* NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE Bethesda, Maryland fj 9 i x 1 ■" ■*• . isfi&6?*&i/eM/ .■S*f"!£".$' • ™ —-SfeaSKsfi SHORT DESCRIPTION OP THE HUMAN MUSCLES, CHIEFLY AS 1 HEY APPEAR ON DISSECTION. TOGETHF.R WITH THEIR SEVERAL USES, AND THE SYNONYMA OF THE BEST AUTHORS. xxxxxxxx BY JOHN INNES. s A NEW EDITION, GREATLY IMPROVED, BY ALEX. MONRO, M. B. PHILADELPHIA: PRINTED BY JOSEPH CRUKSHANK. 1807. ^■-tV. ALEXANDER MONRO, M. D. PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY AND MEDICINE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. SIR, HAVING been repeatedly solicited, for several years past, by many of your Pupils, to publish a short Description of the Muscles, as they appear upon Dissection of the human Body, I have at last ventured to comply with their re- quest. Your anxiety to promote the Science of Anatomy, and to encourage every thing that may be useful to the Gentlemen who attend your Theatre, was the principal motive which induced me to undertake this task. I have no knowledge of the subjedt but what I derived from you. If, therefore, this Treatise, which you have never *seen till I now present it to you, should communi- cate any advantage to the Gentlemen under your care, it is to you alone they are indebted for the obligation. 1 am Sir, With respect, Gratitude, and esteem, Your much obliged, And very humble servant, Edinburgh, j J0RN INNESi ,• PREFACE. SEVERAL full and accurate descriptions of the Muscles have already been published. But their size and prolixity have rendered them of less value to the dissector than the small treatise of Dr. Douglas, which was first published about the be- ginning of this century, and, since that time, has undergone various impressions, without receiving any improvement, excepting the addition of the sy; onyma from Albinus. It is therefore presum- ed, that a simple and concise description of the muscles, which should contain all the improve- ments of the moderns, is still wanting. To class the muscles according to their uses, may do very well in a large work, or in describ- ing their compound actions : but this method cans never answer the purposes of dissection. To re- medy this inconvenience, the muscles in the fol- lowing treatise are described chiefly as they appear in dis^cting the human body. The describing of the muscles according to their origins.and insertions prevents much circum- locut ■ n. This is the method pursued by Dr. Doni;'as ; and wherever his descriptions seemed toL'rrmlv accurate, they have been followed with A 2 little vi PREFACE. alteration. But Dr. Douglas's book is peculiarly defective with regard to the muscles of the abdo- men, back, and neck : in describing these, there- fore, the method of Albinus has been preferred. Those who have not opportunity, or are averse from undergoing the labour of dissecting, may de- rive considerable advantages from comparing the descriptions now given with the beautiful and cor- rect tables of Albinus; and, to facilitate still more the study of these intricate organs, I have caused to be pubished eight of Albinus's tables, with concise explanations, on a small scale adapted for the pocket. For the benefit of those who wish to examine the history of the muscles more minutely, the synonyma of the best authors are added ; and, for the sake of brevity, the compound action of the muscles, and the origin and insertion of several in- considerable fibres, are omitted. The reader will observe, that, in general, the muscles of one side only are described ; because, all the muscles of the body, with very few excep- tions, have correspondent ones on the opposite side. A SHORT. A SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOR,! AND OF HIS WRITINGS. Mr. John Innes, author of the following Treatise, was born at Callart, an obscure village in the Highlands of Scotland. He came to Ed- inburgh at an early period of his life, where he obtained the patronage and protection of Dr. A- lexander Monro, professor of anatomy ; who in- structed him in the knowledge of the human body, and in the art of dissection. When about the age of eighteen years, Dr. Monro appointed him dis- sector to the anatomical theatre. The functions of this important and difficult office he continued to perform with much reputation for near twenty years. But his abilities were not confined to the dex- terity of dissecting the most minute parts of the human frame. He described the various organs with ease and perspicuity. This happy talent at- tracted the notice of the students; and at their so- licitation, and by the approbation of Dr. Monro, he opened an evening course of anatomical demon- strations. The viii ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOR, The number of pupils who annually attended these demonstrations afforded the best evidence of his abilities, and of the advantages derived from his labours. During his last course, he was at- tended by near two hundred students. For some time before his death, he was trou- bled with an affection of the lungs, which termina- ted in a phthisis pulmonalis, and proved fatal to him on the 12th of January 1777- On the 15th of the same month, the following account of him appeared in the public papers: " Mr. John Inn es, at an early period of life, had been educated in the dissecting art : He made a rapid progress in his profession ; and his genius and industry were rewarded with the privilege of giving private lectures for his own emolument. The utility of his lessons were soon preceived. Numbers of students resorted to him for instruc- tion ; and all of them acknowledged the advan- tages they had received. At that stage of life when men are most capable of benefiting them- selves, and of being useful to the public, death hurried him out of the world. He has given two small specimens of what was to be expedled from his anatomical skill. The year before his death, he published a short description of the Human Muscles as they appear on dissection, together with their several uses, and the synonyma of the best authors. The merit of this work was uni- versally acknowledged. Some months after, lv-: piibl>h-xl AJNJJ rlit) VVKlTINtiti. ix published, as a vade mecum for students, eight anatomical tables, containing the principal parts of the skeleton and muscles represented in the large tables of Albinus, with accurate explanations. These are all the monuments he has left by which the public is to judge of his ability. To his nu- merous friends and acquaintance, it is unnecessary to mention the warmth of his heart, or the inte- grity of his disposition." X5COXC bones that give origin to the upper and semicircular part of the muscle; and, descending over it, is inserted into all the jugum, and the adjoining part of the os frontis. The use of the membrane is to give room for the origin of the greater number of fleshy fibres, to fortify the muscle in its action, and to serve as a defence to it. Crotaphite muscle, "Winslow. 2. masseter-, Arises, by strong, tendinous, and fleshy fibres which run in different directions, from the superior maxillary bone, where it joins the os mala-, and from the inferior and interi- or part of the zygoma, its whole lfinith, as far back as the tubercle before the socket for the condyle of the lower jaw; the external fibres slanting backwards, and the internal forwards. Inserted THE MUSCLES. 33 Inserted into the angle of the lower jaw, and from that upwards to near the top of its coronoid process. Use. To pull the lower to the upper jaw. and, by means of its oblique dicussation, a little forwards and backwards. 3. PTERYGOIDEUS INTERNUS, Arisen, tendinous and fleshy, from the in- ner and upper part of the internal plate of the pterygoid process, filling all the space between the two plates ; and from the pte- rygoid process of the os palati between these plates. Inserted into the angle of the lower jaw internally. Use. To draw the jaw upwards, and ob- liquely towards the opposite side. Pterygoideus major, Winslow. 4. PTERYGOIDEUS EXTERNUS, Arises from the outer-side of the external plate of the pterygoid process of the sphe- noid bone, from part of the tuberosity of the os maxillare adjoining to it, and from the root of the temporal process of the sphenoid bone. Inserted into a cavity in the neck of the condyloid process of the lower jaw ; some of its fibres are inserted into the ligament that connects 34 DESCRIPTION OF connects th^ moveable cartilage and that pro- cess to each other. Use. To pull th« lower jaw forwards, and to the opposite side ; and to pull the ligament from the joint, that it may not b? pinched during these motions: when both external pterygoid muscles act, the fore-teeth of the under-jaw are pushed forwards beyond those of the upper-jaw. Pterygoideus minor, Winslow. CFIAP. VIII. THE MUSCLES WHICH APPEAR ABOUT THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE NECK. ON the side of the neck are two mus- cles or layers* 1. MUSCULUS CUTANEUS, vulgo, PLATYSMA MYOIDES, Arises, by a number of slender disgregated fleshy fibres, from the cellular substance that covers the upper parts of the deltoid and pec- toral muscles ; in their ascent they all unite to for, i a thin muscle, which runs obliquely upw.mls along the side of the neck, adhering to the skin. Inserted THE MUSCLES. 35 Inserted into the lower jaw, between its angle am' the origin of the depressor anguli oris, to which it is firmly connected, and but slightly to the skin that covers the inferior part of the masseter muscle and parotid glands. Use. To assist the depressor anguli oris in drawing the skin of the cheek downwards ; and when the mouth is shut, it draws all that part of the skin, to which it is connected, be- low the lower jaw, upwards. Platysma myoides, Galen. Musculus cutaneus, Winslow. Quadratus geng, vel Latissimtis colli, Dou- glas. Latissimus colli, Albinus. 2. STERNO-CLEIDO-MASTOIDEUS. Arises by two distinct origins ; the anteri- or, tendinous and a little fleshy, from the top of the sternum near its junction v/ith the cla- vicle ; the posterior, fleshy,.from the upper and anterior part of the clavicle-; both mate a little abeve the anterior articulation of the cLvicle, to form one muscle, which runs ob- liquely upwards and outwards, to be Inserted by a thick strong tendon, into the mastoid process, winch it surrounds ; and, gradually 36 DESCRIPTION OF gradually turning thinner, is inserted as far back as the lambdoid suture. Use. To turn the head to one side, and bend it forwards. Sterno-mastoideus and Cleido-mastoideus, Al- binus. Mastoideus, Douglas. CHAP. IX. MUSCLES SITUATED BETWEEN THE LOWER JAW AND OS HYOIDES. THERE are four layers before, and two muscles at the side. The four layers are, 1. DIGASTRICUS, Arises, by a fleshy belly, intermixed with tendinous fibres, from the fossa at the root of the mastoid process of the temporal bone, and soon becomes tendinous; runs downward^ and forwards: the tendon passes general- ly through the stylo hyoideus muscle ; then it is fixed by'a ligament to the os hyoides; and, having received from that bone an addi- tion of tendinous and muscular fibres, runs cbtquely forwards, turns fleshy again and is Inserted by this anterior belly, into a rough sinuosity at the inferior and anterior edge of that part of the lower jaw called the chin. Use THE MUSCLES. 37 Use. To open the mouth, by pulling the lower jaw downwards and backwards; and, when the jaws are shut, to raise the h.rynx, and consequently the pharynx, upwards, as in deglutition. Biventer maxilla inferioris, Albinus. 2. MYLO-HYOIDEUS, Arises, fleshy, from all the inside of the lower jaw between the last dens molaris and the middle of the chin, where it joins with its fellow. Inserted into the lower edge of the basis of the os hyoides, and joins with its fellow. Use. To pull the os hyoides forwards, up- wards, and to a side. 3. GENIO-HYOIDEUS. Arises, tendinous, from a rough protube- rance in the middle of the lower jaw inter- nally, or inside of the chin. Inserted into the basis of the os hyoides. Use. To draw this bone forwards to the chin. 4. GENIO-HYO-GLOSSUS, Arises, tendinous, from a rough protube- rance in the inside of the middle of the lower- D jawl 38 DESCRIPTION OF jaw, its fibres run, like a fan, forwards up- wards, and backwards; and are Inserted into the tip, middle, and root of the tongue, and base of the os hyoides, near its cornu. Use. According to the dire&ion of its fi- bres, to draw the tip of the tongue backwards into the mouth, the middle downwards, and to render its dorsum concave; to draw its root and os hyoides forwards, and to thrust the tongue out of the mouth. The two muscles at the side are, 1. HYO-GLOSSUS, Arises, broad and fleshy, from the base, cornu, and appendix of the os hyoides; the fibres run upward and outwards, to be Inserted into the side of the tongue near the styloglossus. Use. To to pull the tongue inwards and down wards. Basio-cerato-chondro-glossus, Albinus. Cerato-glossus, Douglas. 2- lingualis. Arises, from the root of the tongue htot- ally ; runs forwards between the hyo-glossus and genio-glossus, to be THE MUSCLES. 39 Inserted into the tip of the tongue, along with part of the stylo-glossus. Use. To contract the substance of the tongue, and bring it backwards. CHAP. X. MUSCLES SITUATED BETWEEN THE OS HYOIDES AND TRUNK. THESE may be divided into two layers. The fir§t layer consists of two muscles. 1. STERNO-HYOIDEUS, Arises, thin and fleshy, from the carti- laginous extremity of the first rib, the tipper and inner part of the sternum, and from the clavicle where it joins with the sternum. Imerted into the base of the os hyoides. Lru'. To pull the os hyoides downwards. 2. o:.iO-hyoideus. Arises, broad, thin, and fleshy, from the superior costa of the scapula, near the semi- lunar nitch, and from the ligament that runs across it ; thence ascending obliquely, it be- comes endinous below the sterno-cleido-mas- toid muscle ; and grooving fleshy again, is Inserted 40 DESCRIPTION OF Inserted into the base of the os hyoides, be tween its cornu and the insertion of the sterno hyoideus. Use. To pull the os hyoides obliquely downwards. Coraco-hyoideus, Albinus and Douglas. The second layer consists of three muscles, 1. STERNO-THYROIDEUS, Arises, fleshy, from the whole edge of the uppermost bone of the sternum internally, opposite to the cartilage of the first rib, from which it receives a small part of its origin. Inserted into the surface of the rough line at the external part of the inferior edge of the thyroid cartilage. Use. To draw the larynx downwards. 2. THYREO-HYOIDEUS, Inserted into part of the basis, and almost all the cornu of the os hyoides. Arises from the rough line, opposite to the former. Use. To pull the os hyoides downwards, or the thyroid cartilage upwards. Thyro-hyoideus, vel Hyo-thyroideus, Winslow. '/ 3. CRICO- THE MUSCLES. 41 3. CRICO-THYROIDEUS, Arises from the side and fore-part of the cricoid cartilage, running obliquely upwards. Inserted by two portions; the first, into the lower part of the thyroid cartilage ; the second, into its inferior cornu. Use. To pull forwards and depress the thyroid, or to elevate and draw backwards the cricoid cartilage. CHAP. XL MUSCLES SITUATED BETWEEN THE LOWER- JAW AND OS HYOIDES LATERALLY. THEY are five in number. Three pro- ceed from the styloid process of the tempor- al bone, from which they have half of their names ; and two from the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone. The three from the styloid process are, 1. STYLO-GLOSSUS. Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the sty- loid process, and from a ligament that con- nects that process to the angle of the lower- jaw. Inserted into the root of the tongue, runs a- long its side, and is insensibly lost near its tip. Lhe. D 2- 42 DESCRIPTION OF Use. To draw the tongue laterally and backwards. 2. STYLO-HYOIDEUS, Arises, by a round tendon, from the mid- dle and inferior part of the styloid process. Inserted 'nte> the os hyoides at the junction of tbe i ase and cornu. Use. Te pull the os hyoides to one side, and a litt< * upwards. N. B. Its fleshy belly is generally perfo- rated b, the tendon of the digastric muscle, on o if or both sides. There is often another accompanying it, called stylo-hyoideus alter; and has the same origin, insertion, and use. 3. STYLO-PHARYNGEUS, Arises, fleshy, from the root of the styloid proe".:s. Inserted into the side of the pharynx and back-part of the thyroid cartilage. Use. To dilate and raise the pharynx and thyroid cartilage upwards. The two from the pterygoid process are, 1. ORCUMFLEXUS, OR TENSOR PALATI, Arises from the spinous process of the sphenoid bone, behind the foramen ovale, which THE MUSCLES. 43 which transmits the third branch of the fifth pair of nerves ; from the Eustachian tube, not far from its osseous part: it then runs down along the pterygoideus internus, passes over the hook of the internal plate of the pterygoid process by a round tendon, which soon spreads into a broad membrane. Inserted, into the velum pendulum palati, and the semilunar edge of the os palati, and extends as far as the suture which joins the two bones. Generally some of its posterior fibres join with the constrictor pharyngis su- perior, and palato-pharyngeus. Use. To stretch the velum, to draw it downwards, and to a side towards the hook, It has little effect upon the tube, being chiefs ly connected to its osseous part. Circuniflexus palati, Albinus. Spheno-salpingo-staphilinus, seu Staphilinus externus, Wrinslow. Musculus tuba novus, Valsalva; vel Palato- salpingeus, Douglas. 2. LEVATOR PALATI, Ariset, tendinous and fleshy, from the ex- tremity of the pars petrosa of the temporal bone, where it is perforated by the Eustachi- an tube, and also from the membranous part of the same tube. Inserted 44 DESCRIPTION OF Inserted into the whole length of the velum fiendulum palati, as far as the root of the uvu- a, and unites with its fellow. t7ri?. To draw the velum upwards and backwards, so as to shut the passage from the fauces into the mouth and nose. Levator palati mollis, Albinus. Petro-salpingo-staphilinus, vel Salpingo-Staph- ilinus internus vulgo, Winslow. Salpingo-staphilinus, Valsalva. Pterigo-stapk- ilinus extemus vulgo, Douglas. Spheno-staphilinu<, Cowper. Previous to the description of the muscles situated about the passage into the throat, it will be necessary to mention the principal parts to which they are connected. Upon looking into any person's mouth, when wide opened, we see a soft curtain hanging from the palate-bones, named velum pendulum palati. In the middle of which, we likewise observe a papilla projecting from the velum, named uvula, or pap of the throat. From each side of the uvula, at its root, two arches, or columns, are sent down ; the an- terior to the root of the tongue, the posterior to the pharynx. Between these arches, on each side, the cellular glands called amygdala, almonds of the ears, are situated. Tire THE MUSCLES. 45 The common opening behind the anterior arch may be named fauces, or top of the throat, from which there are six passages, viz. two upwards, being one to each nostril: two at the sides, or one to each ear, called the Eus- tachian tubes : two downwards ; the anterior is the passage through the glottis and larynx, into the trachea, which terminates in the lungs ; the posterior is the largest, named pharynx, or top of the oesophagus, which leads to the stomach. CHAP. XII. MUSCLES SITUATED ABOUT THE ENTRY TO THE FAUCES. THERE are two on each side, and a sin- gle one in the middle. The two on each side are, 1. CONSTRICTOR ISTHMI FAUCIUM, Arises, by a slender beginning, from the side of the tongue, near its root; from thence running upwards, within the anterior arch, before the amygdala, it is Inserted into the middle of the velum pen- dulum palati, at the root of the uvula anteri- orly, being connected with its fellow, and with the beginning of the palato-pharyngeus. Use. ■Irt DESCRIPTION OF Use. Draws the velum towards the root of the tongue, which it raises at the same time, and, with its fellow, contracts the passage be- tween the two arches, by which it shuts the opening into the faUces. Glosso-staphilinus, Winslow and Douglas; 2. PALATO-PHARYNGEUS. Arises, by a broad beginning, from the middle of the velum pendulum palati, at the root of the uvula posteriorly, and from the the tendinous expansion of the circurrtflexus palati. The fibres are collected within the posterior arch behind the amygdala, and run backwards to the top and lateral part of the pharynx, where the fibres are scattered, and mix with those of the stylo-pharyngeus. Inserted into the edge of the upper and back part of the thyroid cartilage; some of its fibres being lost between the membrane of the pharynx and the other two inferior con- strictors. U>e. Draws the uvula and velum down- wards and backwards ; and at the same time pulls the thyroid cartilage and pharynx up- wards, and shortens it : with the constrictor superior and tongue, it assists in shutting the passage into the nostrils ; and, in swallowing, it thrusts the food from the fauces into the pharynx. Thyro-staphilinu<, Douglas. THE MUSCLES. 47 /hyro-pharyngo-staphilinus, Winslow. salpingo-pharyngeus of Albinus is com- posed of a few fibres of this muscle, which Arie< from the anterior and lower part of the cartilaginous extremity of the Eustachian tube; and are Inserted into the inner part of the last men- tioned muscle. Use. To assist the former, and to dilate the mouth of the tube. The one in the middle is the AZYGOS UVULiE. Arises, fleshy, from the extremity of the suture which joins the palate-bones, runs down the whole length of the velum and uvula, resembling a small earth-worm, and adhering to the tendons of the circumflexi. Inserted into the tip of the uvula. Use. Raises the uvula upwards and for- wards, and shortens it. Palato-staphilinus, Douglas. Staph'!i>r/n\ or EpistaplZiUnus, Winslow. CHAP. 48 DESCRIPTION OF CHAP. XIII. MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE POSTERIOR PART OF THE PHARYNX. OF these there are three pair. 1. CONSTRICTOR PHARYNGIS INFERIOR, Arises from the side of the thyroid carti- lage, near the attachment of the stenio- hyoideus and thyreo-hyoideus muscles; and from the cricoid cartilage, near the crico- thyroideus. This muscle is the largest of the three, and is Inserted into the white line, where it joins with its fellow; the superior fibres running obliquely upwards, covering nearly one half of the middle constrictor, and terminating in a point; the inferior fibres run more trans- versely, and cover the beginning of the oeso- phagus. Use. To compress that part of the pha- rynx which it covers, and to raise it with the larynx a little upwards. Thyro-pharyngeus, Crico-pharyngeus, Dou- glas. 2. CONSTRIC- THE MUSCLES. 43 2. CONSTRICTOR PHARYNGIS MEDIUS, Arises from the appendix of the os hyoides, from the cornu of that bone, and from the ligament which connects it to the thyroid cartilage ; the fibres of the superior part run- ning obliquely upwards, and covering a con- siderable part of the superior constrictor, ter- minate in a point. Inserted into the middle of the cuneiform process of the os occipitis, before the fora- men magnum, and joined to its fellow at a white line in the middle back-part of the pharynx. The fibres at the middle part run more transverely than those above or below. Use. To compress that part of the pha- rynx which it covers, and to draw it and the os hyoides upwards. Hyo-pharyngeus. Syndesmo-pharyngeus, Dou- glas. 3. CONSTRICTOR PHARYNGIS SUPERIOR, Arises, above, from the cuneiform process of the os occipitis, before the foramen mag- num, near the holes where the ninth pair of nerves passes out; lower down, from the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone ; from the upper and under y.w, near the roots of the last dentes molares; and between the jaws, E 50 DESCRIPTION OF jaws, it is continued with the buccinator mus- cle, and with some fibres from the root of the tongue and from the palate. Inserted into a white line in the middle of the pharynx, where it joins with its fellow, and is covered by the constrictor medius. U.e. To compress the upper part of the pharynx, and draw it forwards and upwards. Cephalo -pharyngeus, Pterygo-pharyngeus, Mylo-pharyngeui, Glosso-pharyngeus, Dou- glas. CHAP. XIV. muscles Situated about the glottis, THEY consist generally of four pair of small muscles, and a single one. 1. CRICO-ARYTiTNOIDEUS POSTICUS, Ari es, fleshy, from the back part of the cricoid carti'.age, and is In erted into the posterior part of the base of the arytenoid cartilage. Use. To open the rima glottidis a little; and, by pulling back the arytenoid cartilage, to stretch the ligament so as to make it tense. 1. CRICO* \ THE MUSCLES. .51 2. CRlCO-ARYT^ENOlDEUS LATERALIS, Ari e i, fleshy, from the cricoid cartilage, laterally, where it is covered by part of the thyroid, and is In erted into the side of the base of the ary- tenoid cartilage near the former. Use. To open the rimi glottidis, by pull- ing the ligaments from each other. 3. thyreo-aryt^enoideus; Arises, from the under and back part of the middle of the thyroid cartilage ; and run- ning backwards and a little upv/ards, along the side of the glottis, is In erted into the arytenoid cartilage, higher up and farther forwards than the crico-ary- taenoideus lateralis. U e. To pull the arytenoid cartilage for- wards nearer to the middle of the thyroid, and consequently to shorten and relax the li- gament of the larynx or glottis vera. 4. ARYTiENOIDEUS OBLIQ.UUS, Ariies from the base of one arytenoid carti- lage; and, crossing its fellow, is Inserted near the tip of the other arytenoid cartilage. Ure. 52 DESCRIPTION OF Use. When both a&, they pull the ary- tenoid cartilages towards each other. N. B. Very often one of these is wanting. Arytanoideus minor, Douglas. The single muscle is the ARYTANOIDEUS TRANSVERSUS, Ari es from the side of one arytenoid car- tilage, from near its articulation with the cri- coid to near its tip. The fibres run straight across; and are Inserted in the same manner, into the other arytenoid cartilage. Use. To shut the rima glortidis, by bring- ing these two cartilages, with the ligaments, nearer one another. Arytanoideus major, Douglas. Besides these, there are a few disgregated muscular fibres on each side; which from their general direction, are named, 1. THYREO-EPIGLOTTIDEUS, Arises, by a few pale disgregated fibres, from the thyroid cartilage ; and is Inserted into the epiglottis laterally. Use. To draw the epiglottis obliquely downwards, or, when both act, directly down- THE MUSCLES. 53 downwards; and, at the same time, it ex- pands that soft cartilage. 2. ARYTiENO-EPIGLOTTIDEUS, Ari cs, by a number of small fibres, from the lateral and upper part of the arytenoid cartilage; and, running along the outer side of the external rima, is Inserted into the epiglottis along with the former. Use. To pull that side of the epiglottis towards the external rima; or, when both act, to pull it close upon the glottis. It is counteracted by the elasticity of the epiglot- tis. CHAP. XV. MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE ABDOMEN THEY consist of three broad layers on each side of the belly ; always a long one, and generally also a short one, on each side of the linea alba. The three layers are, 1. OBLK2UUS DEi'.CENDENS F.XTERNUS, Arises, by eight heads, from the lower edge of an equal number of the inferior ribs, E 2 54 DESCRIPTION OF at a little distance from their cartilages : it al- ways intermixes, in a serrated manner, with portions of the serratus major anticus; and generally coheres to the pectoralis major, in- tercostals, and latissimus dorsi; which last Covers the edge of a portion of it extended from the last rib to the spine of the os ilium. From these origins the fibres run down ob- liquely forwards, and terminate in a thin broad tendon, whose fibres are continued in the same direction. Inserted into the whole length of the linea alba*, becomes thicker towards the lower part of the abdomen, and is perforated in the mid- dle by the umbilicusf. On the outside of the rectus muscle, the tendon of the external obli- que appears whiter than elsewhere, by its be- ing there connected with the tendons of the internal oblique and transverse muscles; so that this part has been called Linea semilun- aris, from its curved shape The under part of the tendon divides into two columns which leaves an oval space between them, named the * The linea alba is formed by the tendinous fibres of th; two oblique and tr.infverfe mufcles, interlaced with thole of the oppofite fide, the whole way from the cartilage ciili- formis to the os pubis ; ro that fome think they fhould be called three digaftric mufcles, with a broad middle tendon and two flefhy bellies. f The umbilicus was originally the ppffagf- f,ir -he veffels that connected the fcetus to the fecin.t!' s; ar.1 , r :\]y a hole thro' the t-guments and tendons iiilr^. v.y :u" by a cellular fubftance, and covered witliin by the peritoneum. THE MUSCLES. 55 the ring* of the external oblique muscle, for the passage of the spermatic cord in the male, or round ligament of the womb; The ante- rior superior column passes over the cartilage between the ossa pubis, and is fixed to the op- posite os pubis; the other is fixed to the os pubis of the same side. It it .also inserted, tendinous and fleshy, into the middle of the spine of the ilium. From that part, which is named its anteri- or superior spinous process, it is stretched ten- dinous to the os pubis, and is named, Poupart's or FallopiuZs ligamentf. From this ligament it sends a tendinous laye^ which is lost in the membranous fascia of the thigh. Use. Supports and compresses the periton- eum and abdomen ; assists the evacuations of faeces and urine, and likewise in the exclusi- on of the foetus ; thrusts the diaphragm up- wards, * The ring of the external oblique mufcle is made fome- Vhat circular, by a thin tendinous or rough cellular fub- ftance, which helps to fill it up ; and though a few mufcu- lar fibres of the internal are feparated, yet the ftn&ure in hernia: only happens in the tendon of the external. f Poupart's or Fallopius's ligament, is the inferior part of the tcidon of the external oblique, extending from the an- terior I'uperior fpinous procefs of the ilium to the o< pubis, where it is tbi.keft, in order to ftrengthen the inferior part of the abdomen : here it is not inferted into any bone, but pafles over the blood veflels of the inferior extremity : and in women, from the greater fize of the pelvis, is longer and loofer, by which they are more fubjecT: to crural hernue ; but, by the iize of the fpermatic cord, men are more liable to the inguinal. 56 DESCRIPTION OF wards, and draws down the ribs in expiration; bends the body obliquely when the ribs are fixed, and raises the pelvis obliquely. Obliquus extemu abdominis, Albinus. Obliquus de cendens, Douglas. 