the Months of 1881. Districts. — — Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Amraoti 1-30 010 o'6l 11 461 18 4 8-05 278 TB2 097 ... 38-93 Ellichpur 1-31 ... 057 14-4610-35 4 -52 363 1-05 0-61 ... 3650 Wun 115 0-05 070 1035 11-60 9"25 7 "80 070 175 ... 4335 Basim 049 035 016 5"64 1393 1238 3'oo 112 228 ... 39"35 Akola 1-52 016 027 6-69 735 1056 3-16 T92 102 ... 3265 Buldana 004 0"52 0"27 0-81 11 "50 7*46 799 3"30 173 0-68 ... 34-30 Monthly Totals . ... 0-04 6-29 093 312 6010 62-53 5275 2367 8"34 7 "31 ... Quarterly Totals . 633 6415 138*95 1565 22 °' 08 Monthly Averages ... o'ol 1-05 015 0-52 |l0 '02 10-42 879 394 1-39 1-221 ... _ : _ L__ ! 37.51 Quar. Averages . TO6 10-69 2315 2-61 137 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Bengal Province during the Year 1872 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1572. Districts. — — — ' Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Deo. Burdwan ... . . . 133 96 113 196 170 216 130 213 288 106 97 398 2,156 Bankura 34 16 ... 1 44 50 53 20 17 ... 2 31 268 Beerbhum 26 7 32 29 24 8 21 51 84 32 156 256 726 Midnapur 115 187 82 94 65 26 31 7 ... 6 43 106 762 Hooghli and Serampore , 87 46 72 39 7 16 30 92 30 44 93 93 649 Howrah ..... 151 83 47 47 28 7 8 23 9 25 90 258 776 24-Pergummlis .... 968 468 236 122 87 50 17 43 38 73 261 729 3,092 Calcutta Nuddea 584 474 168 357 236 ' 1 "50 21 2 5 3 "82 1*989 Jessore 755 251 212 178 92 36 18 9 17 7 76 520 2,171 Murshidabad ..... 89 104 186 99 13 ... 1 1 9 1 1 35 539 Dinagepore 423 78 176 130 71 8 38 103 373 1,400 Maldah 9 14 1 1 0 1 2 11 17 52 Rajshahye 188 50 60 103 23 ... 1 1 ... 2 ... ] 429 Rungpore 57 4 18 18 62 27 69 73 93 195 402 967 1,985 Bogra 59 9 3 9 1 23 104 Pubna 110 23 24 147 92 13 10 1 ... 12 83 506 Darjiling 22 43 57 52 28 1 2 205 Julpaiguri 8 2 2 7 11 21 35 16 5 29 97 298 531 Dacca 62 31 27 95 90 35 30 7 13 6 78 296 770 Furridpore 291 41 21 37 12 1 1 2 1 1 4 17 429 Backergunge 11l 86 186 234 122 28 29 13 21 8 33 209 1,080 Mymensing 51 26 29 71 41 8 1 2 1 1 96 554 881 Chittagong 151 86 114 127 275 196 84 12 37 10 45 165 1,302 Noakholli ..... 25 28 31 16 20 7 4 25 205 361 Tipperah ...... 50 16 35 46 55 1 5 2 ... 5 133 517 865 Patna 10 1 12 23 42 319 333 315 52 18 2 22 1,149 Gya 2 3 3 50 240 494 550 369 54 11 14 2 1,792 Shahabad 30 ... 1 29 54 171 51 48 60 41 55 ... 540 Tirhut{^£g re ; ; 52 4 ... 5 69 188 83 308 400 297 65 19 1,490 Sarun . . . ° . '. . 3 8 7 4 24 59 84 155 142 28 4 ... 518 Champarun 2 51 65 36 83 191 75 503 Monghyr ... 28 30 92 395 253 99 27 231 930 Bhagulpore 29 12 3 5 31 35 44 35 12 2 208 Purneah 20 1 14 59 18 30 5 14 28 151 16 356 Sonthal 14 8 27 32 17 12 11 3 4 128 Cuttack 11 64 322 573 609 619 551 113 57 26 3 4 2 952 Poori 2 57 82 177 111 486 203 33 41 3 6 6 1207 Balasore 35 53 189 278 250 346 60 21 10 14 1 5 1,262 Hazaribagh 15 14 24 38 15 1 2 11 ... 11l Lohardugga 1 ... 7 4 5 3 21 2 1 1 ... 1 46 Singbhum 13 18 2 1 ... 1 2 4 ... 4 27 Manbhum 13 3 3 ... 63 139 56 3 4 ... 2 3 289 Monthly Totals . . 471124502602 3480 3403 4177 3046 2240 1766 1186 2161631437,536 ! I 1 Of the total 37,536 deaths, 21,289 were males and 16,247 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, 0-63. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 10 81. 138 JTATUKE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. I 39 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Bengal Province during the Year 1872 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1872. Districts. ¦ • Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Burdwan o*6o ... 2"02 251 7*27 6-66 8-33 5*52 9*44 ... 012 42*47 Bankura 0-96 ... 214 270 5-60 5*34 8-01 8-85 10*81 44*41 Beerbhum . . 007 2*48 ... 1-62 509 3"28 12 74 10"37 577 942 OMO ... 50"94 Midnapore 012 0"82 ... I*BB 11*04 8*97 12*92 8"56 11-26 002 ... 55-59 Hooghli. . . 0-50 3-70 ... 218 240 7"99 9 -08 762 B*3B 816 ... I*oo 51-01 Howrah. «¦• . ... 2"28 0-28 279 171 999 492 9"82 8"26 7 51 0-02011 47*69 24-Pergunnahs ... 2"28 o'2l 1-47 2 "57 815 6*96 10-26 7*37 940 ... o*l2 4879 Calcutta . . 0-22 2 '82 o*2l 1-83 1-99 9 -45 5 55 11-52 8 '42 893 0-02 009 51 '05 Nuddea . . 0-08 175 ... 0-42 4"90 9"53 6-69 562 7*27 573 008 ... 42*07 Jessore . . 009 2*41 0-1910-13 6 "57 12-32 9*59 874 12 56 6*67 ... 014 69-41 Murshidabad 0-04 2-81 014 0-63 3*30 13-66 9-00 9"48 14 37 1219 65-62 Dinagepore . 0"95 0"87 0-03 ... 4*oo 14-02 17-66 1673 10-92 10-61 7579 Maldah . . . 0-09 1-34 0-02 049 2 'Bl 11 -84 14-43 5 69 772 8-08 52 -"51 Rajsb.ab.ye 2*37 0-06 I*oo 271 674 10-37 4*94 15-48 10*41 ... ... 54"08 Rungpore 010 0-61 173 1089 16*49 16-56 13*54 17*64 8*69 86*25 Bogra 112 ... 072 1219 11*43 1613 595 13*47 5*87 66*88 Pubna 2*oB 014 2"53 8"04 10 "85 6*42 8*94 12*39 799 59*38 Darjiling . . 0*36 0"50 114 4*36 370 2054 30*57 21*21 14*52 10-56 107*46 Julpaiguri . . 0*96 ... 0-65 6"83 11*03 2376 23*80 26*9.8 22"98 B'9B 0-03 ... 126*00 Dacca . . . 0-05 070 050 6-40 900 8*25 14*00 9-30 12*00 4*20 64*40 Furridpore o'6B ... 2*31 873 2*91 13*66 7*82 974 7*42 ... 008 53*35 Backergunge . 037 096 o*B6 5 *26 10-41 15 96 14*43 11 37 17*41 5-44 0110 56 8314 Mymensing . ... 0"86 ... 4*85 658 16-66 15*56 15*65 22*31 3*89 86-36 Chittagong. . 044 114 ... 511 4*96 10-80 30-80 15*59 1419 474 ... 076 88*53 Noakholli . . 0"59 014 0*44 5*86 14*44 16*22 22*04 23"35 2071 5*61 0*63 007 11010 Tipperab . 0*26 1*55 215 6*24 7*58 469 2570 14-61 910 9*51 o*lo 0-26 81-81 Patna . . . 2*02 085 o*o2 ... 116 483 815 5*54 7*07 1*53 3117 Gya .... 0-43 I*Bl .... 075 015 1*64 1067 982 5-48 I*3B 3213 Shahabad . . 2"22 0-80 012 010 080 4"37 13 08 439 910 0*55 35*53 Tirhut— Mozufferpore 210 0"20 o*2o 0*32 4"82 370 1670 963 11*20 I*7o 50*57 Durbhanga . 0*96 0-16 004 ... 057 3*05 18*35 706 8"64 3*30 ... ... " 4213 Sarun . . . 2*30 o*2o 0"37 ... I*3l 3*21 11*44 700 12*17 o*4B 3848 Chumparun . o*sl o'so 2-50 13*40 13*62 606 1370 50"29 Monghyr . . 1*27 0-81 ... 048 053 I*lB 13*20 9*27 10*89 ' 363 41 26 Bhagulpore . 0-21 0*27 ... 178 079 5*44 8 "43 6*21 6*57 4*28 33*98 Purneah . . I*2o 0*64 ... 0-80 I*9B 14*29 1719 776 10*89 5*46 60*21 Sonthal I*9o o*o6 1*36 2*09 B*Bo 12*70 978 690 5*54 ... 015 49"28 Cuttack 0*63 ... 065 2"38 1773 12*72 954 876 1616 2*39020 7116 Poori 0-15 ... 0-03 082 2375 871 1070 704 16-19 775 ... 7514 Balasore 2*07 ... 077 3*06 1213 14*27 10-96 13*97 1197 0-821*27 71*29 Hazaribagb. . 0"24 075 014 o*Bl 0*62 2 *42 7 *99 11*57 6 *88 3-68 3510 Lobardugga . ... 1*46 o*lo 1*39 1*62 10*54 10*34 9*oo 10*44 3*86 0"24 ... 48"99 SiDgbhum 0*25 017 I*9o 1*59 9*52 11-65 7*31 12*52 5*66 005 054 51*16 Manbhum I*oB ... 174 2*59 12*89 9*51 B*ol 519 6-68 0-53 ... 4822 Monthly Totals 18*53,50*65 967 92*30182-07 442*33 576*41 453*97 483*32 303*57 12*89 5*47 . , 263118 Quar. Totals . 78-85 716 70 1513-70 321 "93 Mon. Averages. 042 I*ls 0*22 2*lo 414 1005 1310 1032 1098 6*90 0*29 013 59-80 Quar. Averages 1*79 16*29 34*40 7*32 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Bengal Province during the Year 1873 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1873. Districts. : Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Burdwan 375 308 561 368 99 116 137 104 18 1 1 2 2,090 Bankura 27 184 276 177 141 37 84 60 9 995 Beerbhum 185 77 167 100 24 107 40 67 18 1 786 Midnapore 110 91 128 152 140 205 178 21 5 12 3 13 1,058 Hooghli and Serampore . 34 38 83 204 37 23 9 9 6 5 4 2 454 Howrah 102 120 237 140 55 47 28 18 20 20 49 44 880 24-Pergunnahs .... 479 482 605 694 339 84 45 16 8 12 9 22 2,795 Culcutta 133 189 221 163 153 99 59 31 26 24 28 29 1,155 Nuddea 72 24 111 129 59 76 43 12 4 6 52 137 725 Jessore 354 63 128 607 574 98 29 5 17 8 23 327 2,233 Murshidabad 102 135 387 325 225 99 14 12 1 2 9 26 1,337 Dinagepore 129 59 59 210 58 ... 2 13 6 527 Maldah 23 84 338 670 181 49 4 5 3 1 1 30 1,389 Rajshahye 16 13 36 156 70 10 3 ... 2 ... 56 245 607 Rungpore 222 69 46 22 13 6 6 18 ... 6 ... 5 413 Bogra 8 1 39 199 44 2 ... 1 ... 1 295 Pubna ....... 50 8 42 117 50 10 7 1 3 2 30 164 484 Darjiling 7 4 4 2 3 1 21 Julpaiguri 12 6 3 ... 1 2 12 18 Dacca 154 39 20 83 80 38 11 18 17 41 615 753 1,869 Furridpore 12 21 27 76 12 1 1 10 61 82 303 Backergunge 177 66 204 678 908 277 63 19 13 10 44 267 2,726 Mymensing 168 39 24 83 106 147 163 87 120 115 168 288 1,508 Chittagong 120 53 55 126 62 21 29 74 191 14 20 178 943 Noakholli 205 57 58 100 75 38 2 6 6 2 98 199 846 Tipperah 349 174 153 267 346 123 20 20 9 11 257 547 2,276 Patna 6 4 76 180 365 349 493 826 170 28 6 12 2,515 Gya 5 138 224 288 769 1648 994 291 8 ... 4,365 Shahabad 2 13 9 129 173 461 1510 1345 689 329 27| 5 4,692 Tirhutl^^^P^ 6 ; ;| l! ... 1 299 1640 922 1238 1235 523 181 6,040 Sarun .....'.'. 12 4 6 12 34 156 396 734 349 42 9 3 1,757 Chumparun . 1 2 14 48 776 313 42 22 ... 1,218 Monghyr 1 3 15 278 330 321 163 133 61 19 9| 1 1,334 Bhagulpore 10 1 138 340 166 169 41 18 18 11 V ... 913 Purneah 1 37 751 70 6 1 866 Sonthal 9 6 36 55 140 98 23 38 27 20 ... 15 467 Cuttack 164 343 640 242 55 252 423 106 55 66 27 9 2,382 Poori 40 84 70 14 ... 169 365 77 2 821 Balasore 67 255 416 185 95 228 617 92 5 3 11 1,965 Hazaribagli 12 7 2 14 33 159 58 29 3 11 ... 328 Lohardugga 1 5 3 16 25 139 159 37 1 386 Singbhum 6 10 1 3 4 5 77 83 7 5 6 1 208 Manbbum 10 18 54 95 154 350 118 18 13 6 4 840 Monthly Totals . . 39243143 5487 8544 7281 5365 7792 8064 3793 13501665342259,830 I ' I 1 Of the total 59,830 deaths, 23,982 were males and 25,848 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, 094. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 1214. 140 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. 141 The Monthly Rainfall Eegistered'in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Bengal Province during the Year 1873 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. -j Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1873. Districts. — Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Burdwan 2'oo 417 344 6"44 19-60 1715 4-44 0"20 0-08 115 58*67 Bankura 5"49 1-45 2"26 3*28 1518 1472 3"65 o'Bo 044 o'o7 47"34 Beerbhum . . 0-02 ... 113 0-30 112 3"92 24 74 17 - 49 374 o*9l 0-08 ... 53*45 Midnapore . . 018 ... 072 195 9"21 711 13-97 6-CO 4"92 011 0-01 004 44*82 Hooghli ... 6-90 239 4-59 4"48 15-36 672 377 0-60 010 075 39"66 Howrah . . . o*os ... 1-20 I*Bl 3 "58 4 41 19-31 B 'B3 6 63 074 0"23 078 47 57 24-Pergunnahs . Hi 1-45 375 3*55 1573 1211 512 1*54 o*o3 O'oO 44"89 Calcutta ... 118 I*B4 378 4*30 1476 10*23 5*82 2-40 014 0-82 45*27 Nuddea ... 115 271 394 3"52 1815 14*80 2*42 o'oB o'o3 ... 46-80 Jessore . . . 016 004 065 2*84 343 B*2l 9*85 14 "09 4*57 0-61 0-Q6 074 45*25 Murshidabad . 0-200-01 I*so 0-68 070 3*ol 971 10*30 4*96 0*42 002 ... 31*51 Binagepore . . 0-50 0-28 o*6l 0*66 o*4l 18*27 8*24 12"62 1*62 0*32 43*53 Maldah . . . 0*45 ... 0-29 I*l9 o*o6 4-36 708 776 4 "91 0*92 ... 0*24 27 "26 Rajshahye . . 0-48 0-15 1*49 I*o9 0-31 6 *90 673 11*27 312 032 0"27 001 3214 Rungpore. . . 0-05 0-24 o'9o 8"24 I*o7 1309 393 14*11 2"63 0-38 44 64 Bogra .... 0-22012 0*47 3*12 2 "01 674 7"95 12*83 3"29 o*3B 3713 1-übna. . . . 0-06 0-11 0-80 713 314 598 1551 719 4*Bl 0*45 ... 0"08 45 "26 Darjiling ...... 027 1*45 610 s*oB 1276 22*46 18*66 10*36 o'o2 7716 Julpaiguri . . o*oso-05 075 7*48 2-67 28*93 15-68 1379 1876 o*ls 88*31 Dacca .... 0-05070 0-50 640 9-00 8*25 14*00 9*30 12*00 4*20 04*40 Furridpore I*4o 0"43 810 5*20 514 7*85 11*53 10*90 ... o*o2 ... 5057 Backergunge . 0*59 ... 112 2"82 5"28 7*67 16*42 17*29 7*86 1*96 o*3o o*Bo 62-11 Mymensing . . 010 010 085 370 3-23 21*82 10*42 16-88 4"02 0"27 ... 061 62-00 Chifctagong . . 0*35 571 5*34 21*29 19*36 18*49 10-95 3"95 0*23 072 86*39 Noakholli . . 0-01 ... 4"83 8*95 9"00 19*30 28*39 26"84 11*61 7*38 1*25 1*34 118*90 Tipperah ...... 0-05 171 5"53 6-38 1814 972 25*65 4*64 055 0*34 078 7349 Patna .... 0-190-02 0-80 010 013 3*41 13*04 11*78 094 o*l3 30-54 Gya 017 ... 0"94 ... 0"30 1*52 18*44 10*01 4-13 0-06 35*57 Shahabad. . . 0-320*06 TOO ... 070 I*9l 1976 10*91 3"00 0-08 37"80 Tirhut— Mozufferpore . 2-20 ... 2*20 o'6o ... 3"99 1011 711 2"82 0-03 29-06 Durbhanga . 0"02 ... 1*43 o*9o o*l6 3*89 7*04 7*24 278 0*42 23-88 Sarun .... 0*29 ... 170 I*oo ... 342 15*57 10*80 110 3388 Chumparun . . o*9o ... 3*oo o'Bo o*9o 8"02 15-11 11-58 073 0-20 41-24 Monghyr . . . 0-34 o*o2 I*o7 018 112 2*63 13-30 15*32 3-68 ... 002 0-04 3772 Bhagulpore . . 0"40 ... o*6o o*6o 015 5"37 11*07 6*68 3"67 ... 006 0*32 28"92 Purneah . . . 0*27 ... 0-82 2"56 0"44 6*34 10*98 10-69 675 037 39"22 Sonthal . . . 0*26 ... 1*54 o*l4 214 547 1995 13-70 9"64 ... 0"06 0-01 52*91 Cuttack ... 2-71 1*66 112 2"98 10-55 1007 627 2"54 0*35 0*36 SB'6l Poori .... 1-11 0-85 419 258 B*sl 15*81 9-2112-53 I*l9 1*74 5772 Balasore 0*92 177 4"58 3*64 12*00 1177 7*61 4*69 077 0"60 48*35 Hazaribagh 0*94 011 0"22 2"20 23*03 20*32 12-07 015 ... 010 5914 Lohardugga . . ... o*o4 1-59 0"50 I*2l 2*26 17*59 13-93 12*20 0*63 49*95 Singbhum . . 019 ... 2*32 T65 266 3"42 11*47 10-01 5*94 o*BB ... 0*25 38*79 Manbhum 2"36 178 117 170 19*33 12-50 3*ol 015 42*00 Monthly Totals . 9*07 3*66 60"34 113*01 11917 315*62 626-95 567 48 257*07 50-00 6*oB 15*37 ' — 2143*82 Quarterly Totals 73*07 547*80 1451-50 71*45 ( Month. Averages 0-210*08 1*37 2-57 2*71 717 14-25 12*90 5*84 I*l3 014 1 0*35 ! ! l_ :—: — ! — 4872 Quar. Averages . 166 12-45 32"99 1*62 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from, Cholera among the Civil Population of the Bengal Province during the Year 1874 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Selected Areas. I ' " ~ Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1872. Districts. ¦ ; ; ¦ . . To t al _ Jan. Feb. Mar. (April. jMay. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. ! i Burdwan 3 9 13 26 9 20 27 32 ... . 15 8 162 Bankura 1 1 3 7 26 15 7 2 4. 66 Beerbhum 4 86 180 169 148 16 1 2 1 4 611 Midnapore 6 15 98 84 108 158 32 29 14 5 2 3 554 Hooghli and Serampore . 15 58 84 80 66 36 14 2 17 6 3 4 385 Howrah 76 140 83 77 89 62 49 54 29 48 69 57 833 24-Pergunnahs 1 6 6 3 ... I 4 2 22 Calcutta 24 43 28 18 20 14 2 2\ 4 6 7 168 Nuddea 18 4 38 82 52 4 1 1 10 5 215 Jessore 3 9 5 17 Murshidabad ... 6 39 18 1 .2 4 "l 71 Dinagepore 4 2 3 1 10 Maldah 2 ... 4 2 12......!!. ""l !!! '"l 13 Rajshahye 87 181 25 ... 2 ... 67 18 2 382 Rungpore 1 1 1 ... 6 8 37 5 ... 59 Bo S ra 1 4 16 Pubna 9 2 3 2 4 67 20 7 114 Darjiling 1 ... 1 2 Julpaiguri Dacca 66 14 17 26 13 ... 1 .'.. "n 45 101 107 392 Fumdpore 7 ... 1 12 18 101 23 162 Backergunge 4 2 15 22 5 2 11 3 ... 5 14 8 91 Mymensing; ..... 9 2 5 20 13 9 3 2 14 13 97 21 208 Chittagong 20 23 20 6 58 20 2 2 7 158 Noakholli 3 1 ... 24 28 Tipperah 5 11 13 "! !" "3 3 35 Patna 2 6 14 21 13 2 14 15 14 6 107 Gya 1 2 4 54 54 29 8 7 ... 159 Shahabad mU 7 2. 9 Tirhntl Mozuffer P ore ••• !- ... ••• !!! - (Durbhunga. . . 11 ... 1 1 31 54 6 67 9 180 Sarun 1 6 1 33 118 38 15 ... 1 213 I Champaruu 5 38 3 46 J Monghyr 1 2 ... 3 7 3 "3 !!! '" 19 Bhagulpore 1 3 58 123 27 7 1 ... 220 Purneah 2 .. 13 15 Sonthal ....... 1 ... 3 ... 76 72 14 "<3 "l "2 !!! 2 177 Cuttack 1 2 ... 4 1 56 40 10 1 ... 115 Poori 1 ... 1 ... 21 56 9 1 1 90 Balasore 4 1 ... 4 18 22 8 1 ... 2 ... 60 Hazaribagh 9 8. 17 Lohardugga 1 1 ... 12 ... 5 Singbhum 2 ... 1 ... 1 ... 4 Manbhum 25 49 51 16 "3 1 ..'. '". 145 Monthly Totals . . 282 330 520 797 1053 809 548 592 268 331 501 314 6345 \ 1 Of the total 6345 deaths, 3494 were males and 2851 females. Eatio per 1000 of population, 2-36. Katio per cent, of all deaths registered, 9 - 55. 142 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. 143 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Bengal Province during the Year 1874 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. 1 Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1874. Districts. — — Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Xov. Dec. Burdwan . . 1-20 4 "07 2 45 177 3 -95 18 i 8 5-90 6 ; 26 7 '05 10-61 61-44 Bankura . . T45 2"84 074 o'o7 276 11-64 7*35 12-14 5 05 5 "87 49 91 Beerbhum . 0-53 3"80 1*33 053 2-06 14-28 718 10-87 21*63 7*34 0-25 ... 69-80 Midnapore . 1*59 2-52 1-00 0-82 1-25 7*04 5*83 10*18 709 15*29 I*o4 ... 54*25 Hooghli . . 0-84 4-06 0-60 0*36 522 3*69 637 4"08 6*43 834 o*3B ... 40*37 Howrah . . 0-55 3"49 o*B6 037 I*B2 4*57 6*36 9*46 9*71 l 13*54 o*so ... 51*23 24-Pergunnahs 095 413 I*B6 0*32 I*B4 510 B*3B 11*12 13*82 13-02 o*o9 ... 60-63 Calcutta . . 0-94 377 1*94 I*2o 116 6*B9J B*B9 1019 12-67 13*71 012 ... 61*48 Nuddea . . 1-27 4*66 110 070 5*61 11-65 5*69 3*90 10*42 3"64 o*4B . 49-12 Jessore. . . 2 -22 2*35 I*6l o*B4 s*BB 10*45 3 *42 10-46 B *B3 6 *82 o*o9 ... 52 -97 Murshidabad 110 193 0*22 260 3*97 9 *55 610 2*96 11 25 10-03 4971 Dinagepore . 013 I*B2 o*9l 3-06 3*85 1423 17-91 6*06 17*73 13*59 ..". ' ... 7929 Maldah . . 0-55 1*25 1*55 261 3*09 B*9o 11*90 470 23*14 11*07 6876 Kajshahye. . 0*45 2*54 024 273 6*82 6"24 5"93 572 16*39 B*9B 56*04 Eungpore. . 3*Bo 1-55 I*4o 4*30 8*73 18-80 1976 3*64 18*35 14*24 94-57 Bogra . . . 2*49 5*66 010 6*90 B*ol 16*35 10-83 9-70 16-50 928 8582 Pubna ... 0*55 I*B9 1*66 5*22 10*57 858 3*15 B*ll 10*84 3"98 o*l3 ... 54*68 Darjiling . . ... 1-00 o*B2 6"95 3*30 2937 14 71 2210 26-08 20*59 ... o*oB 125-00 Julpaiguri . 118 078 0-96 3*54 11*74 24*99 21*06 17*27 5649 9*57 14758 Dacca . . . o*BB I*BS 4*07 309 13*04 6*40 618 s*oB 7*59 398 5219 Furridpore . 116 407 434 2*58 1413 7*33 4*34 5-30 2113 2*41 o*2l ... 6700 Backergunge . I*ol 3*67 0*35 I*o2 419 15*65 17*21 4*lo 11*05 9*61 018 ... 6804 Mymensing . 114 3*84 277 6*33 B*sB 15-43 10*60 8"26 12*99 3*40 73-34 Chittagong . ... 277 1-66 0*59 17*07 15*88 13-99 6*56 1579 7*02 1-76 ... 83-09 Noakholli. . 0*24 3*14 2*58 0*25 14*74 1978 13*97 21*07 1815 10*80 o*B4 ... 105-56 Tipperah . . 110 I*B9 3*39 2"24 1594 970 1313 658 9*Bo B*4o 019 ... 72*36 Patua . . . 0-46 o*sB 0"37 0-37 ... 10-66 15-00 5*29 11*98 4*97 49-68 Gya. . . . 1-27 1-26 o*o7 ... 007 11*58 810 1513 610 2-32 45-90 Shahabad . . 0-31 1-00 025 ... o*os 17*32 B*3l 1217 1307 2*30 5478 Tirhut— Mozufferpore o*o9 o*Bo 0-30 I*o7 0"09 8-95 13-06 4*59 10*60 4*44 43-99 Duibhanga . 019 o*B9 o*2l 0-54 119 11*58 17-41 3*95 17*59 272 56-27 Sarun . . . 0*22 o*B7 0*39 967 12*01 9-63 7"99 1*29 42-07 Chumparun . ... I*lo o*3l o*lo 1*56 12*32 7*74 7*15 16*15 3"93 50-36 Monghyr . . o*4o 1*26 0*33 o*3l 1-85 1573 11*48 8-68 13-07 6"48 59-59 Bhagulpore . 0/33 1*47 o*os 0*96 2*13 15*99 B*2l 704 B*B9 5*71 5078 Purneah . . 011 1*59 ... 3*05 .076 13*78 17*84 11*20 17*91 7"32 73-56 Sonthal . . 011 I*B7 1*32 0*57 I*3l 9 17 9 *53 15 58 13*32 7*47 60*25 Cuttack . . I*B2 2*23 o*6B ... 3*48 16*92 1613 2039 12*13 1071 2*20 o*os 86*74 Poori . . . 0-66 1-00 0-05 ... 0*35 10*84 1178 14*91 4*87 9*62 7*54 o*l6 6178 Balasore . . 0*33 3*47 0*79 0*67 I*3o s*oB 13*43 1015 7-60 12-03 0*34 ... 551<-t Hazaribagh . 079 319 0*42 o*3l 118 10*82 9*78 16*35 B*ol B*l9 117 ... 60*21 Lohardugga . 1*36 3*48 2*ol 0*27 I*3B 6-37 1113 16*92 9*85 7*39 009 ... 60*25 Singbhmn. . 077 3*68 2*42 o*o3 I*B4 7 "20 11-65 15*55 10-59 414 0"42 ... 58*29 Manbhum. . 2*07 2*97 0*35 0*67 o*9l 7*87 419 920 17*07 3-80 o*l9 ... 49*29 Month. Totals 38-61 108*08 50*83 69*91 198*77 522*52 462*92 429*75 602*76 349*96 18*81 0*29 1 , 1 ! 2853-21 Quar. Totals . 197*52 791*20 1495 43 369-06 Mon. Averages o*BB 2*46 I*ls 1*59 4*52 11*87 10*52 9*77 13*70 7*95 0*43 001 ._— : 64-85 Quar.Averages 4*49 17*98 33*99 839 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Bengal Province during the Year 1875 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Selected Areas. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months or 1575. Districts. r Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Burdwan 11 89 38 16 1 1 ... 27 183 Bankura 8 7 1 25 35 1 1 10 7 95 Beerbhum 19 9 1 1 ... 1 22 Midnapore 70 83 23 5 38 40 5 1 1 ... 2 268 Hooghli and Serampore . 11 28 62 40 10 3 2 3 4 17 21 69 270 Howrah 50 54 148 93 49 16 25 15 30 49 89 50 668 24-Pergunnahs .... 1 ... 27 16 10 10 3 9 76 Calcutta 4 4 18 13 9 6 3 3 3 54 37 18 172 Nuddea 2 36 28 17 4 ... 3 1 1 6 73 104 265 Jessore 14 10 12 8 1 12 51 108 Murshidabad 1 1 l 3 Dinagepore 3 1 1 23 20 3 3 2 1 5 62 Maldah ....... 1 2 ... 28 5 3 21 24 ... 1 27 2 114 Eajshahye 2 ... 3 ... 2 ... 4 ... 1 2 13 ... 27 Rungpore 4 1 25 126 49 7 6 1 2 1 222 Bogra 5 46 24 15 8 98 Pubna 1 ... 18 60 30 13 1 1 31 32 187 Darjiling 1 ... 10 8 19 Julpaiguri 13 5 1 30 17 1 ... 58 Dacca 67 28 42 24 21 9 ... 1 5 75 183 116 571 Furridpore 5 1 1 1 36 41 85 Backergunge 4 17 9 5 7 3 ... 1 27 69 44 177 Mymensing 2 3 9 66 30 13 1 5 2 49 128 96 404 Chittagong 1 ... 4 4 3 11 3 1 ... 6 10 34 Noakholli 3 ... 10 16 19 3 15 31 97 Tipperah . . 3 6 30 39 Patna 1 ... 20 100 89 63 39 29 17 45 26 ... 429 Gya 1 ... 6 37 216 330 173 77 9 ... 4 4 857 Shahabad 4 22 20 1 2 . . 49 : } 163 233 141 21 8 2 : " 568 Sarun 8 4 23 14 32 36 2 1 ... 120 Chumparun Monghyr 21 94 2 12 26 8 31 "l 195 Bhagulpore 3 ... 18 1 60 38 33 11 1 165 Purneah 1 17 14 4 4 40 Sonthal 14 1 ... 4 16 17 52 Cuttack 9 2 10 53 84 57 107 63 51 15 451 Poori 12 1 ... 8 45 1 ... 7 15 2 82 Baiasore 3 2 13 58 54 23 40 1 ... 1 11 3 209 Hazaribagh 1 ... 92 36 4 133 Lohardugga 1 1 ... 1 l 4 Singbhum 1 3 11 4 1 ... 11 Manbhum 2 1 9 3 ... 15 Monthly Totals . . 186 339 618 1037 963 927 577 473 355 480 946 803 7704 Of the total 7704 deaths, 4402 were males and 3302 females. Katio per 1000 of population, 5-76. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 11-51. 144 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. 145 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Bengal Province during the Year 1875 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. I Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1875. Districts. ¦ Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Burdwan . . . T42 017 1*92 777 5 31 10-07 6-69 818 13-40 173 56*66 Bankura . . . 0*52 0*25 ... 1-06 5*99 7"49 8*25 1436 s*oB 4*50 47*50 Beerbhum . . 218 0*96 o*ol 1*35 2*58 19-88 9*26 17*35 8*95 211 64*63 Midnapore . . 075 011 ... 2 -03 B '9l 11 '09 12-65 8-31 635 3-06 ... o*o2 53 -28 Hooghli . . . 0-86 3*39 6"20 1212 B*so 15 55 478 I*6l 5301 Howrah . . . 1-39 014 ... 3*66 5-93 10 89 14-61 13-06 7*24 297 59-89 24-Pergunuahs . 1-00 0*23 ... 3*94 5*48 9*90 13*49 11-66 8-16 3-30 5716 Calcutta . . . 1-27 418 5-24 11-83 13 90 12-64 7 41 3*42 59*89 Nuddea . . . T6l 016 2 15 2 31 714 14-14 9 -83 10 -47 5 -83 1-06 5470 Jessore. . . . 2-66 012 0*66 271 5 *42 20-35 10-25 14-44 6 -49 072 63-82 Murshidabad. . 2 -24 o*sl o*2o 1-67 4 -25 14 "65 5 -20 17-50 6 -56 I*B2 ... 54 -60 Dinagepore . . 0*67 ... o*os 319 9-29 12-20 390 8-84 5*46 43 60 Maldah . . . 118 010 012 0*53 2*05 18*66 7 41 1612 B*2l o*o2 5440 Rajshahye . . 2*27 0-42 o*sl 0-88 4*84 12-27 4-87 1317 B '9l o*B6 49*00 Rungpore. . . o*3B ... 0*62 1*39 13-16 15*29 871 17 22 3*45 023 60*45 Bogra .... 1-80 011 0*69 2*59 716 16*61 9*30 1114 656 I*Bs 57-81 Pubna .... 1-38 o*4o I*Bs 2*oB 4*85 10*64 518 16-83 614 073 50-08 Darjiling . . . 1-68 o*Bs 1*54 2*71 7*92 30*11 2746 31*08 11*44 o*os ... 0*33 115*17 Julpaiguri . . 071 ... 2*09 4*87 14*07 24*49 25*27 2479 9*65 0*59 ... o*o6 106*59 Dacca .... 174 o*oB o*BB 2*21 5*03 21*85 917 11*95 629 0*22 59*42 Furridpore . . 1*94 o*2l 117 3 *36 6*39 19 05 975 17*50 7*64 I*so 68*51 Backergunge. . 3*46 ... o*sB 271 4*26 1476 23*38 8*22 9*44 121 ... 68*02 Mymensing . . 1*36 016 512 4*22 12*66 2093 11*95 10*04 11-29 2-40 80*13 Ohittagong . . 5*68 ... 1*25 6*23 6*97 33*02 27*86 38*63 13*92 216 13572 Noakholli. . . 2-60 ... 0*52 3*45 9*36 33*00 36*88 22*78 9*47 175 119*81 Tipperah . . . 4*43 ... 5*07 163 5*66 25*34 19*97 21 18 5*60 0*42 89*30 Patna .... 1*27 o*ll ... o*2l 2*59 18*10 934 8*37 5*36 o*o3 45*38 Gya 1-03 0*57 1*22 1419 7 'ol 6*94 7*29 38*25 Shahabad. . . o*9o 017 ... 0*59 I*9B 5*61 783 1218 3-80 33*06 Tirhut— Mozufferpore . 1*27 I*ol 2*67 4*86 9*46 B*9B 4*36 32*61 Durbhanga . 0*56 012 3*96 8*26 9*46 16*27 719 45*82 Sarun .... o*B3 o*lo ... o*so I*9l 7*65 916 B*l4 415 32*44 Chumparun . . 0*47 1-61 4-60 9*42 8*25 14*75 8*63 020 47*93 Monghyr . . . 0*97 0*55 415 7*57 14*84 14*13 4*25 o*os 46*51 Bhagulpore . . o*9B 016 ... 0*24 2*Bo 6*25 10-22 11-37 4*45 36*47 Purneah . . . 068 o*sl 4*71 8*95 9*27 14*95 5*09 4416 Sonthal . . . 2*29 0*57 0*22 1*57 4*40 13*58 9*55 1510 6*50 1*55 55*33 Cuttack . . . I*o3 ... o*o7 2*54 3*32 19*92 2719 8 34 19-2610*25 91*92 Poori .... 215 o*4o 4*28 5*51 17*44 B*oo 11*3715*01 6416 Balasore . . . 2*76 ... 0*59 171 415 513 16*88 13*77 12*69 2*37 60 05 Hazaribagh . .. I*B7 174 ... o*o4 3*03 1212 12*62 579 5 -35 0*96 43 52 Lohardugga . . 170 I*sl ... I*oB 463 B*o4 19*29 12 97 8*74 I*o7 59 03 Singbhum . . 2*21 1*23 0*26 0*79 4*84 11-03 18-90 12*27 8 -52 371 63*76 Manbhum. . . I*2B 082 ... 0*32 4*65 11*00 1416 12-59 694 1*42 5318 Monthly Totals . 71*43 11*96 2814 89*91240*01 627-82574*56 617 *92 337*66 76 71 ... o*6l : ! i : 267673 Quarterly Totals 111:53 957*74 153014 77*32 — . Month. Averages 1*62 0*27 0*64 2*04 5*46 14*27 13*07 14*04 7*67 1*74 ... o*ol 60-83 Quar. Averages . 253 21*77 34*77 176 X NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Bengal Province during the Year 1876 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Selected Areas. Cholera Deaths Eegistered in the Months of 1876. Districts. — — Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Burdwan 1 1 17 80 14 10 ... 2 5 20 9 44 203 Bankura 124 23 2 1 2 4 156 Beerbhum 2 3 175 52 5 2 9 5 ... 1 10 66 330 Midnapore 9 16 59 24 15 3 7 1 1 ... 3 6 144 Hooghli and Serampore 52 73 243 269 64 25 14 3 3 10 33 40 829 Howrah 45 ,56 88 70 77 65 21 14 8 12 62 63 581 24-Pergunnahs ... 17 221 1 23 Calcutta 7 4 50 17 8 12 5 2 4 3 "29 57 198 Nuddea 66 26 20 76 17 ... 6 1 1 3 115 139 470 Jessore 67 57 164 447 68 14 1 3 130 568 1 519 Murshidabad .... 12 20 80 115 8 6 53 131 58 483 Dinagepore 2 ... 4 5 7 2 20 Maldah 1 3 6 28 23 1 ... 2 ... 1 2 47 114 Rajshahye 5 1 25 204 100 16 4 ... 6 116 189 59 725 Rungpore 3 6 3 1 13 Bogra 11 ... 1 ... 2 12 12 38 Pubna 11 3 1 17 14 9 8 ... 3 6 74 111 257 Darjiling 2 16 79 578 23 11 709 Julpaiguri 1 45 92 68 10 ... 1 217 Dacca 31 11 72 224 66 16 3 3 ... 22 340 189 977 Furridpore 30 4 86 225 8 2 1 37 225 105 723 Backergunge .... 14 11 33 74 48 2 1 ... 2 37 55 138 415 Mymensing 146 28 22 257 69 31 13 7 5 6 57 306 947 Chitfcagong 3.8 4 27 28 29 14 4 107 525 749 Noakholli 6 ... 12 6 4 3 390 162 583 Tipperah 20 22 69 35 27 1 3 2 1 ... 26 48 254 Patna 1 1 139 855 476 354 394 281 59 18 32 3 2,613 Gya 6 1 35 183 167 152 590 281 57 11 8 4 1,495 Shahabad 1 76 175 57 20 16 13 358 Tirhut {Durbha e ngr} - 1 10 173 680 325 4 14 2 - 5 " W-l Sarun . . . ° . 11 3 60 52 76 209 251 63 1 4 . 721 Chumparun 53 248 58 33 27 ... 1 ... 420 Monghyr 2 3 25 111 302 203 88 63 8 49 49 25 928 Bhagulpore 2 29 93 215 84 40 38 36 33 31 601 Purneah 3 2 7 55 341 45 26 1 480 Sonthal 13 42 7 5 1 14 13 9 95 Cuttack 6 3 11 4 21 47 83 18 40 16 25 3 277 Poori 5 2 115 80 11 79 398 120 89 24 85 102 1,110 Balasore 2 2 9 ... 3 7 36 1 .... 3 1 64 Hazaribagh 19 5 102 123 2 251 Lohardugga 3 1 31 22 70 76 3 . ... 206 Singhbhum .... 6 6 2 1 2 ... 9 10 2 1 2 41 Manbhum 3 3 21 78 157 199 35 3 2 3 504 Monthly Totals . 596 387 1809 4075 3513 2815 2365 1399* 450 492 2261*2893 23 055 I '__ Of the total 23,055 deaths, 12,721 were males and 10,334 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, 335. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 234. 146 NATUKE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. 147 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Bengal Province during the Year 1876 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1876. Districts. — — ¦ j ¦ . .Total. 1 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Burdwan 0*44 2 52 T42 167 952 1043 1332 8-07 3'oo 0-24| ... 50"63 Bankura no 0-23 2*58 11*23 20*33 11*70 13 88 910 ... I ... 7015 Beerbhum o*ol 012 I'2G 291 12 03 17 -44 1113 10-65 3"52 ... I ... 59*07 Midnapore 252 1*73 278 1272 16-49 13*34 B'4l 9*47 0161 ... 67"62 Hooghli 2-33 214 3"20 7"97 7*61 942 4*35 3*62 018' ... 40*82 Howrah 1-37 418 0*29 323 B'6o 17 33 1831 7 85 446 0"33j ... 65-95 24-Perguimahs . ... 2 -97 5-06 016 3 -07 9 -58 19 47 2618 9 "91 5 37 0-321 ... 82 "09 Calcutta 2-93 4-36 o*2o 293 9*32 19-39 24*85 10*26 s'Bo 0-19 ... 80*23 Nuddea 010 118 377 7 25 12-43 15-04 14-21 457 6-70 017 ... 6542 Jessore 0-38 2"84 5-26 12-89 10-36 17*96 14-69 636 433 1.84 ... 76"91 Murshidabad T65 305 756 873 12-63 16-16 11-40 I*Bs 63-03 Dinagepore 1-24 6-53 1610 13-14 7-16 1006 12-31 o*ol ... 66-55 Maldah 0-06 262 3"02 14*65 11*60 10*82 10*00 3*65 56-42 Rajshahye 0*29 I*o4 11-52 10*50 19-01 1972 10-56 4*02 76*66 Rungpore o*o2 I*4l 9*59 18-37 7"68 1118 6-00 11-44 65*69 Bogra 217 13-29 1315 17-63 11-53 777 I*Bo 0-98 ... 68*32 Pubna 0-01 2"02 3*99 10-81 13-90 1213 1019 10-31 663 0"48 ... 7047 Darjiling. . . 0-67 ... 0*45 1*64 710 29*59 3970 17*04 12*84 6*91 o*o4 0*65 116*63 Julpaiguri . . 0-06 ... o*o4 2*99 7*34 41 "49 22-89 14 92 16-55 673 113*01 Dacca 0-96 313 3"69 10*07 906 1628 11*24 16-52 2-77 274 ... 76*46 Furridpore o'4o 2*60 2*75 6*06 13*11 16-43 14-17 10*07 3*95 T57 ... 7111 Backergunge . ... 179 4"41 2"32 7"54 11*27 20-92 15 -27 7"13 234 5*36 ... 7835 Mymensing 0-01 0-85 214 21-39 19"34 13*97 13*36 10*56 818 0*37 .. 90*17 Chittagong 1-66 115 o*B7 13-59 17*34 32*54 13-05 912 1-61 5-52 ... 96*45 Noakholli 1-40 4*61 3*33 14*25 26*24 43*94 22*56 30*32 4*23 8*57 ... 15945 Tipperab. 073 215 497 1071 16*82 23*21 2073 11*54 2-55 6*46 ... 99*87 Patna o*o4 0/02 o'o6 0-75 5-08 1473 11-31 5*51 37-50 Gya 011 2-84 17*61 9*47 9-65 6*22 4590 Shahabad . . 0-02 ... o*oB ... 015 172 4"55 676 4*42 4*23 21-93 Tirhut— Mozufferpore 0-09 ... 015 175 2"05 4'Bo 505 14*04" WB5 5*93 5371 Durbbanga . 021 ... 010 2*oo T42 3"08 3*45 6-78 963 3*66 30-33 Sarun 010 0"06 015 o*B2 4*23 13*48 B*l7 8-13 3514 Chumparun . . 037 ... 014 2*23 I*Bl 7*09 303 15*48 11-58 8-17 49"90 Monghyr o*sB 0-43 S?9l 1077 1778 10*63 5*20 54*30 Bhagulpore . . 2*60 I*sB 10*26 874 24*35 6*oB 8-53 6214 Purneah . . . 013 0*73 4"38 16-51 17*53 13"39 7^07 s*ll 64-85 Sonthal 017 1*49 2-46 15*29 13*97 18*46 7"44 3-83 6311 Cuttack 0-05 0-20 334 5*60 980 7*57 9*83 4-89 41*28 Poori 0-02 ... 2*oB 2-45 6*83 730 9*61 6*64 34*93 Balasore o*so 300 4*06 6*32 5*40 20*83 16*29 15-95 1032 o'os ... 8272 Hazaribngh o'o2 ... 0-80 386 16*20 10*90 6*57 5*70 44*05 Lohardugga 0"21 ... o*9o 8*52 23*78 12*96 6*68 7*BB 60*93 Singhbhum 0-51 ... 377 13*04 18*04 15*41 5*59 490 61*26 Manbhum o*sl ... o*BB 10*09 17-57 19 -38 7/31 9*32 65*06 Monthly Totals 1*55 15*66j54*74 7240 235*5750445 692*25 630*78 442*43 250-5135 58 0-65 — ! ! _J ! 2936*57 Quarterly Totals 71-95 812*42 1765*46 286-74 Month. Averages 0-04 0-36 T24 T65 5-35 11-46 1573 14*34 j 10*05 5*70 o*olo*ol ! ! 66*74 Quart. Averages T64 18*46 40*12 6*52 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Bengal Province during the Year 1877 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Registered in the Months of 1877. Districts. Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Burdwan ... 187 122 205 173 110 1 17 23 45 101 108 380 1,472 Bankura ... 19 44 37 12 4 ... 2 1 ... 42 6 ... 167 Beerbhum. . . 105 191 202 52 18 ... 1 10 ... 5 29 80 693 Midnapore . . 215 241 271 192 98 23 7 44 63 114 89 123 1,480 H sSamporl . } 50 82 106 204 34 2 7 6 20 41 51 165 768 Howrah ... 254 203 141 173 64 22 11 40 142 247 234 333 1,864 24-Pergunnahs . 714 248 174 133 20 9 6 16 34 158 294 1,071 2,877 Calcutta ... 381 222 195 147 51 56 43 94 170 218 193 248 2,018 Nuddea ... 622 298 480 1,480 558 41 6 10 23 220 1,242 2,957 7,937 Jessore. . . ." 1,815 492 362 1,449 636 136 61 37 40 107 1,096 2,346 8,577 Murshidabad. . 207 216 172 804 920 128 104 64 51 148 531 458 3,803 Dinagepore . . 77 30 46 296 244 127 17 21 7 8 28 287 1,188 Maldab. ... 456 143 303 1,597 1,313 38 7 2 ... 4 144 394 4,401 Rajshahye . . 95 40 53 832 379 73 1 ... 17 29 344 573 2,436 Rungpore. . . 20 .... 12 38 92 46 8 4 1 30 408 726 1,385 Bogra .... 42 1 20 21 46 21 28 1 13 206 944 274 1,617 Pubna .... 137 35 34 126 185 35 2 3 46 572 1,493 1,160 3,828 Darjiling 1 2 ... 1 4 Julpaiguri 112 11 11 ... 1 7 7 41 Dacca .... 1,124 443 350 1,371 653 132 31 21 68 661 1,528 1,545 7,927 Furridpore . . 664 243 196 866 342 43 6 6 18 225 604 857 4,070 Backergunge. . 12,614 3,760 1,002 1,002 293 94 31 29 29 91 98 134 19,177 Mymensing . . 818 502 206 398 529 377 90 23 64 955 2,397 1,620 7,979 Chittagong . . 4,935 1,966 576 828 285 51 34 20 ... 2 1 ... 8,698 Noakholli. . . 11,578 6,873 2,340 739 144 9 ... 24 ... 8 115 28 21,858 Tipperah ... 847 636 541- 549 278 52 15 14 ... 43 158 245 3,378 Patna .... 5 1 35 296 607 281 317 95 29 20 17 9 1,712 Gya 1 5 139 206 101 106 32 36 69 58 ... 753 Shahabad. . . 1 3 7 113 95 349 132 301 88 13 3 5 1,110 Tirhut— Durbhanga re } 1 58 382 75415871134 848 223 60 5 5,052 Sarun ..° . . 2 1 1 34 120 239 338 351 471 85 9 7 1,658 Chumparun 2 104 603 86415331844 232 36 ... 5,218 Monghyr ... 2 2 34 490 892 442 354 49 52 6 11 7 2,341 Bhagulpore . . 2 19 22 556 832 411 271 206 54 113 118 13 2,617 Purneah ... 3 ... 2 179 668 342 77 61 114 159 234 223 2,062 Sonthal ... 4 28 65 77 71 21 9 12 8 9 22 17 343 Cuttack ... 14 169 731 522 208 46 130 232 701 531 535 494 4,313 Poori .... 34 598 2,461 846 412 280 158 163 67 18 185 573 5,795 Balasore ... 90 316 458 356 193 47 38 61 104 231 268 217 2,379 Hazaribagh 8 ... 17 5 17 5 1 1 20 3 ... 77 Lohardugga .... 4 1 1 20 1 4 1 1 ... 10 9 52 Singbhum. . . 5 3 ... 11 5 2 12 11 2 ... 33 Manbhum. . 4 32 24 5 23 23 6 1 10 17 ... 2 147 Monthly Totals 38,14218,216 11,872 17,187 12,140 5478 4943 4759 5280 5983 13,713 17,592 155,305 Of the total 155,305 deaths, 84,918 were males and 70,378 females. Eatio per 1000 of population, 2*58. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 14 '41. 148 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. 149 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Bengal Province during the Year 1877 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1877. Districts. • 1 ¦ — Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June, July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Burdwan . . 0-42 177 1*54 2-01 512 5-61 9*67 19-41 257 2*20 ... 021 50-53 Bankura . . 079 1-61 I*os I*3l 329 6-88 B*6B 16*05 11-30 3*55 ... 0*32 54-83 Beerbhum . 270 1*97 075 078 2*06 5"59 11-04 18*58 12-23 115 . . 071 57*56 Midnapore . 316 316 1*43 2*82 447 10-21 4"32 10-80 2*99 2*59 ... 3*43 49*38 Hooghli . . 1-30 2-23 210 119 4*99 9"59 10*54 14-36 4*68 3*970*02 I*4o 56-37 Howrah . . 2*52 273 I*o2 4 "20 5*14 4 "32 14*40 17-61 6*67 3-03 020 o*o2 61*86 24-Pergunnahs 277 2"90 0*95 2"86 5*39 4-89 1715 16*40 8-88 1*34 63-53 Calcutta . . 2-90 2*26 0*75 0"88 4-90 433 14*90 16*47 8-98 2*40 ... 219 60*96 Nuddea . . 1*25 2-37 1*34 7-36 3*23 7*94 21*93 19-58 I*9l 2-570*21 0"62 70-31 Jessore . . 0-90 1-93 2*51 4*ll 7"87 7*19 10-85 20*04 779 4-95 68*14 Murshidabad 3-24 1-30 0*44 3'oB 1-92 5*68 13-36 22-52 9-51 1-90 ... 0*54 63*49 Dinagepore . 1*27 031 019 I*3l 13*94 6-86 16-06 716 17-51 210 ... 016 66-87 Maldah . . I*9B 0-46 0*23 074 9-09 4*Bl 15*81 11*34 25-05 3*89 ... 0-48 73*88 Eajsb.ab.ye . 2*44 1*95 024 512 4-53 817 13-68 2671 12*03 271 ... 0*44 78"02 Rungpore. . I*6o 0-21 T2l 3-44 18*82 764 24*29 6*BB "22*66 419 ... o*o9 91*03 Bogra . . . 1*23 o*BB 0*26 217 7-00 9"97 2570 8*66 15*42 310 0-65 086 75*90 Pubna. . . 2*23 1-81 304 3*74 6*09 10*87 17*88 33*18 16-69 277 ... 0-66 9896 Darjiling . . 229 1*33 2"45 7*40 789 14*79 34*81 13*65 18*93 I*so ... 0-60 105*64 Julpaiguri . 0*97 0-24 0"52 4-24 12*36 2004 21*45 5-06 28*56 076 ... 0-13 94*33 Dacca . . . 0*52 2"67 386 616 763 17-31 18-09 1782 10*33 3*57 . 0-11 88-07 Furridpore . 0"34 1*64 5*07 ¦ 587 4-25 15*90 2613 26*49 777 2-90 ... 0*36 9672 Backergunge. I*2o 2"85 4*32 13*66 7-86 14 98 19*00 11*43 11*36 0-900*45 ... 88*01 Mymensing . I*B4 071 I*sB 3*02 10-38 1513 36 *43 1985 20*07 502 0*55 074 115*32 Chittagong . o'oB 4 "03 2*31 217 610 17*60 27*35 41*35 21*89 1*89 0"21 ... 124*98 Noakholli. . I*os 3*36 2 16 5-25 4 74 28*36 37 76 19*31 18*79 1*49 0-20 ... 122*47 Tipperab . . 11l I*B6 6-22 973 763 15 01 24 -00 20-69 14*24 2-530-68 103-70 Patna . . . 1*43 1*27 o*2B 013 5*45 0*65 819 578 211 5*83 ... 072 31*84 Gaya . . . I*oB 2*lB 0*47 0"45 1112 0*54 7*21 9"30 9*34 1*92 ... 0*67 44*28 Shahabad. . 2*53 2*57 049 o*B7 370 1*59 B*3B 4*06 1*35 2"83 0"32 28*69 Tirhut— Mozufferpore 1*92 0*99 012 o*2B I*6o I*9B 9*33 3*ol 2*89 5*26 ... 0*95 28-33 Durbhanga. 1*96 1*39 0"02 0"92 2-04 3*15 18*25 9*61 7*85 B*ls ... 0"96 54*30 Sarun . . . 2*oo 1*57 0*37 o*4B 1-58 2*89 9"48 3*47 2*23 2*62 ... 0-83 27*52 Chumparun . 374 o*Bo o*o7 173 1-05 1*57 13*07 323 0"62 1*43 ... 0*42 2773 Monghyr . . I*o6 1*25 012 o*3B 7*12 075 12-56 4"67 7*91 3*64 ... 0*33 3979 Bbagulpore . 1*65 0*93 0*24 0*33 9*42 o*sB 17*14 7*39 B*7l 4*66 ... 0*39 51*44 Purneah . . o*9B 073 019 258 7*95 2"53 1778 6"35 15*27 0"97 ... 0"23 55*56 Sonthal . . 3-14 I*4l 010 2*89 316 8"29 12*35 14*08 1277 4*94 ... I*Bs 64*98 Cuttack . . 0-61 1*23 0-85 3"85 5*69 5*91 9*22 4"47 6*25 305 ... . 4113 Poori . . . 0-04 313 o*6B I*9l 3*44 4*91 6*46 3*15 670 4-510*22 ... 3515 Balasore . . 1*46 I*Bs o*B4 2"40 503 11*65 21*73 13*61 5*51 3*32 67-40 Hazaribagh . 1*96 2*71 0*75 112 224 7*25 1015 12*55 495 076 0-01 I*o9 45*54 Lobardugga . 3*32 3*49 1-65 2*58 3*lo 6*95 6-13 25 21 462 0-33;0'93 0"97 59*28 Singbhum . 3*oo 2-95 3*61 1*96 3*32 1360 13-08 19*51 5*04 1*29j011 029 6776 Manbhum . I*o4 272 1*55 1*57 671 10-09 9*85 19*32 7*36 116 ... 0"34 61*71 Month. Totals 75*02 81*71 59 *94 131 05 260-41 364*55 705*64 63017 450*29 125-64 4*44 24*43 1 2913*29 Quar. Totals. 216 67 756 01 1786-10 154-51 Mon. Averages I*7l I*B6 1*36 2*98 5*91 8*29 16*04 14*32 10*23 2-850*10 0-56 . 66 .2 i Quar.Averages 4*93 1718 4059 351 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Bengal Province during the Year 1878 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1878. Districts. ; j Total. Jan.] Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Burdwan 496 391 883 502 79 36 59 01 54 44 29 89 2,723 Bankura 11 67 106 78 3 16 14 2 41 338 Beerbhum .... 81 80 190 66 9 3 ... 6 6 7 448 Midnapore .... 121 289 880 604 306 77 144 139 63 88 131 269 3111 HooghliandSerampore 109 53 141 266 57 12 30 56 58 28 68 57 935 Howrah 175 189 413 367 175 63 46 56 74 58 51 211 1,878 24-Pergunnahs . . . 955 624 960 798 143 18 24 17 22 23 114 483 4,181 Calcutta 153 168 418 473 183 28 54 171 109 85 161 361 2,364 Nuddea 1026 622 1,410 1,410 420 53 5 2 9 7 67 377 5,408 Jessore 1697 526 1,104 1,261 678 82 72 52 27 9 59 516 6,083 Murshidabad ... 258 118 171 301 137 8 5 2 19 10 34 85 1 148 Diuagepore .... 222 163 255 155 79 14 ... 2 3 3 52 189 1,137 Maldah 25 49 157 126 37 8 1 2 ... 1 43 71 520 Eajshahye .... 146 51 64 303 57 ... 6 1 1 1 9 34 673 Rungpore .... 427 160 211 492 332 96 7 13 20 40 4911259 3,548 Bogra 68 32 35 138 77 2 4 4 129 241 730 Pubna 132 17 69 381 90 10 13 2 5 141 238 1,089 Darjiling 1 52 87 73 36 9 ... 2 6 266 Julpaiguri 4 22 114 255 401 74 24 16 ... 27 11 948 Dacca 783 212 188 510 301 94 44 30 51 78 257 861 3,409 Furridpore .... 464 165 504 705 '295 53 25 27 13 38 47 123 2,459 Backergunge ... 160 107 467 660 693 254 48 20 19 13 29 140 2610 Mymensing .... 563 180 131 238 257 88 23 17 36 148 500 447 2,628 Chittagong .... 55 6 1 22 20 13 39 28 2 ... 2 143 Noakholli .... 14 1 22 33 30 4 1 2 29 134 270 Tipperah 190 233 345 309 67 23 1 1 3 3 35 282 1 492 Patna 4 3 32 110 204 262 129 466 129 35 2 1 1,377 Gya 10 161 134 95 45 82 291 289 71 28 18 1,224 Shahabad .... 17 1 8 36 86 299 365 554 279 146 59 58 1,908 Tirliut{^£P° re J- 38 479 807 458 369 51 28 15 2,245 Sarun. ... ° .... 1 1 13 35 27 43 329 298 56 17 23 843 Chumparun .... 19 ... ... 2 ... 25 3 15 93 46 ... 203 Monghyr 2 2 136 883 551 300 84 92 78 192 88 32 2,440 Bhagulpore 2 1,443 3,769 1,055 187 74 140 137 27 10 31 6,875 Purneah 14 ... 598 3,968 1,299 162 22 34 15 9 143 340 6,604 Sonthal 93 35 189 393 316 188 279 156 64 11 25 57 1,806 Cuttack 187 120 264 321 623 510 899 739 385 549 820 663 6,080 Poori 161 36 225 319 1,783 2185 1535 456 88 36 566 179 7,569 Balasore 70 40 108 112 70 19 304 104 43 58 283 636 1,847 Hazaribagh 8 46 41 202 606 900 581 54 6 ... 2 444 Lohardugga 3 6 55 57 50 29 90 71 11 25 7 404 Singbhum .... 2 1 22 38 47 ... 4 1 1 ... 116 Manbhum .... 1 19 68 131 117 55 123 84 12 98 41 668 Monthly Totals . 8840 4724 12, 420:21,128 12,095 6511 5722 5293 3237 20154587 8620 95,192 Of the total 95,192 deaths, 52,118 were males and 43,074 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, 1/58. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, B '9l. ISO NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. I 5 I The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Bengal Province during the Year 1878 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of IS7B. Districts. 1 1 ¦ 1 Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. .April. May. June. jJuly. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Burdwan . . 010 019 I*os 4*57 12-35 2*75 10-54 14 98 10 33 3*Bl 133 0*22 62*22 Bankura . . o*B9 1-01 3*32 2"59 523 B*2o 6*32 15-57 8*57 1*45 I*3B 0-30 54*83 Beerbhum . 028 0*66 0*42 I*B7 9*23 9*36 11-34 14*68 13-09 1-00 1-31 017 63-41 Midnapore . ... 0*32 187 134 3-00 3*02 6*47 1818 9*93 203 1"22 0-57 47"95 Hooghli . . 0-09 0-47 0-65 3*84 15 53 9*65 14*92 17*88 1812 675 I*o3 0"37 89*30 Howrah . . 1-67 012 061 3-51 12*50 4 *90 9 -96 12-38 11*07 325 1-89 0-47 62 "33 24-Pergunnahs 278 077 0-82 3"03 1409 4"40 10*92 11*58 12-93 228 1*23 0-51 65*34 Calcutta 0*23 074 4*ll 1471 5*07 10*09 12*34 1014 3"59 116 0*49 6267 Nuddea 1-39 0*64 6*72 384 6*60 977 20"82 919 3*49 3-08 0"38 65*92 Jessore . . 0*57 076 1*47 11*36 9 -23 516 1115 15 "33 11-22 3-50 113 0*44 71*32 Murshidabad 0*29 0*44 0-28 1*42 5 *23 12*02 12 "87 13 07 19*00 I*3B 2*71 o*2l 68*92 Dinagepore . 0*59 068 I*6B 1*27 715 16-00 24 27 1719 7*BB 2 *02 I*o3 o*os 79*81 Maldah . . 142 0*56 080 119 4 56 9*31 13 62 12 59 7*98 177 2*63 ... 56*43 Kajshahye . 0-02 0-46 o*ol 212 7"63 B'B4 17*92 16*53 1519 2*57 1*73 ... 73*02 Rungpore . ... 0*54 o*4o 5-02 9*42 22*45 46-23 15*13 19*61 1*32 1*53 ... 121*65 Bogra . . . 016 I*sB 0*74 1*49 B*6l 10*00 20*20 23*34 1075 2 *33 2*83 ... 82*03 Pubna . . . o*o7 118 0*66 3*44 675 13*28 14*06 18-10 15*35 1*52 1*65 o*os 7611 Darjiling . . 067 0*62 086 5*39 770 18*11 33-99 23*60 23*19 2*05 11618 Julpaiguri . o*l3 o*2l o*9o 4*95 12*37 2816 42*40 21-63 31*38 o*B2 142*95 Dacca . . . 0*73 0"55 o*3o 6*47 8*36 6-58 1916 15*92 15*31 5*85 2*31 o*so 82*04 Furridpore . ... 1*34 2*41 7*96 8*49 415 15*64 10*69 8*49 5*09 2*69 032 67*27 Bakergunge . 063 018 o*2l 349 7*26 9"66 16*96 14*73 B*ls 10*60 174 006 73*67 Mymensing . ... 276 I*B2 5*84 11*45 1013 18-46 15*80 29*38 571 2*68 o*o2 104*05 Chittagong . 0*26 037 216 2*41 5*22 20*04 21*42 22*52 1619 7*56 4*49 ... 102*64 Noakholli. . I*l9 073 2*25 2*48 375 21*07 21*25 2295 18*60 B*oo 3*53 017 105-97 Tipperali . . 0-90 I*2o 2*48 5*17 10*67 17 00 11*76 16*80 13*43 576 2*41 o*ls 87*73 Patna . . . I*ll 013 o*o7 0"50 2*92 205 1374 15*46 3*87 ... o*Bo ... 40-65 Gya. . . . o*Bs 0*23 o*4l 0*65 2*41 685 9*28 10*82 9*30 0*22 3*34 ... 44*36 Shahabad. . I*9B 0"50 2"80 4*59 B'9B 12*87 5"63 011 075 ... 38*21 Tirhut— Mozufferpore 1*44 012 ... o*B9 5*43 470 10*77 5"49 5*35 0*92 o*3o ... 35*41 Durbhanga. 0*93 011 ... o*4l 4*33 7*ll 7*63 10 08 3*41 I*2B 010 ... 3539 Sarun . . . 1*22 o*lo ... o*3o 2*52 1*46 760 9*34 5*56 0*69 0*39 ... 29*18 Chumparun . 078 0-25 0-08 1-62 3-16 I*Bl 13*89 13*01 5*32 o*3l 40*23 Monghyr . . 063 0"25 o*os 0*43 3*94 3*22 1470 15*91 6*39 115 112 ... 47*79 Bhagulpore . I*4l 0-68 o*l7 1*55 4*48 6"58 14-20 11*22 5*68 o*o7 3*53 ... 49*57 Purneah . . 009 o*sB 0*46 2*36 4*24 1275 15*25 11*59 16*10 o*o6 o*B9 ... 64*37 Sonthal . 0*37 o*l2 o*l3 I*6B 337 3*99 1473 1771 13*15 2*41 I*9o o*o2 59"58 Cuttack . . 012 014 o*9B 074 5*72 B*B7 11*80 11*64 6"40 492 283 o*4l 54*57 Poori 0-12 0-06 1*99 1*56 7*44 8*93 13*56 14*08 5-98 0-94 54-66 Belasore . . 