2. OBLIQUUS ASCENDENS INTERNUS, Arises, from the spine of the ilium, the whole length between the posterior and supe- rior anterior spinous process ; from the os sacrum and the three undermost lumbar ver- tebra:, by a tendon common to it and to the serratus posticus inferior muscle; from Pou- part's ligament, at the middle of which it sends off the beginni"g of the cremaster mus- cle ; and the spermatic cord in the male, or round ligament of the womb, passes under its thin edge, except a few detached fibres. Inserted into the cartilago ensiformis, into the cartilages of the seventh and those of all the false ribs ; but, at the upper part, it is ex*. tremly thin, resembling a cellular membrane, and only becomes fleshy at the cartilage of" the tenth rib. Here its tendon divides into two layers*; the anterior layer, with a great portion * To obtain a proper view of the two layers of the ten- di'ii of the internal oblique mufele, boih the oblique mulch's fhonlJ be r.ufed as far forward is their joining near the linea femiUinaris; then the tendon !>,.;•>■ e cht r ctus i*uft be cut parallel o the linea alba, and i: e <>utwa;ds as fir as the outer edge of the rectus; by.wuie^uie whole of the rectus THE MUSCLES. 67 portion of the inferior part of the posterior layer, joins the tendon of the external ob- lique, and runs over the rectus to be inserted into the whole length of the linea alba. The posterior layer joins the tendon of the trans- versalis muscle as low as half-way between the umbilicus and os pubis; but, below this place, only a few fibres of the posterior layer are seen, and the rest of it passes before the rect- us muscle, and is inserted into the linea alba; so that the whole tendon of the external obli- que muscle, with the anterior layer of the in- ternal oblique, passes before the rectus mus- cle ; and the whole posterior layer of the in- ternal oblique, together with the whole tendon of the transversalis muscle, excepting at the inferior part, pass behind the rectus, and are inserted into the linea alba. At its undermost part it is inserted into the fore part of the os pubis. Use.. To assist the former ; but it bends the trunk in the reverse direction. Obliquus ascendens, Douglas. Obliquus internus abdominis, Albinus and Winslow. 3. TRANS- is brought into view, and the tendons are preferved. But Douglas directs to cut the pofterior layer of the internal oblique, where it joins with the tranfversalis : by this me- thod the rectus is laid bare 3 but the ftrictor of the tendin- ous (heath, which inclofes it, is deftroyed. 58 DESCRIPTION OF 3. TRANSVERSALIS, Arises tendinous, but soon becoming fleshy from the inner back part of the cartilages of the seven lower ribs, where some of its fibres are continued with those of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles ; by a broad thin tendon, connected to the transverse processes of the last vertebra of the back and the four su- pe ior vertebrae of the loins; fleshy from the whole spine of the os ilium internally, and from the tendon of the external oblique mus- cle, where it intermixes with some fibres of the internal oblique. Inserted into the cartilago ensiformis, and into the whole length of the linea alba, ex- cepting its lowermost part. Use. To support and compress the abdo- minal bowels; and it is so particularly well adapted for the latter porpose, that it might be called the proper constrictor of the abdo- men. Transversus abdominis, Albinus. The long muscle in the middle is named, RECTUS ABDOMINIS. Arises, by two heads, from the ligament of the cartilage which joins he two ossa pubis to each other ; runs upwards the whole length of, THE MUSCLES. 59 of, and parrallel to, the linea alba, growing broader and thinner as it ascends. Inserted into the cartilages of the three in- ferior true ribs, and often intermixes with some fibres of the pectoral muscle. It is generally divided by three tendinous intersections; the first is at the umbilicus, the second where it runs over the cartilage of the seventh rib, the third in the middle be- tween these; and there is commonly a half intersection below the umbilicus; These sel- dom penetrate through the whole thickness of the muscle ; they adhere firmly to the an- terior part of the sheath, but very slightly to the posterior layer. Use. To compress the fore-part, but more particularly the lower part of the belly ; to bend the trunk forwards, or to raise the pelvis. By its tendinous intersections, it is enabled to contract at any of the intermediate spaces ; and by its connection, with the tendons of the. other muscles, it is prevented from chang- ing place, and from rising into a prominent form when in action. The short muscle in the middle is named, PYRAMIDALIS, Arises along with the rectus ; and, running upwards with the same sheath, is Inserted 60 DESCRIPTION OF Inserted, by an acute termination, near half-way between the os pubis and umbilicus, into the linea alba and inner edge of the rect- us muscle. As it is frequently wanting in both sides, without any inconvenience, its Use seems to be, to assist the inferior part of the rectus. CHAP. XVI. MUSCLES ABOUT THE MALE ORGANS OF GENERATION. THE testicles are said to have a thin mus- cle common to both, and have one proper to each. The supposed common muscle is called the DARTOS. This appears to be no more than a conden- sation of the cellular membrane lining the scrotum ; yet the skin here is capable of being corrugated and relaxed in a greater degree than in other places. The muscle proper to each testicle is the CRE- THE MUSCLES. 61 CREMASTER. Arises from the internal oblique, where a few fibres of that muscle intermix with the transervalis, near the junction of the os ilium and pubis, over which part it passes, after having pierced the ring of the external ob- lique ; and then it descends upon the sper- matic cord. Inserted into the tunica vaginalis of the tes- ticle, upon which it spreads, and is insensi- bly lost. Use. To suspend and draw up the testicle, and to compress it in the act of coition. The penis has three pair of muscles. 1. ERECTOR PENIS, Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the tu- berosity of the os ischium, and runs upwards, embracing the whole crus of the penis. Inserted into the strong tendinous mem- brane, that covers the corpora cavernosa pen- is, near as far up as the union of these bodies. Use. To compress the crus penis, by whch the bl :od is pushed from it into the fore-part of the corpora cavernosa; and the penis i- by that means more completely distended. 1 he erectores seem likewise to keep the penis in its proper direction. F Ischio- 62 DESCRIPTION OF Ischio-cavernosus, Winslow. 2. ACCELERATOR URIN^E, SeU EJACULATOR SEMINIS, Arises, fleshy, from the sphinfter ani and membranous part of the urethra; and ten^ dinous from the crus, near as far forwards as the beginning of the corpus cavernosum pen- is ; the inferior fibres run more transversely, and the superior descend in an oblique direc- tion. Inserted into a line in the middle of the bulb, where it joins with its fellow, by which the bulb is completely inclosed. Use. To drive the urine or semen for- wards ; and, by grasping the bulb of the ure- thra, to push the blood towards its corpus cavernosum and the glans, by which they are distended. Bulbo-cavernosus, "Winslow. 3. TRANSVERSUS FERINE1, Arises from the tough fatty membrane that covers the tuberosity of the os ischium ; fiom thence it runs transversely inwards, and is Inserted into the accelerator urinrc, and in- to that part of the sphincter ani which covers the bulb. Use, THE MUSCLES. 68 Use. To dilate the bulb, and draw the perineum and verge of the anus a little out- wards and backwards. Transversalis urethra, Winslow. Transversus perinei, Albinus. Levator parvus, Sell externus, Douglas. There is often a fourth muscle, named TRANSVERSUS PERINEI ALTER, Arises behind the former, runs more ob- liquely forwards, and is Inserted into that part of the accelerator urinae which covers the anterior part of the bulb of the urethra. Use. To assist the former. Inferior prostata, Winslow. Transversus perinei alter, Albinus. CHAP. XVII. MUSCLES OF THE ANUS. THE anus has a single muscle, and one" pair. The single muscle is SPHINC" 64 DESCRIPTION OF SPHINCTER ANI, Arises from the skin and fat that surround the verge of the anus on both sides, near as far out as the tuber of the os ischium ; the fibres are gradually collected into an oval form, and surround the extremity of the rect- um. Inserted, before, by a narrow point, into the perineum, acceleratores urinae, and transversi perinei; behind, by an accute termination, into the extremity of the os coccygis. Use. Shuts the passage through the anus into the rectum ; pulls down the bulb of the urethra, by which it assists in ejecting the urine and semen. Sphincter externus, Albinus and Douglas, Sphincter cutaneus, Winslow. N. B. The sphincter internus of Albinus and Douglas, is only that part of the circular fibres of the muscular coat of the rectum which surrounds its extremity. LEVATOR ANI, Arises from the os pubis within the pelvis, as far up as the upper edge of the foramen thyroideum, and joining of the os pubis with the os ischium; from the thin tendinous membrane that covers the obturator internus and coccygeus muscles ; from the spinous process THE MUSCLES. 65 process of the os ischium ; and its fibres run down like rays from a circumference to a cen- ter. Inserted into the sphincter ani, accelera- tores urinae, and anterior part of the two last bones of the coccyx; surrounds the extre- mity of the rectum, neck of the bladder, prostate gland, and part of the vesiculse se- minales ; so that its fibres behind and below the os coccygis joining it with its fellow, they together, very much resemble the shape of a funneh Use. To draw the rectum upwards after the evacution of the freces, and to assist in shutting it; to sustain the contents of the pel- vis, and to help in ejecting the semen, urine, and contents of the rectum ; and, perhaps, by pressing upon the veins, to contribute great- ' ly to the erection of the penis. CHAP. XVIII. MUSCLES OF THE FEMALE ORGANS OF GENE- RATION. THE clitoris has one pair. ERECTOR CL1TORIDIS, Arises from the crus of the os ischium in- ternally, and in is ascent covers the crus of die clitoris as far up as the os pubis. F 2 In- 66 DESCRIPTION OF Inserted into the upper part of the crus and body of the clitoris. Use. Draws the clitoris downwards and backwards ; and may serve to make the body of the clitoris more tense, by squeezing the blood into it from its crus. First muscle of the clitoris, Douglas. The vagina has one pair, SPHINCTER VAGINAE, Arises from the sphincter ani, and from the posterior side of the vagina, near the perine- um ; from thence it runs up the side of the vagina, near its external orifice, opposite to the nymphs, and covers the corpus caver- -nosum vaginae. Inserted into the crus and body, or union of the crura clitoridis. Use. Contracts the mouth of the vagina, and compresses its corpus cavernosum. Constrictor cunni, Albinus. Second muscle of the clitoris, Douglas. The perineum has one pair. TRAN'SVERSUS PERINEI, Arises, as in the male, from the fatty cel- lular membrane which covers the tuberosity of the os ischium In- THE MUSCLES. 67 Inserted into the upper part of the sphinc- ter ani, and into a white hardish tough sub- stance in the perineum between the lower part of the pudendum and anus. Use. To sustain and keep the perineum in its proper place. The anus, as in the male, has a single mus- cle, and one pair. . SPHINCTER ANI, Arises, as in the male, from the skin and fat surrounding the extremity of the rectum. Inserted, above, into the white tough sub- stance of the perineum ; and below, into the point of the os coccygis. Use. To shut the passage into the rectum ; and, by pulling down the perineum, to assist in contracting the mouth of the vagina. LEVATOR ANI, Arises, as in the male, within the pelvis, and descends along the inferior part of the vagina and rectum. Inserted into the perineum, sphincter ani, extremity of the vagina, and rectum. Use. To raise the extremity of the rectum upwards, to contract the inferior part of the rectum, and to assist in contracting and sup- porting the vagina; and perhaps, by pressing on 68 DESCRIPTION OF on the veins, to contribute to the distention of the cells of the clitoris and corpus caver- nosum of the vagina. CHAP. XIX. Muscles situated within the pelvis. OF these there are two pair. 1. OBTURATOR INTERNUS. Arises, from more than one half of the in- ternal circumference of the foramen thyroide- um, formed by the os pubis and ischium : its inside is covered by a portion of the levator ani, and appears to be divided into a number of fasciculi, which unite and form a roundish tendon, that passes out of the pelvis, between the posterior sacro-ischiatic ligament and tube- rosity of the os ischium where it passes over the capsular ligament of the thigh-bone : it is inclosed, as in a sheath, by the gemini mus- cles.- Inserted, by a round tendon, into the large pit at the root of the trochanter major. Use. To roll the os femoris obliquely out- wa. s. ?,I.y supialis, seu Obturator internus, Dou- e„las. o N.B. THE MUSCLES. 69 N. B. The insertion of this muscle should not be prosecuted, until the muscles of the thigh, to which it belongs, are dissected. Vid. Chap. xxix. 2. COCCYGEUS, Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the spi- nous process of the os ischium, and covers the inside of the posterior sacr;-ischiatic liga- ment ; from this narrow beginning, it gradu- ally increases, to form a thin fleshy belly, in- terspersed with tendinous fibres. Inserted into the extremity of the os sacrum, and near the whole length of the os coccygis laterally. Use. To support and move the os coccygis forwards, and to tie it more firmly to the sa- crum. CHAP. XX. MUSCLES SITUATED WITHIN THE CAVITY OF THE ABDOMEN. THESE consist of a single muscle, and four pair. DIAPHRAGMA, This broad thin muscle, which makes a complete septum between the thorax and ab- domen, is concave below and convex above ; the 70 DESCRIPTION OF the middle of it on each side reaching as high within the thorax of the skeleton as the fourth rib, and is commonly divided into two por- tions. 1. The Superior or Greater Muscle of the DIAPHRAGM, Arises, by distinct fleshy fibres, from the cartilago ens'formis, from the cartilages of the seventh, and of all the inferior ribs on both sides. The fibres from the cartilago ensiform- is, and from the seventh and eighth ribs, run obliquely upwards and backwards ; from the ninth and tenth, transversely inwards and up- wards ; and from the eleventh and twelfth, obliquely upwards. From these different ori- gins the fibres runy like radii from the circum- ference to the center of a circle ; and are Inserted into a cordiform tendon, of a con- siderable breadth, which is situated in the middle of the diaphragm; and in which, therefore, the fibres from opposite sides are interlaced. Towards the right side the ten- don is perforated by a triangular hole, for the passage of the vena cava inferior ; and to the upper convex part of it the pericardium and mediastinum are connected. 2. The Inferior, Lesser Muscle, or Appen- dix of die DIA- THE MUSCLES.' 71 DIAPHRAGM, Arises from the second, third, and fourth lumbar vertebra:, by eight heads; of which two in the middle, commonly called its crura, ire the longest, and begin tendinous. Between the crura, the aorta and th racic duct pass; and on the ouside of these, the great sympa- thetic nerves and branches of the vena azygcs perforate the shorter heads. The muscular fibres run obliquely upwards and forwards, and form in the middle two fleshy columns, which decussate and leave an oval space be- tween them for the passage of the oesophagus and eighth pair of nerves. Inserted, by strong fleshy fibres, into the posterior part of the middle tendon. Use. The diaphragm is the principal agent in respiration, particularly in inspiration : for when it is in action, the fibres, from their dif- ferent attachments, endeavour to bring them- selves into a plane towards the middle time.on, by which the cavity of the thorax is enlarged, particularly at the sides, where the lu*'gs a~e chiefly situated ; and as the lungs must ;dwys be contiguous to the inside of the thorax and upper side of the diaphragm, the air rushes into them, in order to fill up the in■ roasiv•' sp.icv. This muscle is assisted by the two rows of intercostals, which elevate the ribs, and the cavity of the thorax is more enlarged. 