0-50 027 1*33 4*91 7*61 1*77 1019 1470 7*90 8*59 3-07 105 61-89 Hazaribagh . o*2o 0*35 111 I*o3 3*44 2*42 11*95 13*50 7*15 0*94 1-02 0*25 43*36 Lohardugga . 0*22 o*6l 221 312 493 2*95 9*54 11-65 10-50 019 I*o3 o*Bs 4780 Singbhum . T3B o*sB I*4l 2*12 595 371 13*60 11*85 6*66 0*96 I*2l 1*32 5075 Manbhum . 014 1*57 3*06 2*90 7*44 546 10*29 13*20 13*93 I*B4 0*76 0*52 61*11 Mon. Totals . 26 *81 25*41 41 14 128*82 301*01 36776 657*27 653*30 520*33 134*24 77*74 10*81 2944*64 Quar. Totals. 93*36 797*59 1830*90 222*79 Mon. Averages o*6l o*sB 0*93 2*93 6*84 8*36 14*94 14*85 11 "82 3*05 1*77 0*24 J __ 66*92 Quar. Averages 212 18*13 41*61 5*06 NATUEE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OP CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Bengal Province during the Year 1879 s shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1879. Districts. ; Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Burdwan .... 82 61 114 83 158 392 197 89 33 49 28 111 1,397 Bankura .... 441 5 49 430 247 59 5 2 9 26 841 Beerblmm. ... 6 1 13 11 3 2 22 72 59 46 11 153 399 Midnapore ... 89 67 173 147 238 1,347 1,483 234 26 14 20 76 3,914 H °amJL an(l SCT " } 107 31 57 29 77 54 33 5 8 713 38 459 Howrah ! ! .' . 126 73 118 82 226 201 75 12 11 7 14 19 964 24-Pergunnahs . . 390 310 238 143 445 435 90 13 4 3 13 95 2,179 Calcutta .... 150 135 257 186 383 379 111 21 41 11 75 121 1,870 Nuddea .... 734 380 642 740 370 221 213 26 7 6 13 50 3,402 Jessore 485 247 680 1,455 1,301 698 178 14 30 15 238 934 6,275 Murshidabad . . . 20 75 295 163 127 102 5 2 7 5 5 52 858 Dinagepore ... 118 60 176 337 394 320 387 129 142 34 154 55 2,306 Maldah 95 84 305 457 168 182 31 1 ... 81 233 160 1,797 Rajshahye. ... 29 13 25 324 452 61 9 6 10 9 20 100 1,058 Rungpore .... 829 382 497 655 469 158 46 8 55 60 20 10 3,189 Bogra 74 1 ... 48 228 67 53 .... 68 145 277 100- 1,061 Pubna 77 3 67 400 152 21 2 1 ... 4 116 168 1,011 Darjiling .... 5 14 1 20 Julpaiguri. ... 14 19 62 27 144 1 11 278 Dacca 565 181 369 413 183 54 49 96 171 219 4401321 4,061 Furridpore ... 97 123 657 1,058 278 147 47 16 39 98 6551242 4,457 Backergunge ... 94 68 751 1,139 1,009 261 88 17 10 7 56 793 4.293 Mymensing ... 343 360 263 375 343 174 53 19 27 26 129 392 2,504 Chittagong ... 1 ... 15 104 105 34 83 319 144 63 6301335 2,833 Noakholli .... 106 25 29 51 15 7 3 9 16 30 291 Tipperah .... 458 245 448 340 361 101 10 4 1 4 18 206 2,196 Patna 77 344 616 1,254 1,716 839 121 28 36 4 5,035 Gya 1 1 3 94 1,376 3,997 2,997 1,294 307 21 10 6 10,107 Shahabad .... 37 57 71 292 4,17 962 296 392 38 75 26 ... 2,663 Tirhut— Mozufferpore ... ... . Durbhanga . . 1 4 ... 57 941 5,994 4,581 3,392 973 415 89 21 16,468 Sarun 12 9 108 1,035 1,129 650 140 99 20 7 3,200 Chumparun 1 ... 13 380 1,134 2,098 705 158 14 ... 4,503 Monghyr .... 1 3 7 164 1,954 2,446 1,444 758 182 38 1 1 6999 Bhagulpore ... 11 3 3 63 290 588 1,776 1,352 412 189 96 33 4,816 Purneah .... 157 180 354 534 698 176 223 168 141 69 338 124 3,162 Sonthal .... 33 9 20 62 107 261 805 598 175 20 5 1 2096 Cuttack .... 271 309 614 372 307 1,187 914 113 37 7 23 15 4,169 Poori 69 328 409 48 59 434 348 62 8 . . 11 766 Balasore .... 407 140 310 481 653 2,486 1,312 157 59 75 101 64 6*245 Hazaribagh 3 4 52 205 449 417 87 25 1 ... 1243 Lohardugga ... 6 10 6 26 169 841 1,678 2,142 594 91 3 ... 5566 Singbhum 7 6 744 619 83 11 2 2 2 1,476 Manbhum. ... 2 13 40 5 395 1,308 855 267 51 2,936 Monthly Totals . . J6089 4006 8177 11,348 15,839 30,147 25,802 15,945 4939 2237 3968 7866 136,363 i I __! Of the total 136,363 deaths, 76,100 were males and 60,263 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, 2*27. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 14-34. 152 NATCTEE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. 153 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Bengal Province during the Year 1879 is shoion in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1879. Districts. — — Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Burdwan 016 ... 0*43 0*56 661 8*24 838 11 "32 421 ... 015 40-06 Bankura 0-92 014 043 244 6*50 11-50 9"43 11-96 457 47-89 Beerbhum 1-08 ... 015 303 9"45 10-35 9-49 14-46 089 ... 013 49*03 Midnapore 2 -63 ... 0"24 3 99 3 -23 11 '29 6 34 9 -35 1-68 ... 0-21 38-96 Hooghli 0-36 0"45 ... 404 690 9"39 10-58 7*40 212 ... 019 41-43 Howrah 1*35 165 6-46 11-03 1015 917 2"84 ... 070 43-35 24-Pergunnahs . ... 0"28 3*07 7*52 12 21 12-54 6"22 2*41 ... 0-42 44-67 Calcutta 0-21 322 7-01 11-52 12-43 7"00 171 ... 0-41 4351 Nuddea 1-56 007 0-02 267 11 -05 9*06 11-55 12 09 6*48 ... 018 54-63 Jessore 0-32 017 I*o7 3*84 12*41 1511 8*62 10-63 410 ... 0-27 56"54 Murshidabad . ... TB4 5*41 1076 13*87 10-45 13-40 6*47 ... 0-19 62-39 Dinagepore . . 0-05 0*42 ... 270 3*84 15-66 18*47 18-25 2319 4*31 86-89 Maldah . . . 0*32 I*o6 ... o*l2 2"69 18-66 16"25 19*34 11*84 I*3o 71-58 Eajshahye 1*43 ... 0"92 1*52 19-51 2227 10-95 16-90 1320 ... o*lB 86-88 Rungpore 071 ... 0"38 9"42 26-92 25*74 18-25 21*41 6*15 108-98 Bogra 071 6*24 19-65 19-36 10*78 10*34 471 7179 Pubna 1-37 ... 1*34 1-93 11-42 806 10-78 13-26 6*36 ... 0-17 54*69 Darjiling 0-47 ... I*sl 13*36 27*67 5353 40-68 19*84 3"63 ... 0*23 160-92 Julpaiguri 0 -39 ... 0-64 24 *46 31*49 32-88 26-08 17*57 1*93 ... 004 135*48 Dacca 075 o*o6 o*sl 4*42 14*37 20-51 1371 13-28 6"29 ... o*9o 74-80 Furridpore 1-31 ... I*9o 5 "58 19*03 14*52 9 *37 7 33 5*39 ... 017 64 60 Backergunge 2*87 1376 1419 12-53 9"90 203 ... 0*35 55-63 Mymensing o*B3 ... 2-20 5*34 2239 18-99 13-04 8"32 9*42 ... 0"24 8077 Chittagong . . 0-36 ... o*ll o*o7 4*28 36*58 25*98 12*84 7*37 671 ... I*ol 95*31 Noakholli 0-36 ... 5 "44 31*48 23*85 32-93 12*89 8 -25 ... o'6B 115-88 Tipperah 013 ... 1-46 564 15-94 26*26 13-61 10*25 616 ... 0"85 8030 Patna 1-37 o*o2. 5*23 978 12-87 8"93 6*53 4473 Gya 0-35 o*l6 * 6*67 12*54 13*05 8*53 3*21 44*51 Shahabad 1*33 6*58 8*49 9*82 1575 4*yO 46-87 Tirhut— Mozufferpore ) ... I*o3 0*56 14*57 17*30 5*30 13*74 7*Bo o*o9 ... 6039 Durbhanga / ... 1*33 1-94 9"97 18-52 13-53 11-87 s'Bl 62"97 Sarun 078 374 11 -35 13*62 13-51 6*60 49-60 Chumparun 0*29 I*9B B*4o 1879 8"28 6"34 11-62 ... 0"27 5597 Monghyr I*2B 0-01 ... 0"38 14*26 19*21 12-65 15*34 1*69 64*82 Bhagulpore 1*27 o*oB ... 0-36 474 21*05 12-03 B'2o 3 -32 51-05 Purneah 094 2"82 4"57 25*52 28"53 61*62 7*39 131-39 Sonthal 099 0*64 777 14*55 15*96 1369 779 ... o*ol 61*40 Cuttack 0-07 115 ... 8"52 3"57 12-23 1896 9-44 4"89 0-25 1*54 60-62 Poori 1-38 ... 2-98 4-35 1304 12 73 1211 4-56 0-85 1-57 53-57 Balasore 0-33 0-03 ... T55 4*95 10*50 8-26 17*09 610 ... 0-81 49*62 Hazaribagh o*6o 1*47 7*42 13*09 12*17 7*07 2*53 44-35 Lohardugga 174 1*95 5*40 10-28 1512 1092 3-35 4876 Singbbum 116 o*3B 6"42 13*52 15*24 7"66 3*lB ... 011 4767 Manbbum 0-96 0-01 ... 0"98 566 9*68 -B*Bl 5"33 312 ... o'o3 34-58 Monthly Totals. 0-73 3611 4"02 16*09157*64 536*70 723-87 60993 563*83 21771 1*1912-01 1 ¦ 2879-83 Quar. Totals . 40-86 710-43 1897 63 230 91 Month. Averages o*o2 o*B2 o*o9 0*37 3*58 12-20 16-45 13-86 12-81 4*95 !0! 0 03 027 i . 6g . 45 Quar. Averages . 0"93 1615 4312 5 25 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Bengal Province daring the Year 1880 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths ItEGrsTERED in the Months ov 1880. Districts. — Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Burdwan 44 43 79 137 89 9 3 1 11 ... 1 6 423 Bankura 83 185 133 16 37 ... 5 8 1 ... 1 9 478 Beerbhum .... 243 645 543 106 8 2 1,547 Midnapore .... 121 227 244 220 265 53 39 103 55 71 155 423 1,976 Hoogli and Serampore 41 41 135 229 111 10 3 5 7 8 38 126 754 Howrah 39 43 71 78 42 17 6 18 25 48 139 510 1,036 24-Pergtmnahs ... 216 200 187 128 78 6 6 5 12 5 37 280 1,160 Calcutta 105 164 80 120 69 21 12 18 31 61 123 193 997 JSTuddea 53 70 153 139 114 7 2 4 5 1 19 277 844 Jessore 871 353 348 389 245 29 18 11 18 7 18 75 2,382 Murshidabad. ... 146 387 447 234 46 4 4 ... 1 1 1,270 Dinagepore .... 58 60 24 104 77 5 1 3 8 14 3 31 388 Maldah 20 15 4 98 199 4 4 1 27 99 391 Rajshahye .... 21 36 15 20 59 4 4 1 ... 1 161 Rungpore 1 8 27 10 2 1 49 Bogra 69 63 7 11 ... 150 Pubna 10 5 1 2 11 ... 49 243 312 Darjiling Julpaiguri 1 2 2 1 13 1 ... 11 Dacca ...... 535 179 72 109 66 7 525 11 30 318 1,339 Furridpore .... 519 132 79 78 29 13 7 3 1 5 7 51 924 Backergunge. ... 230 35 143 166 27 5 7461 35 306 965 Mymensing .... 197 188 72 53 32 10 837 11 21 57 659 Chittagong .... 288 197 106 100 184 79 186 72 14 1,226 Noakholli 35 1 18 6 2 1 4 1 7 75 Tipperah 292 172 64 52 4 2 1 4 ... 1 7 28 627 Patna 12 3 31 44 75 44 23 38 9 6 12 288 Gya 1 2 23 114 53 45 24 5 10 13 2 1 293 Shahabad 1 17 92 325 194 291 28 1 2 ... 951 Tirhutj^^P^^ J 2 ... 24 616 1286 862 264 37 3 ... 10 21 3,125 Sarun . . . .°. .' ... 1 11 163 569 340 12 4 ... 26 11 ... 1,137 Chumparun 103 1727 1972 829 79 58 5 4,773 Monghyr 2 2 24 31 30 39 29 26 ... 1 7 191 Bhagulpore .... 11 6 29 27 57 17 61 2 44 5 196 Purneah 23 7 10 153 46 ... 6 1 ...1 27 79 32 384 Sonthal 9 4 27 36 16 7 2 2 5 10 118 Cuttack 19 148 397 173 136 101 128 282 174 103 427 692 2,780 Poori 8 199 330 156 28 15 131 62 224 336 382 501 2,372 Balasore 120 319 566 336 161 68 99 48 38 31 56 263 2,105 Hazaribagh .... 1 4 57 53 61 2 9 1 1 118 . ... 307 Lohardugga .... 2 4 15 146 123 10 300 Singhbhum .... 1 18 48 17 12 1 4 11 10 3 1 2 128 Manbhum 1 3 30 3 6 5 1 ... .1 1 51 Monthly Totals . . .144264159 4661 6278 6260 3195 1502 1137 769 918 1749 4589 39,643 I i i _l Of the total 39,643 deaths, 21,901 were males and 17,742 females. Batio per 1000 of population, 066. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 430. 154 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. 155 The Monthly Raivfall Registered in Inches and Gents, at one Station in each District of the Bengal Province during the year 1880 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of ISSO. Districts. ¦ : Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Burdwan . . 0-01 2 61 1-30 1*23 515 1076 11 '82 14-30 615 7*59 006 0-02 61-00 Bankura . . 0*22 4-18 075 0-60 s*oB 22*99 11-81 19-82 7-16 3*86 016 010 7673 Beerbhum. . 0-31 3*98 0*37 019 I*BB 14-35 1007 11-57 7*24 6*95 o*o3 o*o2 56"96 Midnapore . 0-08 2-50 047 117 6-63 10-86 8*36 17-25 8"04 390 0-05 0-02 5933 Hooghli . . 0-24 3*37 0-67 0*49 6-86 9*58 10 39 1111 8-02 414 54*87 Howrah . . o*o7 2*43 0*52 I*9l 5*04 1394 15-44 11-60 1170 412 0-02 0-05 6684 24-Pergunnahs 011 2 'Bl 0-56 2"59 5-13 1474 14*21 13-84 13*59 5-73 ... 0*25 73*56 Calcutta . . 0-05 2-91 0*54 1-91 4*87 14*07 13*69 13*26 12*96 5*03 o*o2 o*ls 69-46 Nuddea . . 0-14 3*34 I*6B I*9o 10*82 7*Bl B*Bo 14*17 9*99 1087 69*52 Jessore. . . 072 2*40 I*B6 2*55 8*33 20-55 1574 10*28 6*40 615 o'o6 ... 75 *04 Murshidabad. o*6B 5*43 o*B7 2*ol 5*55 5*84 1190 17*87 10*91 9-42 70-48 Dinagepore . o*B3 1*94 1*29 1-29 4-61 31*95 18-98 9 69 3 -07 2 *54 ... 0*47 76*66 Maldah. . . o*lB 3*12 2-39 0*25 3"23 13-48 13-41 10*94 7"39 5*14 ... 027 59*80 Rajsbahye . 0*34 4*22 o*9o 1*66 6*42 14*46 11*62 1315 10*03 5*92 6872 Eungpore . . 1*46 1-66 I*o7 2*04 12*09 25*20 1116 11*32 8*74 432 ... 0*64 7970 Bogra . . . 0-74 395 I*ol 2-21 978 19-15 12-66 16-17 4*67 718 ... 0*22 7774 Pubna . . . 0*39 7*Bo 176 I*6o 5*31 2053 10-53 16*19 9*97 711 8119 Darjiling . . 1*36 I*6B 7-56 2-60 11-80 2763 3470 2070 9*Bo 1015 0*400*45 128"83 Julpaiguri. . o*so 1*95 321 7 87 14*66 41*40 18*50 33 *52 608 899 ... o*B2 137 "50 Dacca . . . 0*29 61112-45 4*37 15*25 19*85 14*27 16*22 1303 10*45 0-20 015 112-64 Furridpore . 039 602 673 2*30 8"20 15*53 678 1419 1652 4*34 0*05013 8118 Backergunge. 0-65 113 2*95 I*9l 779 19-46 9*69 17*08 1729 5-47 0300*44 8416 Mymensing . 0*95 4*04 3*07 2*86 7*61 23 -03 16-11 19-25 16 04 816 018 0-86 10216 Chittagong . 0*27 ... 075 2*oo 15*97 2715 22*66 26*14 1714 4*33 o*l9 ... 11660 Noakholli. . 0*93 0*22 2*51 2*27 14*67 3325 18-67 2672 21*14 5*06 016 0*25 125*85 Tipperah . . o*3B 279 7*57 0*99 14*08 25"67 1059 18 42 14*23 4"57 0*60015 100*04 Patna . . . o*o9 2*39 216 711 2339 18*05 2-45 3*63 0*31012 5970 Gya. . . . 0-01 212 ... 009 1*66 379 17-26 13*32 5*65 1*96 o*llo*ol 45"98 Shahabad . . 0*24 2*37 ... o*os 0*59 4*35 20-05 14*87 2"83 4*63 040 0-02 50"40 Tirhut— Mozufferpore ... 273 293 3*55 16*30 20*28 I*B4 0"84 0*25 ... 4872 Durbhanga . 0*36 217 3-06 6"98 17*39 11-80 3-90 1-65 029 ... 4760 Sarun . . . 0*29 2*40 I*Bs 8*34 2471 9*93 1*44 610 o*sB 018 55*82 Chumparun . o*6o 2*35 017 ... 2*25 2*94 1018 15*31 092 0*47 0*22 ... 35*41 Monghyr . . 015 2*75 0*29 ... 1*57 377 15-47 13*68 4*51 3"49 0-08 0-08 45-84 Bhagulpore . 0*25 278 o*BB 1-50 1-66 5 -20 7*84 8 '99 378 3*31 002 019 36*40 Purneab. . . o*4B 1*96 o*l6 010 3*92 18*37 14*26 1378 4*67 4*28 ... 1-66 63"64 Sonthal . . o*3B 3*53 ... 116 3*26 15*82 11*63 13-28 B*4l 9*66 009 o*o2 6724 Cuttack . . 0-04 2-08 ... 1-32- 6*68 8-01 10-93 2118 10-29 5*17 1*36 ... 67*06 Poori . . . 011 0*32 3*54 23*89 517 16*38 15*14 10*63 2*36 o*o4 77*58 Balasore . . o*o7 2*94 0*67 223 7*Bo 11*92 9*28 16*07 11*63 5*38 6-24 010 74*33 Hazaribagh . 015 1*39 005 o*l3 4*77 9*20 11*46 13-43 7 *46 4*53 0*46 0 "04 53*07 Lohardugga . 012 319 ... 011 3*34 6*40 1017 1514 805 6*44 0-430-04 53*43 Singbhum 2*35 o*sB 0*26 10*72 8*64 8*57 2114 12*35 2*54 0*29 0*26 6770 Manbhum. . o*4o 4*25 115 o*Bo 7 - 04 11 -42 659 15*80 11*18 2*65 014 0-01 61-43 Month. Totals 16*03 126*6.6 68*76 60-52 285*61 662*93 603*21 697*20 393*80 238*85 1611 8*23 r- 3177-91 Quar. Totals . 211-45 1009-06 1694-21 263*19 Month. Aver. 0"37 2*BB 1*56 1*37 6*49 15*07 13*71 15*84 8-95 5-43 036J019 ! 72*22 Quar. Aver. . 4*Bl 2293 38*50 5*98 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Bengal Province during the Year 1881 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Eegistered in the Months of 1881. Districts. — — Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Burdwan 45 160 282 743 107 28 14 58 28 77 110 326 1}9781 } 978 Bankura 10 11 27 25 10 2 67 168 134 39 141 154 788 Beerbhum 18 35 154 191 45 8 11 32 8 9 25 101 637 Midnapore 270 270 285 389 279 81 224 211 177 123 253 437 2,999 Hooghli and Serampore 112 155 86 214 69 9 21 71 72 130 284 193 1,416 Howrah 417 178 130 145 93 20 29 38 65 105 180 283 1,683 C 4 akutta nnahS ' ' } 440 295 821 762 26 ° 58 56 " 120 140 6491274 4>974 4 > 974 Nuddea '.'.'.'.'.. 550 184 1385 2,425 1,276 31 12 29 16 4 17 220 6,149 Jessore 94 96 804 1,590 576 46 38 16 22 678 59 928 4,947 Murshidabad .... 24 80 141 593 77 4 7 63 92 253 153 635 2,122 Dinagepore 32 30 37 176 240 65 5 14 31 630 Maldah 12 3 33 358 110 3 9 1 ... 1 530 Rajshahye 70 58 206 2,116 543 12 1 1 ... 32 126 165 3,330 Rungpore 3 7 3 511 867 540 67 12 49 102 118 328 2,607 Bogra 7 ... 2 113 97 11 2 10 8 ... 30 19 299 Pubna 65 44 311 1,443 280 1 ... 1 ... 1 56 173 2,375 Darjiling 1 9 7 17 Julpaiguri 12 24 7 6 6 46 Dacca 361 224 349 1,004 318 19 12 7 6 8 30 875 3,213 Furridpore 55 24 106 1,143 1 569 23 2 3 3 11 34 207 2,180 Backergunge .... 153 36 55 299 363 57 30 19 7 7 70 510 1,606 Mymensing 51 35 33 249 135 85 10 52 9 19 28 133 839 Chittagong 1 2 4 ' ... . 5 12 Noakholli 7 7 9 53 10 1 1 82 34 19 53 42 318 Tipperah 92 66 152 158 37 8 14 8 ... 4 14 194 747 Patna 20 164 554 482 308 137 31 1 6 5 1,708 Gya 2 ... 26 267 578 360 385 352 123 65 105 18 2,281 Shahabad 3 26 226 944 913 436 201 16 45 2,810 m- I. ll+ j Mozufferpore ... limut tDubhanga . . 112 82 482 1068 1850 1862 281 41 5,670 Sarun 59 67 272 726 481 139 59 30 2 1,835 Chumparun 9 119 342 4912010 510 74 15 ... 3,570 Monghyr 36 181 281 93 219 278 17 46 38 30 1,219 Bbagulpore 13 186 164 140 48 70 67 19 46 27 780 Purneah 5 96 519 258 9 ... 2 ... 2 78 8 977 Sonthal 9 4 10 47 103 56 29 2 14 10 45 ... 329 Cuttack 542 265 601 734 422 250 530 416 183 290 495 273 5,001 Poori 232 152 245 411 150 34 396 167 93 122 57 103 2.162 Balasore 319 181 488 655 269 171 596 155 54 170 297 445 3,800 Hazaribagli 2 38 52 12 ... 12 1 15 2 6 ... 140 Lohardugga 3 ... 3 15 ... 5 2 28 Singbhum 2 3 84 45 3 1 6 16 13 173 Manbhum 18 56 46 3 83 25 3 1 12 8 255 Monthly totals . . 3999 2616 7119 18,434 10,833 5324 6753 7155 2409 2711 3674 8153 79,180 Of the total 79,180 deaths, 43,153 were males and 36,027 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, T32. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 6"31. 156 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. I 5 7 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Bengal Province during the Year 1881 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1881. Districts. — Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Burdwan o*ol 215 205 7 91 9*05 12 -50 21 16 10-69 3*61 6913 Bankura 0*27 1*59 077 I'3l 18 03 23-07 17 "88 8-07 2*28 73*27 Bserbhum 078 o*BB 3*44 8*44 1691 15-44 5*36 5-11 56-36 Midnapore . . 013 ... 4*95 0*95 477 19-24 20*64 1218 2*93 415 ... 0*23 7017 Hooghli 0-04 4-30 1-60 4-67 12-65 1517 16-67 5*86 3*63 ... 016 6475 Howrah 3*23 2*07 7*99 15-12 13 39 17 23 5*38 2*44 ... 0*35 67*20 24-Pergunnahs . ... 010 3*79 I*B6 6-88 12-32 1275 17*46 673 1-30 ... o*3o 63*49 Calcutta 3-45 T97 740 1512 13-42 19*61 675 I*so ... 0*36 69*58 Nuddea 3-52 2*82 8-83 6*26 B*3l 20-42 15-63 2*38 6817 Jessore . . . o*3B ... 6 41 2*46 8*54 12-91 896 9*90 1094 I*6B ... 019 6237 Murshidabad 2'5G. 0*57 6*19 375 11*82 9*60 5*64 6-33 46-46 Dinagepur 2 -51 o*sl 9*23 13*65 6*ol 9 "29 15*27 3790-06 ... 60-32 Rajshahye o*o2 211 1-06 10-28 7*13 B*B9 11-86 10 '90 7 28 59*53 Rungpore 0-40 3 46 I'3l 7 06 1578 B *o6 7 70 18*43 6 *23 0-03 ... 68-46 Bogra 2'BB 1*36 13 50 773 677 18-39 15-37 4-680-06 ... 7074 Pubna 0-07 4*41 I*2o 13*69 7*92 10*53 1675 11-54 2*29 68*40 Darjiling 0-30 1*65 I*7o 9*30 1915 18-20 2565 28*40 6"35 ... 0-07 11077 Julpaiguri o*ol 4*65 I*o6 1117 22*68 13-33 19*92 45 -64 4-471*35 ... 124*28 Dacca 4-31 5"40 1172 17*32 6"42 1570 1536 276 ... 077 79*06 Furridpur 4*91 2*67 874 17*29 10-61 1076 8*42 2*87 66*27 Backergunge . 0*27 ... 6*09 370 10*07 3471 1516 14*30 13*01 175010 010 99*26 Mymensing 012 2*60 1-98 19*19 15*84 11*88 13*08 18*63 3160-08 ... 86*56 Chittagong 114 4-53 1118 25*00 30-95 1013 911 1-551-41 076 9576 Noakholli . . o*2o ... 5 -54 5 -87 11-05 43 -47 1915 29 -92 21-05 2-20 0-44 0-11 139-00 Tipperah. . . 010 ... 7*05 8-10 10-24 18-80 1991 17 47 17 90 1-69 018 0-06 101*50 Pafcna . . . . o'oB o*o4 2*75 0*97 5*03 11-26 16*28 12-61 9*44 3*52 61*98 Gya . . . . o*2oo*oB 1*62 003 1*62 977 13*49 1479 1-74 5*58 48"92 Shahabad . . o*o7olo 110 o*2o 2*85 610 1219 16*13 3*02 373 45*49 Tirhut 1*92 ... 314 667 813 10*38 771 3-58 41 53 Sarun 0-01 0*56 o*2o I*Bs 4*24 1077 10-87 4*54 474 3778 Chumparun o*ol 111 ... 1-85 1815 3"29 1218 1644 4"03 57-06 Monghyr 011 o'BB o*B3 TOO 6*67 10*77 1278 4*97 976 4777 Bhagulpore 114 0"40 I*ol 6"47 10*90 9*48 614 7*13 42*67 Purneah I*Bo 036 3"46 22*11 7*05 1343 11*42 9-31 6894 Sonthal 3*03 076 5*20 B'sl 24-35 9*67 7"88 7*47 66"87 Cuttack 2-20 0-59 1*23 16*94 14*03 10*05 11*27 2-330*51018 59-33 Poori 083 o'ol 3*96 11*48 13*96 8*92 6*30 4*37 49*83 Balasore o*o9 6"04 113 6"59 8*39 2175 11 06 1472 9*65 ... 0*29 79*71 Hazaribagh . . 0*25 012 2*ol ... 280 B*o7 13 21 14-83 5"90 2"48 49*67 Lohardugga o*3B 2*62 017 0*47 10*05 17*84 16*61 417 1141-03 ... 54 48 Singbhura . . 025 ... 2*69 015 3*55 7*55 25*88 21*22 7*99 o*Bs 7013 Manbhum 011 1*49 012 258 9*50 16*44 1876 5*04 5*360*26 ... 59*66 Monthly Totals 1*93 2*39 123*83 64*37 272*54 571*29 583*14 622*24 461-70 170-51 5-51 3-23 2002'v0 Quarterly Totals 12815 908*20 1667-08 179 -25 Month. Averages 0-04 0-06 2*95 1*53 6-49 13*60 13*88 14*82 10*99 4*06 013 0-08 68 . 63 Quar. Averages 305 21*62 39*69 4*27 158 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Assam Province during the Years 1871-72 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1871. Districts. — Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Goalpara .6 22 94 92 209 131 24 158 132 303 1231 Kamrup .2 5 ... 14 36 101 223 166 342 195 208 501 1793 Nowgong 2 5 49 ... 200 720 622 408 2006 Darrang 33 12 38 116 223 422 Sibsagar . ... 3 3 1 ... 1 16 ... 36 278 338 Lakhimpur Sylhet .. 1 1 ... 1 12 4 5 ... 14 ... 1 ... 39 Cachar 2 1 16 15 6 2 ... 2 ... 44 Khasi Hills Mon. Totals 9 9 2 39 146 219 501 337 610 1111 1117 1773 5873 1872. Goalpara . 91 74 8 4 2 30 124 125 8 12 192 192 862 Kamrup . 589 215 79 95 341 312 176 86 56 45 14 18 2026 Nowgong . 161 17 7 1 2 117 -29 6 12 ... 352 Darrang . 60 38 56 26 56 66 56 17 2 7 27 97 508 Sibsagar .71 193 60 10 42 337 1362 999 3074 Lakhimpur 4 1 ... 50 39 94 Sylhet .. 16 ... 36 204 148 25 14 1 1 ... 21 58 524 Cachar . . 2 31 144 404 170 ... 4 6 3 18 782 KhasiHills 12 3 Mon. Totals 990 375 330 784 719 743 463 255 113 401 1679 1423 8225 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Tenths at one Station in each District of the Assam Province during the Years 1871-72 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1871. Districts. Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Goalpara . ... 0*42 3-61 B*3o 2072 1738 1426 12*07 10-43 117 o*6o ... 88*96 Kamrup . ... 077 143 6-20 9*48 12"88 7"01 10*37 6*92 0*96 56*02 Nowgong . ... o*4o 174 B*3B 10*56 9*92 22*27 43*36 19*221016 o*Bo ... 126*81 Darrang . ... 0*69 1*67 12*22 11*26 15*28 10*79 18*89 6*82 3*17 2*70 ... 83*49 Sibsagar . 0*25 2*82 6*25 10*35 9*15 B*9B 31*06 35*89 6*68 552 3*36 0*76 121*07 Lakhimpur 077 3*24 4*43 5*50 7*19 2554 2219 13*41 15*95 5*49 3*84 o*7o 108*25 Sylhet 112 3*95 16*97 2023 16*23 24*47 24*15 18*5018*46 144*08 Cachar 1*67 5*33 14*10 11*47 8*64 17*50 12*83 13*70 7*24 92*48 KhasiHills ... o*9l 5*03 20*36 33*33 78*08 7371 54*69 33*64 20*30 o*so ... 320*55 Mon. Totals 1*0212*0433*44102*38133*39192*93223*26 225*66131 *86 72*47 11*80 1*46 1141*71 1872. Goalpara . JO'B3 o*o7 076j 3*2OJ 1212 3515 13*21 11*40 23*79 4*61 10514 Kamrup . |170 043 211 2*36 11*66 12*14 13*54 15*84 12*83 6*20 o*2B ... 79*09 Nowgong . !2*40 3*39 4*BB 14*65 24*91 13*52 26*53 23*59 13*72 5*28 o*2o ... 133*07 Darrang . 0*45 0*42 2*21 4*62 11*28 6*94 14*36 15*37 14*52 3*oo 0*24 009 73*50 Sibsagar . o*B4 379 6*ol 13*99 871 970 1615 19*84 13*93 8*54 1*32 o*Bs 103*67 Lakhimpur 1*65 2*37 5*35 1470 9*30 10*70 21*84 20*63 1902 5*05 117 o*4o 11218 Sylhet . 016 o*4l 6*09 2112 2215 48*54 3713 17*22 37*56 7*25 o*o7 ... 19770 Cachar . 0*67 1*281072 14*67 15*89 13*67 19*92 17*53 17*56 12*38 o*o4 011 124*44 Khasi Hills o*sl 0*3511*59 28*95 3461103*65129*05 53*54101*49 1372 0*37 ... 477*83 Mon. Totals 9*2112*514972118*26150*63254*01 29173194*96254*42 66*03 3*69 1/46 1406*62 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. 159 The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Assam Province during the Years 1873-74 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1873. Districts. Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Goalpara .59 ... 11 25 303 191 50 17 12 668 Kamrup . 9 21 12 41 169 618 792 229 169 60 48 33 2201 Nowgong .6 5 16 54 79 8 168 Darrang .13 7 8 12 35 85 140 159 86 39 2 6 590 Sibsagar . 347, 73 44 5 7 5 3 5 4 34 527 Lakhimpur 12 37 128 110 90 377 Sylhet . . 67 49 19 170 289 179 37 6 5 27 14 71 933 Oachar . . 2 2 2 24 79 57 7 1 ... 1 ... 19 194 Khasi Hills 16 8 4 1 ... 1 ... 3 ... 33 Mon. Totals 515 157 96 330 1032 1303 1199 425 277 161 67 129 5691 1874. Goalpara .... 1 6 6 21 40 29 26 143 272 Kamrup . 32 32 44 128 888 1618 1232 711 295 126 339 460 5905 Nowgong 88 102 446 656 542 217 243 113 485 214 3106 Darrang . 29 70 33 46 520 1006 562 191 62 159 133 186 2997 Sibsagar . 15 40 43 40 19 40 23 7 3 14 30 63 337 Lakhimpur 11 23 11 43 248 120 43 125 114 22 93 2 855 Sylhet . . 71 56 70 39 100 113 69 38 198 525 861 623 2763 Cachar . . 24 15 4 8 12 20 5 ... 9 14 57 51 219 Khasi Hills 8 ... 7 2 4 3 24 Mon. Totals 182 237 299 412 [2262 3613 2512 1291 j 928 | 976 2024 1742 16,478 .The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Tenths at one Station in each District of the A,ssam Province during the Years 1873-74 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1873. Districts. —¦ ' — —— Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Goalpara 2-42 10-29 7*85 2140 WB4 8"32 7"09 012 68-33 Kamrup . 011 053 2*97 596 7"91 1057 9"94 678 492 0"32 50-01 Nowgong . 0-05 093 2 "38 412 6 *07 12-64 25 "27 11 "79 731 O'Oo 70-61 Darrang . o'4o 071J 2"57 4"88 682 16-83 1874 6-36 6"92 1-66 ... ... 65"89 Sibsagar . I*2l 256 777 7"9S 9"33 1232 10 76 1019 984 117 ... 019 73-27 Lakhimpur o'Bs 415 3 '47 8 -22 8 "95 18-18 2013 14-63 8-69 3 "45 0"07 0"21 91 '00 Sylhet . .0-83 T67 s*Bo 11-55 512 3414 23-09 25 -94 17-45 075 0-38 0"07 12679 Cachar. . 1-04] 2-50 7"48 5*57 6-80 2242 23-81 1363 10*72 8-13 0"87 0"39 10336 Khasi Hills 0-21 41411-45 17-94 13-36 8882 71-04 52712173 097 ... 063 283-00 Mon. Totals 470171946-31 76-46 72-21 237-32213-62150-35 9467 16-50 132 I*6l 932*26 1874. Goalpara . 039 1-30 2*64| 9*33 20-62 16-37 24"59 672 13-27 1170 106-93 Kamrup . 0-56 1-90 415 527 12-65 516 7*Bo 977 479 6"36 58-41 Nowgong . 0-60 2-.32 3-83 3 -07 1319 6-80 11-86 1915 14 "83 411 79 -76 Darrang . 018 173 374 8-22 21-29 528 9"83 1693 6"83 5-25 79"28 Sibsagar . 2*31 3"25 445 1368 29-75 2628 16-05 17-82 5"51 615 0-93 o'o7 126-25 Lakhimpur 153 340 6 -68 8-80 26*46 20-83 2072 25-56 17-84 514 1-85 018 138-99 Sylhet. . 1-81 460 B'sl 2070 19-23 22 35 1.679 12-19 28 *90 8-86 143 94 Cachar. . 2*26 5*35 9-03 994 19-21 16-58 16-53 1542 17*53 6*98 0"37 ... 119-20 Khasi Hills 1-07 4 6610"97 28"33 96*43 64-2711510 45-36 47*96 803 0"37 ... 422-55 Mon.Totals 107128-5154-00107-34258-83 183-92239-27 168-92157-46 62*58 352 0"25 127531 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Assam Province during the Years 1875-76 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1875. Districts. ; , : : Total. Jan. ' Feb. Mar. j April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Goalpara 2288 Kamrup 1430 Nowgong 301 Darrang 660 Sibsagar No report published. 777 Lakhimpur 22 Sylhet 160 Cachar 980 Khasi Hills Monthly Totals . . i 6618 1876. Goalpara 1 2 ... 38 99 201 58 66 57 34 556 Kamrup 61 20 11 13 10 74 212 291 146 79 38 9 964 Nowgong 1 ... 1 49 342 206 112 1 8 720 Darrang 3 ... 4 70 135 108 26 4 3 3 2 4 362 Sibsagar 386 535 887 1001 667 204 155 51 18 5 4 6 3919 Lakhimpur 39 52 30 65 186 Sylhet 362 219 315 394 174 45 23 25 27 16 182 1773 Cachar 7 21 28 32 7 13 2 4 1 8 4 8 135 Khasi Hills Monthly Totals . . 820 798 1245 1588 1193 1017 747 487 196 170 111 243 8615 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Assam Province during the Years 1875-76 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1875. Districts. ¦ Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Goalpara. . . o*B3o-28 I*sB 11 -16 11-24 34*96 13-37 17*85 5-38 0"63 ... 029 97*57 Kamrup . . . 1-75 0 29 3*34 2*85 3*98 18*82 9*25 12*87 o*sB 0*42 o*l2 o*6l 54*88 Nowgong. . . 1-56 0*52 247 3*06 4 -09 18*34 13*60 18-34 6*47 0-58 0-18 o*3B 69*59 Darrang . . . 3-80 0-20 3 -57 473 6 -07 16-38 17*41 19-09 9 -53 1-59 0-53 113 84 "03 Sibsagar . . . 1-58 175 713 1917 6*20 14-64 17 *23 20*73 7*24 4*17 2-30 114 103*28 Lakhimpur . . 276 2 -67 5 -61 16-65 6 -92 17*08 21*38 22*48 5 -28 2*41077 o*2B 104*29 Sylhet. . . . 1-600-2112-15 22-92 2116 46-01 27*97 30-0218-95 2-58 ... 0*22 18379 Cachar . . . I*o4 0*4114-55 16-26 14-96 27*20 1776 26*8511-56 I*Bo ... 014 132*53 Khasi Hills . . 2770*79 6*94 54*35 2278 13416 88*09 83*8014*40 o*so 408-58 Monthly Totals . 17*69 712 57*34 15115 97*40 327*59 226*06 252*03 79-391468 3*90 419|1238*54 1876. Goalpara . . . 0-02 ... I*l9 287 13*92 33*70 10-96 9*61 716 811 0*29 0"06 8789 Kamrup . . .0-27 016 116 3 "54 11-83 12-47 12-69 13*54 5 67 372 078 ... 65 83 Nowgong. . . 0-50 o*oB 0"57 2"86 9"49 13*37 14*92 869 749 4-35 0-67 ... 62-99 Darrang . . . 0%53 o*ll 2*17 4-31 8*32 12*37 12*33 8*26 4*82 411 0*63 0"22 58-18 Sibsagar . . . 2*50 1-32 3*89 813 11-82 11-13 18 64 11-65 8"55 4 -37 1*73 ... 8373 Lakhimpur . . 2 -43 2 -61 502 8-48 11 36 21-36 25-20 111812-45 6*43 1*45 ... 107*97 Sylhet 077 718 5"62 2560 28*59 29*35 3199 13-06 B*o2 I*B4 ... 15202 Cachar 2-28 2212 15*21 16*72 28-48 23*53 14-47 12 65 413 2-03 ... 141-62 Khasi Hills 1-63 17*57 3191 53*86184*80 79*37 65-0219*431576 469*35 Monthly Totals . 6 25 8-96 60-87 82 -93 162 -92 346 -27 226 -99 174 -41 91 -28 59 -00 9 -42 o*2B 1229*58 160 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. 16l The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Assam Province during the Years 1877-78 is shoxvn in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Eegistered in the Months of 1877. Districts. • : : ¦ Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Goalpara 11 9 57 217 23 88 60 465 Kamrup 15 16 14 13 64 111 576 310 72 18 31 6 1,746 Nowgong 1 43 447 942 541 107 39 95 66 221 j 2,502 Darrang 2 ... 4 186 995 768 228 11 3 2 1 ... ! 2,200 Sibsagar 1 2 1 134 202 88 63 36 24 4 21 2 I 578 Lakhimpur 15 24 17 12 122 79 42 4 1 ... 8 324 Sylhefc 296 232 184 373 482 147 5 25 21 159 420 590 2,934 Cachar 65 105 36 68 215 117 8 4 5 ... 1 4 628 Khasi Hills Monthly Totals ... 391 370 263 834 2426 2852 1717 535 168 302 628 891 11,377 1878. Goalpara 51 33 10 19 22 8 2 23 24 122 314 Kamrup 26 22 24 44 371 109 40 36 30 137 109 219 1167 Nowgong 56 37 73 65 32 126 28 9 ... 25 1 3 455 Darrang 1 2 7 100 167 167 149 87 2 1 18 26 727 Sibsagar 15 64 135 54 43 90 124 121 69 107 326 517 1665 Lakhimpur .... 1 2 17 9 116 307 292 1 2 6 753 Sylhet 195 56 105 247 242 99 85 IST 6 17 95 160 1320 Cachar 22 65 53 76 50 32 16 6 1 4 1 5 331 Khasi Hills Monthly Totals ... 367 281 424 614 1043 930 734 281 112 320 574 1052 6732 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Assam Province during the Years 1877-8 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1877. Districts. ¦ ¦ ¦ Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April.: May. June. I July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.! Dec. Goalpara . . 0-Bs| 0*69 278 847! 15 25 6-41; 1668 973 17-58 1*32 ... o*sl 80*30 Kamrup. . . 1*44 094 4-68! 649 10-87 5-25: 11 86 6*59 666 1-20! 040 o'B3 57 21 Nowgong . . 0-86' 112 1*42 4*92 11 27 10-31! 9*44 7"26 5*42 255J 010; 0"24 54-91 Darrang. . . 0-83! 0-85 7"31| 4*29 11 75 7-80! 19-80 9"66 7"68 l"50 110 016 7273 Sibsagar. . . 099| o'B6 5*62 ! 705 13-01 12-43 17-86 16-58 11-36 2-78, 3"82 026 92-62 Lakhimpur. . 077! 247 622 7*04 15*58 17-36 19-91 815 2173 2 41! 1*86; 5-50, 109-00 Sylhet . . . 2-85: 1*92 2*99; 2"89 19-18 28-98 29 98 17*94 47*26 2-53: 119, 0-67! 158-38 Cachar . . . 1*59 474 10 40. B*6l 18 29 15-46' 2388 21-86 15-09 6'56i 1-231 0*32 128-03 Khasi Hills . 116 1-1411101176 3519 45 -59111-07 39-30120-05 4'B7j 010 i TO7 382-40 Monthly Totals 11 -37 1473 52*52^1*52 150 39^49 *59 ( 260 -48 137 - 07 252-832572' 9-80| 9-561135-58. 1878. Goalpara . . 0"23 078 111 l 7*50 12-00 33"59! 25-69 1 3176! 28-42) 143 o*3l ... 142-82 Kamrup. . . 019 118 313 3-3711176 7*32 8-20! 16-3l| 9*87 392 2-59 0-28 6812 Nowgong 1-09 1-53 4*40 7-32 5*85! 2013: 1419, 1476 3-06 o*3B 013 72-84 Darrang. . . 0-03 172 2*31 5*56 ! 13*52 11 85 15-66' 13-33 1336 4 21 046 ... 82-01 Sibsagar. . . 0"54 I*B4 296 7*33 1195 1173 13-50: 1678 1371 417 1-03 0-03 8557 Lakhimpur. . 0-86 312 6"37 681 9"55 21 53 23-04 24"27| 1464 4-54 o '9o 0-06 115-69 Sylhet . . . 010 163 3-321971 1974 20-93 29"44 2516, 28"89 10-06 6 01018 16517 Cachar . . . T3O 2"28 61913-96 1613 1410 2118! 1474 24 -58 6"33 4 54 0 52 125"85 Khasi Hills . 2"05 37810-07 20 24 19*03 136-01 151 77118-61 7668 8"33 5"37 ... 551*94 Monthly Totals 5"30 17 423 6*9988*88121 -00262-91 308 61|275'15 224*91 46*05 21 -59 I*2o 1410*01 102 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Assam Province during the Years 1879-80 is shoion in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1879. Districts. ; Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Goalpara 125 94 217 621 258 26 8 5 9 2 1,365 Kamrup 429 245 355 949 826 727 271 135 85 30 19 15 4,086 Nowgong 1 19 192 1055 989 405 213 1 ... 17 8 159 3,059 Darrang 32 95 918 1804 737 342 201 18 1 4,148 Sibsagar 141 28 142 467 137 31 3 2 2 3 5 9 970 Lakhimpur 21 ... 28 60 70 2 181 Sylhet 237 179 260 1056 1339 223 16 27 14 70 47 67 3,535 Cachar 4 6 48 8 5 71 Khasi Hills Monthly Totals . . 986 660 2116 6018 4404 1762 712 188 j 110 120 79 j 260 17,415 1880. Goalpara ! 7 j 7 15 57 45 5 5 ... 25 166 Kamrup 45 i4O 46 37 14 39 38 5 17 16 12 11 320 Nowgong 291 57 25 10 14 13 1 5 11 43 144 1 186 538 Darrang 12 8 18 1 1 3 ... 12 3 10 59 Sibsagar 1 2 7 28 22 6 2 10 145 178 89 490 Lakhimpur 2 1 ... 39 85 79 ... 1 48 7 262 Sylhet 135 190 96 140 15 11 19 ... 1 125 732 Cachar 48 36 88 40 8 13 1 2 236 Khasi Hills Monthly Totals . . 259 j 333 j 266 296 239 223 70 21 39 216 386 455 2803 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Assam Province during the Years 1879-80 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months op 1879. Districts. j ¦ ; Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Goalpara 0*42 o*o6 5*31 23*01 29*07 20*53 1916 4*38 7 27 ... i 0*42 109*63 Kamrup . . 012 0*39 0*64 5*36 11*15 10-41 1572 17*11 14*43 3*ol ... j 075 79-09 Nowgong . .0-89 o*o7 0*24 2*57 7 -92 1567 34 *07 12*50 14*94 3*580*62,0*95 94-02 Darrang . . 004 015 o*o3 5*02 11-57 16*63 27"09 15*50 11*15 5*29 ...o*3o 92*77 Sibsagar . . I*6o 0*62 1*55 7*51 21*01 17*28 1918 16*40 16*63 398 ... 0"38 106*14 Lakhimpur . o*4B 1*74 I*7B 6 *07 32 *64 20*60 22*83 16*56 1217 4 *06 118 93 Sylhet 0*49 1*65 5*40 20*58 40-04 43"25 2011 l 18-68 B*Bo ... 1*22 16022 Cachar o*sl 5*48 473 16-26 32*49 1775 22*82 10*22 2*83 ... 041 113-50 Khasi Hills . ... 078 0-38 10*86 84*69 134*80 108*89 9016 45*2411*57 ... 175 48712 Month. Totals 313 517 11*81 52*83 228*83 316*99 307*31 230*32 147*84 50*39 0*62! 618 1361-42 I 1 ' I 1 1880. Goalpara . . 077 1*45 7*50 9-96 6*42 4470 13-80 1170 10*24 5*89 010 1*23 113*76 Kamrup . . o*9o o*Bl 7*28 5 "25 7*38 19*51 7 "80 6*52 6*oB 6*32 0-75 1*47 70*07 Nowgong . . 0-81 0*33 4 *95 4 *97 4 *33 19*08 17-11 917 4*77 I*Bl ... I*2o 68*53 Darrang . . 181 053 6*89 7*60 4*46 23*95 15*79 7"92 3*35 3*20 075 3-25 79*50 Sibsagar . . 1-66 1*42 8*56 1114 678 23 *52 21*22 9*97 5*68 715 076 I*2o 99 06 Lakhimpur . 3*24 4*22 8-62 1612 7*03 1699 2679 21*80 4*42 9-510-79 056 120-09 Sylhet . . . 119 3*19 23*67 12*50 14*80 44*56 28*46 25*67 12*37 576 ... I*6o 17377 Cachar. . . 0*93 2*52 16*85 1477 14*45 18*17 16*01 13*55 7*31 4*380-62 I*9o 111*46 Khasi Hills . 2 03 4 *55 50*30 56*08 24*68 12173 95*27119*92 24*82 812 014 O'6S 508*32 Month. Totals 13*34 19*02 134-62 138-39 90 *33 332*21242*25 226*22 79 *04 5214 3*9113-09 1344 *56 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Assam, Province during the Year 1881 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1881. Districts. : : ; : Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. !Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Goalpara 13 25 5 ... 16 6 ... 1 57 Kamrup 12 10 5 19 36 189 170 267 187 258 187 379 '1719 Nowgong 41 6 5 15 5 122 217 78 54 18 150 19 730 Darrang 2 13 9 47 48 8 ... 58 44 2 231 Sibsagar 19 4 ... 12 20 7 5 64 74 141 274 139 759 Lakhimpur 2 18 28 1 4 53 Sylhet 496 131 171 282 175 16 53 62 9 5 4 52 1456 Cachar 2 ... 1 2 5 Monthly Totals . . . 570 151 183 356 289 414 493 480 331 490(659 594 5010 Of the total 5010 deaths, 2714 were males and 2296 females. Eatio per 1000 of population, 112. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 69. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Assam Province during the Year 1881 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1881. Districts. ; Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Deo. Goalpara 0"02 397 869 2216 19-21 10-45 870 15-59 2-21010 ... 9110 Kamrup 0*34 396 6-45 1023 11-38 6"97 16-50 15*20 1-09 7212 Nowgong . . . 0-060-64 312 542 6*95 15-35 18-89 15-49 13-38 0-610-05 ... 7996 Darrang 0-30 I*4o 7"64 15-53 16-36 20"44 18-72 13-45 1-520-400-85 96-61 Sibsagar. . . . 0-661-85 2*29 13-15 12*62 1618 16-22 11-45 17*91 2-64 0-35 ... 95-32 Lakhimpur 1*24 4-96 13-01 1358 15*53 12-55 19-48 27*61 7*360*81015 116*28 Sylhet 0*39 7"29 1389 18-46 26*73 22*44 3249 37*20 4*96 2*48 ... 166*33 Cachar .... 0181*62 6*59 34*67 1074 1915 12*08 19*89 17*38 374079012 126 95 Khasi Hills 0"57 6"29 27*37 50*20110-83 66*25 78*53 71*04 3161*350*02 415*61 Monthly Totals . o*9o 6*97 3987 130-29 160*47 25072 186*29 221-25 22876 27 '29,6 -331 14 ! ! ! 126028 Quarterly Totals . 4774 541-48 636*30 34*76 Monthly Averages 0-10 077 4*43 14*48 17*83 27*86 2070 24 -58 25*42 3*03 070 013 140-03 Quarterly Averages 5 30 60-17 7070 3 -86 163 164 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Burma Province during the Year 1871 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1871. ; Districts. \ Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Akyab * Kyoukphyou . . Sandoway ... Rangoon ... Thonegwa Bassein. ... 4 6 22 2 ... 1 1 1 37 Henzada ... 27 23 15 2 ... 1 1 69 Tharawadi . . . Prome .... 4 ... 1 ... 1 6 Thyetmyo ... 1 2 16 1 20 Moulmain 2 ... 1 ... 1 ... 3 1 8 Tavoy .... 2 2 Mergui Shwegyin ... Toungoo 18 ... 1 1 20 Monthly Totals . 34 33 71 5 1 9 ... 4 2 1 1 1 162 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Burma Province during the Year 1871 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1871. Districts. * Total. Jan. Feb. Mai-. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Akyab o*Bo 015 21*07 70-64 5020 2970 25*33 12 84 ... 097 211-70 Kyoukphyou I*4o ... 19 -90 5070 51-60 31 '30 19-80 17 50 070 o'2o 19310 Sandoway I*2o ... 2810 64*60 60-30 47"50 18-80 9*40 229*90 Rangoon 0-50 ... 27"20 3240 27*20 27*30 19 20 9*60 14340 Thonegwa ... ... ... ... Bassein 110 030 11-30 26-00 17*30 1440 14*00 8-10 070 0-20 93-40 Henzada 10*30 26-00 16-30 14*20 13*00 7*oo 86"80 Tharawadi ... ... ... ... Prome 010 ... 13*40 14*20 770 6-60 9-50 11*40 6290 Thyetmyo 0-20 8-40 770 9-60 1070 12*00 5*30 o*7o ... 54*60 Moulmain 3*25 36*00 55*45 43*40 51*50 39*15 1710 245*85 Tavoy 7*oo I*3o I*3o 3010 38*50 44*40 3370 59"30 14*30 22990 Mergui 5*5010-00 3-60 24 -60 45"30 2390 34-60 3010 1670 010 ... 194-40 Shwegyin . . ... ... 1-30 I*9o 3010 33*50 45*40 42-60 30-50 15*80 o*Bo ... 201*90 Toungoo o*3o ... 15*00 2110 1910 18*40 17*00 10 30 010 ... 101*30 Monthly Totals, j ... |12*50 18-00 1070275*47 486-09416*40 362*50 307 "68 155-34 310 1*37 2049*15 The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Burma Province during the Year 1872 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1872. Districts. Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Akyab .... 8 2 109 118 89 74 105 18 1 524 Kyoukphyou 8 3 11 Sandoway 4 11 3 7 25 Rangoon ... 7 2 3 3 ... 1 13 ... 9 ... 1 ... 39 Thonegwa Bassein 4 ... 3 1 ... 8 Henzada 2 2 11 15 Tharawadi Prome Thyetmyo 2 ... 9 2 13 Moulmain ... 1 ... 3 1 5 Tavoy ... Mergui Shwegyin Toungoo Monthly Totals . 16 6 121 141 103 75 112 34 13 7 2 ... 640 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. 165 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Burma Province during the Year 1872 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1872. Districts. <- Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Akyab .... 017 o*3l 1577 47 51 45-27 38*01 16*47 16-60 0-030-25 180-39 Kyoukphyou 1-00 1310 37-60 40-80 4610 1310 7"20 I*Bo ... 16070 Sandoway 1-00 22 "00 39-80 55 -50 51-30 18 "40 610 TOO ... 19510 Rangoon 010 1-00 870 18-60 2490 27"30 2110 9"60 T2O ... 112-50 Thonegwa ... ... ... ... ... Bassein 110 8-10 11 -20 15-80 15-90 12-40 7*50 170 ... 7370 Henzada o*3o 450 11-50 17"20 1880 9-40 2"40 T4O ... 6550 Tharawadi ... ... ... ... ... Prome I*3o 4-90 9"60 1260 22"90 1270 7"30 0"50 ... 71*80 Thyetmyo 010 6-50 1170 7"90 B*6o 19-20 2*90 l"20 ... 58-10 Moulmain 0-05 ... 2 -80 35-55 2775 4670 47-80 21-50 1-25 183*40 Tavoy 270 37"30 47"90 2210 4420 910 340 ... 16670 Mergui .... 0"50 ... o*Bo 3"30 7-40 18-80 3030 35-60 27"40 10-50 o*Bo ... 135-40 Shwegyin 210 170 15-90 36-40 30-80 29-00 9"60 11-30 TOO ... 137"50 Toungoo 010 7-60 15-30 16*20 15-30 6-90 9"20 T3O ... 71-90 Monthly Totals . 0-67 2-053-00 12 "01 15272 323-06 391 87 378, 71232-37 100-95 15 330-251 612-99 The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Burma Province during the Year 1873 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months op 1873. Districts. " Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Akyab 2 2 ... 3 4 11 Kyoukphyou . . Sandoway Rangoon ... 129 346 267 232 238 276 258 178 49 45 108 126 2252 Thonegwa ... !! Bassein .... 10 77 265 542 256 99 30 13 63 17 9 12 1393 Henzada ... 26 203 116 117 214 157 336 287 71 16 11 21 1575 Tharawadi » Prome 9 44 30 10 11 200 274 15 593 Thyetmyo ... 15 35 19 41 248 457 73 ... 28 4 920 Moulmain ... 8 222 274 131 34 23 7 28 31 6 764 Tavoy 10 20 ...1 8 21 59 Mergui ] ..." Shwegyin 28 29 41 18 ... 101 217 Toungoo 53 48 5 1 37 9 49 111 8 4 325 Monthly Totals . 173 867 1056 1137 784 611 1148 1247 361 235 195 295 8109 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Burma Province during the Year 1873 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1873. Districts. i " " Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April; May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. : Dec. Akyab 0-06 176 015 8-08 39 41 28"39 29"45 1817 13 99 2-51> ... 141-97 Kyoukphyou 7 "20 29-60 3270 5390 1710 1040 070 0-10 15170 Sandoway 2010 5310 57*90 57-50 23-40 10-20 7-60 ... 22980 Rangoon 300 2"90 28-90 3570 18*20 2010 16-30 6"00 ... 13110 Thonegwa ... ... ... I ... Bassein 270 SDO 670 3110 18-50 2710 810 8"20 ... 10830 Henzada 010 2"40 12"90 15 40 15-60 13"40 4"80 5*60 ... 70-20 Tharawadi ... ... ... ! ... Prome 5*40 1240 14-00 3770 6-90 870 3"20 ... 88-30 Thyetmyo 6"20 7-60 6-40 1015 4"60 4'oo 4-00 ... 4295 Moulmain 015 8 "55 15-20 38 "95 61-45 3475 44-30 8-10 115 0"25 212 -85 Tavoy 270 37"30 47"90 2210 44-20 910 3"40 ... 16670 Mergui 2"30 560 24"90 3130 31-30 21 50 11*50 740 ... 135*80 Shwegyin 210 220 19-80 19-90 40-80 1510 9"50 470 ... 11410 Toungoo 4-20 7*90 7'Bo 21*30 930 B*lo 2"40 ... 61-00 Monthly Totals ... 006 1 -91 18 *90 88 *08 319 *46 389 -94J391 *26 265 17 122 79 56 *86 0 *35 1654 77 166 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Burma Province during the Year 1874 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1874. Districts. — Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. Juno. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Akyab 25 6 41 7 79 Kyoukphyou Sandoway 1 1 Rangoon 112 53 8 17 4 1 7 3 1 ... 1 ... 207 Thonegwa Bassein 65 53 4 7 2 1 3 ... 135 Henzada. .... 19 16 15 37 87 Tharawadi Prome 5 5 Thyetmyo 4 3 7 Moulmain .... 37 24 50 43 27 5 1 187 Tavoy 59 14 1 74 Mergui 17 16 9 1 3 ... 46 Shwegyin .... 59 18 14 4 10 15 5 ... 125 Toungoo 7 7 Monthly Totals . . 358 178 93 112 90 44 62 3 4 2 7 7 9GO The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Burma Province during the Year 1874 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1874. Districts. ¦ ¦ Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Akyab 006 1*76 , 015 B*oB 39*41 28*39 2945 18-17 13-99 2*51 ... 14197 Kyoukphyou. 170 ... 5"50 4070 13-30 55-80 23-85 21-30 3*20 ... 165-35 Sandoway . . 015 ... 12-00 36-00 13-00 5710 9"40 20-40 0-50 ... 148*55 Rangoon 7*85 11*82 7-38 15"45 1328 12*52 075 ... 69-05 Thonegwa .. ... ... ... ; ... .. Bassein 1600 3690 7"00 B*2o 0"90 ... 69-00 Henzada 040 6-60 15 20 900 1910 B*9o 470 o*Bo ... 6470 Til 3,T*fl WBi(^l Prome .. ! ..'. ..'. '.'.'. '.'.'. 6; 95 5; 18 ii V 25 7: 25 2; 07 s*oo 0; 05 '.'.'. 2775 Thyetmo I*oo ... 8"90 s*oo 570 11-80 7*30 1010 0-50010 50-40 Moulmain 170 0-85 3015 31-95 4520 54-50 25"80 16*25 0-60 ... 207-00 Tavoy 090 0-60 11-82 3470 35"45 22*12 65"85 14-28 24*50 ... o*2o 210*42 Mergui . . . 1-402-52 312 9-08 19*20 30*22 1312 3118 1710 1918 1-021*08 148*22 Shwegyin 110 ... 14*00 38*30 1270 45-80 1240 1770 142*00 Toungoo 770 7*60 7"40 1710 11*30 B*Bo 110 ... 61*00 Monthly Totals 1*403*48 1113 22*30 161 *63 296 83194*56 447 '28170 *85182*6411*931*381505 -41 The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Burma Province during the Year 1875 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1875. Districts. Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Akyab 4 3 7 Kyoukphyou Sandoway Rangoon 29 196 225 Thonegwa 206 206 Bassein 4 4 112 120 Henzada 55 55 Tharawadi : Prome 2 8 10 Thyetmyo Moulmain ... 1 25 18 23 39 3 2 111 Tavoy 25 25 Mergui Shwegyin 2 2 Toungoo Monthly Totals .1 ... 8 25 18 30 39 3 2 ... 29 606 761 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Burma Province during the Year 1875 is shoion in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1875. Districts. ; : Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. I April. May. Juno. July, i Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Akyab .... 0"53 ... 0*631089 1104 50-46 51*47J 33-46 2064 570 0-02 ... 184-84 Kyoukphyou . . !010 ! 010 ... 2"00 410 14-60 62-00 6910: 3100 2630 940 T9O ... 220*50 Sandoway . . . o*so ... 0-20 250 9-80 46-90 81-80 35-50 35*60 17*30 0"30 ... 2:i0'40 Rangoon" 4-90 16-90 1550 17-60 9"50 790 3-10 390 ... 79-30 Thonegwa ... ... ... ... Bassein .... 108 2130 7"25 16-00 4312 2372 13 70 673 114-25 Henzada. . . . 080 310 970 11-20 3165 2050 1070 6-10 I*2o ... 94*95 Tharawadi ... ... ... ... ... Prome 2"50 3'oo 770 11-50 6*20 600 7-00 43*90 Thyetmyo 350 6"60 810 16-20 B*lo 10-80 520 0-30 ... 58-80 Moulmain 010 5"65 17-20 52*95 4310 3915 54-60 9"05 275 ... 224"55 Tavoy 0-05 ... 640 10-70 4088 63"90J 42-05 43"65 2117 110 ... 22990 Mergui .... 010010002 I*2o 16-28 3018 30-62 22*65 15-95 13-65 1220-03 132-00 Shwegyin . . . 17"30 41*30 55*70| 22-OOj 2610 8-30 1-40 ... 172-10 Toungoo . . . . J 5-60 4*82 912 22-481 27"03 10-50 13-00 ... o'so 93"05 Monthly Totals . ;311 015 2*95 52*9414519392-29538-24320-86282-441257014-090-531878-49 The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Burma Province during the Year 1876 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1876. Districts. : ; Total. Jan. Fob. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Akyab 140 258 27 333 11l 7 ... 24 900 Kyoukphyou 1 62 8 38 219 189 319 43 17 ... 696 Sandoway 11 34 65 ... 110 Rangoon ... 2 ... 31 22 20 9 1 14 99 Thonegwa ... 96 27 23 74 2 6 32 260 Bassein .... 17 5 81 2 ... 82 33 220 Henzada ... 76 • ... 48 167 10 77 76 16 ... 11 2 18 501 Tharawadi Prome .... 29 56 180 26 ... 41 13 35 140 ... 6 85 611 Thyetmyo ... 1 ... 5 38 ... 34 ... 8 86 Moulmain 41 18 9 41 109 Tavoy .... 35 31 8 2 1 77 Mergui Shwegyin Toungoo 18 18 Monthly Totals . 256 119 558 645 56 676 308 248 401 104 91 225 3687 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Burma Province during the Year 1876 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1876. Districts. ¦ Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Akyab . . . 0"38 ... O'OG o*o9 6"48 35-95 5298 2527 27*83 4"33 634 ... 16031 Kyoukphyou 8*33 22*47 55*39 25-89 17*27 6*24 818 ... 143 77 Sandoway 6*22 26*24 65"92 24*44 1887 716 4*53 o'o2 153-40 Rangoon I*4l 17*53 1272 25*95 16*58 1470 3*50 5"62 ... 98-01 Thonegwa ... ... ... ... Bassein o*o7 934 13-62 3652 912 23*79 515 5"89 ... 103*50 Henzada 0-03 4*35 1412 2615 9"39 12*53 2*oB 5"69 ... 74"34 Tharawadi ... ... ... ... Prome o*sB 4*36 1216 833 10*37 10*22 2-19 316 ... 51*37 Thyetmyo o*9l 7"46 997 673 5-51 3*51 519 ... 3928 Moulmain I*l2 1-06 1996 36*95 50*39 36-18 36-61 1-97 T69 0-02 185-95 Tavoy 310 27*47 29"22 62-27 2674 19*51 653 I*oB ... 175*92 Mergui . . . o*o7 0-82 o*o3 11*11 26"40 20-07 45*20 22-65 29-061411 117 2-05 17274 Shwegyin 11l 11*42 19*35 28-18 26-84 2026 215 317 ... 112*48 Toungoo 1-62 3-16 5*32 23*65 1281 1473 078 2*Bl ... 64*88 Monthly Totals 0 *45 0 *82 181 j 2018 145 -93 255 '65 490 *90 253 -01250 *89 59 70 54 *52 2 -09 1535 -95 167 168 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OP CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Burma Province during the Year iBjj is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 18V7. Districts. Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Akyab .... 142 149 297 310 82 105 139 97 10 6 3 ... 1340 Kyoukphyou . . 72 42 36 22 13 86 210 84 28 75 64 ... 732 Sandoway 8 38 72 166 1 ... 285 Rangoon ... 17 32 27 6 95 3 90 72 55 13 27 29 466 Thonegwa ... 64 98 73 89 86 21 6 ... 10 20 22 122 611 Bassein .... 37 41 62 142 109 71 8 24 30 40 63 27 654 Henzada ... 1 1 34 12 7 3 80 68 237 87 123 10 663 Tharawadi Prome .... 69 66 76 52 8 5 222 196 105 65 33 40 937 Thyetmyo ... 3 6 9 26 14 15 6 74 37 9 3 1 203 Moulmain ... 16 19 53 66 252 41 18 28 ... 5 55 111 664 Tavoy .... 23 18 4 13 11 1 ... 70 Mergui 8 5 45 59 48 91 87 80 423 Shwegyin 43 47 27 117 Toungoo ... 3 31 60 17 111 Monthly Totals . 447 472 671 725 674 355 832 740 645 662 589 464 7276 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Burma Province during the Year 1877 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1877. Districts. ¦ Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Akyab 0-69 272 4024 56-65; 4099 23"22 3-85 8-98 ... 177*34 Kyoukphyou TO9 35-05 63-05 7207 32-03 9-0416-09 ... 228"42 Sandoway 2"05 60-02 7409 7415 22-05 839 B'B3 ... 249"58 Rangoon 110 2710 22"34 21*36 1387 1T33 4"34 ... 10144 Thonegwa ... ... ... Bassein 5"59 4143 31-94 3437 910 811 211 ... 132-65 Henzada 5*07 19-26 20"02 2112 920 561 1*36 ... 81-64 Tharawada ... I ... ... Prome 1"27 2"62 11-95 715 1715 6-08 6"59 703 ... 5984 Thyetmyo o'4o 3-88 12"52 9'9l] 2013 4"25 956 l'9O ... 62-55 Moulmain 0-45 0"04 11 "33 43"54 32-20! 4764 20-30 676 2-00 ... 164"26 Tavoy 0"05 115 18-52 5432 54-23 56*04 12"52 677 218 I*o4 206-82 Mergui 0W 3"54 060 15-99 29 38 30"57 2929 1558 9-23 179 0"02 136-06 Shwegyin I*3B 38-09 42-00 34*07 2479 8-24 357 ... 15214 Toungoo 0-02 0-86 18-32 22-80 15-19 8"89 7"59 4"03 ... 7770 Monthly Totals. ... 076 4"04 3-48 7220431-22 466*95 483-57 20188101 "07 64*21 1-06 1830-44 The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Burma Province during the Year 1878 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1878. Districts. ~ " ¦ Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Akyab 1 1 123 227 224 117 61 15 26 58 853 Kyoukphyou 29 72 128 105 165 114 30 ... 643 Sandoway 4 13 5 ... 22 Rangoon ... 54 43 35 87 39 144 416 106 54 64 72 69 1183 Thonegwa. . . 195 103 88 25 12 42 43 36 74 104 722 Bassein ... 60 62 109 105 48 3 2 16 ... 19 155 115 694 Henzada ... 43 60 4 4 ... 3 5 4 40 3 166 Tharawadi 12 24 7 158 204 40 65 161 22 693 Prome .... 125 49 22 88 24 ... 15 12 145 108 89 74 751 Thyetmyo. 9 25 16 3 7 ... 6 3 3 2 9 5 88 Moulmain... 43 20 18 24 145 86 25 2 4 367 Tavoy .... 5 1 6 Mergui .... 24 2 26 Shwegyin ... 2 33 47 28 ... 5 17 29 19 58 59 104 401 Toungoo ... 13 10 6 4 32 23 4 9 22 21 144 Monthly Totals . 573 396 340 391 457 593 1071 617 491 507 742 581 6759 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. 169 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Burma Province during the Year 1878 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months op 18T8. Districts. ~ Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Akyab 064 ... 4'45| 40-30 38-92 3437 1819 20-57 316 0-41 161-01 Kyoukphyou 9-09| 54"49 2211 2851 21-38 27-05 2-01 ... 164-64 Sandoway 8"83 29"62 2473 25"38 20"63 16-91 0-62 034 127-06 Rangoon 1011 18-06 10-45 14-07 17-06 12-18 170 ... 83-63 Thonegwa ... ... ... ... ... Bassein 749 17"83 11-27 2084 11-81 17"82 3-92 010 91-08 Henzada 4"68 13" 37 15-52 1143 7"52j 8"25 176 ... 62*53 Tharawadi ... ... ... ... ... I Prome 8*37 917 5"59 693 6 98| 7*96| 2*59 0-06 47"65 Thyetmyo o'o9 5-36 B'2B 2"36 499 5-01 816j 1-75 ... 36-00 Moulmain 039 17*68' 36-05 2060 24"33 1818 14-89 1*95 0-07 13414 Tavoy 010 512 12 -02! 39-09 1804 20 "03 44 -03 17 02 3 "05 I*ol 159-51 Mergui. . . 1-051-21 5*62 333 12-89,26-57 14 50 2165 34-60 13-37 650 1-93 143-22 Shwegyin . . o'o3 0-46 4"47 1678 1171 23"88 1675 1619 152 o*3o 92-09 Toungoo 2-31 2"97 10-13 9"50 1282 11-52 9"30 082 173 6110 Monthly Totals 1 "081-21 6-36 1170 108"4131974 205-30249-23.233-66189-67 31 "35 595 1363-66 The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Burma Province during the Year 1879 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1879. Districts : : Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April, j May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Akyab .... 3 ... 6 23 28 45 11 22 11 24 19 28 220 Kyoukphyou . . 2 27 6 42 51 33 19 27 3 3 213 Sandoway 1 10 ... 11 Rangoon ... 22 3 29 17 1 1 ... 1 1 75 Thonegwa ... 62 48 44 36 19 22 29 260 Bassein .... 131 61 40 20 2 2 256 Henzada ... 18 7 3 7 35 Tharawadi. . . 55 10 1 1 67 Prome .... 6 2 ... 1 1 ... 1 6 40 4 61 Thyetmyo ... 3 151 141 47 5 ... 1 .. 204 Moulmain ... 20 1 ... 3 2 2 28 Tavoy .... 42 24 66 Mergui .... 68 136 65 28 4 301 Shwegyin ... 13 11 4 ... 2 1 31 Toungoo Monthly Totals . 445 330 194 171 115 105 175 109 61 32 31 60 1828 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Burma Province during the Year 1879 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1879. Districts. Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Akyab 10*82 5402 6010 5883 24-29 16-02 ... 3-16 227-24 Kyoukphyou 11-92, 3671 5173 4267 16#62 991 0-60 0-87 171-03 Sandoway . . 0-50 I'3l 13-37 5310 60-61 36-59 15-96 B'9o 1-010-07 191*42 Rangoon . . . 0-04 4 "57 12*17 1512 19*14 2025 18-66 8-4815-261 ... 11369 Thonegwa ... ... ... ... | Bassein 1-86 9-89 18-31 19-65 18*91 1470 7"52 8-67 015 9966 Henzada 0"35 5"59 15*39 21-44 1672 11*10 734 3*53 ... 8146 Tharawadi ... ... ... ... Prome. . . . 013 275 9"53 11-00 6"52 13-83 533 062 ... 4971 Thyetmyo . . 004 1*36 8"28 6*64 6"22 10*49 7'oB o'o7 0-04 4022 Moulmain . .0-02 ... o'4B 7*69 11*81 33 08 29 24 39-62 29-96 8*651071 ... 171 '26 Tavoy .... o'os ... 073 19-15 13*55 3290 43*77 3918 45*40 16-60 978 ... 221*11 Mergui . . . 0-06 1-40 3-82 23 09 1476 19-56 2277 19*35 31*97 17-07 7-50 2-31 16366 Shwegyin 3*39 5-92 24-05 30-05 37*57 19-11 796 6-70 o*o2 134"83 Toungoo . . . 018 023 4-45 1316 16*23 18*39 16-05 7"20 044 ... 7033 Monthly Totals. I*o2 I*4o 5*03 61*64 118*36331*21 392"37360-8226814128-0664-956621741 -62 - I 70 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera, among the Civil Population of the Burma Province during the Year 1880 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1880. Districts. j Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Not. Dec. Akyab .... 73 21 18 3 1 116 Kyoukphyou . . 8 2 10 Sandoway Rangoon ... 3 12 11 3 1 31 87 111 259 Thonegwa ... 61 45 28 10 4 2 1 7 104 100 422 Bassein .... 1 14 34 12 ... 1 1 26 68 157 Henzada ... 12 18 24 37 4 95 Tharawadi 12 93 182 102 389 Prorae 1 ... 1 90 399 359 94 944 Thyetmyo 2 ... 1 46 47 3 99 Moulmain ... 5 4 2 11 Tavoy Mergui Shwegyin 1 45 90 136 Toungoo Monthly Totals . 163 116 91 37 5 7 4 1 91 602 887 634 2638 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Burma Province during the Year 1880 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1880. Districts. i j Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. | Nov. Dec. Akyab 0*35 ... 577 18-91 63*50 39-07 3896! 2270 1-30 075 ... 19131 Kyoukphyou . 0-410-09 ... 0*57 8*62 53"28 5375 4916 2456 6*84 0*17! ... 19745 Sandoway 9-87 14-97 5166 53-29 4579 2814 538 3"08 ... 21218 Rangoon . . . I*9o 3"95 951 19-60 2171 16-30 1415 401 ... o'BB 92*01 Thonegwa ... ... ... ... Bassein B'BB 10-67 1274 26-71 1972 1811 873 2-80 0"85 10921 Henzada 2-51 9*46 1916 1554 1952 1271 2-08 0"96 0-20 8214 Tharawadi ... ... ... ... Prome.... 0"05 ... 0-02 277 9-91 916 660 9"40 7"60 091 o'o3 0"04 46"49 Thyetmyo o*o2 2*91 6"21 9"21 7"89 5-06 4*84 2*54 0-18 0-14 39-00 Moulmain . . 0-30 6*63 16-65 2594 6364 39-89 37-56 8-46 o*3l 0-10 199"48 Tavoy 4 "83 1165 19-82 33-76 66-96 32-18 35-261009 0-30 ... 214-85 Mergui . . . 012 ... 3*91 7-38 17*20 40"82 36*01 21-41 20"38 973 0-55 ... 157*51 Shwegyin. . . 0"20 10-53 6-34 23*66 24-00 2411 19*4610-22 0111*41 12004 Toungoo 2*85 900 13*50 1959 19-52 18-00 510 ... 084 88*40 Monthly Totals . 2"98 0-44 878 76"27 157"27 375*99 43476 341-02 263*47 75*39 9"24 4-46 1750*07 The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Burma Province during the Year 1881 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. j Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1881. Districts. .' — .' Total. I Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. J Akyab .... 4 9 5 18 Kyoukphyou Sandoway Rangoon ... 46 14 8 5 9 17 2 5 ... 20 23 47 196 Thonegwa ... 116 24 5 54 57 33 20 18 7 ... 6 159 499 Bassein .... 60 15 1 16 22 43 79 95 6 4 2 33 376 Henzada ... 8 1 6 39 30 7 342 643 122 7 11 18 1234 Tharawadi ... 14 3 19 5 59 72 60 29 6 9 276 Prome .... 22 3 4 3 61 41 341 265 14 1 11 10 776 Thyetmyo 11 31 75 550 504 7 9 1187 Moulmaiu ... 36 35 72 90 117 24 10 12 3 ... 3 ... 402 Tavoy .... 19 19 Mergui 9 9 Shwegyin ... 92 45 ... 5 ... 31 49 20 ... ... ... ' 1 243 Toungoo ... j ... 2 2 4 Monthly Totals . \ 417 139 105 226 346 285 1452 1634 212 61 69 293 15239 __ i NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. i7i The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Burma Province during the Year 1881 is shoivn in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of ISBI. Districts. Total - Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Akyab 0-66 7 21 35"34 71-66 46"38 22"49 791 679 030 19874 Kyoukphyou 012 12 '08 38 -20 78 "38 3716 27-26 10-32 729 0"20 211-01 Sandoway . . 014 B'o4 33*88 72"98 49"54 24-31 8"30 772 ... 204-91 Rangoon 14 "37 17-25 30"30 1772 1517 4*21 2"99 o'oB 102-09 Thonegwa ... ... ... ... ... Bassein . . . o'o2 9'Bo 21-40 32-40 20-27 18-81 733 214 o'o3 11220 Henzada 8"24 15-59 27 65 16-69 9"45 3"97 1*23 ... 82"82 Tharawadi ... ... ... ... ... Prome . . . o^o4 o^B7 578 10 39 944 550 461 I'sl 450 0-20 42"84 Thyetmyo 001 6"95 7*87 531 16-02 466 175 3"44 ... 46-01 Moulmain T25 20-26 3711 5191 5914 19-31 11 39 536 015 205-88 Tavoy I'4B ... 14-55 34 51 46-86 4986 29"04 915 375 o*sl 18971 Mergui 2-35 2-36 2-85 20 55 29-96 41*08 3235 25 -95 16-00 696 I*2o 181-67 Shwegyin 0-58 10-53 21-93 40-63 38-06 1698 12*07 1-04 0-05 141-87 Toungoo. . .015 074 816 16-29 19*56 23 *49 8 *47 922 I*7o 1-08 87 *86 Monthly Totals 0-352*353-84 708.1 46*523 19*725 28-16412*182 26*511 03*13 54*91 2"86 1807-61 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the North- Western Provinces and Oudh during the Year 1871 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1871. Districts. — Total Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Kumaun 1 ... 14 1 7 Garhwal Tarai 11 3 14 Bijnor .... 5 6 10 20 30 12 3 7 4 3 5 3 108 Moradabad . . 8 26 13 24 25 27 11 23 11 13 6 7 194 Bareilly ... 3 6 12 12 24 15 11 13 16 14 5 8 139 Shahjahanpur .2449 15 573 11 414 69 Budaun. ... 6 7 7 13 11 5 7 10 17 13 5 4 105 Dehra Dun 1 2 3 Saharanpur . . 6 5 16 14 19 15 14 13 16 19 12 5 164 Muzaffarnagar . 7 7 12 23 18 10 14 2 2 95 Meerut .... 1 11 11 5 20 8 7 7 4 6 2 2 84 Bulandshahr ..21346386 2 33 41 Aligarh. ... 3 ... 3 5 9 5 10 12 4 4 ... 6 61 Etah 1 ... 2 4 13 2 4 4 1 2 ... 24 Muttra ....33255752 533... 43 Farukhabad 2 1 2 8 6 2 3 7 5 ... 2 38 Mainpuri 1 1 1 6 1 ... 1 ... 1 1 1 14 Agra 1364 11 3 15 3 4163 60 Etawah. ... 1 2 ... 4 1 ... 32 5 1 ... 2 21 Cawnpore ... 1 ... 2 8 114 39 3 1 3 ... 21 174 Fatehpur ... 1 ... 3 2 3 2 ... H Jaunpur ... 2 1 5 27 11 6 4 3 92 187 49 21 408 Hamirpur ... 1 ... 2 ... 1 1 1 2 . 8 Banda 1 ... 1 ... 29 2 2 35 Allahabad ... 4 1 8 44 40 11 6 4 1 1 38 13 171 Gorakhpur 1 7 1 3 15 9 15 ... 2 1 7 61 Basti .... 8 12 7 6 5 6 1 3 1 49 Azamgarh ... 3 2 1 12 34 87 12 3 4 17 40 9 224 Ghazipur 1 1 59 29 22 12 15 39 38 28 14 258 Benares ... 2 9 28 270 108 57 17 78 10 21 18 42 660 Mirzapur ... 2 1 2 36 43 27 2 4 6 1 ... 3 127 Jalaun .... 1 1 2 Jhansi Lalitpur 1 ... 1 Kheri 1 ... ... 1 Sitapur .... 28 37 12 77 Hardoi .... 19 1 ... 3 10 33 Lucknow 114 1 52 486 313 858 Baraßanki 8 6 25 176 488 1598 1805 506 4,612 Unao 27 184 211 Kaeßareli. . . 20 18 34 17 19 15 145 9 86 860 1027 324 2 575 Sultanpur ... 92 22 19 44 50 31 25 93 84 643 2400 2201 5,704 Partabgarh 6 25 14 57 80 420 548 179 1,329 Bahraicb. 1 \ Gonda .... 2 ... 1 21 1 9 2 4 ... ... "33 ". 73 Fyzabad ... 54 54 46 42 14 11 28 6 22 36 113 132 558 Oudh Totals . 216 95 101 128 102 99 239 345 760 3610 6476 3861 16,032 Monthly Totals . 291 215 265 745 727 526 434 569 1031 3964 6704 4034 19,505 Of the total 19,505 deaths, 10,242 were males and 9263 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, o'4B. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 2 "s4. 172 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OP CHOLERA The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the North- Western Provinces and Oudh during the Year 1871 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. 1 Eainfall Registered in the Months of 1871. Districts. Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Kumaun 410 ... I*2o 7-90 20-50 33*20 14*20 570 4*40 91-20 Garhwal 4*50 ... I*so 8-20' 12-80 1870 1090 200 0-80 59-40 Tarai .... 2"60 1-60 ... 0"40 9-80, 1170 28"40 1210 7"20 110 74*90 Bijnor 2"40 ... 010 2"80 990 1310 10-90 5*50 170 46"40 Moradabad . . o'6o I*2o ... 0"40 2*50 1360 16*40 10-50 520 110 51-50 Bareilly 0-80 ... I*4o 270 12-40 22-80 770 2-50 I*Bo 5210 Shahjahanpur . ... o*4o 390 7*20 1970 10-40 3-90 2-60 4810 Budaun 070 ... 0-30 0-80 6*50 19*20 10-50 2*Bo I*3o 4210 DehraDun I*9o ... 0"20 2'Bo 2350 32*40 35-60 B'4o I*3o 106-10 Saharanpur 3*40 ... 010 o*2o 15*40 1410 12 - 90 6 - 50 o*4o 53*00 Muzaffarnagar . o*2o 3-00 ... o*2o o*9o 470 14-50 9"20 1-20 I*3o 35^20 Meerut 2"40 ... 110 3"00 590 10-00 8"20 0-20 1-60 32-40 Bulandshahr 070 I*4o 370 910 7*50 410 I*2o 2770 Aligarh 2*Bo o'6o 470 1510 7"30 0-80 TOO 32-30 Etah 0-40 0-20 ... 0"30 170 3*90 10-40 570 2-60 1-00 26 20 Muttra .... 0-20 0-40 ... 0"20 2-90 10*00 15-10 630 3*30 110 39-50 Farukhabad 0-60 ... 0-10 2"20 810 1210 620 I*6o 1-00 3190 Maiupuri o*6o ... o'4o I*4o 10-50 1260 11*40 5*20 0-30 43*40 Agra 0-20 ... o*6o 410 6"50 12-00 1070 4-40 I*oo 3950 Etawah o*9o 2-60 8-00 6-80 18-60 510 o*Bo 4280 Cawnpore . . . 0-80 I*Bo ... 0"30 1-20 6-30 9"80 770 5-60 170 35*20 Fatehpur o*6o ... 130 0-60 1070 1230 770 11*70 I*4o 46*30 Jaunpur 0-50 ... I*oo T2O 9"90 20"30 1970 24*00' l'6O 78-20 Hamirpur 110 ... o*2o 0"60 7"60 13*80 10*80 5*90 I*4o 41*40 Banda 010 ... 010 0"90 350 970 1080 9-60 I*oo 3570 Allahabad o*3o ... 110 o*7o 17-00 21-90 810 970 1-60 60-40 Gorakhpur 0-50 0-10 010 5*90 8"20 20-50 19*40 17-40 o*4o 72-50 Basti .... 0-20 320 4*70 24*90 20*10 16*20 110 70*40 Azamgarh o*6o 010 ... 2'oo 4"20 20-80 14*30 21-80 1-20 65 00 Ghazipur ToO o'2o 2"80 610 10-20 10-60 17*10 0-90 49-50 Benares 010 030 150 0-50 12*30 12-20 14*30 13-90 1-20 56-30 Mirzapur o*2o 110 12*30 22"40 10*00 12*10 2*50 60*60 Jalaun .... I*9o 110 I*oo 8"30 910 20-80 670 1-50 50-40 Jhansi .... 2"50 0-50 ... 0"30 0"90 6"80 12"20 15-90 6*lo o*so 4570 Lalitpur . . . 1-70 1-20 ... 0"30 2-00 13 70 1250 13*40 6-20 0"20 51-20 Kheri .... 0"60 0-50 6"20 WlO 2990 11*50 11*30 I*9o 72-00 Sitapur. . . . 0-80 0-90 5"20 9-90 19"30 750 6-30 ..'. ... I*so 51*40 Hardoi .... 1 30 o*so ... o*2o I*oo 360 18*20 8-30 920 2-70 4500 Lucknow . . . 0-60 o*Bo 470 1570 18-20 4"30 18-50 210 6490 Baraßanki . . I*oo I*so ... 0-10 270 11*40 21 "50 5*90 26*60 310 73"80 Unao .... 0-60 1-00 ... 0-50 2"50 1040 1070 7"50 6"30 2"00 41*50 Eaeßareli. . . I*oo o*6o ... T3O o'7o 5"40 1110 5"00 2070 I*2o 47-00 Sultanpur . . . 0"60 020 2*90 8-30 19-30 12"40 24*60 0-80 6910 Partabgarb. . . 0"70 0-50 0-50 710 3080 7^Bo 1860 0-80 66-80 Bahraich . . . 110 I*4o ... 170 4"20 5*60 23-90 13*50 23*90 o*6o 75-90 Gonda .... 0-60 o*9o 210 4-80 29"90 11*20 32-00 81*50 Fyzabad . . . o*6o o*so 3"50 6"50 29-80 14*60 31-20 0-50 87"20 Oudh Totals. 15-8013*50 210 6"20 55 -60 175 -40 407*40 248*30 346 70 2670129770 Monthly Totals . 20*605070 2 10 18 70 123*20 429*90 830*90 539*90 491 "40 63 *20 ! ! ! ! ! ! 2570-60 Quarterly Totals . 73*40 571*80 1862*20 63-20 Month. Averages 0*44 I*oB 0"04 0-40 262 915 17*68 11*49 10*45 11*341 1*34 1 54-69 Quar. Averages . 1*56 1217 39 -62 1*34 173 ! NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh during the Year 1872 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1872. Districts. . _ Total Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Kumaun 2 4 20 26 Garhwal ... Tarai 25 153 165 26 369 Bijnor ... 4 1 7 9 19 26 7 11 31 73 26 6 220 Moradabad .66 7 21 21 11 12 59 403 569 14 2 1.131 Bareilly. . . 14 4 2 11 7 9 30 75 330 717 270 30 1,499 Shahjahanpur 3 3 5 8 9 12 66 1318 1214 1449 306 10 4,403 Budaun. 2 3 13 17 8 14 9 14 209 555 26 2 872 DehraDun . ... 1 1 54 175 11 8 250 Saharanpur .18 4 14 18 84 65 18 694 366 61 7 2 1,351 Muzaffarnagar 1 2 ... 2 5 8 15 9 2 35 Meerut ... 1 4 6 2 26 88 13 127 222 19 1 1 510 Bulandshalir .12 5 10 6 20 12 185 166 9 12 419 Aligarh. . . 1 ... 3 3 5 38 31 132 497 79 9 1 799 Etah 4 7 12 17 192 87 20 1 ... 340 Muttra ... 1 1 3 23 56 47 56 100 91 25 4 ... 407 Farukhabad 2 ... 4 1 31 111 329 1321 540 195 4 ... 2,538 Mainpuri 2 ... 11 83 133 101 31 5 ... 366 Agra.. ... 1 3 ... 13 33 80 144 126 48 3 ... 1 452 Etawah ... 1 1 ... 1 13 416 489 419 97 12 ... 1 1 450 Cawnpore 2 ... 6 413 541 270 131 162 81 2 1 1,609 Fatehpur . . 2 ... 5 6 119 151 65 57 73 38 7 1 524 Jaunpur . . 11 14 1147 5,788 1113 132 21 15 9 ... 1 ... 8,251 ' Hamirpur 9 36 9 21 1 1 77 Banda 2 1 11 2 27 13 55 91 202 Allahabad 17 239 1,894 1,034 299 39 46 26 18 12 3,615 Gorakhpur 60 528 1,297 698 47 39 66 119 94 56 3,004 Basti ... 3 ... 92 2,670 3,987 2,458 153 10 1 132 6 25 9,537 Azamgarh . . 9 19 33 618 998 472 125 184 39 28 55 12 2,592 Ghazipur . . 15 11 26 26 94 169 92 132 36 4 ... 14 619 Benares. . . 25 21 84 361 381 187 88 86 75 56 29 19 1,412 Mirzapur . . 5 4 71 372 474 273 205 172 32 8 2 ... 1,618 Jalaun 16 7 7 36 66 Jhansi ... Lalitpur 2 2 Kheri 1 1 5 5 86 109 180 34 14 435 Sitapur 73 176 11 18 16 124 160 17 ... 595 Hardoi 60 375 702 974 581 395 16 ... 3,103 Lucknow 43 242 443 238 159 26 48 28 18 1,245 Baraßanki . 33 ... 47 432 518 294 89 68 18 ... 37 ... 1,536 Unao 2 253 689 344 355 165 100 18 ... 1,926 Raeßareli. . 26 ... 38 159 993 1,071 167 43 31 ... 35 20 2,583 Sultanpur . . 184 20 447 1,114 460 116 14 5 4 2 364 Partabgarh . 