72 DESCRIPTION OF In time of violent exercise, or whatever cause drives the blood with unusual celerity towards the lungs, the pectoral muscles, the serrati antici majores, the serrati p. stici superiores, and scaleni muscles, are brought into action. And in laborious inspiration, the muscles which arise from the upper part of the thorax, when the parts into which they are inserted are fixed, likewise assist. In expiration, the diaphragm is relaxed and pushed up by the pressure made by the abdominal muscles upon the viscera of the abdomen ; and at the same time that they press it upwards, they also, to- gether with the sterno-costales and serrati pos- tici inferiores, pull down the ribs, and are as- sisted in a powerful manner by the elasticity of the cartilages that join the ribs to the sternum; by which the cavity of the thorax is diminish- ed, and the air suddenly pushed out of the lungs : and in laborious expiration, the quad- rati lumborum, sacrolumbales, and longissi- mi dorsi, concur in pulling down the ribs. The four pair are, 1. OUADRATUS LUMBORUM, Arises, pretty broad, tendinous and fleshy, from the posterior part of die spine of the cs ilium. Inserted into the transverse processes of all the vertebra; of the loins, into the last rib near THE MUSCLES. 7" near the spine, and by a small tendon into the side of the last vertebra of the back. Use. To move the loins to one side, pull down the last rib, and, when both act, to bend the loins forwards. Qjiadratus, seu Lumbar is exiernus, Win- slow. 2. PSOAS PARVUS, Arises, fleshy, from the sides of the two upper-vertebrae of the loins, and sends off a small long tendon, which ends thin and flat, and is Inserted into the brim of the pelvis, at the junction of the os ilium and pubis. Use. To assist the psoas magnus in bend- ing the loins forwards; and, in certain po- sitions, to assist in raising the pelvis. N. B. This muscle is very often wanting. 3. PSOAS MAGNUS, Arises, fleshy, from the side of the body, and transverse process of the last vertebra of the back ; and, in the same manner, from all those of the loins, by as many distinct slips. Inserter,, tendinous, into the trochanter mi- ?:or of the os femoris; and fleshy into that ■Kme, a little below the same trochanter. '• Use. G 74 DESCRIPTION OF Use. To bend the thigh forwards; or when the inferior extreniity is fixed, to assist in bending the body. Psoas, seu Lumbaris internus, Winslow. 4. IL1ACUS INTERNUS. Arises, fleshy, from the transverse procr-» of the last vertebra; of the loins, from all the inner lip of the spine of the os ilium, from the edge of that bone between its anterior supe- rior spinous process and the acetabulum, and from most of the hollow part of the ilium. It joins with the psoas magnus, where it be- gins to become tendinous; and is Inserted along with it. Use. To assist the psoas in bending the thigh, and bring it directly forwards. Ar. B. The insertion of the two last mir- cles should not be prosecuted till the musclea of the thigh are dissected. CHAP. XXI. MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE THORAX. THESE mrsy be divided info two layers. THE MUSCLES. 7.5 The first layer consists of one muscle, na- med PECTORALIS MAJOR, Arises from the cartilaginous extremitie-s of the fifth and six ribs, where it always in- termixes with the external oblique muscle of the abdomen: from almost the whole length of the sternum, and from near half of the an- terior part of the clavicle : The fibres run to- wards the axilla in a folding manner. Inserted, by two broad tendons, which cross each other at the upper and inner part of the os humeri, above the insertion of the del- toid muscle, and outer side of the groove for lodging the tendon of the long head of the biceps. Use. To move the arm forwards, and ob- liquely upwards, towards the sternum. Pecloralis, Albinus. The second layer consists of three muscles; 1. SUBCLAViUS, Arises tendinous from the cartilage that joins the first rib to the sternum. Inserted, after becoming fleshy, into the in- ferior part of the clavicle, which it occupies from within an inch or so of the s^raum, as far 76 DESCRIPTION OF far outwards as to its connection, by liga- ment, with the coracoid process of the sca- pula. Use. To pull the clavicle downwards and forwards. 2. pectoralis minor. Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the up- per edge of the third, fourth and fifth ribs, near where they join with their cartilages. Inserted, tendinous, into the coracoid pro- cess of the scapula; but soon grows fleshy and broad. Uie. To bring the scapula forwards, and downwards, or to raise the ribs upwards. Serratir anticu-, Albinus. Serratus minor anticu , Douglas. 2. SERRATUS MAGNUS, Arises from the nine superior ribs, by an equal number of fleshy digitations, resembling the teeth of a saw. Inserted, fleshy, into the whole base of the scapula internally, between the insertion of the rhomboid and the origin of the sub-sca- pul ms muscles, being folded about the two angles of the scapula. Use. To move the scapula forwards ; and, when' THE MUSCLES. 77 when the scapula is forcibly raised, to draw upwards the ribs. Serratus major auticus, Douglas. CHAP. XXII. MUSCLES SITUATED BETWEEN THE RIBS, AND WITHIN THE THORAX. BETWEEN the ribs, on each side, there are eleven double rows of muscles, which are therefore named intercostals. These de- cussate each other like the strokes of the let- ter X. intercostales externi, Arise from the inferior acute edge of each superior rib, and run obliquely forwards,, the whole length from the spine to near the join- ing of the ribs with their cartilages; from which, to the sternum, there is only a thin membrane covering the internal intercostals. Inserted into the upper obtuse edge of each inferior rib, as far back as the spine, into which the posterior portion is fixed. intercostales interni, Arise, in the same manner as the exter- nal: but i.hcv begin at the sternum, and run obliquely G 2 78 DESCRIPTION OF obliquely- hackwards, as far as the angle of the rib ; and from that to the spine they are wanting. Inserted in the same manner as the exter- nal. Use. By means of these muscles, the ribs are equally raised upwards during inspiration. Their fibres being oblique, give them a great- er power of bringing the ribs nearer each other, than could be performed by straight ones. But, by the obliquity of the fibres, they are almost brought contiguous; and, as the fixed points of the ribs are before and behind, if the external had been continued forwards to the sternum, and the internal backwards to the spine, it would have hin- dered their motion, which is greatest in the middle, though the obliquity of the ribs ren- ders it less perceptible ; and, instead of rais- ing the fibres fixed to the sternum and spinj, would have depressed the ribs. N. B. The portions of the external inter- costals which arise from the transverse pro- cesses of the vertebrae, where the ribs are fix- ed to them, and other portions that pass over one rib and terminate in the next below it, Albinus calls Levatores costarum loagiores et breniores. The portions of the internal that pass over one rib, and ;;re inserted into the next below it-, THE MUSCLES. 70 it, Douglas calls Costarum depressores proprii Coivperii. These portions of both rows assist i.i rais- ing the ribs in the same manner as the rest of the intercostals. Supra-costales, and infra-costales, Winslow. The muscles within the thorax are one pair, viz. triangularis, or sterno costalis, Arises, fleshy and a little tendinous, from all the length of the cartilago ensiformis late- rally, and trom the edge of the lower half of- the middle bone of the sternum, from whence its fibres ascend obliquely upwards and out- wards. Inserted, generally by three triangular ter- minations, into the lower edge of the carti- lages of the third, fourth, and fifth ribs, near where these join with the ribs, ♦ Use. To depress these cartilages, and the extremities of the ribs ; and consequently to assist in contracting the cavity of the thorax. This muscle often varies ; and is sometimes inserted into the cartilage of the second rib, sometimes into the cartilage of the sixth rib. CHAP. 80 DESCRIPTION Ot CHAP. XXIII. muscles situated on the anterior part of the neck close to the vertebra. THESE consist of one layer, formed by four muscles. 1. LONGUS COLLI, Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the bo- dies of the three superior vertebrae of the back laterally; and from the transverse process of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth vertebrae of the neck, near their roots. Inserted into the fore-part of the bodies of all the vertebrae of the neck, by as manv small tendons, which are covered with flesh. Use. To bend the neck gradually forwards, and Mf one side. 2. rectus capitis internus major. Arises, from the anterior points of the trans- verse processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth vertebrae of the neck, by four distinct beginnings. Inserted into the cuneiform process of the os occipitis, a little before the condyloid pro- cess. U.S. THE MUSCLES. 81 Use. To bend the head forwards. Rectus anterior longus, Winslow. 3. rectus capitis internus minor, Arises, fleshy, from the fore-part of the body of the first vertebra of the neck, oppo- site to the superior oblique process. Inserted near the root of the condyloid pro- cess of the os occipitis, under, and a little farther outwards than the former muscle. Use. To nod the head forwards. Rectus anterior brevis, Winslow. 4. rectus capitis lateralis, Arises, fleshy, from the anterior part of the point of the transverse process of the first vertebra of the neck. Inserted into the os occipitis, opposite to the foramen stylo-mastoideum of the temporal bone. Use. To bend the head a little to one side. Transversalis anticus primus, Winslow. CHAP. 82 DESCRIPTION OF CHAP. XX tV. muscles situated on the posterior part of the trunk. THESE may be divided into four layers, and a single pair. The first layer consists of two muscles, which cover almost the whole posterior part of the trunk. I. TRAPEZIUS, seu CUCULARIS, Arises, by a strong round tendon, from the lower part of the protuberance in the middle of the os occipitis behind; and, by a thin membranous tendon, which covers part of the splenius and complexus muscles, from the rough curved line that extends from the pro- tuberance towards the mastoid process of the temporal bone; runs down along the nape of the neck, where it seems to arise from its fel- low, and covers the spinous processes of the superior vertebrae of the neck ; but rises from the spinous processes of the two inferior, and from the spinous processes of all the vertebrae of the back ; adhering, tendinous, to its fel- low, the whole length of its origin. Inserted, fleshv, into the posterior half of the clavicle ; tendinous and fleshy, into the acromion, THE MUSCLES. 8', acromion, and into almost all the spine of the 6capula. Use. Moves the scapula according to the three different directions of its fibres ; for the upper descending fibres draw it obliquely upwards, the middle transverse straight fibres draw it directly backwards, and the inferior ascending fibres draw it obliquely downwards and backwards. Ar. B. Where it is inseparably united to its fellow in the nape of the neck, it is named Ligamentum Nucha or Colli. 2. LATISSIMUS D0R3I. Arises, by a broad thin tendon, from the posterior part of the spine of the os ilium, from all the spinous processes of the os sacrum and vertebrae of the loins, and from the seven inferior ones of the vertebrae of the back; also, tendinous and fleshy, from the extremiT tic-; of the three or four inferior ribs, a little rkwond their cartilages, by as many distinct slips. The inferior fibres ascend obliquely, and the superior run transversely, over the inferior angle of the scapula, towards the axilla, where they are all collected, twisted, and folded. Irse-'^d by a strong thin tendon-, into die inner S4 DESCRIPTION OF inner edge of the groove for lodging the ten- don of the long head of the biceps. Use. To pull the arm backwards and down- wards, and to roll the os humeri. N. B. The insertion of this muscle should not be prosecuted till the muscles of the os humeri, to which it belongs, are dissected.' The second layer consists of three pair, two on the back, and one on the neck. On the back, 1. SERRATUS POSTICUS INFERIOR, Arises, by a broad thin tendon, in common with that of the 1 itissimus dorsi, from the spinal processes of the two inferior vertebrae of the. back, and from the three superior oi the loins. Inserted, into the lower edge of the four inferior ribs, at a little distance from their cartilages, by as manv distinct fleshy lips. Use. To depress the ribs into which it i* inserted. 2. RHOMBOIDEUS. This muscle is divided into two portions. 1. Rhomboideus major, arises, tendinous, from lift- THE MUSCLES. 85 the spinous processes of the five superior ver- tebrae of the back. Inserted into all the basis of the scapula below its spine. Use. To draw the scapula obliquely up- wards and directly inwards. 2. Rhomboideus minor, arises, tendinous from the spinous processes of the three inferior ver- tebrae of the neck, and from the ligamentum nuchae. Inserted into the base of the scapula, oppo- site to its spine. Use. To assist in the former. On the neck, 3. SPLENIUS, Arises, tendinous, from the four superior spinous processes of the vertebrae of the back; tendinous and fleshy, from the five inferior of the neck, and adheres firmly to the liga- mentum nuchae. At the third vertebra of the neck, the splenii recede from each other, so that part of the complexus muscle is seen. Inserted bv as many tendons, into the five superior transverse processes of the vertebras of the neck; and tendinous and fleshy, into the posterior part of the mastoid process, and into II 86 DESCRIPTION OF into the os occipitis, where it joins with the root of that process. Use. To bring the head and upper verte- brae of the neck backwards laterally ; and, when both act, to pull the head directly back- wards. AT. B. Albinus divides this muscle into two; viz. That portion which arises from the five inferior spinous processes of the neck, and is inserted into the mastoid process and qs occi- pitus, he calls Splenius Capitis ; and that por- tion "which arises from the third and fourth of the back, and is inserted into the five superior transverse processes of the neck, is called by him Splenius Colli. The single pair, SERRATUS SUPERIOR POSTICUS, Arises, by a broad thin tendon, from the spinous processes of the three last vertebrae of the neck, and the two uppermost of the back. Inserted into the secqnd, third, fourth, and fifth ribs, by as many fleshy slips. Use. To elevate die ribs, and dilate the thorax. The third layer consists of diree pair on the back, and three on the neck. On the back, 1, spi- THE MUSCLES, 87 1. SPINALIS DORSI, Arises from the spinous processes of the two uppermost vertebrae of the loins, and the three inferior of the back, by as many ten- dons. Inserted into the spinous processes of the nine uppermost vertebrae of the back, except the first, by as irlany tendons. Use. To erect and fix the vertebrae, ana to assist in raising the spine. 