6 28 1128 3,628 1,251 88 6,129 Bahraich 141 531 406 294 196 127 316 191 54 2,256 Gonda 1 262 1,835 745 91 77 215 289 24 6 3,545 Fyzabad . . 2 3 ... 197 397 77 19 18 13 36 82 5 849 Oudh Totals 251 51 1661 6,052 6,717 4,320 1981 1997 1413 1524 482 117 26,566 Monthly Totals 377 178 3492 18,47716,97010,748 4486 8038 6507 5986 1518 354 77,131 Of the total 77,131 deaths, 43,066 were males and 34,065 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, TS3. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 8 "63. 174 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OP CHOLERA. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the North- Western Provinces and Oudk during the Year 1872 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. I Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1872. Districts. . Total _ Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. Juno. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Kumaun . . . 6-30 2"50 250 TOO 130 2250 27i0! 34-80 1630 o'3o 114-60 Garhwal . . . 710 3-90 2-80 T4O 2"30 590 17*90; 14-40 8 10 1 63-80 Tarai .... 3'ooj 060 TBO 0-30 070 470 16 10; 13-10 910 1 4940 Bijnor .... 4-801 070 030 010 o'3o 570 12 70^ 11-40 6-70 0-40 4310 Moradabad . . 2-40 i 0-50 ... 030 110 2"30 1710' 14-60 4"90 43-20 Bareilly . . . 260| o'2o o'Bo ... 120 11 60 1580! 9"40 5"80 47*40 Shahjahanpur . 4-30! o'4o 070 ... o'4o B'Bo 10"20] 7"80 4"40 0-20 37*20 Budaun . . . HOj 080 020 750 16-80 12"20 460 0-40 43"60 DehraDun . . 7 - 00 2-00 0-50 0-80 1-20 1170 22-00120-50 1470 ... 0-300-30 81-00 Saharunpur . . 4"62 0"90 0-30 0"40 0-401 590 12-40s 1030 170 0-60 37"20 Muzaffarnagar . 230 0-80 0-20 ... o'4o 2-90 10-40J 8-00 710 0"40 32-50 Meerut. . . . 3"20 010 0-30 ... 010 1-80 " t .O-80| 1030 1-90 O'oO 2900 Bulandshahr . . 070 0 "20 ... 0-10 ... 2*30 970j 12 60 2 "80 ... . 28 40 Aligarh . . . 0-80 0-30 2"90 11-20 1350 I*so 3020 Etab. .... 030 070 0-60 4-00 1310| 8"90 2"60 010 30-30 Muttra. . . . 040 ... 020 ... TOO 250 1210 11-80 6-20 0-20 3440 Farukhabad . . 2-00 0"50 200 1810 9 - 90 l'so . 34-00 Mainpuri ... 3-30 0-20 080 0-40 1 010 1-00 10-80 12-70 2 -70 32-00 Agra . . . 1-30 0"20 0-20 030 1-20 T5O 6-40] 900 6'oo 010 26"20 Etawah . . . 1-40 ... 0-20 ... 0-80 390 9"90 940 2*30 27"90 Cawnpore . . . 110 010 0-20 510 19-50 12-90 2"30 .. . 41 -20 Fatebpur . . . T6O o'2o 060 050 0"30 9"30 1070 16-90 290 43"00 Jaunpur . . . 4-00 ... 070 570 550 11-00 5-30 0-80 33 00 Hamirpur . . . 090 o'3o 0-30 020 ... 4*30 17-80 1400 170 39-50 Banda .... T2O 010 010 0-80 11-50 1610 170 31-50 Allahabad. . . 1-50 o'2o o'2o ... 0-30 270 14 -30 17 "50 570 ... 42 "40 Gorakhpur . . 240 o'4o 050 ... 2'2o[ 4'oo 23-40 1640 19-50 ... 6880 Basti .... 1-50 0-60 ... 0-40 o'so 370 2660 11-20 9"40 53"90 Azamgarh . . . 2-10 010 ... 010 ... 650 1170 23"80 8"30 52 - 60 Gbazipur . . . I*9o 0-30 ... 010 040 3 'oo 12 50 9 40 410 0-20 31 '90 Benares . . . 1-50 o'4o 5-80 12-10 9"20 430 3330 Mirzapur . . . 1 "30 070 ... 010 ... 44804 4 80 12-90 1180 12 00 . ... 43-60 Jalauu .... 010 0"50 T9O 10-10 10-80 4-00 . ... o'2o 27"60 Jhansi .... 0"50 0"40 0-50 3'Bo 1310 15-80 180 35-90 Lalitpur . . . 0-40 ... o'4o o'4o 010 1-20 5 "30 11-10 4*30 23-20 Kheri . . . . 2 -90 210 o '6o ... o'4o 870 7 40 15-80 10-60 48 -50 Sitapur. . . . 3-00 o*so 0"60 6-10 690 1290 470 3470 Hardoi .... 2"20 030 110 670 25-00 13-40 i-90 5060 Lucknow . . . 1-40 050 0-40 ... o'3o T2O 92020 00 270 3570 Bara Banki . . 0-80 0-90 0-50 ... 0-30 5 \30 7 90 13 -80 6-70 36-20 Unao .... 1-10 0-40 o'4o 0"50 0-50 7"50 13-50 20-90 0"90 4570 Raeßareli . . l"40 0-30 1-20 ... 010 4'oo 1060 14*60 310 . 010 35"40 Sultanpur. . . 1-50 ... 0"40 ... 010 730 1270 1920 13-60 0-20 5500 Partabgarh . . 270 o'2o 510 10-50 1320 3*Bo 35-50 Bahraich . . . 170 0-50 ... 0-40 T3O 6 - 00 10-60 B'2o 9-20 37-90 Gonda .... l'sO 070 0"50 ... 0 - 40 9-50 6 "50 12 "30 1410 45-50 Fyzabad . . . T9O o'9o 0"40 ... o'2o 2-30 21-30 7"30 8"40 4270 Oudh Totals. 33 '80 1070 6-40 2-00 7 '90 104 "40 269 "80 291 10 147 '400 '20 ... o'so 874 -20 Monthly Totals . 103 02 26702070 7-9021-50243706297063410277-901-00 030 4-00; ! ! ! ! ! ! ; 1970 '52 Quarterly Totals 150 '42 273-10 1541-70 5-30 Monthly Averages 219 0*57 044 0-17 0-46 518 13"40 13-49 5"91 o'o2 0-01 10-08 ! 43.92 Quar. Averages . 3 - 20 5 - 81 3280 011 175 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh during the Year 1873 *> shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths in the Months of 1873. Districts. — . —_ — Total Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Kumaun 61 215 269 575 576 340 62 3 5 1 2 107 Garhwal 3 2 3 6 7 6 '.'.'.' 27 Tarai 22 55 165 42 17 4 35 iO9 "*6 ... '.'.'. 455 Bijnor 5698 6 5325545 63 Moradabad .... 3 4 21 11 19 18 7 169 339 106 5 1 703 Bareilly 3 6 11 21 13 20 12 6 9 10 11 1 123 Shahjahanpur ... 1 ... 4 ... 7 1 2 51 14 80 Budaun 2 9 4 9 3 6 4 62 233 122 2 2 458 Dehra Dun Saharanpur. ... 1 2 2 8 5 6 1 "4 9 1 3 3 "45 Muzaffarnagar 2 ... 1 ... 2 5 Meerut 1 ... 1 3 6 19 ..'. "*2 20 '.'.'. "l '.'.'. 53 Bulandshahr ... 1 ... 3 6 2 4 3 11 9 2 2 43 Aiigarh 13 1 11 8 17 59 25 57 113 33 "9 4 350 Etah 4 4 3 7 10 22 8 40 53 80 14 245 Muttra 4 3 4 9 12 89 65 48 68 10 6 3 321 Farukhabad ...11415 8 710 11816 63 Mainpuri 2 3 74 101 158 180 5 1 ... 524 A gra 12 6 12 86 71 81 160 18 3 1 441 Etawah 1 ... 1 3 24 1 7 8 1 46 Cawnpore 4 .... 3 7 2 2 34 65 21 9 2 149 Fatehpur ... 1 is 122 112 281 114 18 666 Jaunpur 7 25 70 67 174 126 59 71 15 ... 1 615 Hamirpur 2 3 ... 12 23 13 1 ... 54 Banda 5 69 250 108 199 139 19 1 ... 790 Allahabad .... 1 5 27 43 92 389 122 58 102 37 876 Gorakhpur 2 3 2 5 10 81 165 106 49 6 429 Basti 3 ... 1 8 11 38 30 12 3 ... ... 106 Azamgarh 9 4 11 18 85 121 444 289 40 5 9 1035 Ghazipur 4 25 81 148 257 325 196 201 63 3 1 1*304 Benares 8 26 21 96 222 367 271 389 223 94 19 6 1*742 Mirzapur 11 52 136 121 233 201 138 336 68 3 1 I*3oo Jf laun 2 35 11 48 Jnansi 2 ..-. 9 Lalitpur "' Kheri 32 280 50 15 20 76 "44 ... 517 Sitapur 1 33 64 98 Hardoi 11 8 1 11 Lucknow .... 1 1 1 ;;; # n "' 8 "{g o 91 6 159 Baraßanki. ... 2 1 17 1 47 18 g6 £ na « • :.•••• I? .. 2 25 38 57 39 33 20 ... 226 Eaeßarek .... 11 ... 6 1 14 378 401 679 204 121 81 32 2028 Sultanpur 1 3 11 7 5 4 23 14 ... '68 Partabgarh 5 13 34 120 15 3 ... 7 19 216 Bahnuch 7 46 16 7 15 91 £° n t a , ¦ 108 71 82 110 371 Fyzabad 112 7 13 15 11 7 12 4 15 2 90 Oudh Totals . . 127 2 40 303 97 603 726 945 433 227 316 142 3,961 Monthly Totals . . 242 345 605 1608 1623 3331 2528 3546 3534 1191 480 196 19,229 Of the total 19,229 deaths, 10,582 were males and 8647 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, 0 - 46. Eatio per cent, of all deaths registered, 2*27. 176 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the North- Western Provinces and Oudh during the Year 1873 is shoton in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Kainfall Kegistered in the Months of 1573. Districts. ¦ ¦ Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Xov. Dec. Kumaun . . . . 2-40 070 1-50 ... 6*oo I*4o 19*90 B'Bo 9-30010 ... o*Bo 50*90 Garhwal .... 070! 0 '60 270 ... 610 I*so 12-20 3*60 12*50 070 40-60 Tarai o*2o ... 010 ... o*2o o*3o 1310 570 770 27*30 Bijnor 0-80 o*3o 0-60 ... 110 0-40 14-50 5-00 17-5010-20 o*9o ... 41 30 Moradabad . . . o*so o*so 070 ... o*9o o*2o 17 40 11 50 16-900-30 ... 0-20 4910 Bareilly .... 0-80 ... 050 ... 0-20 o*9o 16-30 3*Bo 10-90 33*40 Shahjahanpur . . 070 010 020 ... o*so o*6o 18-70 4*90 660 32*30 Budaun .... 1-20 ... 0-60 ... 0-50 020 1620 610 8-40 33*20 DehraDun . . . 1-20 o*6o 1-20 ... 110 070 23-00 18-50 IO'OO 050 61*80 Saharanpur . . . o*4o 070 010 18*60 7*30 13*30 060 41-00 Muzaffarnagar . . o*9o ... 010 ... 070 010 14-00 6 "30 710 0-20 ... o'2o 29*60 Meerut .... 040 ... 110 ... o*so o*2o 9*50 6*30 770J070 ... 020 26*60 Bulandshahr . . o*3o o*2o 010 ... I*9o o*3o 11-30 7*oo 13*00 0*80! ... 010 35*00 Aligarh .... 070 110 o*4o 10-40 470 13-60 30*90 Etah 0-50 ... 0-60 ... 1-30 0-20 12 "30 6-80 3*60 010 25*40 Muttra .... 0-20 I*oo I*2o 2810 1010 9*50 o*3o 50-40 Farukhabad . . . 0-50 o '4o 2-40 ... 010 070 11 -50 6-40 7 30 29*30 Mainpuri .... 1-40 ... 2-00 010 10-00 2'Bo 8-50 24*80 A S ra . • . . . 020 ... 1-50 210 18-80 13-40 10 -50 4650 Etawah .... 1/40 ... 1-30 070 21-40 6-00 11-50 42-30 Cawnpore ... 010 9-70 1310 6-90 29-80 Fatehpur. . . . 060 ... 0"50 ... 0-20 o*6o 20-50 8-20 10-90 41-50 Jaunpur .... 020 0-20 0"40 o*3o 14-10 10*40 I*3o 26*90 Hamnpur . . . 040 010 0"60 ... 1-40 I*2o 17*20 580 1170 3840 Banda 010 ... 0-60 2090 450 670 32-80 Allahabad ... ... 0-60 0-50 1990 7'Bo 6"80 3560 Gorakbpur ... HO 890 11*90 14-50 2"40 020 39*00 Basti 010 ... I*4o ... 010 2*90 10*20 3*30 3*20 21*20 Azamgarb . . . o*2o ... o*9o ... 030 390 16*60 6*20 2*Bo o*2o 3110 Ghazipur .... ... 010 I*Bo o*6o 0-60 ... 9-60 12-30 2"60 0-20 27-80 Benares .... 010 ... 0-20 010 2170 9"20 4*oo 35*30 Mirzapur .... ... o*2o o*9o 20*80 B*Bo 5*90 36-60] Jalaun .... 050 ... 0-30 ... 2-00 210 1270 5"40 s*Bo 28*80 Jhansi o*2o o*2o o*Bo 13*40 17*90 11 60 44101 Lalitpur .... o*6o ... 010 090 2170 1910 17*70 60*10 Khen ..... i-oo o*3o I*oo ... 010 o*4o 1320 870 310 27*80 Sitapur .... 010 ... 170 ... o*4o 2*90 14*10 4*40 5*30 28*90 Hardoi .... of>o ... 0-50 0-30 770 450 s*Bo 19*40 Lucknow .... o*3O ... o*lo ... 010 o*so 13*40 9*90 9*20 3350 Baraßauki . . . 010 010 I*3o ... o*4o o*4o 1610 6*50 B*9o 33*80 Unao ...... 0-80 ... I*oo ... I*2o o'Bo 11 -40 7"40 6*50 2910 Raeßareli . . . o*2o o*2o 010 ... o*9o o*3o 19*40 9*30 13*20 43-60 Sultanpur . . . o*2o ... o'4o ... 2*50 170 12*40 1810 3*90 o*2o 39*40 Partabgarh . . . o*so ... o*3o ... o*2o o*lo 11*00 11*60 660 30*30 Babraicb .... ... 050 I*so ... o*4o 290 12*70 5*30 6*Bo 3010 Gonda .... i-oo 4.30 7-70 510 390 2200 Fyz 2> S, m ; , • • °" 30 •- 2 ' lo ••• °' 20 i' Bo 11>6 ° 152 ° s - 70 o-io 3500 Oudh Totals . 510 1 *40 16*80 o*6o 10*30 36 "90 289 "30 202 70 132*90 090 696*90 Monthly Totals . 18-80 570|34-90 o*6o 40*60 51*30 713*80 397*50 382-60 260 o'9o 4*30 — - — " ! 165360 Quarterly Totals . 59-40 92*50 1493-90 7 -80 Monthly Averages. 0"40 012 074 o*ol o*B7 I*o9 1519 8*46 B*l4 o*os o*o2 009 3518 Quar. Averages . 1*26 1*97 31*79 016 M 177 ! ! NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the North- Western Provinces and Oudh during the Year 1874 ** shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Choleea Deaths Registered in the Months of 1874. Districts. Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Kumaun 1 1 Garhwal Tarai ... ... ... Bijnor 12 4 8 1.3 6 6 7 1 ' 2 3 "2 55 Moradabad .... 4 2 3 3 6 5 3 17 5 13 1 2 64 Bareilly 2 1 11 6 5 10 5 4 7 2 53 Shahjahanpur 2 3 2 5 2 4. 1 .. 19 Budaun 113 2 8 5 5 9 5 ... 4 "3 46 DehraDun 1 ... 1 Saharanpur .... 1 1 2 ... 2 ... 3 4 3 1 ... ... 17 Muzaffarnagar 2 2 Meerut 11l ... ... ..'. ..'. "2 5 Bulandshalir . ... 2 2 2 3 6 4 3 ... 3 1 ... 1 27 Aligarh 1 ... 2 4 4 7 8 19 8 3 ... 6 62 Etah 2 ... 1 ... 1 ... 11. 6 Muttra 2 1 2 12 4 2 3 7 3 4 3 "4 47 Farukhabud .... 4 ... 1 15 13 2 6 5 2 3 1 2 54 Mainpuri 1 ... 3 2 6 Agra 1 ... 1 11 2 2 4 4 11 15 ... '" 51 Etawah 3 ... 3 4 1 2 1 3 1 1 19 Cawnpore 5 ... 1 ... 2 6 3 6 23 Fatehpur 1 ... 1 ... 1 1 ... 4 Jaunpur 1 ... 2 3 5 ... 2 ... 1 1 "' 15 Hamirpur 1 j Banda 3 1 3 ... ... "" "' \" m 7 Allahabad 1 5 ... 3 ... 1 1 2 1 1 15 Gorakhpur .... 1 1 ... 1 12 125 1196 2296 352 4 3988 Basti 2 ... 5 36 82 467 337 35 964 Azamgarh 13 2 24 65 13 59 140 37 11 1 356 Ghazipur 2 3 6 7 5 37 38 18 10 ... 126 Benares 3 3 2 6 65 46 9 22 40 38 10 7 251 Mirzapur 2 2 14 56 13 9 13 109 Jalaun 1 1 2 Jhansi \\ t |" [" Lalitpur Kheri "4 "\ "\ "„ \" '[ ''[ ' ""4 Sitapur 1 6 3 \ j" jq Hardoi 2 2 Lucknow 1 1 l "" "1 "1 "i g Bara Banki 1 3 4 ... 8 Unao 2 2 Rae Bareli ... 1 3 " \ ' 4 Sultanpur . . . . j 2 2 Partabgarh . . . .1 Bahraich. 5 "*g Gonda Fyzabad 3 1 2 "l .'.', "2 '" '..'. "(5 10 "25 Oudh Totals ..196 4 7 1 11 10 • ... 1 7 11 68 I Monthly Totals . . . 36 28 47 101 197 238 134 389 1559 2911 743 81 6464 Of the total 6464 deaths, 3607 were males and 2857 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, 015. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, O'SO. 178 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Worth- Western Provinces and Oudh during the Year 1874 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. '. ~T Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1874. Districts. — ; — j — - — Total Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Kumaun. . . . (HO 2*60 3-20 0-60 010 2170 27-80 26*50 13-50 ... 0-30 9670 Garhwal. . . . 0-90 5*40 220 0-20 ... B*2o 14 90 17-60 670 56-10 Ta rai 110 I*4o 4*50 25"00 14-00 9-40 ... 55-40 Bijnor .... 200 o*Bo 1-60 8-80 23*00 B*4o 7-30 .. '" 51-90 Moradabad . . . o*3o o*9o 170 6-00 2590 10*40 12*00! 57-20 Bareilly .... 070 o*3o o*2o ... 0"50 s*Bo 1570 10 "00 2420! '" 57-40 Shahjahanpur . . o\lo 070 010 6*40 1680 12*20 12*50 '" 48-80 Budaun .... 070 o'2o 070 9*50 20*00 11 10 18"20 .. 60*40 DehraDun. . . 3*90 1-50 3"40 ... 090 20*30 36-20 2370 B*so ... 98*40 Saharanpur. . . 3*30 o*so 1-90 ... 1-00 9 - 00 13-80 6-20 910 010 44-90 Muzaffarnagar . . 0"20 120 I*oo o*2o 0"20 5-00 16*30 570 1400 43"80 Meerut .... I*so ... 1-30 9*20 1270 870 410 ... . '.'.'. 37-50 Bulandshahr . . o*3o 0-70 0-30 6"40 12-10 10-90 1-70 .. 32*40 Ahgarh .... o'2o o*2o 2*30 15*60 890 5-20 32*40 Ktah 010 3-50 11-40 12-30 6-60 33*90 Muttra 0-20 ... 0-60 470 12 80 9-30 5-00 32*60 Farukhabad . . o*2o 1210 16-30 1270 B*Bo '" 5010 Mainpun . . . 010 B'6o 1810 14*90 10*40 ... 5210 Agra 0-10 ... 010 ... 1-30 s*Bo 12 -80 970 I*9o ... 3170 Etawah 010 o*3o 5*40 9*50 19*40 310 . 37-80 Cawnpore 0-10 6-40 920 770 370 ... ' 27-10 Fatehpur 010 930 WOO 12*30 2"80 0-20 ... 3470 Jaunpur. . . . o*lo o*3o 070 ... 050 1920 1320 14*30 7 60 380 5970 Hamirpur 010 010 15*50 13*80 12*80 370 ... ... 46-00 ??J"f a , ', - ' * ' °" 20 1110 71 ° 7 2 0 840 ••• 34-00 Allahabad 010 710 1270 B*6o 6"80 35*30 Gorakhpur . . . o*lo 070 o*3o 12*10 22*50 1170 9*Bo 3"60 60*80' Bas t! 010 I*6o 0-10 ... 2*Bo 14*70 1310 9*60 13*30 050 ... 55-80 Azamgarh . . . o*lo o*3o 010 ... 010 960 11*80 12*90 1170 2*lo ' 4870 Ghazipur . . . 010 070 0"40 9*oo 7*40 16-50 10-4010-00 o*3o o*2o 55*00 Benares .... 020 ... 010 14*00 16-90 23"00 7*50 360 ... 65*30 Mirzapur . . . 0"30 o*2o 0"30 11-30 B'9o 1710 W3O I*oo 49-40 Jalaun 6*40 WOO 12 "20 3-40 41*00 Jhansi 3'oo 7*90 18*00 2*30 31*20 Lahtpur. . . . 010 o'4o 6-00 19*20 1660 I*4o ... 43*70 Kheri. .... o*3o 170 o*so 11-60 15*00 9*oo 2000 ... 5810 Sitapur .... o*4o I*3o o*3o 6*Bo 1510 11-80 13*70 ... 49*40 Harden .... o*3o 5-60 16*00 1510 770 ... 4470 Lucknow . . . 0-40 o*4o o'2o 12*40 1210 1810 810 o*4o 5210 Baraßanki. . . o*2o 010 WBO 16*00 810 7*20 42*40 Unao 010 o*2o 6*oo 1590 11*00 6*lo ... ... '..'. 39-30 Raeßareh . . . o*2o 080 10*60| 7*oo 10*10 9*20 37-90 Sultanpur o*2o 26*601 14*20 12*00 770 o*2o 60*90 Partabgarh o*4o 11-90] 8"20 8"00 270 ... 31-20 Bahraich . . . 2*30 I*oo o*so ... o*6o 7*Boj 16*50 9"80 7*20 I*6o ' 47-30 Gonda .... o'3o I*Bo 070 14*60 14*90 16-30 16-00 . 64*60 ! F y zabad o*9o 010 17*80 15*40 14*70 4*70 o*3o 53-90 1 Oudh Totals . 5*5012-30 2*50 ... 5-00;228-60 293*00 281*60 180*40 23*30 o*3o 0*20 1032*70 ! Monthly Totals . 20*60 28*90 22*70. 1*00 10*80460*40 715*70:597.10 395*60 27 *30 0300*60 "" ¦ ¦ ! ! ! °281 '00 Quarterly Totals . 72*20 472*20 1708*40 28*20 Monthly Averages 0*43 0*62 | o*4B O*O2J 0*23 9*Bo 15*23 12*70 1 8 42 0-58 o*ol 010 ~~ Quar. Averages . 1*53 10 -05 36*35 o*6o 179 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh during the Year 1875 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1575. Districts. Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Kuraann 1 ... 4 II 6 12 Gavhwal 3 6 103 361 92 18 4 587 Tarai 8 8 15 31 Bijnor .... 1 2 4 11 12 2 9 3 77 192 85 8 406 Moradabad. ..243 5| 5 6 6 173 445 123 21 1 794 Bareilly 5 3 6 3 13 411 241 44 4 730 Shahjahanpur 6 23 2 19 17 127 596 246 27 1,063 Buclaun 2 9 8 4 11 67 76 503 808 210 43 1,741 DehraDun 298 67 3 368 Saharanpur . . 1 ... 2 3 21 54 35 129 212 46 ... 1 504 Muzaffarnagar 19 4 26 186 304 31 561 Meerut .... 1 12 141 443 949 20 7 1 1,574 Bulandshalir ..21... 7 15 30 66 891 1,283 83 3 ... 2,381 Aligarh 1 1 8 33 216 457 1037 570 41 6 2 2,372 Etah 1 ... 1 2 53 170 354 410 624 212 30 4 1,861 Muttra .... 2 2 3 9 80 183 158 93 139 14 43 7 733 Farukhabad . . 6 5 10 15 167 278 343 340 666 470 22 1 2,323 Mainpuri 1 30 427 619 229 395 68 2 ... 1,771 Agra 1 ... 11 16 4 76 44 230 437 46 3 1 869 Etawah 1 14 4 122 175 158 312 34 820 Cawnpore ... 5 3 10 175 191 209 179 141 137 103 8 ... 1,161 Fatehpur 1 4 44 163 94 13 46 33 8 406 Jaunpur 40 277 704 115 56 52 96 70 30 1 ... 1,441 Hamirpur 1 ... 11 232 549 131 59 127 73 1,183 Banda 3 ... 122 495 50D 45 1 1,166 Allahabad ... 2 59 151 408 414 298 25 13 9 31 ... 1,383 Gorakhpur 37 633 729 657 313 151 102 21 1 18 2,662 Basti 274 1,824 990 425 130 15 6 4 86 274 4,028 Azamgarh 11 33 607 389 248 135 137 50 27 10 ... 1,647 Ghazipur 126 158 154 85 67 58 13 14 ... 675 Benares .... 10 17 122 607 151 55 24 49 18 29 9 3 1,094 Mirzapur ... 1 8 145 656 808 361 175 70 '10 7 3 3 2,247 Jalaun 4 45 60 43 312 35 499 Jhansi 1 ... 2 8 11 Lalitpur 1 1 2 Kheri 7 151 97 35 17 13 57 56 (25 ... 458 Sitapur 48 226 328 67 7 ... 179 389 161 59 1,464 Hardoi 119 156 283 160 197 844 1026 180 8 2,973 Lucknow 1 36 429 216 81 65 128 230 49 8 8 1,251 Baraßanki 5 507 325 50 63 46 35 75 24 17 1,147 Unao 6 701 501 115 119 61 60 36 6 ... 1,605 Eae Bareli 2 4 37 152 319 210 146 61 70 197 375 1,573 Sultanpur 5 367 1,362 396 342 71 9 8 3 34 210 2,807 Partabgarh 43 140 351 152 75 10 ... 14 33 3 8 829 Bahraich 49 2,405 691 99 56 38 38 3,376 Gonda 79 1,447| 918 484 241 303 105 96 61 70 3,804 Fyzabad 5 83 991'| 274 187 31 38 5 23 363 234 2,034 Oudh Totals . ... 56 824 8,72614206 2137 1050 979 1,636 1856 862 989 23,321 Monthly Totals . 35 216 1923 14,757 9816 7557 5305 6396 10,051 5263 1717 1391 64,427 Of the total 64,427 deaths, 36,204 were males and 28,223 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, l - 54. Katio per cent of all deaths registered, 7*55. 180 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. Tlie Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the North- Western Provinces and Oudh during the Year 1875 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1875. Districts. . Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Kumaun .... 0-80 7*50 .. o*so 4*Bo 13-20 19-20 24-00 12'SOOIO 82-90 Garhwal .... 050 3-500-30 ... 520 4-10 13-50 12-30 10-101-20 5070 Tarai 4*oo 010 4"80 1970 810 470 41-40 Bijnor 340 I*oo 240 14 30 1670 11-80 080 50-40 Moradabad 3*40 1-50 I*2o 18-60 1610 480 0-40 46-00 Bareilly .... 0-20 230 010 250 22*90 1410 530 010 4750 Shahjahanpur . . 0-20 I*3o 1-00 0-80 13*20 7*Bo 7*50 0-30 3210 Eudaun .... 0-60 I*so 1-40 ... 17-00 770 620 010 34*50 DehraDun . . . 0"40 6*40 420 1000 2370 21 90 11-400-20 78-20 Saharanpur . . . 010 3-00 0-70 o'so 8"20 14*20 6-80 33-50 Muzaffarnagar . . o'2o I*Bo o*9o 0-50 1110 10-90 7'oo 0-60 33-00 Meerut I*4o 110 020 7"60 8"20 15-20 3370 Bulandshahr l"30 0-60 ... 610 1170 16-200-20 ... 010 36-20 Aligarh 1-50 "• ... 060 O'SO 3"80 B*2o B'6o 0-40 23-90 Etah o'4o 110 0-30 010 370 7 - 30 6-90 19 - 80 Muttra 0-20 I*2o 0"20 o*so 8-40 3-60 12-50 o*6o 27*20 Farukhabad . . . 0"20 1-00 0"40 1-60 11-50 7*90 5-00 020 27*80 Mainpuri .... o'2o 1-60 1-30 010 15-80 710 11-20 0"30 37-60 Agra 0-40 220 070 0-30 14-00 2"60 12-50 110 33-80 Etawah . .". . o*3o 210 i o'2o o'so 14 -20 4-80 8*300"40 ... 010 30-90 Cawnpore 070 010 0-60 6-60 1070 970 o'so 28-90 Fatehpur .... 0-20 o*3o 0-30 220 7 "40 9"00 1010 060 ... 0-20 30"30 Jaunpur .... o'so 0-30 1-80 550 7 "30 1570 11-20170 44-00 Haxnirpur o#2o0 # 20 250 12-00 970 10 -60 0-10 ... 0 - 40 35-50 Banda 0"40 0-20 2"90 1970 1380 10-60 0-20 47-80 Allahabad. . . . 0"40 o'3o 0-90 3-10 1970 10-50 6-40020 ... ... 41-50 Gorakhpur . . . 0"30 o'2o 8-00 9"30 15 50 3 "50 0"20 37^00 Basti 0-80 o'so 1-30 7*oo 10 "40 13-40 6-10 39"50 Azamgarh. . . . T2O 010 110 690 10-80 2030 1110 ...I 51-50 Ghazipur ..... l'BO l'9o 4"80 1250 11 60 7-30010 40"00 Benares .... 2"30 010 5-30 10-30 22-00 s'Boo-30 4610 Mirzapur .... 110 O'SO 7"20 15-80 2910 870 6270 Jalaun TOO o'3o ... 18-70 14-40 7"40 41*80 Jhansi o'9o 2"50 670 6-10 8-80 25-CO Lalitpur o*6o o'3o 3"10 15-60 1350 Boo 41-10 Kheri 010 2"50 170 4-80 6*oo 8-50 5-30 28"90 Sitapur 010 1-00 0"90 170 1270 10-60 590 020 3310 Hardoi 030 270 1-80 1*80.17*60 910 6'Bo 4010 Lucknow .... 0-20 0-40 070 810 2380 12-90 4610 Barißanki . . . 0"50 0-60 010 520 4-00 13-60 12-30 3630 Unao 010 o'6o o'6o 650 9"80 690 2450 Raeßareli . . . 0"30 o'so 320 11-40 1210 790 35-40 Sultanpur. . . . 0-40 0-50 I*2o 2"40 10-90 18*00 14-20 47"60 Partabgarh 110 0-30 5"30 520 16-60 10*40 38*90 Bahraich .... o*lo o'3o 2-00 7"40 B'3o 1210 6*40 36-60 Gonda 0"30 0-90 170 6-60 870 10*30 720 3570 Fyzabad .... o'4o 0-40 200 490 8"40 15*60 5"00 3G70 Oudh Totals. . 10-301470 17 60 89*4021790306*00167-900-60 ... 0-20 82460 Monthly Totals . . 16*10 68*400*30 o*so 47*20 150*30 557 10 590*60 411*30 7*30 ... 460 [ 1 , _ 1 _ ! 185370 Quarterly Totals . 84-80 198-00 1559-00 11-90 Monthly Averages . 034 j 1*45 !o*Ol o'ol I*oo 3"20 11 -85 12*57 8*75 015 ... 010 ! ! 39-44 Quarterly Averages I*Bo 4*21 3317 0"25 181 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OP CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh during the Year 1876 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1876. Districts. ' ; j TotaL Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Kumaun 8 176 409 155 38 9 13 808 Garhwal Tarai 3 28 ... 204 355 79 ... ... 669 Bijnor .... 1 1 4 42 2 63 26 103 Moradabad 2 ... 8 7 18 7 52 352 132 2 2 582 Bareilly 4 159 152 123 614 1326 612 120 1 3.111 Shahjabanpur 30 232 182 31 3 478 Budaun ... 4 ... 2 4 1 3 5 2 24 44 4 1 94 Dehra Dun Saharanpur 3 ... 4 6 3 1 "]7 Muzaffarnagar . 3 2 ... 1 2 8 Meerufc ... 1 ... 1 1 "" [[[ "' 3 Bulandshahr . 1 ... 2 ... 1 2 1 . 7 Aligarh 16 5 B 8 20 "*2 "7 ... 54 Etah 1 1 1 11 4 4 1 ... 1 ... 24 Muttra 3 ... 4 ... 2 2 5 6 6 . . . 28 Farukbabad 1 5 2 6 128 121 2 ... 1 266 Mainpuri 2 4 2 ... 2 10 Agra 17 12 4 2 1 ... '"4 ... ... 22 Etawah 1 1 ... 3 3 1 ... 2 11 Cawnpore 1 ... 3 40 233 101 186 264 54 40 ... 922 Fatehpur 1 6 193 493 194 13 14 3 917 Jaunpur 7 30 181 183 217 169 14 9 2 1 ... 813 Hamirpur 1 18 96 218 488 112 1 934 Banda 2 35 336 254 22 45 694 Allahabad . . 4 3 54 215 720 663 221 54 35 13 3 ... 1 985 Gorakhpur . 1 1 88 374 205 139 83 2 893 Basti .... 2 53 277 1,081 765 102 33 5 4 16 2338 Azamgarb 18 173 365 913 515 74 44 14 .. . 2 116 Ghazipur 39 418 902 865 359 78 88 22 2 ... 2 773 Benares ... 3 143 244 338 241 400 236 135 89 31 7 5 1*872 Mirzapur ... 2 23 123 242 433 1,268 1120 191 132 55 23 ... 3612 Jalaun 2 1 25 96 13 137 Jhansi Lalitpur 2 1 . '" 3 Kheri ilB 303 *90 "34 "8 '.'.'. 553 Sitapur 13 n 4 . 28 Hardoi 8 3 13 1 7 32 Lucknow 1 2 110 412 187 238 153 21 21 2 1 117 Baraßauki 1 4 13 179 210 101 129 8 ... 9 '654 Unao 1 41 264 715 275 67 61 4 ... 1 428 Raeßareli . . 14 146 2609 3,078 605 106 7 23 43 4 6 635 Sultanpur . . 13 3 ... 42 269 744 549 53 15 3 13 8 1*712 Partabgarb 17 76 228 308 40 31 86 169 16 '971 Bahraicb . . . 171 859 362 194 267 118 10 1981 Gonda .... 3 6 9 202 630 2,200 1347 417 420 166 9 5*409 Fyzabad ... 14 3 10 214 584 453 164 36 4 5 ' 1*487 Oudh Totals . 44 13 25 677 4892 8,907 3979 1606 1070 478 286 30 22,*007 Monthly Totals . 65 198 556 2348 8757 16,500 8651 4217 4629 1798 531 61 48,311 Of the total 48,311 deaths, 26,251 were males and 22,060 females. Eatio per 1000 of population, 113. Eatio per cent, of all deaths registered, 515. 182 NATUEE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the North- Western Provinces and Oudh during the Year 1876 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1876. Districts. — ¦ _ TotaL Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. NovJDec. Kumaun .... 0-600-10 2 'lo T3O 110 270 15-80 3390 8"20 2-80 6860 Garhwal .... 1-400-80 I'CO l'9O 1-80 0-80 11-30 10-20 6*lo 2"80 Z 38-70 Tarai 0-30 0-60 ... 0-30 1270 7"00 2-30 1-30 ... '" 24-50 Bijnor 010 o 'lo 0"30 1-10 l"20 0-60 18 90 6"60 370 120 33*80 Moradabad o'4o o'4o l'2O 070 19-30 8-10 340 070 '" 34-20 i Bareilly o'2o 110 0"30 1-00 10-50 610 5"30 1-80 26"30 i Shahjahanpur 0"30 o'so 0"40 0"60 9"50 B'2o 6"60 0-40 26-50 Budaun 020 010 9"30 570 5-80 T2O ' ' 22"30 DehraDun 1-50 l'4O 070 1-80 33-30 22"80 13-10 510 '" 79-70 Saharanpur . . . 0 - 40 ... o'6o 0"60 1-00 0-50 22-60 10-20 o'6o 2"80 39-30 Muzaffarnagar . . 0-30 070 0-80 050 13 70 400 0-90 2"30 23-20 Meerut 0-50 l'3o 0-90 0-90 770 110 2-80 0-90 '" 1610 Bulandshahr of>o ... 110 l - o0 5"40 4"90 560 o'9o 20-00 Aligarh 0-50 010 0-20 o'9o 7-10 5"80 4"80 110 ' "" 2050 Etah 0-40 ... o'3o 0"50 1310 370 6-30 1-60 !" '" 25-90 Muttra 0-40 ... 1-00 0"30 8-00! 370 7*lo 170 " 22-20 Farukhabad o\3o 010 ... o'3o 9"00 2-90 12-10 TOO 2570 Mainpuri 0"30 0-20 14 "20 4"60 12*00 0"60 31-90 Agra 010 ... 0-40 2 -90 8"50 3-30 ll'SO 2700 Etawah 010 0"20 10-30 5-10 4"20 0-50 ... 20-40 Cawnpore 0-50 010 010 ... 1020 710 330 21-30 Fatehpur .... 010010 010 0-40 19-40 5"70 4'oo 0"90 3070 Jaun P ur 0-60 12-00 5-60 10-20 6"60 3500 Hamirpur 0"20 18-90 390 8-40 0"40 ... 31-80 Banda 010 ... 010 130 21 "50 10 20 740 o'so . . 4110 Allahabad 1-30 10-50 8-50 4"00 5"70 ... 30-00 Gorakhpur. . . . 0"60 ... 0"20 1-30 O'CO 2"00 5-20 1010 16-60 390 4050 Basti 030 ... 010 070 0"20 1-30 1510 9-00 S'OO 4-20 ... 38-90 Azamgarh .... 010 100 l'4O 5"80 9'oo 5"50 3"50 ... 26"30 Ghazipur 010 TOO 6-90 6"20 970 3*50 97-40 Jenares 020 12-20 6'oo 6-00 140 2580 Mirza Pur 21-50 9-30 WOO 2"80 ... . 43-60 Jalaun o*2o 15-80 6"20 9'oo 31-20 Jhansi 5-60 2170 5-00 5"40 ... 3770 L^litpur 0-40 ... 0-10 1-00 2750 4"70 990 .. 43-60 Kheri ..... 0-30 ... o'4o o'2o ... 070 9-90 870 21-90 3'oo ... 4510 S'tapur 0-40 0-20 710 630 19-60 l'6O ... ". 35-90 Hardoi 0-60 T3O 010 0"80 9"80 8-60 860 o'9o ... 3070 Lucknow .... 0-10 ... 070 390 810 6-00 3'oo ODO 2270 Baraßanki . . . 030 ... o'Bo I*Bo ... 020 2"80 670 11-00 210 2570 Unao 0-40 010 o'2o 0-60 13-80 4"80 1-80 "'" 2170 Raeßareli. . . .o*2o 0-201310 7"50 420 l"50 2670 Sultanpur .... 020 0-60 ... l"90 10-40 520 11-50 4-60 '" 34-40 Partabgarh 1-20 9"80 710 5-00 3'oo 26-10 Bahraich 0"20 0-80 0"20 170 4"40 6-60 16-80 3"50 34-20 G° nd . a °' 40 ». .» 370 310 610 8-80 390 ... .'.. 26-00 Pyzabad .... 0-20 ... 010 010 ... 170 3"60 210 7"50 360 18-90 Oudh Totals . . 2-30 ... 4 70 710 2 70 42 -20 222 "00 137 "90 197 10 46 -40 ... ... 662 "40 Monthly Totals . . 4 -90 1 10 16 -40 18 "30 15 -30 63 -30 574 70 336-80 357-10 91-20 ~~ ¦ ! ' 1470-10 Quarterly Totals . 22 -40 96-90 1268 "60 91-20 Monthly Averages . 0-10|0 02[ 0*36 039 0"32 1*36 12-23 716 7*60 194 Quarterly Averages . 0"48 206 26-99 1-94 183 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OP CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh during the Year 1877 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1877. Districts. — Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Kumaun 3 ... 2 ... 1 ... 5 2 ... 13 Garhwal Tarai Bijnor .... 1 ... 1 1 1 ... 2 ... 1 ... 7 Moradabad. . . 1 ... 3 3 2 ... 2 15 1 18 Bareilly. ... 1 ... 1 1 8 ... 3 1 6 12 33 Shah jahanpur 1 1 2 Budaun .... 1 ... 2 ... 1 ... 5 16 33 ... 22 Delira Dun Saharanpur 1 1 ... 1 3 Muzaffarnagar 1 ... 1 2 Meerut 2 ... 3 ... 1 ... 1 7 Bulandshahr . . 1 11l 4 Aligarh 3 2 ... 13 2 3 2 2 ... 2 1 30 Etah 11 4 2 2 2 ... 12 Muttra 1 12 14 110 25 5 167 Parukhabad 1 1 3 3 2 2 3 15 Mainpuri 1114 1 8 Agra ..... 1 1 ... 1 3 22 2 8 203 34 5 2G2 Etawah 1 1 Cawnpore 1 1 ... 25 7 3 5 3 45 Fatehpur 2 5 2 1 ... 10 Jaunpur 25 47 102 72 54 210 60 1 3 ... 574 Hamirpur 14 116 228 175 7 5 545 Banda 1 ... 38 134 654 627 75 15 1 1,545 Allahabad 27 48 35 27 15 62 25 8 2 4 253 Gorakhpur 190 356 753 896 1203 287 255 243 219 46 4,448 Basti 1 1496 1722 1273 448 247 37 10 48 1 13 5,296 Azamgarh ... 3 ... 47 207 194 108 320 228 145 127 18 6 1,403 Ghazipur ... 1 1 29 92 131 69 153 551 183 49 31 36 1 326 Benares .... 7 35 152 172 107 111 85 160 47 29 9 11 925 Mirzapur 3 71 220 123 141 176 317 14 9 21 22 1,117 Jalaun 1 ... 15 23 16 55 Jhansi 1 ... 7 g Lalitpur 145 8 ... 153 Kheri 3 210 469 27 709 Sitapur 11l 713 510 30 32 1 396 Hardoi 1 1 11l '5 Lucknow 32 42 78 13 5 2 3.. 6 1 182 Baraßanki 31 83 32 24 11 158 112 72 4 ... 527 Unao 1 1 1 ... 2 . 5 Rae Bareli 53 93 36 11 1 194 Sultanpur 93 231 163 45 51 3 2 4 592 Partabgarh 31 100 104 22 5 20 18 300 Bahraich 126 1108 880 56 10 4 4 2 188 Gonda 2 885 2307 1240 296 117 7 3 3 4860 Pyzabad 11 443 893 598 276 128 26 20 58 28 22 2*503 Oudh Totals . ... 13 1810 5782 4110 800 360 201 136 133 64 52 13,' 461 Monthly Totals . 18 63 3865 8698 7004 3480 3522 2363 972 1120 449 216 31,770 Of the total 31,770 deaths, 16,955 were males and 14,815 females. Ratio per 1000 of population 0*74. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 378. 184 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the North- Western Provinces and Oudh during the Year 1877 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. . Rainfall Registered in the Months op 1877. Districts. r ¦ : Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Kumaun . . 7*60 6*oo 3-50 2*60 3*50 670 20-60 5*90 070 310 ... B*Bo 69*00 Garhwal . ' 4*30 4*20 710 320 7*60 670 510 4*oo 070 o*4o 010 5*50 48*90 Tarai. . . . 3*20 1-50 o*4oj o*3o o*2o 3*90 6*60 3*60 ... 250 ... 3*Bo 26-00 Bijnor . . . 210 210 110 ... 070 200 170 o*9o 050 200 ... 320 16*30 Moradabad. . 5*30 2*60 I*3o 010 110 080 8-00 270 1-40 770 090 5-20 37-10 Bareilly . . . 220 170 I*4o ... 0-20 2*60 370 310 ... 6-60 ... 2*20 2370 Shahjahanpur . 2*50 I*so 170 o*2o 070 230 2-60 o*Bo I*9o 4-70 010 3*20 22-20 Budaun . . . 2-60 270 060 0-30 0-50 o*6o 2*50 2-00 010 5*90 ... o*9o 1870 DehraDun. . 3-00 3*90 2*oo I '9o 210 5*40 5*30 6*60 1-20 2*oo 0-30 3*30 37 "00 Saharaupur . 2*90 300 1-80 o*so 080 1-80 4*Bo I*9o I*Bo o*Bo o*4o 7*20 2770 Muzaffarnagar . 310 2*90 I*6o o*so 3*40 5*40 I*2o 320 010 3*50 0-20 310| 28*20 Meerut . . . 2*20 2*Bo 1-00 1-30 1-30 2*50 o*Bo ... 010 6*oo ... 3*Boi 21*80 Bulandshahr . 0-90 I*so o*so ... 010 ... 610 010 ... 3*40 ... 410 1670 Aligarh . . . 0-40 I*3o 070 ... 010 ... 300 3*60 ... 200 1110 Etah . . . . 1-40 0-20 0-50 060 010 1-60 270 o*2o 0-20 4-90 010 2-10 14*60 Muttra . . . 0-30 o*9o 010 o*2o o*lo 030 o'so 6*30 ... I*Bo 1050 Farukhabad . 150 o*6o o*4o o*4o ... 0-50 3*40 2*30 ... 610 010 510 2040 Mainpuri . . 070 o*so ... o*6o ... o*3o ... o*9o 010 4*50 ... 3*oo 10-60 Agra .... 0-10 o^2o 010 ... 075 0"40 I*6o 0"65 o*ls 3"60 ... 2*45 10*05 Ecawah . . . I*oo o'6o o^so ... 060 ... o*so o*4o 0-20 5"90 ... 3-00 1270 Cawnpore . . I*3o 2*40 ... o*4o o'so o*4o 170 370 0"90 3*40 ... 2'oo 16*70 Fatelipur . . o'9o I*4o I*oo ... 1-30 o*4o 3"60 3"25 270 3*oo ... o*3o 17*85 Jaunpur. . . 2*oo I*9o o*lo o*2o o*3o 110 10*80 7*20 4"00 s*Bo ... o*4o 33*80 Hamirpur . . o*2o I*oo o*2o ... I*7o 110 I*4o 3*70 070 I*6o o*lo I*so 13*20 Banda . . . 0*66 I*oo o*4o ... 0"20 ... 2*oo 6*20 6*40 2*20 010 030 19*40 Allahabad . . l'9O 110 110 0"20 ... 2*50 210 5*50 o*lo 3*Bo ... o*3o 18-60 Gorakhpur. . 2*90 110 ... o'6o 0-50 260 4-80 4*40 3'oo 300 ... I*4o 24*30 Basti. . . . 4*oo 070 0-30 0130 o*lo 200 270 3*Bo 2*50 3*90 ... o*so 21*10 Azamgarh . . I*2o I*4o o*3o o*3o 0"20 I*oo 5*60 4*Bo I*2o 2"50 ... 110 19*60 Ghazipur . . TOO I*9o o*2o o*4o o*lo I*3o 2*50 5*30 o'9o I*4o ... 0*75 16*35 Benares . . . I*9o I*6o o*6o 020 ... 1-40 760 B*9o 390 I*4o ... o*4o 2790 Mirzapur . . I*so 230 o'Bo 0-20 o*lo I*9o 5*60 6*50 I*Bo 300 ... o*so 24*20 Jalaun . . . 070 I*4o ... o*2o o*3o 0"50 2*20 010 220 2*50 ... 2*40 12*50 Jhansi . . . o*4o o*9o o*3o o*so 040 I*7o o*so 2*30 540 2*30 ... 110 15*80 Lalitpur. . . o*6o I*2o o*3o 6*lo I*Bo 4*Bo o*Bo I*9o ... 2*Bo 20*30 Kheri . . . 6*20 I*4o I*oo o*2o o*7o 770 4*50 o*Bo ... 4*40 ... 310 30*00 Sitapur . . . 2*40 o*2o 2*lo 0"80 o*7o 3*20 2"20 o*4o ... 4*50 ... 270 19-20 Hardoi . . . I*6o o*so 210 o*Bo o*7o 4*40 2*Bo o*so 070 1010 ... 2*lo 26"30 Lucknow . . 3-00 I*2o 010 o*9o 010 o*2o 2*90 11)0 0-90 2*40 ... I*7o 14*40 Baraßanki . 3"50 I*2o ... 1-60 0"30 l*4o| I*9o 3f203 f 20 070 330 ... 2*oo 19*10 Unao. . . . 2*20 I*Bo 010 o*6o o*6o 1-60! 2"40 2*30 o*7o 470 o*lo I*so 18*60 Kaeßareli. . 070 090 o*4o o*6o o*4o o*Bo I*9o I*9o I*6o 170 ... o*3o 11*20 Sultanpur . . o*4o o*so I*2o 2*40 10*90 18*0014*20 4760 Partabgarh. . 2*30 I*Bo o*Bo ... o'6o 310 2*Bo 4*oB 2*30 2*05 ... 080 20*63 Bahraich . . 3 *60 o*9o I*oo 070 o*Bo I*4o 870 3*oo 4*oo 5*50 ... 2*50 32*10 Gonda . . . 2*20 I*oo ... 070 I*3o 5*40 1070 o*Bo 5*95 1175 ... 215 4195 Fyzabad. . . 2*Bo I*3o ... 110 o*4o 110 5*60 2*40 4*20 4*20 ... o*7o 23 80 Oudh Totals 45 70j25*20 101011*00 980 51*20 90 60 79*28 56*95 76*50 o*lo 30*50 486*93 Monthly Totals 99'90 ! 74*70 3920 24*50 37*65 100*50 192*90148*08 80*90 179*80 2*50 109*05 ! ! ! 1089*68 Quar. Totals . 213*80 162*65 421 88 291*35 Mon. Averages 2*13 1*59 o*B3 0*52 080 2*14 4*lo 316 1*72 3*82 o*os 2*32 23*18 Quar. Avera^s 4 *55 3*46 B*9B 619 185 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the North- Western Provinces and Oudh during the Year 1878 is shoion in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1878. Districts. Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. I Kutnaun 3 15 17 33 ... 9 18 98 200 393 Garhwal 6 11 17 Tarai 8 125 48 28 ... 209 Bijnor 11 3 1 ... 484 753 51 6 1,300 Moradabad 1 1 2 4 1 5 105 228 27 1 375 Bareilly .... 5 62 58 11 49 875 354 265 (3 ... 1,682 Shahjahanpur 1 3 ... 1 61 417 89 27 599 Budaun .... 3 9 3 6 5 21 34 81 Dehra Dun Saharanpur 1 1 1 9 12 Muzaffarnagar 8 10 9 3 2 1 33 Meerut 2 ... 2 ... 9 13 Bulandshahr 1 11 22 258 16 1 ... 309 Aligarh 3 14 4 4 181 100 15 19 15 1 ... 347 Etah 1 ... 1 1 3 7 2 13 66 94 Muttra 3 ... 1 4 2 246 114 61 39 5 1 ... 476 Farukhabad 12 3 ... 9 2 1 27 Mainpuri .... 1 1 2 4 64 89 55 11 227 Agra 1 4 5 3 66 137 312 218 95 6 847 Etawah 2 3 1 1 2 1 17 5 32 Cawnpore 1 5 ... 92 59 22 33 187 21 ... 420 Fatehpur 2 12 20 39 56 19 43 13 1 205 Jaunpur 1 98 63 82 7 34 2 ... 3 2 292 Hamirpur 1 ... 53 20 57 53 63 1 ... 248 Banda 86 671 286 166 101 121 24 ... 1,455 Allahabad. ... 3 ... 4 53 70 115 36 143 48 70 34 1 577 Gorakhpur ... 11 43 11 72 130 450 420 364 91 9 1,601 Basti !l 7 12 5 8 4 12 97 311 111 568 Azaragarh 2 17 53 69 164 296 787 421 285 29 2 2,125 Ghazipur .... 1 53 1 17 37 226 264 230 98 45 6 ... 978 Benares .... 2 7 70 205 60 72 36 71 88 4S ... 2 661 Mirzapur 5 154 185 491 229 90 33 7 1,194 Jalaun 2 6 ... 5 105 274 48 20 460 Jhansi 12 1 49 69 2 124 Lalitpur 23 137 260 45 34 3 502 Kheri 11 ... 11 Sitapur 1 29 30 Hardoi 2 6 1 ... 3 12 Lucknow 1 ... 1 1 35 214 43 16 11 7 329 Baraßanki 1 6 4 7 19 1 38 Unao 1 8 9 12 13 43 Eaeßareli . 1 5 6 5 9 ... 4 3 33 Sultanpur 14 11 11 10 19 187 450 290 983 Partabgarh 18 9 19 ... 2 42 89 205 88 472 Bahraich 28 18 ... 4 4 ... 14 8 1 77 Gonda 2 5 19 11 10 6 4 40 120 46 263 Fyzabad 7 ... 21 2 4 25 121 58 316 734 159 1,447 Oudh Totals ..28 6 91 66 55 94 375 190 701 1558 592 3,738 Monthly Totals . . 35 85 133 827 862 2877 2585 4159 3333 3952 2398 975 22,221 Of the total 22,221 deaths, 12,261 were males and 9960 females. Eatio per 1000 of population, o'Bo. Eatio per cent, of all deaths registered, 1*46. 186 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the North- Western Provinces and Oudh during the Year 1878 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of IS7B. Districts. y ; — Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. [June. July. Aug. [Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Kumaun .... 3*30 T2O I*6o 6-00 8-50 260 24-20 1970 310 o*4o 70T>0 Garhwal .... 4*90 4*30 I*3o 2-90 3*30 110 16*00 12-40 1-800-20 ... 010 48-30 Tarai 170 ... o*4o 080 110 110 18-80 28*20 4*oo 5610 Bijnor 1-90 030 0-40 4"00 1-50 ... 6-30 16 50 5"40 o*Bo 3710 Moradabad . . . 2*30 I*Bo I*2o 210 I*2o 1-30 10-80 1670 B*oo 0-20 45*60 Bareilly .... o*9o 0-30 0"20 0-40 TOO 640 28*00 10-50 1110 58-80 Shahjahanpur . . I*Bo l"20 0-40 1-20 110 3 "20 18-10 11 -90 15-80 54 70 Budaun .... T2O 0"20 o*2o ... 170 030 21-60 6*90 B*3o 010 40-50 DehraDun . . . 2*50 I*6o I*os 350 4"87 050 25-00 3170 13700-20 ... o*2o 84-82 Saharanpur . . . I*so I*6o I*4o 1-70 320 0-20 6-40 19-20 0"80 0-60 36 '60 Muzaflfarnagar . . 270 0-50 0-80 310 1-90 0-30 710 16-20 2*60 o\3o 35*50 Meerut 1-80 110 0"40 2-10 1-60 o*3o 3*50 14-40 2*50 0"30 2800 Bulandshalir . . . 0-90 o*so ... 090 o*Bo o'3o 2*40 9*90 1-40 0-80 17 90 Aligarh o*so 010 0-20 o*4o 4*40 1370 10-60 o*2o 3010 Etah 0-40 010 ... 0-30 0-40 I*3o 7"30 5-60 4-50 19 90 Muttra 0-40 ... o*2o 1-00 I*4o o*2o 410 4*Bo 2"30 14*40 Farukhabad . . . I*3o Q-40 0"30 I*9o 8-30 6-60 530 2410 Mainpuri .... 0-90 0-50 o*so 0-50 7*oo 570 410 19*20 Agra 0-05 0*45 0-95 3*40 5"65 I*Bs 4*90 17*25 Etawah .... o*Bo o*2o 070 I*3o 4*40 7#407 # 40 910 23"90 Cawnpore .... 290 o'4o I*3o o'9o 690 770 2-40 ... 2250 Fatehpur .... 3 35 o'2o TB5 l'6O 6"90 8 - 00 7'oo 2890 Jaunpur .... 260 o'2o ... 0"40 3"80 3-30 7"80 21 40 9-30030040 ... 49"50 Hamirpur. . . . 2*90 010 2"30 070 4'Bo 8"40 7'ooo-60 26-80 Banda 410 o'3o 110 1-50 810 10-80 4-00 2990 Allahabad .... 250 ... 010 0"40 1"00 o#3o0 # 30 710 650 550 2340 Gorakhpur . . . TOO o'so ... I*3o 170 0-50 B*Bo 6*40 9"80 30-00 Basti 1-30 0-40 010 1-00 3"30 2"60 4"30 970 14-20 0"30 3720 Azamgarh. . . . T6O 0-20 ... 0-20 170 330 12-60 10-50 11-80 ... 0-10 ... 42-00 Ghazipur .... 2"30 115 2'oo 2-50 9"40 9-00 545 ... 070 ... 32*50 Benares. .... 2*20 010 ... o'Bo T6O 2-40 4-60 13"30 3900-40100 ... 30-30 Mirzapur .... 2"60 0"40 ... 030 250 0-30 6"80 14-00 4 -80 0-300 60 ... 32*60 Jalaun 2'oo 010 ... o*3o 010 ... 6*50 7*20 10-20 26*40 Jhansi 170 o*so o*6o 170 5"00 B*2o 7*60 25"30 Lalitpur .... 2*50 o*3o l'BO I*3o 5"90 IO'OO 460 26*40 Kheri ..... 0"50 1-20 030 2'Bo 220 6"00 21*90 16-80 14*20 65"90 Sitapur 1-60 0-90 ... o'so 3*02 3*90 B*4o 1070 1175 4077 Hardoi 1-60 ... 080 010 070 2"90 6*90 670 710 26*80 Lucknow .... 2-60 010 o*2o o'so I*so 2"50 710 13*50 6*60 34*60 Baraßanki . . . 2*30 ... 010 020 0-90 T5O 5*40 13*80 920 33*40 Unao 3*Bo o'6o o*2o 0"20 I*9o 1*55 1215 615 320 2975 Raeßareli . . . I*Bo 010 3*90 5*60 7"90 600 2530 Sultanpur. . . . l"80 o*3o o*2o 070 0"80 030 560 1510 6-00 30-80 Partabgarb. . . . 2*35 0-40 2"40 3-00 3"40 935 s*oo o*so 26-40 Bahraich .... I*9o TBO o*lo I*oo I*4o 6*60 7*90 6*Bo 5*40 3290 Gonda 170 o*so ... o*7o I*6o 3"50 920 11*90 770 36-80 Fyzabad .... I*2o I*2o o*2o 210 o*7o 370 11*80 1610 10*40 47*40 Oudh Totals. . 40"35 8"40 2*20 15*05 32*42 53*95 169*25 223 10 164 "90 1-50 2*40 ... 71352 Monthly Totals . . 90*40 23"90 12*10 48 -307979 88*45 440*20 545*75 319*40 2*80 2*80 4*00 ! . ! ! ! ! ! 1657-89 Quarterly Totals . 126"40 216"54 1305*35 9*60 Monthly Averages . 192 o*sl 0"26 I*o3 I*7o I*BB 9*37 11*61 1 C*79 0-06|0*060-08 1 35 27 Quarterly Averages 2*69 4*61 2777 o*2o 187 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera, among the Civil Population of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh during the Year 1879 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1879. Districts. 1 • Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Kumavin 25 19 21 1355 3012 1987 367 108 6,894 Garhwal 7 586 1572 805 491 12 3,473 Tarai 83 83 31 2 41 1128 207 44 ... 619 Bijnor 1 1 ... 418 150 3 1 13 "... 1 588 Moradabad .... 2 ... 1 80 34 4 4 22 1 3 . 151 Bareilly 2 8 35 8 3 43 4 166 24 ... 293 Shahjahanpur 1 15 48 18 87 95 62 ... 326 Budaun 1 2 68 11 1 25 96 122 4 ... 330 DehraDun 230 366 33 7 . 636 Saharanpur 2 600 96 23 2 21 201 15 960 Muzaffarnagar 175 98 4 1 11 6 295 Meerut 1 120 206 169 7 6 9 1 2 ... 521 Bulandshahr 8 24 224 394 69 1 3 1 724 Aligarh ..... 1 ... 6 37 283 477 83 53 3 943 Etah 1 ... 3 33 1 ... 2 ... 40 Muttra 53 255 98 74 6 3 1 490 Farukhabad 3 3 1 ... 4 11 Maiupuri 1 1 25 39 4 2 72 Agra 2 178 175 205 13 3 1 577 Etawah 1 2 34 1 38 Cawnpore 3 44 98 60 10 14 123 162 514 Fatehpur 1 9 47 251 6 4 14 36 2 ... 370 Jaunpur 4 35 52 ... 9 11 102 Hamirpur 65 1147 3201 1185 55 2 5,655 Banda 20 59 286 675 370 166 42 8 ... 1,626 Allahabad .... 1 3 6 50 110 134 14 16 ... 221 339 Goraklipur 6 5 22 108 105 177 175 458 101 3 1,100 Basti 3 ... 1 101 79 103 31 31 ... 46 50 ... 445 Azamgarh 2 65 102 57 17 64 21 1 1 330 Ghazipur 1 1 2 24 124 136 58 238 42 90 5 1 722 Benares 2 9 76 92 173 135 10 81 19 9 5 3 614 Mirzapur 2 ... 17 31 61 80 18 18 26 18 271 Jalaun 3 10 16 48 22 34 30 163 JMnsi 1 ... 11 41 204 71 328 Lalitpur 1 1 Kheri 11 "34 117 "7*2 251 343 242 250 *6 1,326 Sitapur 9 46 73 13 122 38 11 312 Hardoi 8 8 10 ... 4 30 Lucknow 3 43 33 4 4 1 ... 88 Baraßanki 11 15 54 ... 137 35 2 52 Unao 16 90 24 1 1 132 Kaeßareli 6 9 15 . 30 Sultanpur .... 12 ... 2 22 3 ... 6 '45 Partabgarh 11 26 10 "" 47 Bahraich 1 14 55 45 583 527 316 7 1 1,549 Gonda 7 13 257 58 245 281 336 63 11 1,271 Fyzabad 6 ... 28 47 32 2 4 15 1 20 32 2 189 Oudh Totals . . 18 ... 30 146 324 641 212 1377 1226 925 352 20 5,271 Monthly Totals . . 64 35 259 4731 8062 7969 5290 3947 2431 2420 654 30 35,892 Of the total 35,892 deaths, 19,493 were males and 16,399 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, 0-81. Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, 1-87. 188 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Gents, at one Station in each District of the North- Western Provinces and Oudh during the Year 1879 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Kainfall Registered in the Months of 1879. Pistricts. : ¦ ¦ Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. ! Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Kumaun . . . 0*30! 3*oo 2'oo o'Bo 210 i 22-80 54"20' 33*10 1270 2"50 ... I*9o 135-40 Garhwal . . . 0"30 3*30 280 o*3o 0-30 6-60 16-20; 23-80 4*50 o*Bo'. ... o'2o 59 -JO Tarai I*4o 040 ... 200 7"60 27-20| 27*30 390 370 ... 0"40 7390 Bijuor. . . . 010 1-60 110 010 ... 270 13 00] 18-40 3*20 0"20 ... 0-80 41*20 Moradabad . . 010 o*6o o '6o 13-50 35*30j 19-90 5*90 2-00 . TOO 78 "90 Bareilly . . . 0-02 0*39 076 3*69 34*61 i 2875 8*37 2"58 ... o*4l 79*58 Shahjahanpur . ... o*so 0-20 2*20 2480 22-30 1380 570 69-50 Budaun 0-30 510 3290 9"30 810 070 ... 0"30 56 70 DehraDun . . 010 I*4B 2"47 0-25 ... 13-39 36"29 35-06 18-52 0-52 ... 0*66 108-74 Saharanpur . . ... 0-40 050 ... 0"30 270 3*50 16-20 I*so ... . 'o'so 2560 Muzaffarnagar . ... o*4o 0-40 2*50 10-30 7"30 l'9O 0"40 23*20 Meerut . . . 0-56 1*32 0-75 0"30 0-05 1-87 12-49 13-81 310 0"40 ... 0"92 35 "57 Bulandshahr . 010 0-60 010 310 18-60 14 "40 7*oo 2-20 ... I*so 47*60 Aligarh . . . o*2o ... 020 5-80 14-80 11-30 2*40 1-20 ... 060 36*50 Etah .... 0-30 ... 010 B*2o 1070 2290 320 o*Bo ... 010 46-30 Muttra . . . 0-20 ... 0-20 3"40 7'oo 16-20 5*50 o*3o ... 0"60 33 40 Farukhabad . . 0"20 010 0-20 670 20-80J 19 "20 4*50 110 ... 0-20 53*00 Mainpuri . . . 010 970 10-801 16-40 2*20 o'7o ... 0"50 40"40 Agra .... 066 011 015 0"03 ... 302 7"93 ! 10-62 660 0-28 ... 020 29-60 Etawah . . . 0-30 1-00 9 -80] 8-60 560 O'oO ... 010 25-90 Cawnpore 340 800! 12-10 270 1-90 2810 Fatehpur 6 - 20 7"40 i 11 30 4-00 410 ... 33-00 Jaunpur ... 4"50 19-80 19-50 18-40 2"60 64"80 Hamirpur . . 1-40 11*50 4"50 I*so 370 2260 Banda ....... 010 1-90 1410 9"40 6-90 3"80 . ... 36-20 Allahabad . . ... 0-07 o'o2 9"26 6-01 958 13-95 3-46 42"35 Gorakhpur 0"09 0-15 879 27 - 35 1319 17*94 9-590-05 017 77*32 Basti .... 0-60.11-20 17*50 10*60 9*oo 7'3o| 5620 Azamgarh 6-30 13*20 12*40 17*90 3*90; 5370 Ghazipur 0"35 6-90 13-30 13*90 16-80 I*Bo 53-05 Benares ...... 0-45 o*ol 6"04 13*49 13-20 13*26 4"64 51*091 Mirzapur 010 7"50 9-60 1630 970 2-40 45*60! Jalaun. . . . o*4o 3"30 7^50 25*60 3-00 2"00 41-80; Jhansi. . . . 0"40 2*90 1676 1710 917 o*9l 47*24) Lalitpur . . . o*2o o#so0 # 50 o*lo 290 6*90 25-60 6'oo 2-30 44-501 Kheri ....... 0"60 070; 8-90 17*40 1170 1-80 8-20 0"20 49-50 Sitapur o*Bo' B*so 2450 15-10 460 10-60 ... o'2o 64*30 Hardoi 110 13-80 18-40 4*20 3*50 ... o*lo 4110 Lucknow . . . 0-17 o'o2 0-05 370 18-12 847 5-67 1*96 ... 