2. L0NG1SSIMUS DORSI, Arises, tendinous without, and fleshy with- in, from the side, and all the spinous proces- ses of the os sacrum ; from the posterior spine of the os ilium ; from all the spinous processes; and from the roots of the trans*, verse processes of the vertebrae of the loins. Inserted into all the transverse processes of the vertebrae of the back, chiefly by small double tendons ; also, by a tendinous and fleshy slip, into the lower edge of all the ribs, except the two inferior, at a little distance from their tubercles. Use, To extend the vertebrae, and to raise and keep the trunk of the body erect. N. B. From the upper part of this muscle there 88 DESCRIPTION OF there runs up a round fleshy portion which joins with the cervicalis descendens. 3. SACRO-LUMEALIS. Arises, in common with the longisslmus dorsi. Inserted into all the ribs, where they begin to be curved forwards, by as many long and thin tendons; and, From the upper part of the six or eight lower ribs, arise as many bundles of thin fleshy fibres, which soon terminate in the inner-side of this muscle, and are named M.usculi ad Sacro-lumbalem Accessorii. Use. To pull the ribs down, and assist to erect the trunk of the body. N. B. There is a fleshy slip which runs from the upper part of this muscle into the fourth, fifth, and sixth transverse processes of the vertebras of the neck, by three distinct tendons: it is named Cervicalis Descendens; and its use is to turn the neck obliquely back- wards, and to one side. On the neck, 1. COMPLEXUS, Arises from the transverse processes of the seven superior vertebras of the back, and four inferior of the neck, by as many distinct ten- dinous THE MUSCLES. 89 dinous origins; in its ascent it receives a fleshy slip from the spinous process of the first vertebra of the back : from these different origins it runs upwards, and is every where intermixed with tendinous fibres. Inserted, tendinous and fleshy, into the in- ferior edge of the protuberance in the middle of the os occipitis, and into a part of the cur- ved line that runs forwards from that protu- berance. n Use. To draw the head backwards, and to one side ; and, when both act, to draw the head directly backwards. JV. B. The long portion of this muscle that is situated next the spinous processes, lies more loose, and has a roundish tendon in the middle of it; for which reason Albinus calls it Biventer cervicis. 2. TRACHELO-MASTOIDEUS, Arises from the transverse processes of the three uppermost vertebra; of the back, and from the five lowermost of the neck, where it is connected to the trausversalis cervicis, by as many thin tendons, which unite into a belly, and run up under the splenius. Inserted into the middle of the posterior side of the mastoid process, by a thiu tendon. 112 ■y'J DESCRIPTION OF Use. To assist the complexus; but it pulls •the head more to one side. Complexus minor, seu Mastoideus lateralis, Winslow. Trachelo-Mastoideus, seu Capitis par tertium Fallopii, Douglas. 3. LEVATOR SCAPULAE, Ari es, tendinous and fleshy, from the trans- verse processes of the five superior vertebrae of the neck, by as many distinct slips, which soon unite to form a muscle that runs down- wards and outwards. * : Inserted, fleshy, into the superior angle of the scapula. U^e. To pull the scapula upwards and a little forwards. Angularis, vulgo Levator proprius, Winslow, Elevator, seu Mu n from the i.ansvers* process of the THE MUSCLES. S7 the first vertebra of the back, and fill up the spaces between the transverse processes of the vertebrae of the neck, which are likewise bi- furcated ; and, consequently, there are six distinct double muscles, which Ari e from the inferior transverse process of each vertebra of the neck, and first of the back, and are Inserted into the superior transverse pro- cesses. Use. To draw these processes toward* each other, and turn the neck a little to one side. :i, 1, 5, INTERSPINALES DORSI et LUMBO- rum, and the interstransversales DORSI, Are rather small tendons than muscles, serving to connect the spinal and transverse proce ses. 6. INTERTRANSVERSALES LT7MBORUM, Are four distinct small bundles of flesh, which fill up the spaces between the trans- verse processes of the vertebrae of the loins, and serve to draw them towards each other. CHAP. I flR DESCRIPTION OF CHAP. XXV. MUSCLES OF THE SUPERIOR EXTREMITIES. THESE may be divided into the mus- cles that are situated on the scapula, on the os humeri, on the cubit or fore-arm, and on the hand. Muscles situated on the scapula. ' These are called muscles of the 01 humeri; and are three behind, one along its inferior costa, two before and one beneath it. Behind, 1. SUPRASPINATUS, Arises, fleshy, from all that part of the base 'of the scapula that is above its spine; also from the spine and superior costa ; passes un- der the acromion, and adheres to the capsular ligament of the os humeri. Inserted, tendinous, into that part of the large protuberance on the head of die os hu- meri that is next the groove for lodging the tendon of the long head of the biceps. Use. To raise the arm upwards ; and, at the same time, to pull the capsular ligament from between the bon?s, th.;t it may not be pinched. 2. IN'. THE MUSCLES. 99 2. INFRASPINATUS, Aries, fleshy, from all that part of the base of the scapula that is between its spine and inferior angle ; from the spine, as far as the cervix of the scapula. The fibres ascend and descend obliquely towards a tendon in the middle of the muscle, which runs forwards, and adheres to the capsular ligament. Inserted by a thick and short tendon, into the upper and middle part of the large protu- berance on the head of the os humeri. Use. To roll the humerus outwards; to assist in raising, and in supporting it when raised ; and to pull the ligament from between (rhe bones. N. B. These two muscles are covered with a tendinous membrane, from which a num- ber of their fleshy fibres arise. It serves be- sides to strengthen their actions, and keeps them from swelling too much outwardly when .in action. 3. TERES MINOR, Arises, fleshy, from all the round ecxge of the inferior costa of the scapula, and runs for- wards along the inferior edge of the infraspin- atus muscle, and adheres to the ligament. Inserted, tendinous, into the back part of the large protuberance on the head of the os humeri, 100 DESCRIPTION OF humeri, a little behind and below the termi- nation of the last named muscle. Use. To roll the humerus outwards; to draw the humerus backwards; and to pre- vent the ligament from being pinched be- tween the bones. Along the inferior costa of the scapula, TERES MAJOR, Arises, flashy, from the inferior angle of the scapula, and from all that portion of its inferior costa that is rough and thicker than the rest; its fleshy fibres are continued over part of the infraspinatus muscle, to which they firmly adhere. Inserted, by a broad, short, and thin ten- don, into the ridge at the inner side of the groove for lodging the tendon of the long head of the biceps, along with the latissimus dorsi. Use. To roll the humerus inwards, and to draw it backwards and downwards. The two before the scapula, 1. DELTOIDES, Arises, fleshy from all the posterior part of the clavicle that the pedtoralis major docs not possess ; tendinous and fleshy, from the acromion, and lower margin of almost the whole THE MUSCLES. 101 whole spine of the scapula opposite to the in- sertion of the cucullaris muscle : from these origins it runs in three different directions i. e. from the clavicle outwards and down- wards ; from the spine of the scapula out- wards, forwards, and downwards ; and from the acromion straight downwards; and is composed of a number of fasciculi, which form a strong fleshy muscle that covers the anterior part of the joint of the os humeri. Inserted, tendinous, into a rough protuber- ance in the outer side of the os humeri, near its middle, where the fibres of this muscle in- termix with some part of the brachialis ex- tcrnus. Use. To pull the arm directly outwards and upwards, and forwards or backwards, accord- ing to the different directions of its fibres. 2. CORACO-DRACHIALIS, Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the fore* part of the coracoid process of the scapula; adhering, in its descent, to the short head of the biceps. Inserted, tendinous and fleshy, about th£ middle of the internal part of the os humeri, near the origin of the third head of the tri- ceps, called brachiali extertius- where it sends down a thin tendinous expansion to the in- ternal condyle of the os humeri. I 2 Use.. 102 DESCRIPTION OF Use. To raise the arm upwards and for wards. N. B. There passes a nerve through this muscle, called Muscula-cutaneus. The one beneath the scapula, SUBSCAPULARS, Arises, fleshy, from all the base of the scapu- la internally, and from its superior and inferi- or costae, being composed of a number of ten- dinous and fleshy fasciculi, which make prints on the bone ; they all join together, fill up the hollow of the scapula, and pass over the joint, adhering to the capsular ligament. Inserted, tendinous, into the upper part of the internal protuberance at the head of the os humeri. Use. To roll the humerus inwards, and to draw it to the side of the body; and to prevent the capsular ligament from being pinched. CHAP. XXVI. MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE OS HUMERI. THESE :-,re colled Mucles of the Cubit or Fore-arm. They consist of two before, and two be- hind. Before, THE MUSCLES. 103 JJefore, 1. BICEPS FLEXOR CUBITI, Arises, by two heads. The first and outer- most called longw, begins tendinous from the upper edge of the glenoid cavity of the sca- pula ; passes over the head of the os humeri within the joint; and, in its descent without the joint, is inclosed in a groove near the head of the os humeri, by a membranous ligament that proceeds from the capsular ligament and adjacent tendons. The second, or innermost head, called brevis, arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the coracoid process of the sca- pula, in common with the coraco-bracbialis muscle. A little below the middle of the fore- part of the os humeri, these heads unite. Inserted, by a strong roundish tendon, into the tubercle on the upper end of the radius internally. Use. To turn the hand supine, and to bend the fore-arm. N. B. At the bending of the elbow, where it begins to grow tendinous, it sends off" an aponeurosis, which covers all the muscles on the inside of the fore-arm, and joins with another tendinous membrane, which is sent off* from the triceps extensor cubiti, and co- vers all the muscles on the outside of the fore- arm ; and a number of the fibres, from oppo- site fibres, decussate each other. It serves to 104 DESCRIPTION OF to strengthen the muscles, by keeping them from swelling too much outwardly, when in action ; and a number of their fleshy fibres take their origin from it. Biceps brachii, Albinus. Coraco-radialis, seu biceps, Winslow, Biceps internus, Douglas. 2. BRACHIALIS INTERNUS, Arises, fleshy, from the middle of the os humeri, at each side of the insertion of the deltoid muscle, covering all the inferior and fore-part of this bone, runs over the joint, and adheres firmly to the ligament. Inserted, by a strong short tendon, into the coronoid process of the ulna. Use. To bend the fore-arm, and to prevent the capsular ligament of the joint from being pinched. Brachialis, Winslow. Behind, I. TRICEPS EXTENSOR CUBITI, Ariset, by t'nee heads, the first called longw, pretty broad and tendinous, from the inferior costa of the scapula, near its cervix. The second head, called brcvis, arises by an acute, tendinous, and fleshy beginning, from the back part of the os humeri, a little below THE MUSCLES. 105 its head, outwardly. The third, called bra- chials externus, arises by an acute beginning, from the back part of the os humeri. These three heads unite lower than the insertion of the teres major, and cover the whole posterior part of the humerus, from which they receive addition in their descent. Inserted into the upper and external part of the process of the ulna, called olecranon, and partly into the condyles of the os humeri, adhering firmly to the ligament. Use. To extend the fore-arm. Anconeus major, anconeus externus, and An- coneus externus, Winslow. , Biceps externus, and Brachialis externus, Douglas. 3. ANCONEUS, . Arises, tendinous, from the posterior part of the external condyle of the os humeri; it soon grows fleshy, and is continued from the third head of the triceps. Inserted, fleshy and thin, into a ridge on the outer and posterior edge of the ulna, being continued .some way below the olecranon and covered with a tendinous membrane. Use. To assist in extending the fore-arm. Anconeus minor, Winslow. Anconeus vel Cubit aTts RiZsvri, Douglas. CHAP- 106 jJESUKirnuiN uf CHAP. XXVII. MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE CUBIT OR FORE- ARM.* THESE may be divided into three classes: fir t, flexors and extensors of the whole hand: second, flexors and extensors of the fingers ; and, third, supinators and pronators, or those that roll the radius on the ulna. First class consists of three flexors, and three extensors. Flexors: 1. PALMARIS LONGUS, Arises, tendinous, from the internal confc dyle of the os humeri, soon grows fleshy, and, after a short progress, sends off a long slen- der tendon. Inserted into the ligamentum carpi annulare, and into a tendinous membrane that is ex- panded on the palm of the hand, named apOT neurosis palmaris; which, above, begins at the trans- * In the following description, the arm is supposed to hang by the side with the palm turned forwards; so that the radius and thumb arc upon its outer side, and the ulna and little finger upon its inner side; wherein, when the muscles are described in the less straining posture of prona- tion, avhas been generally done by authors, the utmost con- fusion is necessarily introduced in the application of the terms Outer and Inner, from- tin: decussation of the r.idiun aad ulna. THE MUSCLES. 107 transverse or annular ligament of the wrist, and, below, is fixed to the roots of the fingers. Use. To bend the hand, and to stretch the membrane that is expanded on the palm. Ulnaris gracilis, Winslow. N. B. This muscle is sometimes wanting ; but the aponeurosis palmaris is always to be found, and a small muscle named PALMARIS BREVIS, Arises from the ligamentum carpi annulare, and tendinous membrane that is expanded on the palm of the hand. Inserted, by small bundles of fleshy fibres, into the skin and fat that covers the abductor minimi digiti, and into thejos pisiforme. Use. To assist in contracting the palm of the hand. Palmaris cutaneus, Winslow. 2. FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS, Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the' in- ternal condyle of the os humeri, and from the anterior part of the upper end of the ulna, where it firmly adheres to the pronator radii teres. Inserted, by a flat tendon, into the fore and •upper part of the metacarpal bone that sustains 1 * * the 108 DESCRIPTION OF the fore-finger, after running through a fossa in the os trapezium. Use. To bend the hand, and to assist in its pronation. Radialis internus, Albinus and Winslow. 3. FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS, Arises tendinous, from the internal con- dyle of the os humeri. It has likewise a small fleshy beginning from the outer side of the olecranon; between which and the condyle the ulnar nerve passes to the fore-arm ; and a number of its fleshy fibres arise from the ten- dinous membrane which covers the fore-arm. Inserted, by a short strong tendon, into the os pisiforme ; at a little d;stance from its in- sertion, a small ligament is sent off to the metacarpal bone that sustains the little finger. Use. To assist the former in bending the arm. Ulnarii internus, Albinus and Winslow. Bxtensors: 1. EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGIOR, Arises, broad, thin, and fleshy, immediate- ly below the supinator radii longus, from the lower part of the external ridge of the os hu- meri, above its external condyle. THE MUSCLES. 109 Inserted, by a round tendon, into the pos- terior and upper part of the metacarpal bone that sustains the fore fingers. Use- To extend and bring the hand back- wards. Radialis externus longior, Albinus. Radialis externus primus, Winslow. 2. EXTENSOR CARPI RAD'ALIS BREVIOR, Ari es, tendinous, from the external con- dyle of the os humeri, and from the liga- ment that connects the radius to it, and runs along die outside of the radius. Inserted, by a round tendon, into the upper and back part of the metacarpal bone that sustains the middle finger. Use. To assist the last-mentioned muscle. Radialis externus brevier, Albinus. Radialis secundus, Winslow. EXTENSOR CARn ULNARIS, Arises, tendinous, from the external con- dyle of die os humeri; and, in its progress, fleshy from die middle of the ulna, where it passes over it. Its round tendon is inclosed by a membranous sheath, in a groove v»h. h !•- >--;rua?ed at the extremity of the i-l:::i. K 110 DESCRIPTION OF Inserted, by its round tendon, into the pos- terior and upper pnt of the metacarpal bone that sustains the little finger. U e. To assist the former in extending the hand. Ulnaris externus, Albinus and Winslow. Second Class. The flexors and extensors of the four fin- gers are, two long, and one small flexor to each finger and one extensor. 1. FLEXOR SUBLIMIS PERFORATUS, Arise-, tendinous and fleshy, from the in- ternal condyle of the os humeri; tendinous from the cdronoid process of the ulna, near the edge of the cavity that receives the head of the radius ; fleshy from die tubercle of the radius ; and membranous and fleshy from the middle of the fore-part of the radius, where the flexor pollicis loncms arises. Its fleshy bel- ly sends off* four round tendons before it pa- ses under the ligament of the wri.-t. Inserted into the anterior and upper-part of the second bone of each finger, being, ne;n- the extremity of the first bone, divided for the passage of the pcrforans. Use. To bend the second joint or phalanx of the fingers. Sublimis, Albinus. Pirforatvs, Douglas. 2. fli \"- THE MUSCLES. Ill 2. FLEXOR PROFUNDUS PERFORANS, Ari e , fie by, from the external side, and upper part of the ulna, for soL\e way down- ward, and from a large share of the interos- seous ligament. It splits into four Pendens, a little before it passes under the hgamentum carpi annulare; and these pass through the slits m the tendons of the flexor sublimis. In erted into the fore and upper part of the third or last bone of all the four fingers. Use. To bend the last joint of the fingers. Profundus, Albinus. Perforans, Douglas. The four small flexors are named LUMBRICALES, Arise, thin and fleshy, from the out-side of the tendons of the flexor profundus, a little above the lower edge of the hgamentum carpi annulare. Inserted, by long slender tendons, into the outer-sides of the broad tendons of the inter- ossei muscles, about the middle of the first joint. Use. To increase the flexion of the fingers while the long flexors are in full action. Exte^ 112 DESCRIPTION OF Extensors: EXTENSOR DlGlTORU.'l COMMVK1.., Arises, by an acute, tendinous, and fleshy beginning, from the external condyle of the os humeri, where it adheres to the supinator radii brevis. Before it passes under the Hga- mentum carpi annulare externum, it splits into four tendons; some of which may be divided into several smaller ; and about the fore-part of the metacarpal bones they remit tendinous filaments to each other. Inserted into the posterior part of all the bones of the four fingers, by a tendinous ex- pansion. Ue. To extend all the joints of the fin- gers. Third Clas. Consists of four muscles, viz. two supina-. tors, and two pronators. ' Supinators : 1. SUPINATOR RADII LONGUS, Arises, by an acute and fleshy origin, from the external ridge of the os humeri, above the external condyle, near as far up as the middle of that bone, Inserted into the outer*side of the inferior extremity of the radius. Use. 113 Use. To roll die radius outwards, and consequently the palm of the hand upwards. Supinator longus, xUbinus, Winslow, and Douglas. 2. SUPINATOR RADII BREVIS, Arises, tendinous, from the external con- dyle of the os humeri; tendinous and fleshy, from the external and upper part of the ulna, and adheres firmly to the ligament that joins these two bones. Inserted into the head, neck, and tubercle of the radius, near the insertion of the biceps, and ridge running from that downwards and outwards. Use. To roll the radius outwards, and so bring the hand supine. Pronators : 1. PRONATOR RADII TERES, Arises, fleshy, from the internal condyle of the os humeri, and tendinous from the coronoid process of the ulna. Inserted, thin, tendinous, and fleshy, into the middle of the posterior part of the radius. Use. To roll the radius, together with the hand, inwards. 2. PRO- K 2 114 DESCRIPTION OF 2. PRONATOR RADII QUADRATUS, Arises, broad, tendinous, and fleshy, from the lower and inner part of the ulna; the fibres run transversely, to be Inserted into the lower and anterior part of the radius, opposite to its origin. Use. To turn the radius, together with the hand, inwards. CHAP. XXVIII. MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE HAND CHIEFLY, THESE may be divided in four classes, viz. muscles of the thumb, fore-finger, little finger, and metacarpal bones. Muscles of the Thumb. These consist of three flexors, three extent sors, one abductor, and one adductor.. Flexors: 1. FLEXOR LQNGUS POLLICIS MANUS. Arises, by an acute fleshy beginning, from the upper part of the radius, immediately be- low its tubercle, and is continued down for some space on the fore-part of this bone. It h;is likewise generally another origin from the internal condyle of the os humeri, which l'HE MUSCLES, 11J forms a distinct fleshy slip that terminates near the upper part of the origin from the radius. Inserted, into the last joint of the thumb, after having passed its tendon under the liga- ment of the wrist. Use. To bend the last joint of the thumb. Flexor tertii internodii, Douglas. 2. FLEXOR BREVIS POLLICIS MANU3, Arises, from the os trapezoides, magnum, and unciforme of the carpus, and is divided into two portions by the tendon of the flexor pollicis longus. Inserted into the ossa sesamoidea and first bone of the thumb. Use. To bend the first joint of the thumb Flexor secundi internodii, Douglas. 13. FLEXOR OSSIS METACARPI POLLICIS, OR OPPONENS POLLICIS. Ari es, fleshy, from the os trapezium and Hgamentum carpi annulare, lying under the abductor pollicis. Inserted, tendinous and fleshy, into the un- der and anterior part of the metacarpal bone of the thumb. Use. To bring the thumb inwards, oppo- site to the oUier fingers. Flexor 116 DESCRIPTION OF Flexor primi internodii, Douglas. Extensors: 1. EXTENSOR OSSIS METACARPI POLLICIS MANUS. Arises, fleshy from the middle and poste- rior part of the ulna, immediately below the insertion of the anconeus muscle, from the posterior part of the middle of the radius, and from the interosseous ligament. Inserted, generally by two tendons, into the os trapezium, and upper back-part of the metacarpal bone of the thumb, and often joins with the abductor pollicis. Use. To extend the metacarpal bone of the thumb outwardly. Abductor longus pollicis mantis, Albinus. Extensor primi internodii, Douglas. 2. EXTENSOR PRIMI INTERNODII, Arises, fleshy, from the posterior part of the ulna near the former muscle, and from the interosseous ligament. Inserted, tendinous, into the posterior part of the first bone of the thumb ; and part of it may be traced as far as the second bone. Use. To extend the first bone of the thumb obliquely outwards. Extensor THE MUSCLES. 117 Extensor minor pollicis manus, Albinus. This and the preceding muscle is called Extensor pollicis primus, Winslow. Extensor secundi internodii, Douglas. 3. EXTENSOR SECUNDI INTERNODII. Arises, by an acute, tendinous, and fleshy beginning, from the middle back-part of the ulna, and from the interosseous Hgament; its tendon runs through the small groove at the inner and back-part of the lower end of the radius. Inserted into the last bone of the thumb. Use. To extend the last joint of the thumb obliquely backwards. Extensor major pollicis- manus, Albinus. Extensor pollicis secundus, Winslow. Extensor tertii internodii, Douglas. ABDUCTOR POLLICIS MANUS. Arises, by a broad, tendinous, and fleshy beginning, from the Hgamentum carpi an- nulare, and from the os trapezium, Inserted tendinous, into the outer side of the root of the first bone of the thumb. Use. To draw the thumb from the fingers. N. B. 118 DESCRIPTION OF N. B. Albinus names the inner portion of this muscle, abductor brevis alter. Abductor, Thenar Riolani, Douglas. ADDUCTOR POLLICIS MANUS, Arises, fleshy, from almost the whole length of the metacarpal bone that sustains the mid- dle finger; from thence its fibres are collect- ed together. Inserted, tendinous, into the inner part of the root of the first bone. Use. To pull the thumb towards the fin- gers. Adductor ad minimum digit um, Douglas* Fore-finger, INDICATOR, Arises, by an acute fleshy beginning, frrJm the middle of the posterior part of the ulna ; its tendon passes under the same ligament with the extensor digitorum communis, with part of which it is Inserted into the posterior part of the fore- finger. Exten or secundi internodii indices proprius, vulgo Indicator, Douglas. ABDUCT- THE MUSCLES. 119 ABDUCTOR INDICES MANUS, Arises, from the os trapezium, and from the superior part and inner-side of the meta- carpal bone of the thumb. Inserted, by a short tendon, into the outer and back-part of the first bone of the fore- finger. Use. To bring the fore-finger towards the thumb. Semi-interosseus. Winslow. Little finger, ABDUCTOR MINIMI DIGITI MANUS, Ari es, fleshy, from the os pisiforme, and from that part of the Hgamentum carpi annu- lare next it. Inserted, tendinous, into the inner-side of the upper-end of the first bone of the little finger. Use. To draw this finger from the rest. H-poihenar minor, Winslow. Extensor tertii inttrnodii minimi digiti, Doug- las.. \DDUCTOR METACARPI MINIMI DIGITI MANUS. ./,-'<■, floshv, from the thin edge of the os uncilarme, 120 DESCRIPTION OF unciforme, and from that part of the ligament of the wrist next it. Inserted, tendinous, into the inner-side and anterior part of the metacarpal bone of this finger. Use. To bend and bring the metacarpal bone of this finger towards the rest. Metacarpus, Winslow. Flexor primi internodii minimi digit':, Doug- las. FLEXOR PARVUS MINIMI DIGITI. Arises, fleshy, from the Out-side of the os unciforme, and from the ligament of the wrist which joins with that bone. Inserted, by a roundish tendon, into the inner and anterior part of the upper end of the first bone of this finger. Use. To bend the little finger, and assist the adductor. Abductor minimi digiti, Hypothenar Riciani, Douglas. Between the metacarpal bones, there are four internal and three external muscles, named interossei. Interossei interni: 1. PRIOR INDICI3. Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the up- per THE MUSCLES. 121 per and outer part of the metacarpal bone that sustains the fore-finger. Inserted into the outside of that part of the tendinous expansion from the extensor digi- torum communis, which covers the posterior part of the fore-finger. Use. To draw the fore-finger inwards to- wards the thumb, and extend it obliquely. Extensor tertii internodii indicis, Douglas." 2. POSTERIOR INDICIS, Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the root and inner part of the metacarpal bone that sustains the fore-finger. Inserted into the inner side of the tendinous' expansion which is sent off from the extensor digitorum communis along the posterior part of the fore-finger. Use. To extend the fore-finger obliquely, and to draw it outwards. First iv.terosseus, Douglas. 3. PRIOR ANNULARIS, Arises, from the root of the outside of the metacarpal bone that sustains the ring-finger- Inserted into the outside of the tendinous expansion of the extensor digitorum commu- nis which covers the ring-finger. L Use. 122 DESCRIPTION OF Use. To extend and pull the ring-finger towards the thumb. Fourth interosseus, Douglas. 4. INTEROSSEUS AURICULARIS, Arises from the root and outer side of the metacarpal bone of the little finger; and is Inserted into the outside of the tendinous expansion of the extensor digitorum com- munis, which covers the posterior part of the little finger. Use. To extend and draw the little finger outward;. Sixth interosseus, Douglas. Interossei externi, seu bicipitee: 1. PRIOR MEDII, Arises, by two origins, from the roots of the metacarpal bones that sustain the fore and middle fingers externally, and next each other: Runs along the outside of the middle-finger; and, being conspicuous on both sides of the hand, is Inserted into the outside of the tendinous expansion from the extensor digitorum com- munis, which covers the posterior part of the middle finger. Use. To extend and to draw the middle- finger inwards. Second THE MUSCLES. 123 Second interosseus, Douglas. 2. POSTERIOR MEDII, Arises, by two origins, from the roots of the metacarpal bones, next each other, that sustain the middle and ring-fingers. In erted into the inside of the tendinous expansion from the extensor digitorum com- munis, which runs along the posterior part of the middle-finger. Use. To extend and draw the middle finger outwards. Third interosseus, Douglas. 3* POSTERIOR ANNULARIS^ Arise , by two origins, from the roots of the metacarpal bones that sustain the ring and little fingers next each other. Inserted into the inside of the tendinous expansion of the extensor digitorum com- munis, which runs along the posterior part of the ring-finger. Use. To extend and draw the ring-finger inwards. Fifth interosseus, Douglas. N. B. The internal interossei are only con- spicuous on the palm of the hand; but the external are apparent on both the palm and back of the hand. CHAR 121 DESCRIPTION OF CHAP. XXIX. MUSCLES OT THE INFERIOR EXTREMITIES. THESE may be divided into the muscles, situated on the outside of the pelvis, on the thigh, on the legs an(* on' the foot. Muscles on the outside of the pelvis, which are called muscles of the thigh. These are composed of one layer before, and three layers behind. The layer before consists of five muscles: 1. psoas magnus "> These were formerly 2. iliacus internus. 5 described. Fid. p. 73, 74. 3. PECTINALIS. Arises, broad and fleshy, from the upper and anterior part of the os pubis or pectinis, immediately above the foramen thyroideum. Inserted into the anterior and upper part of the linea aspera of the os femoris, a little be- low the trochanter minor, by a flat and short tendon. Use. To bring the thigh upwards and in- wards, and to give it a degree af rotation out- wards. Pectit:ew, Albinus. 4. TRI- THE MUSCLES. 12'.5 4. TRICEPS ADDUCTOR FEMORIS, Under this appellation are comprehended three distinct muscles. 1. ADDUCTOR LONGUS FEMORIS. Arises, by a pretty strong roundish tendon, from the upper and anterior part of the os pubis, and ligament of its synchondrosis, on the inner-side of the pectinalis. Inserted, tendinous, near the middle of the posterior part of the linea aspera, being con- tinued for some way down. Adductor femaris primus, Douglas. Triceps minus, Winslow. 2. ADDUCTOR BREVI'S FEMORIS. Arises, tendinous, from the os pubis near its joining with the opposite os pubis below and behind the former. Inserted, tendinous and fleshy, into the inner and upper part of the linea aspera, from .t little below the trochanter minor, to the beginning of the insertion of the adductor longus. Adductor femoris secundus, Douglas. Triceps secundus, Winslow. 3. AD- L 2 1.20 DESCRIPTION OF 3. ADDUCTOR MAGNUS FEMORIS, Arises, a little lower down than the former, near the symphysis of the ossa pubis; tendi- nous and fleshy, from the tuberosity of the os ischium; the fibres run outwards and downwards. Inserted, into almost the whole length of the linea aspera ; into a ridge above the inter- nal condyle of the os femoris; and, by a roundish long tendon, into the upper part of that condyle, a little above which the femoral artery takes a spiral turn towards the ham, passing between this muscle and the bone. Use of these three muscles or triceps. To bring the thigh inwards and upwards, accord- ing to the different directions of their fibres; md, in some degree, to roil the thigh out- wards. Adductor femoris tertiu r, and Adductor femoris quartus, Douglas. Triceps tertius, Winslow. 5. OBTURATOR EXTERNUS, Arises, fleshy, from the lower fore-part of the os pubis, and fore-part of the inner crus of the ischium ; surrounds the foramen thy- roideum; a number of its fibres, arising from the membrane which fills up that foramen are collected like rays towards a centre, and pass out- THE MUSCLES. outwards around the root of the back-part of the cervix of the os femoris. Inserted, by a strong tendon, into the cavity at the inner and back-part of the root of the trochanter major, adhering, in its course, to the capsular ligament of the thigh bone. Use. To roll the thigh bone obliquely out- wards, and to prevent the caspular ligament from being pinched. Behind : First Layer. GLUTEUS MAXIM US. Arises, fleshy, from the posterior part of the spine of the os ilium, a little higher up than the joining of the ilium with the os sa- crum, from the whole external side of the os sacrum, below the posterior spinous process of the os ilium; from the posterior sacro- ischiatic ligament, over which part of the inferior edge of this muscle hangs in a folded manner from the os coccygis. All the fleshy fibres run obliquely forwards and a little down- wards, to form a thick broad muscle which is divided into a number of strong fasciculi. The upper part of it covers almost the whole of the trochanter major, between which and the tendon of this muscle there is a large bursa mucosa, and where it is inseparably joined 128 DESCRIPTION Ob joined to the broad tendon of the tensor va- gina femoris. Inserted, by a strong, thick, and broad ten- don into the upper and outer part of the linea aspera, which is continued from the trochanter major, for some way downwards. Use. To extend the thigh, by pulling it di- rectly backwards and a little outwards. Gluteus magnus, Albinus-. Gluteus major, Cowper. Second Layer. GLUTEUS MEDIUS, Arises, fleshy, from the anterior superior spinous process of the os ilium, and from all the outer edge of the spine of the ilium, ex- cept its posterior part, where it arises from the dorsum of that bone. Inserted, by a broad tendon, into the outer and posterior part of the trochanter major. Use. To draw the thigh bone outwards, and a little backwards ; to roll the thigh bone outwards especially when it is bended. N. B. The anterior and upper part of this muscle is covered by a. tendinous membrane, from .i-hich a number of its fleshy fibres arise, and which joins with the broad tendons of the gluteus THE MUSCLES. lyjj gluteus maximus, tensor vaginae femoris, and latissimus dorsi. Third Layer consists of four muscles. 1. GLUTEUS MINIMUS, ^ Arises, fleshy, from a ridge that is con- tinued from the superior anterior spinous pro- cess of the os ilium, and from the middle of the dorsum of that bone, as far back as its great nitch. In erted, by a strong tendon, into the fore and upper part of the trochanter major. Use. To assist the former m pulling the thigh outwards and backwards, and in rolling it. Gluteus minor, Albinus. 2. PYRIFORMIS, Arises, within the pelvis, by three tendin- ous and fleshy origins, from the second, third, and fourth pieces of the os sacrum; from thence growing gradually narrower, it passes out of the pelvis along with the posterior cru- ral nerve, below the nitch in the posterior part of the os ilium, where it receives a few fleshy fibres. Inserted, by a roundish tendon, into the upper part of the cavity ar the inner side of the root of the trochanter major. Use. 130 DESCRIPTION OF Use. To move the thigh a little upwards and roll it outwards. Pyriformis, seu iliacus exter?ius, Douglas. 3. GEMINI, Arises, by two distinct origins ; the supe- rior from the spinous process, and the inferior from the tuberosity of the os ischium; also, from the posterior sacro-ischiatic ligament. They are both united by a tendinous and fleshy membrane, and form a purse for the tendon of the obturator internus muscle, which was formerly described. In erted, tendinous and fleshy, into the ca- vity at the inner side of the root of the tro- chanter major, on each side of the tendon of the obturator internus, to which they firmly adhere. Use. To roll the thigh outwards, and to preserve the tendon of the obturator internus from being hurt by the hardness of that part of the ischium over which it passes; also, to hinder it from starting out of its place, while the muscle is in action. Gemelli, Winslow. 4. Q.UADRATUS FEMORIS. Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from ihe out- side of the tuberosity of the os ischium ; and running transversely, is In- THE MUSCLES. 131 Inserted, fleshy, into a rough ridge, conti- nued from the root of the large trochanter to the root of the small one. lTsr. To roll the thigh outwards. CHAP. XXX. MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE THIGH. THESE are called muscles of the leg, and consist of one, on the outside -, two, on the inside ; four, before ,■ and four behind. Previous to the description of the muscles that are situated on the thigh and leg, it is necessary to take notice of a broad tendinous fascia or sheath, which is sent off from the back and from the tendons of the glutei and adjacent muscles. It is a strong thick membrane on the out- side of the thigh and leg; but, towards the inside of both, it gradually turns thinner, and has rather the appearance of cellular substance, than a tendinous membrane. A little below the trochanter major, it is firmly fixed to the linea aspera ; and, farther down, to that part of the head of the tibia that is next the fibula; where it sends off the tendinous expansion along the outside of the leg. It serves to strengthen the action of the muscles by keeping them firm in their pro- per 132 DESCRIPTION OF per places while in action, particularly the tendons that pass over the joints, where this membrane is thickest, and it gives1 origin to a number of the fleshy fibres of the muscles. Outside, TENSOR VAGINA FEMORIS, Aries, by a narrow, tendinous, and fleshy beginning from the external part of the ante- rior superior spinous process of the os ilium. Inserted, a little below the trochanter ma- jor, into the inner-side of the membranous fascia, which covers the outside of the thigh. Use. To stretch the membranous fascia, to assist in the abduction of the thigh, and some- what in its rotation inwards. Musculus aponeuroses, vel Fascia lc:'emitendinosus, from the upper and posterior part of the tuberosity of the os ischium. The second, called brevis, arises from the linea aspera, a little below the termination of the gluteus maximus, by a fleshy acute beginning, which soon grows broader as it descends to join with the first head, a little above the ex- ternal condyle of the os femoris. Inserted by a strong tendon, into the up- per part of the head of the fibula. Use. To bend the lep-. Biceps cruris, Albinus. Biceps, Winslow and Douglas. N. B. This muscle forms what is called the outer ham-string; and between it and the in- ner the nervus popliteus, and arteria and vena poplitea, are situated. 4. POPLITEUS, Arises, by a round tendon, from the 1 wer and back-part of the external condyle of the os femoris ; then runs over the ligament that involves the joint, firmly adhering to it, and part of the semilunar cartilage. As it rims over the joint, it becomes fleshy, and the fi- bres run obliquely inwards, being covered with a thin tendinous membrane. M 2 Inserted 138 DESCRIPTION OF Inserted, broad, thin, and fleshy, into a ridge at the upper and internal edge of the tibia, a little below its head. Use. To assist in bending the leg, and to prevent the capsular ligament from being pinched. After the leg is bent this muscle serves to roll inwards. CHAP. XXXI. MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE LEG. THESE are called Muscles of the Foot; and may be divided into tiuo classes, viz. Ex- tensors and Flexors of the Foot. 2. Common Extensors and Flexors of the Toes. First Class. Extensors: These consist of three : 1. GASTROCNEMIUS EXTERNUS, SeU GEMEL- LUS, Arises, by two distinct heads. The frst head arises from the upper and back-part of the internal condyle of the os femoris, and from that bone, a little above its condyle, bv two distinct tendinous origins. The second head arises tendinous from the upper and back-part of the external condyle of the os femoris THE MUSCLES. 139 femoris. A little below the joint, their fleshy bellies unite in a middle tendon ; and, be- low the middle of the tibia, it sends off a broad thin tendon, which joins a little above the extremity of the tibia with the tendon of the following. 2. SOLEUS, SEU GASTROCNEMIUS INTERNUS, Arises, by two origins. The first is from the upper and back-part of the head of the fibula, continuing to receive many of its fleshy fibres from the posterior part of that bone for some space below its head. The other origin begins from the posterior and up- per part of the middle of the tibia ; and runs inwards along the inferior edge of the poplit- eus, towards the inner part of the tibia, from which it receives fleshy fibres for some way down. The flesh of this muscle, covered by the tendon of the gemellus, runs down near as far as the extremity of the tibia ; a little above which the tendons of both gastrocne- mii unite, and form a strong round chord, which is called tendo Achillis. Inserted into the upper and posterior part of the os calcis ; by the projection of which the tendo Achillis is at a considerable dis- tance from the tibia. Use. To extend the foot, by bringing it back-wards and downwards. GcmJlus 140 DESCRIPTION OF Gemellus and Sole us, Albinus- Gastrocnemii and Soleus, Winslow. Extensor tarsi suralis, vel Extensor magnus, Douglas. 3. PLANTARIS, * Arises, thin and flaftlvy, from the upper and back-part of the root of the external condyle of the os femoris, near the inferior extremity of that bone, adhering to the ligament that involves the point in its descent. It passes along the second origin of the soleus, and un- der the gemellus, where it sends off a long, slender, thin tendon, which comes from be- tween the great extensors where they join tendons ; then runs down by the inside of the tendo Achillis. Inserted into the inside of the posterior part of the os calcis, below the tendo Achillis. Use. To assist the former, and to pull the capsular ligament of the knee from between the bones. It seems likewise to assist in roll- ing the foot inwards. o Tibialis gracilis, vulgo Plantaris, Winslow. Extensor tarsi minor, vulgo, Plantarls, Dou- glas. N. B. This muscle, though seldom, has" been found wanting on bodi sides. Flexors: THE MUSCLES. 141 Flexors: These consist of four ; two that belong to the tibia, and two to the fibula. 1. TIBIALIS ANTICUS, Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the mid- dle of that process of the tibia, to which the fibula is connected above ; then it runs down fleshy on the outside of the tibia ; fr. m which, and the upper part of the interosseous liga- ment, it receives a number of distinct fleshy fibres ; near the extremity of the tibia, it sends off a strong round tendon, which pas- ses under part of the Hgamentum tarsi annu- lare near the malleolus internus. Inserted, tendinous, into the inside of the os cuneiforme internum, and posterior end of the metatarsal bone that sustains the great toe. Use. To bend the foot, by drawing it up- wards, and, at the same time, to turn the toes inwards. 2. TIBIALIS POSTICUS, Arises, by a narrow fleshy beginning, from the fore and upper part of the tibia, just under the process which joins it to the fibula ; then passing through a perforation in the upper part of the interosseous ligament, it continues its origin from the back-part of the fibula next the tibia, and from near one half of the up- per- 142f DESCRIPTION OF p'T part of the last named bone ; as also, from the interosseous ligament, the fibres running towards a middle tendon, which sends off a round one that passes in a groove behind the malleolus internus. Inserted, tendinous, into the upper and in- ner part of the os naviculare, being further continued to the os cuneiforme internum and medium; besides, it gives some tendinous fila- ments to the os calcis, os cuboides, and to the root of the metatarsal bone that sustains the middle toe. Use. To extend the foot and to turn the toes inwards, 3, PERONEUS LONGUS. Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the fore- part of the head of the perone, or fibula, the fibres running straight down ; also from the upper and external part of the fibula, where it begins to rise into a round edge; as also,' from the hollow between that and its anterior edge as far down as to reach within a hand- breadth of the ankle, by a number of fleshy fibres, which run outwards towards a tendon, that sends off a long round one, which passes through a channel at the outer ankle, in the back part of the inferior extremity of the fibu- la ; then being reflected to the sinuosity of the os calcis, it runs along a groove in the os cu- THE MUSCLES. 113 cuboides, above the muscles inin the sole of the foot. Inserted, tendinous into the outside of die root of the metatarsal bone that sustains the great toe, and by some tendinous fibres into the os cuneiforme internum. Use. To move the foot outwards, and to extend it a little. Peroneus maximus vulgo Peroneus posterior, Winslow. Peroneus primus, seu Posticus, Douglas. 4. PERONEUS BREVIS, Arises, by an acute fleshy beginning, from above the middle of the external part of the fibula; from the outer side of the anterior spine of this bone; as also, from its round edge externally, the fibres running oluqueb' outwards towards a tendon on its external side : it sends off a round tendon which passes through the groove at the outer ankle, being there included under the same ligament with that of the preceding muscle; and a little fur- ther, it runs through a particular one of its own. Inserted, tendinous, into the root and ex- ternal part of the metatarsal bone that sustalrs the little toe. Use. 144 ^rtESCRIPTION OF Use. To assist the former in pulling the foot outwards, and extending it a little. Peroneus medius vulgo Peroneus anticus, Winslow. Peroneus secundus, seu Anticus, Douglas. Second Class. Common extensors. These consist of two. 1. EXTENSOR LONGUS DIGITORUM PEDIS. Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the up- per and outer part of the head of the tibia, and from the head of the fibula v. here it joins with the tibia, and from the interosseous liga- ment ; also, from the tendinous fascia, which covers the upper and outside of the leg by a number of fleshy fibres; and tendinous and fleshy, from the anterior spine of the fibula-, almost its whole length, where it is insepara- ble from the peroneu. tcrtius. It splits into four round tendons, under the Hgamentum tarsi annulare. Inserted, by a flat tendon, into the root of the first joint of each of the four small toes ; and is expanded over the upper side of the toes, as far as the root of the last joint. U . To extend all the joints of the four small toes. £.v- THE MUSCLES. 145 Extensor longus, Douglas. X. B. A portion of this muscle, which Arises, from the middle of the fibula, con- tinues down to near its inferior extremity, and sends its fleshy fibres forwards to a tendon, Hnch passes under the annular ligament, is Inserted into the root of the metatarsal bone that sustains the little toe: it is called by Al- binus, Peroneus tertius: and bv others, the Nonas Vesalii. Use. To assist in. bending the foot. 2. EXTENSOR BRF.VIS DIGITORUM PEDIS. Zirises, fleshy and tendinous, from the fore and upper part of the os calcis ; and soon forms a fleshy belly, divisible into four por- tions which sends off an equal number of ten- dons that pass over the upper part of the foot under the tendons of the former. In erted, by four slender tendons, into the tendinous expansion from the extensor longus, which covers the small toes, except the little one; also into the tendinous expansion from the extensor pollicis, that covers the upper part of the rreat toe. 1 o Use. To extend the toes. Extetror brev's, Douglas. N Flex- 146 DESCRIPTION OF Flexors. These may be reckoned three. 1. FLEXOR BREVIS DIGITORUM PEDIS, PERFO- RATUS, SUBL1MIS, Arises, by a narrow fleshy beginning from the inferior and posterior part of a protube- rance of the os calcis, between the abductors of the great and little toes; soon forms a thick flesh belly, which sends off four ten- dons that split for the passage of the flexor longus. Inserted, into the second phalanx of the four lesser toes. The tendon of the little toe is often wanting. Use. To bend the second joint of the toes- Perforatus, seu Sublimis, Douglas. 2. FLEXOR LONGUS DIGITORUM PEDIS, PRO- FUNDUS, PERFORANS, Arises, by an acute tendon, which soon be- comes fleshy, from the back part of the tibia, some way below its head, near the entry of the medullary artery; which beginning is continued down the inner edge of this bone by short fieahy fibres, ending in its tendon; ilso, by tendinous and fleshy fibres, from die outer edge of the tibia ; and between this .'sfwbie Ci.'der of fibres the tibialis posticus mv.sele THE MUSCLES. 147 muscle lies inclosed. Having passed under two annular ligaments, it then passes through a sinuosity at the inside of the os caich; and about the middle of the sole of the foot, di- vides into four tendons, which pass through the sh'ts of the perforatus; and just before its division, it receives a considerable tendon from that of the flexor pollicis longus. Inserted into the extremity of the last joint of the four lesser toes. Use. To bend the last joint of the toes. This muscle is assisted by the FLEXOR DIGITORUM ACCESSORIUS, SEU MASSA CARNEA JACOBI SYI.VII. Arises, by a thin fleshy origin, from most part of the sinuosity at the inside of the os cal- cis, which is continued forward for some space on the same bone; also, by a thin ten- dinous beginning, from before the tuberosity of the os calcis externally; and, soon becom- ing all fleshy, is Inserted into the tendon of the flexor lon- gus, just at its division into four tendons. Use. To assist the flexor longus. 3. LUMHRICALES PEDIS, Arise, by four tendinous and fleshy begin- nings, from the rendon oi the flexor profun- da-., 148 DESCRIPTION OF dns, just before its division, near the insertion of rne massa earnea. Inserted, bv four slender tendons, into the in?ii!e c-.f the !:r; t joint of trie four lesser toes, and ar ■ lost in the tendinous c\pam»ion that is sent fr.vn the extensors to cover the upper pan of the toes. ' Use. To increase the flexion of the toes, and to draw them inwards. CHAP. XXXI:. MUSCLFS WHICH ARE CHIEFLY SITUATED ON THE FOOT THESE maybe divided into the mw-cles of the great toe, of the little toe, and of the me- tataral boner. Muscles of the great toe. These are five: 1 EXTENSOR PROPRIUS POLLICIS PEDIS. Arises, by an acute, tendinous, and fle.-hv beginning, some way below the head and an- terior part of d"n fibula, along whieh it r i.as to near its low.r extremity, connected to it by a number of fleshy fibres, which descend obliquely towards a tendon. Inserted, tendinous into the posterior part of the first and last joint of the great toe. Use- THE MUSCLES. 149 Use. To extend the great toe. Extensor longus, Douglas. 2. FLEXOR LONGUS POLLICIS PEDIS. Anses, by an acute, tendinous and fleshy beginning, from the posterior part of the fibu- la, some way below its head, being continued down the same bone, almost to its inferior extremity, by a double order of oblique fleshy fibres ; its tendon passes under an annular ligament at the inner ankle. Inserted into the last joint of the great toe, and generally sends a small tendon "to the os ealci:.. Use. To bend the last joint of this toe. Flexor longus, Douglas. "3. TLEXOR BREVIS POLLICIS PEDIS, Arises, tendinous, from the under and fore- part of the os calcis, where it joins with the os cuboides, from the os cuneiforme exter- num, and is inseparably united with the ab- ductor and adductor pollicis. Inserted into the external os sesamoideum and root of the first joint of the great toe. Use. To bend the first joint. 4. ABDUCTOR POLLICIS PEDIS, Arises, fleshy, from the iirkb' of the root N 2 of 1.30 DESCRIPTION 01* of the protuberance of the os calcis, where it farms the heel; and tendinous from the same bon?, where it joins with the os naviculare. Inserted, tendinous, into the internal sesa- me! 'eum, and root of the first joint of the great toe. Use. To pull the great toe from the rest. Thenar, Winslow. 5. ADDUCTOR POLLICIS PEDIS. Arises, by a long thin tendon, from the os calcis, from the os cuboides, from the os cuneiforme externum, and from the root of the metatarsal bone of the second t;oe. Inserted, into the external os sesamotdeum, and root of the metatarsal bone of the grea: toe. Use. to bring this toe nearer the rest. Antithenar, Winslow. Muscles of the little toe. These, besides the common exteriors and flexors, are two, viz. 1. ABDUCTOR MINIMI DIGITI PEDIS. Arises, tendinous and flcshv, from the semi- circular edge of a cavity on the inferior part of the protuberance of the ps calci-, and frnm THE MUSCLES. l~A from the root of the metatarsal bone 'of the little toe. Inserted, into the root of the first joint of the little toe externally. Use. To draw the little toe outwards from the rest. Parathenar major, and Metatarsals, Win- slow. 2. FLEXOR BREVIS MINIMI DIGITI PEDIS. Arises, tendinous, from the os cuboides, near the sulcus or furrow for lodging the tendon of the peroneus longus; fleshy from the outside of the metatarsal bone that sustains this toe, below its protubeiaant part. Inserted, into the anterior extremity of the metatarsal bone, and root of the first joint of this tee. Use. To bend this toe. /\/;uithenar min ■:i■, Winslow. riuscles from the metatarsal bones. Those are four external and three internal int'-rossei, and one muscle which is common to all the metatarsal bones. Interossei Pedis externi Bieipite, 1. ABDUCTOR INDICIS PEDIS, Arises, tendinous and fleshy, by two ori- gins, 1.52 DESCRIPTION OF gins, from the root of the inside of the meta- tarsal bone of the fore-toe, from the outside of the root of the metatarsal bone of the great- toe, and from the os cuneiforme internum. Inserted, tendinous, into the inside of the root of the first joint of the fore-toe. Use. To pull the fore-toe inwards from the rest of the small toes. 2. ADDUCTOR INDICIS PEDIS. Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the roots of the metatarsal bones of the fore and second toe. Inserted, tendinous, into the outside of the root of the first joint of the fore-toe. Use. To pull the fore-toe outwards toward? the rest. 3. ADDUCTOR MEDH DIGITI PEDIS, Arises, tendinous, and fleshy, from the roots of the metatarsal bones of the-second and third toes. Inserted, tendinous, into the outside of the «oot of the first joint of the second toe. Use. To pull the Second toe outwards. 4. ADDUCTOR TERTII DIGITI PEDIS, Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the roots THE MUSCLES. 153 of the metatarsal bones of the third and little toe. Inserted, tendinous, into the outside of the root of the first joint of the third toe. Ust. To pull the third toe outwards. Interossei Pedis intern;. 1. ABDUCTOR MEDII DIGITI PIDI?, Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the in- side of the root of the metatarsal bone of the middle toe internally. Inserted, tendinous, into the inside of the root of the first joint of the middle toe. Use. To pull the middle toe inwards. 2. ABDUCTOR TERTII DIGITI PEDIS, Arise-, tendinous and fleshy, from the in- side and inferior part of the root of the me- tatarsal bone of the third toe. Inserted, tendinous, into the inside of the root of the first joint of the third toe. Use. To pull the third toe inwards. 3. ADDUCTOR MINIMI DIGITI PEDIS, Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the in- side of the root of the metatarsal bone of the little toe. In- 151 DESCRIPTION OF Inserted, tendinous, into the inside of the root of the first joint of the little toe. Use. To pull the little toe inwards. The muscle which brings the extremities of the metatarsal bones towards each other, is named TRANSVERSALIS PEDIS, Arises, tendinous, from the under part of the anterior extremity of the metatarsal bone of the great toe, and from the internal os se- samoideum of the first joint, adhering to the adductor pollicis. Inserted, tendinous, into the under and out- er part of the anterior extremity of the me- tatarsal bone of the little toe, and ligament of the next toe. Use. To contract the foot, by bringing the great toe and the two outermost toes nearer each other. N. B. The muscles situated on the sole of of the foot are covered by a strong tendinous aponeurosis, which is extended from the os calcis to .he first joints of all the toes, and serves to preserve the subjacent parts from being compressed in standing and Walking. INDEX. Page ABDOMEN, muscles situated on the an- terior part of it - - - 5r2Z&£«i-* ^ Inter- 160 INDEX. Intertransversales colli —---------dorsi ------------lumborum Ischio-cavernosus L Labii inferioris depressor ,. inferioris levator ;----- superioris, alaeque nasi levator .-----depressor Labiorum communis depressor .------- sphincter Latissimus colli Laxator tympani Leg, muscles situated on the Levator anguli oris —,— ani ----- labii superioris alaeque nasi ——— oculi -----palati —— palpebrce superioris •----parvtrs ----- scapuke Lingualis Lips, muscles of the Longus colli Lumbaris externus ———— internus Lumborum quadratus Lumbricales ----------pedis M Mallei anterior INDEX. 161 Mallei externus & internus Masseter Menti levator Marsupialis Mastoideus - Mouth, muscles of the Multifidus spinas Musculus cutaneus Mylo-hyoidcus ----pharyngeus Nasalis - Naris compressor - - Nasi alas levator ---- depressor - Neck, muscles about its anterior part Nose, muscles of o Obliquus ascendens internus ____capitis inferior ----capitis superior ---- descendens ----descendens externus ----externus abdominis ____internus abdominis ---- inferior occuli Obliquus superior, seu trochlearis Obturator internus i------externus Oculi adductor ___ attollens - ____depressor ____ elevator O 2 17 32 28 68 35 25 91 34 37 50 - 26 - ib. 34, 80 - 24 56 94 ib. 56 ib. 2;; 22 (iS 126 22 21 ib. ib. Oculi 162 INDEX. Oculi levator ----- obliquus inferior ----- obliquus major ----- obliquus minor Omo-hyoideus Orbicularis palpebrarum Oris-constrictor P. Palati circumflexus - - 43 -----levator ... - - 43 —--- tensor - - - - - 42 Palato-pharyngeus - - . - - . 46 ■---- staphilinus - - -As'] Palmaris brevis - - - - 107 ---- cutaneus - - - - 107 Palmaris longus - * - - 106 Palpebral superioris levator - 20 Palpebram aperiens rectus - - 20 Pedinalis - - - - - 124 Pectineous - - - - - 124 i ectoralis major - - 75 «——- minor - - 76 Pelvis, muscles about it 68 Penis erector - - - - 61 Perinei transversus - 62, 63 Peroneus brevis - 143 ------- longus - 142 - maximus - 143 ------- medius - - - 144 ------- primus - - - 143 ------- secundus - - - - 144 ■------- tertius - 145 Pharynx, muscles on the posterior part of it 48 Plantaris - 21 - 23 - 22 - 24 - 39 - 18 - 31 INDEX. Plantaris Platysma myoides Popliteus Posterior annularis ----- indicis —— medii prior annularis ----- indicis -—— medii Pronator radii quadratus ----- radii teres Prostata inferior Psoas magnus ----- parvus Pterygoideus externus internus ----- major Pterygoideus minor Pterygo-pharyngeus Pyramidalis Pyriformis Quadratus ----- femoris. genae lumborum Q R. Rectus ----- abdominis Rectus capitis internus major ._____ capitis internus minor _____ capitis lateralis 164 INDEX. Rectus capitis posticus major -----capitis posticus minor Retractor anguli oris Rhinaeus Rhomboideus 93 93 29 25 84 Sacro-lumbalis Salpingo-pharingeus ----- staphilinus Sartorius Scalenus anticus ----- medius posticus Semi-nervosus Semi-orbicularis Semi-membranosus Semi-spinalis colli -----dorsi Semi tendinosus Seminis ejaculator Serratus anticus -magnus - posticus inferior posticus superior Spheno-Salpingo-staphilinus externus Sphincter ani '- --------- cutancus --------- externus ---------labiorum ---------vaginae Splenius - Stapedius - Staphilinus ... . 88 - 47 - 43 - 132 - 95 - 95 - 95 - 136 - 31 - 136 - 92 - 90 - 136 - 62 - 77 - 76 - 84 - 86 - 43 64, 67 64 - ib. - 31 - 66 - 85 18 47 •no- INDEX. 165 Sterno-cleido-mastoideus - - 36 Sterno-hyoideus - - - 39 Sterno-thyroideus - - - 40 Stylo-glossus - - - - 41 Stylo-pharyngeus - - - 42 Subclavius - - 75 Subscapularis ... . 102 Supercilii corrugator - - - 12 Supinator radii brevis - - - 113 --------- radii longus - - 112 Supra costales - - 79 ----- spinatus - - - - 98 Syndesmo-pharyngeus - 49 T Temporalis » - 31 Tensor tympani » 17 —----palati - . 42 —— vaginae femoris - 132 Teres major - - 100 ----- minor - - - 99 Thorax, muscles situated about its anterior part - - - - 74 ----- between it and the ribs - 77 Thigh, mnscles situated on the - 131 Thumb, muscles of the - 114 Thyreo arytenoideus - 51 Thyreo epiglottideus - <■ <■ 52 Thyro-pharyngeus - 48 Thyro-hyoideus - 40 Thyro-pharyngo-staphilinus - 47 Thyro-staphilinus - 46 Tibialis anticus - 141 ___ gracilis - - 140 Trachelo- 166 INDEX. Tibialis posticus - 141 Trachelo-mastoideus - - - 89 Tragicus - - - - 15 Transversalis - - - - 58 — anticus - - - - 81 -----pedis ----- 154 .---- colli - - - - 92 ---- urethra - - 63 ----- abdominis - - 58 ---- auris - - - - 16 ---- perinei - - 62, 63, 66 Trapezius, seu CucuUaris - - 82 Triangularis - - 27 ---- or Sterno-costalis - - 79 Triceps adductor femoris - - - 125 ----extensor cubiti - - 104 Trunk, muscles situated on its posterior part......82 Tympani laxator - - - 16 —— Tensor - - 17 V Vaginae sphincter - - 66 Vastus externus - - - - 134 ----internus - 134 Urethras transversalis - - - 63 Urinae accelerator - - - 62 Uvulae azygos - - - - 47 z Zygomaticus major . - 29 ---- minor - 3Q FINIS. ' "■ TT' c^ ~p