0-16 38*32 Baraßanki . . 0-50 5-80 27"90 1260 970 210 0-50 5910 Unao 810 810 8-30 3-90 310 31*50! Kae Bareli . . 410; 5"40 1030 12-80 I*9o 34-50J Sultanpur 10-60 14 -90 14-20 1310 4'oo . ... 56-80 Partabgarh . . 7-801 12-60 20-65 9"95 500 5600 Bahraicb. . . . ... 1-80 210 470! 2870 10*20 9'Bo 5"60 ... 1-80 6470 |Gonda. ...... 0-30 I*2o 11-40| 2210 16*90 B*6o 3"40 ... 0-40 64*30 Fyzabad 0*40; 9-80| 2460 11-80 7*60 2-00 ... 56*20| Oudh Totals 117 4-21 6*61|140*33 '343*72 306*51 194*49 86*200-05 3*63 1086*82 Monthly Totals 4*71 19*58 13-25 1 '78 11*36 ! 292-5&811*75 747*73 364*43 131 94 0*05 14*82 ! ! -I 1 ! ! 1 ! 2413*96 Quarterly Totals 37 *54 305*70 1923*91 146-81 Mon. Averages . 010 0*42 o*2B 0"04 0*24 6*22 17 - 27 15*91 775 281 ... (o*3l ! 51 . 35 Quar. Averages . o*Bo 6*50 40 93 312 189 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the North- Western Provinces and Oudh during the Year 1880 is shoion in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 18S0. Districts. j —— Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Kumaun 4 ... 1 5 Garhwal ... ... Tarai 18 6 24 Bijnor 1 ... 3 2 ... 2 13 1 ... 1 14 Moradabad 1 9 ... 4 87 G34 194 42 971 Bareilly ... 1 5 1 2 2 43 253 318 67 ... 692 Shahjahanpur 1 ... 244 4,326 782 262 24 99 5,738 Budaun 5 9 ... 1 8 25 47 58 4 3 160 DehraDun 1 1 2 Saharaupur ... 1 1 Muzaffarnagar 1 ... 1 Meerut 1 ... 11 3 Bukndshahr 1 116 2 14 13 ... 1 ... 39 Aligarh ... 4 ... 2 10 2 18 Etah 2 15 1 ... 9 Muttra 1 2 ... 1 6 20 49 ... 79 Farukhabad 6 33 11 1 ... 1 52 Mainpuri 1 1 15 1 18 Agra 3 7 4 ... 2 1 ... 2 ... 19 Etawah 28 37 10 75 Cawnpore 2 3 12 19 31 295 205 114 1 ... 682 Fatehpur. 1 64 77 25 22 4 193 Jaunpur 136 1,382 235 57 4 2 12 ... 1 1,820 Hamirpur 5 84 71 21 181 Banda 1 79 261 186 149 1 20 ... 2 698 Allahabad 6 74 255 317 376 355 254 37 3 ... 2 1,679 Gorakhpur 187 3,423 1679 475 42 12 3 5 821 Basti 201 5,628 1442 696 299 167 11 ... 14 47 8,505 Azamgark 31 513 494 195 73 11 45 62 11 ... 1,435 Ghazipur 7 82 91 27 2 ... 18 230 Benares ... 7 12 78 203 244 95 9 16 35 19 16 21 745 Mirzapur 3 199 473 339 489 84 40 17 1,644 Jalaun ... 4 ... 4 Jhansi ... Lalitpur ... Kheri 13 242 1,484 806 1073 903 110 4,681 Sitapur 2 105 185 649 941 1,741 508 323 133 17 4 604 Hardoi 2 641 1302 3,629 383 40 5,997 Lucknow 2 3 138 79 262 195 435 140 177 103 13 1 547 Baraßanki 122 1,133 699 486 122 285 115 97 28 22 3,109 Unao 1 ... 142 187 332 69 23 754 Raeßareli 3 7 139 386 230 114 23 4 2 12 920 Sultanpxir 10 564 3,629 479 190 59 6 3 16 44 128 5 128 Partabgarh 7 131 734 129 194 51 6 21 48 70 1 34 1425 Bahraich . . . 1 158 277 619 518 643 195 178 49 2 2 640 Gonda. ... 22 9 14 2,016 2222 1112 506 149 25 1 27 39 6122 Fyzabad 36 1,206 868 337 278 64 24 38 179 29 3 062 Oudh Totals 23 28 875 9,127 5079 5031 4631 8,891 2362 2018 1538 386 39,989 Monthly Totals . 30 50 1795 21,046 9945 7706 6335 15,100 4262 2973 1733 571 71,546 Of the total 71,546 deaths, 37,492 were males and 34,054 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, 1*67 Ratio per cent, of all deaths registered, ? 190 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the North- Western Provinces and Oudh during the Year 1880 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfaix Registered in the Months of ISSO. Districts. Total 1 I I Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. | Oct. Nov. Dec. Kumaun . . . T2O 810 1-50 24"80 3510 16-60 3000 010 I*so 2-30 121-20 Garhwal . . . 2 30 5 "80 ... I*3o 210 11-00 8 "40 110 15 50 ... I*4o o*4o 49 -30; Tarai .... o*2o 2-50 2-00 11-00 8"40 110' 15 50 ... l'4O 0-40 42'50i Bijnor .... 010 I*Bo o*2o 7"30 1210 010: 26-90 ... 0-30 0"50 49 -30 Moradabad . . 010 2-30 o*7O 4 "90 11-70 o*6o 13-00 ... 2 -20 0-80 36-60 Bareilly . . . 012 113 ... 0-27 111 311 8*22 5*63 8*23 ... 0-55 0-58 28-95 Shahjahanpur . ... l"80 010 I*4o 11-60 1-30 5"90 ... 0"50 o*so 2310 Budaun 0-90 ... 010 0-80 4*20 620 4*20 5 90 ... o*so ... 22*80 DehraDun . . 1-68 3-90 ... 0-31 2*47 912 33"39 17-00 13-45 ... T47 l'G3 84 -42 Saharanpur . . 110 4*90 ... 0-50 TOO 6-60 16*80 I*2o 10-20 ... 0-50 o*4o 43*20 Muzaffarnagar . ... I*4o 110 5-60 1060 2-10 19-80 ... o*4o 1-00 42-00 Meerut .... 0-24 1*35 0*62 6*62 16-40 1-65 16-95 ... o*4o 1-03 45*26 Bulandshahr . . 0-20 o*6o o*3o 7*50 11-70 0-60 s*oo ... o*6o 0-60 2710 Aligarh ...... o'3o ... 0-10 ... 0-40 7"30 010 5"20 ... 010 o'so 14*00 Etah 010 0-70 470 2*60 4-90 ... 0"30 0"50 13-80 Muttra 0-04 0-30 ... 4*40 1-50 13*00 o*2o 19-44 Farukhabad o*Bo 1*55 l'sO 810 o*Bs 3-00 0"25 16-05 Mainpuri 040 265 B*6o 010 3.60 ... 0"20 0-30 15*85 Agra 010 053 010 8"27 0-98 4-04 ... 0"22 075 14-99 Etawah 3"40 570 150 0-60 0"30 0"20 010 11*80 Cawnpore TOO 0-10 3-50 1-50 060 010 ... 0"30 710 Fatehpur 050 870 o'so 140 ... 0"30 0-30 H'7o Jaunpur 1-80 0-50 010 16*30 370 3"90 5"30 0-50 ... 3210 Hamirpur 0-60 6*90 I*9o 070 ... o*3o ... 10*40 Banda o'2o o*Bo 18'2O o*3o 2*40 0-10 0.80 ... 22*80 Allahabad 079 038 I*os 984 5*41 1*73 ... o*Bs 019 20*24 Gorakhpur 1*76 1*35 5 -99 23 "49 B*o7 2*49 o'o3 0%38 017 4373 Basti 1-20 360 010 19-50 5-60 690 ... 0-20 ... 3710 Azamgarh I*6o 190 o*2o 26*90 4*50 570 o*9o o*3o 090 42*90 Ghazipur I*9o o*7o 080 24*50 4-60 2"40 170 0-80 ... 37-40 Benares 1*43 076 0*92 1335 479 2*47 TB3 o*6l o*2o 26-36 Mirzapur I*oo o*6o 10*10 3*Bo 3*60 o*2o o*3o ... 1960 Jalaun o*6o 0"90 ... 7-90 0-60 2-00 o*3o o'4o ... 1270 Jhansi 010 I*sl 11-81 2*ol 376 0*34 053 0*26 20-32 Lalitpur 0-60 6-30 270 s*oo I*so l"20 030 1760 Kheri . . . . ... I*2o 0-60 2"80 710 4*20 B*3o 2420 Sitapur o*4o 1-30 020 10*20 2*60 415 o*2o 0*53 ... 19-58 Hardoi o*3o 020 1-70 16-50 2*40 4*oo o*2o 2530 Lucknow . . . 0-23 072 174 1*36 4*73 4*63 3*50 0"07 0*24 o*l6 17*38 Baraßanki o*6o 310 o*Bo 7*90 o*9o 3*50 16-80 Unao 0-20 0-50 070 670 1-80 1-80 o'4o 1210 Raeßareli . . ... 0"40 o'6o ... 350| o'9o I*4o ... o*4o 010 7*30 Sultanpur 1-60 3*lo o*2o 15-80 350 I*Bo o*3o o*6o o'3o 27 *20 Partabgarh T4O o*6o 1-80 B'3o 525 205 0"95 0-90 0-10 21*35 Bahraich 2*60 5*50 4-60 18'9ol 920 3"90 0-10 070 ... 45-50 Gonda 0-40 4-10 2*Bo 12-20J 3-00 210 0-30 o'Bo ... 2570 Fyzabad 0"60 3*60 ... 13*40J 1-60 2*20 ... o*so ... 21-90 Oudh Totals. 0 2319-31 ... o*6o 34 *25 27 682 69-08! 76 -65 73-02 872 9-39J 3 *09 522 "02 Monthly Totals . 7*77 60*22 ... 318 !5311 142*23,570*20'150-77 304*42 14 -62*24 *88 16 *62 — ! ! ! ! ! 1348*02 Quarterly Totals . 67^99 198-52 1025*39 5612 Month. Averages 0 17 1 1*28 ... 0-07 118 3"03 1213 3"21 6*47 o*3l 0"53 0"35 — _ 28 . 68 Quar. Averages . 1*45 4*23 21*81 119 191 STATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cliolera among the Civil Population of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh during the Year 1881 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months op 1881. Districts. Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Kumaun 47 20 1 68 Garhwal 133 526 659 Tarai 1 1 Bijnor 2 2 3 1 ... 11 10 Moradabad 1 ... 6 3 2 6 13 3 25 Bareilly . 11 1 3 1 1 ... 1 1 10 Shahjahanpur 1 2 13 2 1 ... 10 Budaun 1 1 4 27 33 36 56 158 DehraDun 2 1 3 Saharanpur 3 4 1 1 9 Muzafiarnagiir 60 26 ... 24 20 130 Meerut 6 5 58 55 10 108 35 277 Bulandshahr 2 1 1 ... 3 13 2 13 Aligarh ... 1 21 ... 22 21 2 1 68 Etah 18 1 40 5 ... 1 65 Muttra 1 ... 32 3 ... 1 37 Farukhabad 2 2 Mainpuri Agra 1 1 ... 4 2 13 1 13 Etawah 1 1 1 3 Cawnpore 4 8 14 9 21 11 67 Fatehpur 1 3 ... 11 6 Jaunpur 1 ... 52 439 220 45 29 3 789 Hamirpur 6 44 ... 14 2 66 Banda 6 2 3 9 40 7 19 86 Allahabad 20 53 89 71 29 3 6 ... 1 2 ... 274 Gorakhpur . . , 15 38 797 797 401 193 151 53 47 35 8 2,535 Basti 41 1834 1593 445 223 84 29 7 300 155 4,711 Azamgarli 7 2 198 1077 760 432 392 170 10 68 1 ... 3,117 Ghazipur 9 214 486 525 677 173 30 3 2,127 Benares 13 29 177 244 140 57 71 21 7 9 18 20 806 Mirzapur 2 41 298 219 119 10 2 1 692 Jalaun 2 2 Jhansi Lalitpur 1 1 Kheri 8 183 484 145 80 17 917 Sitapur 6 3 ... 113 36 ... 1 ... 5 164 Hardoi 1 1 Lucknow 2 1 2 13 59 48 21 31 40 33 66 3 319 Baraßanki 58 223 187 112 99 [57 36 14 7 793 Unao 1 58 71 7 137 Raeßareli 1 45 73 18 14 17 168 Sultanpur 10 ... 114 426 438 169 68 40 1 ... 26 43 1,335 Partabgarh 3 10 38 167 90 30 4 342 Bahraich 28 111 188 62 11 18 5 423 Gonda 5 363 692 342 161 57 7 ... 47 7 1,681 Fyzabad 5 136 1427 706 141 68 28 158 75 2,744 Oudh Totals ... 23 19 303 2882 2983 1275 591 300 1 110 69 329 140 9,024 I Monthly Totals ... 46 96 924 1 7935 7462 4184 2380 998 485 340 687 327 25,864 I Of the total 25,864 deaths, 13,429 were males and 12,435 females. Ratio per 1000 of population, O'5S. Katio per cent, of all deaths registered, ? 192 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the North- Western Provinces and Oudh during the Year 1881 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Rainfall Registered in the Months of 1881. Districts. — ; Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Kumaun . . . o*4o 1-60 670 0% 3'oo 13*50 13-30 21-30 12-40 72-40 Garhwal . . . o*so I*9o 4*20 I*7o 270 3*60 12-50 15 30 4*20 010 4670 Tarai .... o'lo 0-30 5*50 ... I*3o 7*oo 14-30 8-20 4*90 41-60 Bijnor .... 010 0-60 3-30 ... I*9o 420 12-40 1710 1-30 4090 Moradabad 070 3*20 ... 0-60 270 1270 21-00 0*24 4114 Bareilly . . . 017 0-44 3*32 o*ol I*oB 10 84 12-37 9*02 110 38*35 Shahjabinpur . ... o*3o 4*90 ... 1-40 10*50 9*40 870 l'4o 36-60 Budaun . . . 010 0-60 410 ... o*2o 2*50 11*80 13*80 010 33*20 Dehra Dun . . 026 0-65 2-83 0*45 213 10*09 2911 30*35 18-62 0*97 95*46 Saharanpur 0-90 4*40 010 o*3o 470' 11*60 7*Bo 110 30*90 Muzaffarnagar . ... o*3o 4*30 o*2o I*3o 2*00! 9*oo 9*90 27*00 Meerut .... o*o7 o*2l 4*50 0*35 0*44 I*3l 877 16-95 0*24 o*o2 32*86 Bulandshahr . . o*4o o*2o 2*Bo ... 010 I*Bo 770 670 o*3o 20*00 Aligarh o*6o I*9o ... o*4o 2"40 1010 12*00 O*3OJ 2770 Etah o*so I*so ... o*2o 4*50 13*00 14*90' 070| 35*30 Muttra o*Bo ... o*2o o*2o I*Bo 12*40 11-50 1-60 28*50 Farukhabad 015 I*9o ... I*oo 4*15 B*os 11-95! o*3o ... 27*50 Mainpuri o*so o*3o ... o*4o 4*oo 17*80 20*30; o'2o 43*50 Agra o*o9 096 ... 013 171 17-32 14*66. 014 35 01 Etawah o*9o ¦. I*Bo 11-40 16*30 30*40 Cawnpore o*lo o*4o ... I*so 5*50 12*40 17-30 0-40 o*2o 37*80 Fatehpur o*3o 010 510 810 1870 670 0 "40 39*40 Jaunpur o*4o ... 6*60 2*50 14*80 17*90 2*30 I*6o 4610 Hamirpur 010 o*ol 020 3*20 11*60 11*20 I*oo 27*31 Banda o*2o 020 ... o*2o 8-20 s*Bo 1770 T4O 33*70 Allahabad . . . o*lB o 'o4 078 ... 0-76 5*85 10-65 11*46 3*93 117 o*ol . . 34*83 Gorakhpur o*ol 0*37 ... 112 19*33 7*36 11-47 6*46 5*46 51*58 Basti I*3o ... I*2o 13*40 3*Bo 570 2*50 210 30*00 Azamgarh 110 ... 210 5*90 870 1810 470 5*30 45*90 Ghazipur . . . 010 ... o*9o ... o*4o 670 610 1290 280 3*oo 32*90 Benares . . .0 05 021 o*6B 0*43 0*47 5*04 7*43 16*23 3*05 I*4B 35*07 Mirzapur . . . o*4oj 020 080 ... o*6o 5*90 9*Bo 17*00 I*4o I*4o 37-50 Jalaun o*2o o*4o I*Bo 16*80 28*30 o*6o 4810 Jhansi 0*46 1*64 5*58 16*52 28*28 0*57 o*Bo '5385 Lalitpur o*2o I*2o 500 B*3o 21-30 1-60 37*60 Kiieri 010 4*30 o'3o 2*oo 5*50 I*Bo 750 210 ... 23*60 Sitapur 010 2*20 ... 110 6*30 6*oo 1110 090 o*lo ... I ... 27*80 Hardoi o*3o 4*50 ... o*6o 5*40 910 13*40 o*Bo j ... 3410 Lucknow . . . o*o3 o*o6 o*6l ... 0*62 313 10*59 1572! I*Bs o*lo ... o*ol 32*72 Baraßanki o*so ... 070; 6*90 11*80 B*4oj 3*20 31*50 Unao o*3o o'4o ... 070j 3*35 15*20 13*50! 270 3615 Kaeßareli o*lo J 070j I*so 5-30 1110 l*Bo| o'2o 20*70 Sultanpur . . o*3o ... I*3o s*lo 5-50! 9-50; 2*6o| ... 24*30 Partabgarh 005 o*4o| ... o*2s| 5*05 7"50 ! 2415J 2*40 0*55 40-35 Bahraich o*lo 2*30 ... 2*oo 9*70 8*5o! 4*60 4*ooi 31-20 Gonda o*3o o'4o ... 3*9o] 750 B*9o| 7*oo 2*80 ! o*2o 31*00 Fyzabad 2*oo ... 210 10*50 4*3oj 10*80 I*6ol I*so 32*80 Oudh Totals. o*o3 1*4117*91 0*3015*97 69*93; 94*4913677 2675| 2*651 ... o*ol 366*22 Monthly Totals . 2*8614*67 89*69 3*95 ;50*00|264 '03 497*67 ;678*04 115*30 26 W o*ol o*ol 1742*88 Quarterly Totals 107*22 317*98 1291-01 26-67 Month. Averages o*o6|o*31 1 1*91 o*oB ] I*o6 | 5*62 10*59 114*431 14*43 2*45 0*57 37*08 Quar. Averages . 2*28 676 27*47 0*57 N 193 194 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Punjab Province during the Year 1871 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. - Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1871. Districts. Total Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. I Dec. Delhi 1 11 5 2 ... ~. 1 ... 22 25 58~ Gurgaon 16 8 1 3 ... 2 ... 1 2 24 Kurnal 114 2 4 2 ... 1 ... 1 ... 16 Hissar 1 ... 1 2 ... ... 4 Rohtak 1 11 2 ' 7 Sirsa 2 1 ... 3 Umballa 4 16 5 5 5 1 ... 4 2 2 ... 35 Ludhiana .... 1 1 1 1 ... 1 ... 2 1 2 1 ... 12 Simla ... Jullunder 1 1 ... 1 ... 2 1 ... 6 Hoshiarpur 1 ... 2 ... 1 1 1 3 9 Kangra ..... 1 3 ... 5 ... 2 2 1 4122 23 Amritsar .... 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 3 1 2 17 Gurdaspur ....4134 3 1 1 3... 211 24 Sialkot 11 1 1 2 1 7 Lahore 1211 2 5 4 5 4227 36 Gujranwala ... 1 1 5 ... 2 9 Ferozepore 1 ... 1 Rawalpindi 1 1 2 Jhelum 3 8 1 1 2 15 Gujrat 1 ... 1 4 1 9 3 2 2 5 28 Shahpur 4 1 5 Mooltan Jhang 1 ... ... 1 ... "i "\ \\\ "4 Montgomery . 1 ?, ... \ Muzaffargurh Dera Ismail Khan 2 ... 2 Dera Ghazi Khan ... 1 1 Bannu 1 ... \ Peshawur 2 1 1 4 Hazara 2 ... 1 2 4 1 1 3 14 Kohat 1 "" "j 1 Monthly Totals . . 17 14 22 46 46 50 ~26~ 21 ~20~ ~18~ 38~ 51 ~366o ~92 2 8727 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of tlie Punjab Province during the Year 1872 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Delhi 2-00 0-70 010 0-30 110 ... IT3O 10*60 610 050 3270 Gurgaon .... I*so 010 010 ... o*Bo 5*60 870 10*00 2*50 o'9o 30*20 Kurnal .... 4*50 010 o*9o 0"20 o'6o 810 1270 730 210010 ... o'9o 37"50 Hissar I*6o 010 o*Bo o*3o o'9o 3*oo 10-00 10-20 270 1-20 3080 Rohtak .... 0-40 0-30 110 o*3o 070 2-00 12-30 6*60 3-30 o'9o 27-90 Sirsa I*4o ... o*2o o*2o 0-90 2*20 7-00 4-60 1-50 170 1970 Umballa .... 0-20 I*4o 0-50 0-20 0"50 810 1970 1520 4*90 o*3o 5100 Ludhiana. . . . 210 0-20 o*so 080 070 2*20 1970 15-50 2*60 090 46*20 Simla ..... 6-32 3"33 290 1*47 2'Bl 969 17*66 2010 6*270440-30 0*63 7192 Jullunder. . . . I*6o TOO 0-70 010 1-30 180 19-60 17"30 I*2oolo ... o*6o 45-30 Hoshiarpur . . . I*3o 170 030 020 290 I*3o 14*00 11-80 B*4oo-20 ... I*4o J4350 Kangra . . . . 4-90 0-60 I*so 2*50 4 2018"60 50*60 37*20 24*201*20 ... 090 146-40 Amritsar o'9o 0-90 o*so 070 I*3o 170 9*40 7*lo 5*40 0-40 28*30 Gurdaspur . . . I*3o T5O 2*40 o*4o TOO 2*30 610 2*40 5*50 0-40 23-30 Sialkot 2-00 2-80 2*Bo 170 I*Bo 0"60 6*lo I*6o 3*50 0-40 23*30 Lahore o*9o 0"80 I*4o ... 060 2*60 630 2*Bo 170 1710 Gujranwala . . . 270 I*oo 2"40 o*3o o*4o 1-50 310 7*40 280 o*2o 21*80 Ferozepore . . . o*so o'so o'2o 2 "00 o*6o 580 8 "40 1070 3 "30 o*2o 32*20 Rawal Pindi. . . 5*40 TOO 3'oo 2"50 210 o*Bo 8"40 2*50 4"20 o*4o 30*30 Jhelum .... 1-70 2-20 I*so I*3o 090 090 5"90 I*2o I*2o I*oo 17*80 Gujrat 1-70 110 3*60 070 o*so o*9o 13*90 510 2701-20 ... 0"40 31-80 Shahpur .... o'4o ... I*4o I*2o 2*50 400 7*70 5-40 2*30 0"20 2510 Mooltan .... o*lo o*2o 3*oo T5O 070 ... 5*50 Jhang 0-30 ... I*so 010 0-90 010 250 3-00 2*40 10-80 Montgomery. . . o'3o o*2o 1-00 510 I*3o I*so 0-90 10*30 Muzaffargurh . . o'2o 010 ... 110 370 I*3o I*2o 7-60 Dera Ismail Khan . ... 0-50 120 o'3o 1-60 ... 3*oo 0"30 100 7-90 Dera Ghazi Khan 2*30 o*so 2-90 o'3o 600 Bannu 070 o*Bo 070 2"60 110 o*3oo-30 6*50 Peshawur. . . . I*so 070 210 2"20 170 o*lo 270 510 0"40 16-50 Hazara .... 630 4*20 690 3"30 660 3*40 18*50 1180 6601-000-30 o*lo 69*00 Kohat 2-20 I*2o ... 210 350 ... 10*40 310 o*soo-800-20 ... 24*00 Monthly Totals . . 5¦ Monthly Totals . . 170 7*616911 I*B3 5^57 140*20165*09 277*85 58*23 1"58 0-10 25*08 753"95 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. 203 The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Punjab Province during the Year 1880 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months of 1871. „ , , Districts. ¦ lotai. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Delhi . T7TTT7T7~ 2 ~ ... TT. T7 ... ... 2 Grurgaon 1 1 Kurnal 1 1 Hissar ? 1 1 2 Rohtak 2 ... 1 ' 6 Sirsa 1 1 ... 2 Umballa 1 1 ... 1 1 ... 1 1 6 Ludhiana .... 1 1 1 3 Simla 1 1 Jullunder .... Hoshiarpur .. w ... ... 1 Kaugra 1 1 Amritsar 1 1 ... 1 3 Gurdaspur 1 1 ...... 1 1 1 ] 6 Sialkot 1 1 Lahore 4 1 2 1 5 ... 1 14 Gujranwala 1 1 Ferozepore 1 I 2 EawalPindi 1 ... 1 1 ... 1 4 20 3 ... 31 Jhelum 3 11 ... 2 7 Gujrat 1 6 7 Shahpur 1 1 Mooltan Jhang , Montgomery ... Muzaffargurh 1 1 Dera Ismail Khan. . Dera Ghazi Khau . Bannu 3 3 Peshawur 1 ... I 1 30 7 76 51 ... 167 Hazara 1 ... 1 3 5 Kohat J „ „ .„ I Monthly Totals . 1 3 6 9 7 15 8 33 14 120 55 3 274 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Puvjab Province during the Year 1880 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Delhi o'o7] 020 ... o'o4 025 l'3O 12 67 2-95; 7'B4| ... 0"41 T32 27-05 Gurgaon .... o*2o . ... T35 535 3551 3-65! ... 0"20 0--85 1515 Kurnal 010 l'BO 0"50 10-60 1210 070| 4"80 ... 010 0"90 31-60 Hissar o'3o 240 7"30 170 1-30! 070 1370 Rohtak 0-80 1-50 7*oo ... 4*40 0"90 14-60 Sirsa 0-36 0"08 3"22 097 011 075 0-68 617 Umballa .... 0"50 3"80 TOO 8-60 20-30 I*6o 390 ... 0-10 0%50 40"30 Ludhiana .... 0-26 393 010 614 26"32 375 0-38 0"47 41-35 -Simla ..... 2-10 5"45 ... 0"31 8-22 1513 32341478 B '4l 178 88"52 1 Jullunder .... 0"60 2 60 050 B'9o 17*20 370 177 ... 0"40 0-60 36"27 Hoshiarpur . . . 070 3-90 0-50 3'oo 23-90 2*50 2-20 ... o*2o T6O 3850 Kangra 370 9"40 ... o'2o l"50 8"20 65 -4018-27 9-07 ... 0"85 3-32119-91 Amritsar 170 6-00 1200 010 110 o'Bo 21"70 Gurdaspur. . . . 1-50 0-80 0-90 1-90 1530 T4O 070 ... o'Bo 0-60 23-90 Sialkot o*os T57 ... 010 0-61 112 1126 2'oB 2"08 ... 0"62 o^7o 2019 Lahore 078 0"89 3-10 473 0"58 0"29 ... 0"26 0*64 11-27 Gujranwala 1-20 010 260 570 056 l"20 ... 010 T2O 1266 Ferozepore 1-00 010 4"80 3-20 010 1-00 10-20 Rawal Pindi . . . 076 251 ... 010 TO7 2*30 6"46 3-86 2"62 001 0-01 0-63 20-33 Jhelum 0-20 110 ... 0-40 0-90 o'6o 7^oo 2"80 o'9o 0-60 14-50 Gujrat 0-20 1-00 0-30 0"40 7'oo l'9O 070 ... 010 0"80 12-40 Shahpur T5O 030 0-50 250 3"20 1-90 ... 0-20 060 1070 Mooltan 0"46 097 2"25 0-20 062 057 507 Jhang 0-90 170 l"80 ... 010 0"20 470 Montgomery T2O 6-00 0"80 ... 070 T2O 990 Muzaffargurh 070 0"50 T2O Dera Ismail Khan . o'o4 003 127 TBO 0"41 083 4"38 Dera Ghazi Khan 270 0-35 l'oo| 030 4"35 Bannu o*2o ... 1-00 0"30 l#sol # 50 430 0 - 20 310 070 ll"30 Peshawur 0-37 ... 011 0*52 0"47 1-65 ... T39 0"50 501 Hazara 090 3 50 040 0-60 I*3o 6-40 8"50 6"40 370 010 ... 110 321)0 ' Kohat 0-50 230 210 2"20 1-60 1-90 070 ll'3O Monthly Totals . ITBB 52^86 olio 2^B6 22-24116-20 32912 8r39i71 "88 Oil 435 2779 721-QBJ 204 NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF CHOLERA. The Monthly Mortality Registered from Cholera among the Civil Population of the Punjab Province during the Year 1881 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Cholera Deaths Registered in the Months'of 18S1. Districts. — ; Total. Jan. 1 Feb. Mar. ApriL May. June. July. Aug. Sept.: Oct. Nov. Dec. Delhi TT ~7T TT ~~Z7 ~29 86 47~ ~ ST7TT ~ 167 Gurgaon 1 ... 3 1 5 Kurnal 2 ... 49 74 125 Hissar ... ¦•• ••• Eohtak 1 1 Sirsa 1 1 Umballa 3 32 145 31 ... 1 212 Ludhiana 117 12 21 Simla ••• Jullunder 596 246 23 865 Hoshiarpur 1 27 246 56 1 ... 331 Kangra 1 24 10 ... 1 1 ... ... 37 Amritsar 1 2 1 3 4 49 407 232 8 ... 707 Gurdaspur .... I 1 4 1 6 ... 4 276 39 1 ... 332 Sialkot 1 1 1 6 272 32 313 Lahore 2 ... 2 51 104 818 590 71 5 ... 1643 Gujranwala 1 ... 1 ... 21 221 16 1 ... 261 Ferozepore . . . . 5 ... 18 23 Rawalpindi 1 10 25 32 22 ... 90 Jhelum 6 13 10 ... ... 20 Gujrat 22 13 ... 35 Shahpur . . ... 1 1 Mooltan ... Jhang ... Montgomery ... 2 3 5 Muzaffargurh ... Dera Ismail Khan ... Dera Ghazi Khan ... , Bannu . . .' ... .mi Peshawur 1 1 1 ... ... 3 Hazara « 2 . 1 3 Kohat 3 3 ...• ... ..> ... 6 Monthly Totals... 3 4 4 5 ~37~ 178 183 1649 2560 38 1 5207 The Monthly Rainfall Registered in Inches and Cents, at one Station in each District of the Punjab Province during the Year 1881 is shown in the subjoined Tabular Statement. Delhi 059 2'ol o*3o 014 171 11 "59 921 075 ... ~ ... 26*30 Gurgaon o*so I*6o 010 o*4o I*3o B\3o 9-51 2171 Kurnal o*3o I*9o o*3o I*4o 3*30 B*3o 7*oo 22*50 Hissar 0-30 070 1-50 010 o*2o 7*50 570 010 1610 Rohtak 010 o'3o 2-50 070 o*3o 310 1070 570 . ... 23*40 Sirsa o*o6 ... 216 072 0*26 o*2B 1176 7"58 o*o2 ... 22*84 Umballa Jo*2o o*4o I*Bo o*so 110 310 970 7*30 I*9o 26*00 Ludhiana 075 212 3*07 0*54 o*2B 2*92 14*56 8*34 0*35 32*93 Simla 1-00 3-35 778 312 4*38 7*50 12*48 10*67 716 57*44 Jullunder 070 570 o*3o 040 3*Bo 16-60 6*66 0*47 .. 34*63 Hoshiarpur 1-90 5*50 o*2o 110 4'Bo 19*90 B*oB 3*07 o*ol ... 44*56 Kangra 011 5*06 B*Bs 1*36 3*48 10*00 26*71 29*9614*47 100*00 Amritsar 1-90 2*60 o*2o I*3o 16*80 19*40 18*20 I*9oolo . ... 62*40 Gurdaspur 1-20 I*3o o*4o 010 670 12*30 7*50 I*4oolo 31*00 Sialkot 0*23 210 1*37 2*34 075 3*ol 8*45 10*25 2-53i00S . o*o7 3118 Lahore o*o3 I*3l 2*35 0*57 0*95 0*44 12*38 805 018 012 26*38 Gujranwala .... o*2o I*3o I*oo I*4o I*2o 3*50 7*oo 10*20 ... .. 25*80 Ferozepore o*9o I*Bo 2*oo 050 o'Bo 9*20 510 o*6o 2090 EawalPindi. . . . 010 3*34 1-98 3*65 0*35 1*29 4*50 9*43 1*670*40 0*39 27*10 Jhelum o*9o 2*60 I*4o o*so o*7o 2*20 5*90 270 . 020 1710 Gujrat o*2o I*2o 3*lo o*4o o*9o 5*40 7*30 6*3G> 070 o*4o ... 25*90 Sh^pur 1-80 I*oo o*2o 4*40 370 2*40 ... 110 14*60 Mooltan 050 070 o*o6 003 o*o3 1*25 I*7o 4*27 J»ang o*3o o*3o o*lo ... I*9o 370 210 B*4o Montgomery I*oo I*9o 020 o*3o o*Bo 7*90 1210 Muzaffargurh o*9o o*so o*2o o*Bo 2*oo 4*40 Dera Ismail Khan . . o*os 0*46 170 2*45 1*65 1*37 1*43 911 Dera Ghazi Khan o*3o o*Bs o*so 060 ... 215 3*05 . ... 7-45 an.nu 3*oo ... 260 I*Bo 210 I*4o 10*90 Peshawur 0*35 0*49 2*20 4*89 003 3*85 012 2*lB 0*97 o*7o . o*o6 15*90 Hazara o*4o 4*50 46010*80 I*6o 3*60 740 11*20 I*Bo 070 .. 1-90 48*50 Kohat o*2o o*so 310 3*90 o*Bo I*6o I*Bo 2*oo o*6oo*Bo] 15*30 ! Monthly Totals. . . 398 38*62 79^32 4910 23*45 WVOB 272*82 226*80 44*74 4^57 ~'¥&2 847*10 Printed by BaZlan/yne, Hanson &* Co., Edinburgh and London. 2052 3 WC 262 8442s 1887 34630390R NLN 051^75^1 7 NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE .: