:\- #i ■l,';i..' -*? Zl, .. -Jgl w X ^w V ,1m NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE Washington W COMPENDIOUS MEDICAL DICTIONARY. CONTAINING AN EXPLANATION OF THE TERMS IN ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, SURGERY, MATERIA MEDICA, " chemistry, and'—■ PRACTICE OF FH.YSIC. Collected from the mod approved Authors R. HOOPER, M. D. Of Pembroke College, Oxford; FELLOW OF THE LINNJEAN AND LONDON MEDICAJ. j& SOCIETIES, l3"f. _ -• " Nec aranearum fane tcxus ideo mclior, quia ex fe flla • *' g»gnunt- Ncc nofter vilior quia ex alicnis libamus " ut ape*." Just. Lips, Monti. Petit, lib. L cap. L' BOSTON: PRINTED UNMANNING AND XORINCT, SOLD AT THEIR JJOOKSTORE, NO. 3, CORNHILt. T i fr TO WILLIAM ROWLEY, M. D. OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHTSICIANS OF LONDON ; AUTHO-R OF THE SCItOLA MED1CINJC UNIVERSALIS NOVA, TUX RATIONAL PRACTICE OF PHTS1C, t?V. THIS WORK IS INSCRIBED, AS A MEMORIAL OF THE AUTHOR'S ESTEEM FOR HIS TALENTS AND HIS FRIENDSHIP. PREFACE. X HE objeft of the prefent Medical portable Dic- tionary is to deliver, in a concife and perfpicuous manner, the explanation, &c. of all the terms ufed in the whole fcience of medicine. Many excellent works have already appeared on the fame fubjeci ; but their magnitude and diffufe- nefs are great objections to their general utility. A work, therefore, concentrating their advantages with- out their inconvenience, it is hoped, will be accept- able to medical ftudents. How far the Author's intentions have been anfwered in this performance is refpectfully fubmitted to the judicious confedera- tion and candour of the learned. Aj A, A COMPENDIOUS MEDICAL DICTIONARY. '■.ii m ',m i A B D A 7 J,, or ANA. A term in pharmacy ; from avo, which •**-> fignifies of each. It is never ufed but after the men- tion of two or more ingredients, when it implies, that the quantity mentioned of each ingredient fhould be taken. ABDOMEN. The belly ; from abdo, to hide ; becaufe it hides- the vifcera. A cavity between the thorax and the pelvis, lined by a fmooth membrane called the peritoneum, and containing the omentum or epiploon, ftcmr.cn and intel- tines, liver, gall-bladder, mefentcry, fpleen, pancreas, kidneys, renal glands or capfules, part of the thoracic duel, defend- ing aorta, and vena cava afcendens. Externally the abdo- men is diftinguifhed into the epigaftric, hypochondriac, um- bilical, and hypogaftric regions. ABDOMINAL RING, Inguinal Ring. An oblong, ten- dinous opening in both groins, uirough which the fpermatic cord of men, and round ligaments of the uterus of women, pais. It is through this opening, that the inteftine or omen- tum falls in ruptures. ABDUCENT NERVES. . The fixth pair of nerves are fo called, becaufc they go to the abducent or rectus externus mufcle. ABDUCTOR- 8 A B S ABDUCTOR- From ab, from, and duco, to draw; a name given to thofe mufclcs, which pull back parts of the body, into which they are infcrted. ABDUCTOR LNDICIS MANUS. A raufclc of the fore finger, which moves it towards the thumb. ABDUCTOR INDICIS PEDIS. A mufcle of the fore toe, which pulls it inwards, towards the great toe. ABDUCTOR MINIMI DIGITI MANUS. A mufcle «f the little finger, which draws it from the reft. ABDUCTOR MEDU DIGIT! PEDIS. An interoffeal mufcle of the foot, which pulls the middle toe inwards. ABDUCTOR MINIMI DIGITI PEDIS. A mufcle of the little toe, which draws it out from the reft. ABDUCTOR OCULI. One of the ftraight mufcles of the eye, which moves the eye outwards. ABDUCTOR POLL1CIS MANUS. A mufdc of the thumb, whkh moves it from the fingers. ABDUCTOR POLLICIS PEDIS. A mufdc of the great toe, which pulls it from the reft. ABDUCTOR TERTTI DIGITI PEDIS. An interof- feal mufcle of die foot, which pulls the third toe inwards. ABORTION. A mifcarriage, or the expulfion of the foetus from the uterus before the feventh month. A B R 0 T ANUIVT. From «fy»j, foft. Common fouthern- wood. Ariemijla abrotar.uvi of Linnaeus. A plant poffeffcd of a ftrong, and, to moft people, an agreeable imell; a pun- gen*., bitter, and fomewhat naufeous tafte. It is fuppoled to itimulate the whole fyftem, but more particularly that of the uterus. It is rarely ufed, unlcfs in the way of fomentation. __ ABSCESS. Apoft-ma. Impoftume. A colleaion of pus m the cellular or udipofe membrane : from abt and ecdUl to retire. ABSINTHIUM. Several plants are diftinguiftied by this Jiame ; from «, pnv. and 4,*^, delectation ; becaufe, on ac- count of their very bitter tafte, they afford no delight ; or arum a4.1v:<»,<, unplealant. ABSINTHIUM A C E Qv ABSINTHIUM MARITIMUM, £ea wormwoc i. Ar- t.mifu marltlma, of Linnaeus. A plant which grows plenti- fully about ihz lea (bore, and in fait murines. It:, t.'.lic and fmell are confiderably Icfs unpleafant than thofj of common wormwood ; hence it is preferred to that plant when too offenfivc to the ftomach. A cenfcrve of the tops, conf. rva abfintbii marititni, is directed by the London Pharmaecpoeia. ABSINTHIUM VULGARE. Common wormwood. Artemifa abfinthium of Linnaeus. A plant, a native of Brit- ain, poffeffcd of a ftrong, difagrccable fmdl, and lb intenlely naufeous, and bitter a tafte, as to be proverbial. It is a ?ood tonic and fbontwhic, and is given alio by many as an ant- helmintic. Externally it is ufed as an antifeptic, in fomen- tatioos. There is_a tm.ctuip.oE the flowers ordered by the • Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia ? but the moft agreed,-!.; way of adminiftering this remedy is in pills made of the extract. . ABSORBENT'. Medicines ar? £q termed, which have no acrimony in the'mfelves, and deftroy acidities in the ftom- ach and- bo'wels ? -from abfrbto, to fuck up ; fuch are, cal- cined magnefia, prepared chalk, oyfter-faells, crab's claws, &c. -------------. In anatomy, they are a fyftem of final!, delicate, transparent veffels, that abforb, and convey a fluid tc? the thoracic duet, which is their trunk or termination. They arc divided into lacteals and lymphatics. ACCELERATOR VRlXMfeu EJACULATOR'.SEM- INIS. A niufcle of the penis, which propels the urine and l'eme-n forwards, by grafping the bulbous part of the urethra. ACCF.SSORII cf WILLIS. The name given by V/illi? to thofe nerves, which afcend from the lecpnd, fourth, and ♦:1th cervical pair, through the great foramen of the occipital bone, and pafs out again from the cranium through the fo- ramina lacera, to be diftributed on the trapezius-mufcle. ACETABULUM. The .cavity of.the os innominatum, v-hich receives the head of the thigh-bone ; fi-'fi a.-etum, vinegar ; fo called bec/ufe it rcfcnibl.es the ,icr:.,l>uium, or oM faucir, in which vinegar was h.!d for the ufe of the table, ACETATS IO A C H ACETATS (Acetas, tit,f. m.) Salts formed by the union of the acetic acid, or radical vinegar, with different bafes ; thus acetat ofalumine, acctat of ammonias., &C. &C. ACETIC ACID. Concentrated acid of vinegar. Rad- ical vinegar. It may be obtained by expofing vinegar to froft, The frozen part coniifts almoft entirely of water, and the part which remains is the acetic acid. ACETITES (Acetii, His, f. m.J Salts formed by the union of the acetous acid, or diftilled vinegar, with different bafes ; thus aluminous ateiite, ammoniecul aidUt, &C. &C. ACKTOSA PRATENSIS. Common forrd. Rumcx acttofa of Linnseu*. A common plant in meadows and paf- tures. Its leaves have a ftiarp, and pleafant, acid tafte. They are ufed in many places as food, and are found to be of im- portant advantage where a refrigerant and antifcorbutic regimen is required. They are, aUb, of infinite ftrvice to foul ulcers, applied in the form of poultice. ACETOUS ACID. Diftilled vinegar. Salts formed by the union of this acid with different bafes, are termed acetites. ACETUM. Vinegar ; from acer, four. A four liquor, obtained from many vegetable fubftantes diffolved in boiling- water, and fiom fermented and fpirituous liquors, by expo- fing them to heat and contact with air ; under which cir- ctimftances they undergo the acid fermentation, and afford the liquor called vinegar. It is much ufed to feafon food ; i* highly efteemed as an antifeptic, refrigerant, and antifcor- butic. Applied externally to inflammations, it is a very powerful refolvent. All its combinations are likewife ap- plied to medical purpefes. ACHILLES, te„don of. Tlie ftrong tendon of the gaf- trocnemius and foleus mufclcs, which is inicrted into the heel. ACHORES. Scabies Capitis. A difeafe, which attacks the hairy fcaip of the head, forming foft and fcaly eruptions. i he proximate caufe, according to Lore v, is an acefcent and rancid ftate of the animal mucus. The remote caufe* are afcuSation, coarfc d:«, and a metaftafis of fomc retained humour. ADD II humour.—Prognofis. It is fuppofed to be a critical evacua- tion of an acrimonious humour ; hence it is falubrious to Children, and ought not to be repelled. ACID. An acid is a combination of vital air, or oxygenc, with a certain elementary bafis. Every acid fubftance pof- feffes a four tafte, changes the colour of turnfole, fyrup of violets, &c. red, and moftly effervefces with alkalis. Acids are divided into animal, vegetable, and mineral, of each of which there are feveral. Sec Acetic acid, Benzoic acid, Car- bonic acid. Formic acid, &c. &c. ACINI BILIOSI. The fmall glands of the liver, which feparate the bile from the blood : from acinus, a grape-ftone. ACINIFORM TUNIC. The uvea is h termed by fomc writers : from acinus, a grape, and for ma, refemblance. ACONTTUM. Common wolf's-bane. Aconitum napdlus of Linnaeus. This plant is a native of the mountainous and woody parts of Germany, France, and Switzerland, but Is cultivated for its beauty in our flower-gardens. Every part of the plant is ilrongly poifonous. The extract, or infpif- fated juice, is given in violent rheumatic, fcrophulous, and venereal affections. Its virtues are fudorific, diuretic, and f ubvertiginous. It mould be given in lmall dofes, and grad- ually and cautioufly increafed. ACOUSTICS. Remedies which are employed with a view to reflore the fenfe of hearing, when wanting or di- minifhed ; axovo-riicec from axovuv, to hear. ACROMION. The anterior and fuperior projecting portion of the fpine of the fcapula, fituated at the fhoulder ; from o^fo?, the top, and oj*oc, the humerus. ADDUCTORS. The name of thofe mufcles, which bring forwards, or draw together, thofe parts of the body to wnich they are annexed ; from ad, to, and duco, to draw. ADDUCTOR BREVIS FEMORIS. ") Thefe three ADDUCTOR LONGUS FEMORIS. \ mufcles form ADDUCTOR MAGNUS FEMORIS. J the triceps fe- moris, a mufcle of the thigh, which brings it upwards, ac- cording to the different directions of its fibres, and in fome degree rolls the thigh outwards. ADDUCTOR ADS ABDUCTOR INDICTS PEDIS. An interoffeal muA " cle~6f :;£uiibe 4 into three fpecies—foccotrine aloes, hepatic aloes, and caba- line aloes ; thefe differ only in their refpective degrees of purity, the firft lieing the beft. They are obtained in the following manner : deep incifions are made, from which the juice flows ; this is decanted from its fecula, and thickened,. by the fun's heat, in which ftate it is packed in leather bags, under the denomination of foccairine aloes. The juice obtain- ed by preffure from the leaves, after it is purified by ftand- ing, and dried, is the hepatic aloes. 1 he fame leaves, by ftronger preffure, afford more juice, which, mixed with the dregs of the two foregoing, constitutes the cabaline aloes, the firft fort contains a much lefs quantity of refin than the two Jaft, which are more ftrongly purgative. Aloes is efteemed the beft- laxative for women with fuppreffed cntamenia, and is much employed as an antihclmintic. Several preparations. of this drug are directed in the London and Edinburgh Pharmacopoeias. 'ALPHUS. Vitiligo alba. Morphaa alba. Lepra macu- losa alba. A fpecies of leprofy, in which white fpots appear upon {he fkin. It is produced by a peculiar mi.ifma, which ls.endemial to Arabia : a\toc- from a\?a.i; dull, and i>J» an eye. See Amaurofs. AMENORR1IJEA, Suppreflion of the menfes ; from a. priv. fimic, the menfes, and ««, to flow. A partial or total obftraction of the menfes from other caufes than pregnancy. AMENTIA. A/u-irrix. Imbecility of intellect, by which the relations of things are either not perceived, or not recol- lected. A difeafe in the clafs neurfes, and order -vefania of Cullen. When it originates at birth, it is called amentia con- genita s when from the infirmities of age, amentia fenilis , and when from fome accidental caufe, amentia acauifia. AMMONIAC. See Alkali -volatile. AMMONIAC SAL. The fait fo called, is a combina- tion of marine acid with volatile alkali. It was fo termed by the ancients, becaufc they received it from that part of Libya in which the temple of Jupiter Amnion was fituated ; or from Ammonia, one of the Cyrenaic territories. Native fal ammoniac is found in the vicinity of burning mountains, but is never employed medicinally, as it is always mixed with arfenic. That which we ufe, is prepared in this country, from the volatile alkali of bones, foot, pit-coal, and other fubftances, to which the vitriolic acid is added. The tafte of fal ammoniac is penetrating, acrid, and urinous. It is exhibited internally in intermittent fevers, amenorrhea, &c. Externally it acts as a powerful refolvent and antifcptic. AMMONIAC GUM. A concrete, gummi-refinous juice, compofed of little lumps, or tear.,, of a ilrong and fomewhat ungrateful fmell, and naufcous tafte, followed by a bitternefs. 1 here has, hitherto, been no information had concerning the plant which affords this drug. It is import- ed here from Turkey, and from the Eaft Indies. Internally s^nicnucum is given in afthaiui, and difliculty of expecto- ration. AMY 19 ration. In large dofes it proves purgative. Externally, made into a piafter with acetum fcillx, it produces puftules, fiikd with tenacious pus, and i» a powerful refolvent. AMNESIA. Amneftia. Forgetfulnefs ; from «, priv. and /ttvuo-Tif, memory. AMNIOS. The innermoft membrane of the membrana- ceous ovum of the foetus ; from ««nov, a veffel which the indents ufed for the reception of blood in facrifices. AMPHEMERINOS. Amphemerina. A quotidian fe- *er ; from a/u.?t, about, and yi^iqx, a day. AMPHI ARTHROSIS. A fpecies of connexion of bones, which admits of an obfeure motion, as is obferved in the metacarpal and metatarfal bones ; from a/^t, and agigoKnc, an articulation. AMPHIBLESTOIDES. 1 he retina ; from xwChwrrpw, a net, and n£o» a refemblance. See Retina. AMYGDALA. Almonds. The kernels of the fruit of the almond-tree, Amygdalus communis of Linnasus, a native of Barbary. The fame tree produces either bitter or fweet al- monds. Sweet almonds are more in ufe as food than medi- cine. They afford, on expreflion, a great proportion of oil, which, from being more agreeable to the palate than the Other oils, is preferred for internal ufe, to foften and relax the folids, in tickling coughs, hoarfcnefs, coftivenefs, nephritic pains, &c. Externally it is ufcd in tenfions and rigidities of particular parts. An emulfion of fweet almonds poffeffes the emollient qualities of the oil. AIvIYIUM. Starch; from a, priv. and uv\r>, a mill; be- caufc it was formerly made from wheat without the affift- ance of a mill, the white fubftance which fubfides from the water; that is mixed with wheaten flour. The ftarch- niakers fuffer it to remain in the water for a time, after it ha;- Ixxome acid, which makes it very White, and foft to the touch, and fcarcely fcnfible to the tafte. As ftarch forms the greateft part of flour, it cannot be doubted but that it is the principal alimentary fubftance contained, in our bread. .Starch is frequently employed in glyfters againft diarrheas. Externally lu^uo apply it as an abforbent in eryfipelas. J *» li ' ANAESTHESIA,^ 20 A N C ANiF.STHF.SI \ Lofs of the fenfe of touch ; from «. priv. and rio-i«n,u*i,fenth. A genus of difeafes in the clafs locales, and order dyfsjlbefa of Cullen. ANALEPTICS. Thofe fubftances ufed for food and medicine, which are calculated from their properties, to re- ftore ftrength when impaired by ficknefs; from xMaha^xw, to recruit, to recover. ANALYSIS. AvaWc-te, from clvuwj, to refolve. A chem- ical term, to fignify the refolution of fubftances into their principles or elements. See Chemijiry. ANAPHRODISI A. Impotence ; from a, priv. and a$co- hcna, the feaft of Venus. A genus of difeafe in the clafs /«- calei, and order dyfrexia of Cullen. Impotence either arifes from paralyfis, anaphrodyfia paralytica ; or from gonorrhsea, anaphrodvfia gonorrhoica. ANASARCA. Dropfy of the cellular membrane ; from ova, along, and o-x^, the fiefh. A genus of difeafe in the clafc cachexia, and order intumcfcenti* of Cullen. It is known by a fwelling on the furface of the body, pitting when preffed by the finger, and arifing flowly to its former fulnefs. When it originates from a retention, or from an increafe of ferum, it is called anafarca ferofa,- when from exanthematous dif- eafes of the flcin, anafarca exanthematica ; when from an in- terruption of the circulation, anafarca a comprejftone ; and when from debility, anafarca debilium. ANASTOMOSIS. The communication of veffels with one another ; from awe, through, and ropx, a mouth. ANATOMY. The diffection of the human body, in or- der to expofe the ftructure, fituation, and ufes of every part; from «»«, and r^, to diffect or cut. ANCON. The elbow; from ajour, from ayxcitp/iai, to embrace, x-ro r» ay/.ua-hai tTigj os-jv to orsov, becaufe the bones meeting, and there uniting, are folded one into another. ANCONEUS. A mufcle of the fore arm, that afliftj in extending it; from xy%uv, the elbow. ANCONOID PROCESS. A procefs of the cubit; from «>*->■, the elbow, and fkTo,-, fhape. ANETHUM. A N G 21 ANF.THUYT. Common dill. Anethum graveolens of Linnaeus. This plant is a native of Spain, but cultivated in ftVeral parts of England. The feeds of dill are directed for ufe by the London and Edinburgh Pharmacopoeias ; they have a moderately warm, pungent tafte, and an aromatic, but fickly fmell. There is an effential oil, and a diftilled water, prepared from them, which are given in flatulent col- ics anidyfpepfia. They are alfo faid to promote the fecre- tion of milk. ANEURISM. A preternatural dilatation of an artery ; from avu'fwi, to dilate. A genus of difeafe ranked by Cul- len i.i the clafs UcaLs, and order tumores. There are three fpecies of aneurifm : I. The true aneurifm, which anfwers to the above definition, and is known by the prefence of a pul-- fating tumour. 2. 'I'hcfpuricus aneurifm, which is a collec- tion of blood in the cellular membrane from a ruptured ar- tery. 3. The iiaricofe aneurifm : this was firft defcribed by Dr. W. Hunter. It happens when the brachial artery is punctured in opening a vein : the blood then rufties into the vein, which becomes vaiicofe. Aneurifnis may happen in any part of the body, except the latter fpecies, which can only take place where a vein runs over an artery, ANGEI0T5MY. The diffection of the veffels ; alfo the opening of a vein or an artery; from uyyeiov, a veffel, and TtftYU, to cut. ANGELICA Garden angelica. Angelica archangelica of Liftnjeus. A plant, a native of Lapland, but cultivated in our gardens. The io.it* of angelica have a fragrant, agreea- ble fmell, and a bitterifli, pungent tafte. The ftalk, leaves, and feeds, which are alfo directed in the pharmacopoeias, pof- i Ik the fame qualities, though in an inferior degree. Their virtues arc aromatic and carminative. ANG'lNA. A fore throat; from ay%o, to ftrangle. See CynanJ.ie. A N G I OLftG Y. The doctrine of the veffels of the hu- man body ; from ayyuov, a veffel, and Myo;, a difcourfe. ANGUSTURJE CORTEX. A bark imported from Anguflura, a place in South America. Its external appear- ances vary conlidcrably. The beft is not fibrous, but hard, compact, 22 A N 0 compact, and of a yeilowifh brown colour, and externally of a whitifii hue. When reduced into powder, it refembles that of Indian rhubarb. It is very generally employed as a feb- rifuge, tonic, and adftringe'nt. In intermittents it is prefer- red to the Pei uvian bark ; and has been found ufefuj in di- arrhaea, dyfpepfia, and fcrophula. It is thought to be the bark of the Brucea antidyfenterica. ANIMAL. An organized body endowed with life and voluntary motion. ANIMAL ACTIONS. Thofe actions, or functions, are fo termed, which arc performed through the meant of the mind. To this clafs belong the external and internal ienfes, the voluntary action of mufcles, voice, fpeech, watching, and fleep. ANIMAL HEAT. Heat is effentially neceffary f> life. That of a man in health is from about 940 to ioo° of Fahren- heit. It appears to depend upon the abforption of oxygene in the lungs. AN7SUIVI. Anife. Pimpinella an'ifum of Linnxus. A native of Egypt. Ani-feeds have an aromatic fmell, and a pleafant, warm, and fwcetifh tafte. An effential oil and dif- tilled water arc prepared from them, which are employed in flatulences and gripes, to which children are more espe- cially fubject; alfo in weaknefs of the ftomach, diarrhasas, and lofc of tone in the prims via. ANNULAR. Like a ring ; thus, annular bone, &c ANNULAR BONE. A ring-like bone placed before the tympanum in the foetus. ANNULAR CARTILAGES. See Cricoid cartilages. ANNULARIS. The ring finger. The one between the little and middle finger. ANODYNES. Narcotics. Hypnotics. Opiats. Thofe medicines are fo termed, which cafe pain, and procure fleep ; from a, priv. and uSwn, nain. ANOREXIA. A want of appetite, without loathing of food ; from «, priv. and n^l(, appetite. Cullen ranks this g<-nus ANT 23 fenus of difeafe in the clafs locales, and order iiyforcxia; he elieves it to be generally fymptomatic, but enumerates two fpecies, viz. the anorexia bumoralis and the anorexia atonica. ANOSMIA. Ayoo-uoe, without fmell. This genus of dif- eafe is arranged by Cullen in the clafs locales, and order dyfajlbcft*. When it arifes from a difeafe of the Schneiderian membrane, it is termed anofmia organica ; and when from no manifeft caufe, anofmia aton'ca. ANTACIDS. Thofe medicines that have the power of deftroykig acidities in the ttomach and inteftines, are fo call- ed ; from a»V, oppofite, and acidus, four. The remedies which poffefs this power, are magntfia alba, kali tartarizatum, fapo, creta, oculi cancrorum, and moft of the alkalis. ANTAGONIST MUSCLES. Thofe mufcles are fo called, which act in oppofition to others ; from atv7i, againft, and aywfa, to ftrive. ANTALKALINES. Medicines which poffefs the power of neutralizing alkalines. To this clafs belong all acids. ANTERIOR INTERCOSTAL, or SPLANCHNIC NERVE. A branch of the great intercoftal that is given off in the thorax. ANTERIOR AURIS. One of the common mufcles of the ear, which draws the fniall eminence, on the back of the helix, a little forwards and upwards. ANTHELMINTICS, or ANriHELMINTICS. Medi- cines which procure the removal of worms from the humau ftomach and inteftines ; from «v7i, againft, and tK/ttve, a worrfl. Thofe in the higheft efteem arc, calomelas, f annum, fulphut, oleum lini, fabina, fantonicum, fcammonium, jalapa, aloe, and gamboga. ANTI. Againft. There are many names compounded with this word, as antiajlbmatics, antihyflerics, &C. which fig- nify medicines againft the afthma, hyftcrics, &c. ANTIHELIX. A protuberance of the ear, fituated be- fore the helix. ANTIMONY. A very heavy femimetal, moftly found in combination with fulphur, of a blackiih grey colour, ex-, pofing, 24 A N.T pofing, when broke, brittle plates or needles of various, mag- nitudes, and joined together in different forms. It is very common in Hungary, the provinces of Bourbon, Auvergne, and Poitou. Antimony has a very powerful operation on the human body, when given internally, and its preparations are very efficacious as febrifuges, fudorifics, diuretics, &c. ANTIPHLOGISTIC. A term applied to thofe medi- cines, plans of diet, and other circumftances, which tend to oppofe inflammation, or which, in other words, weaken the fyftem by diminifhing the activity of the vital power. ANTISCORBUTICS. Thofe medicines, which cure the fcurvy ; from av7i, againft, and fcorbutus, the fcurvy. To this clafs belong oxygene gas, acids, vegetables, bark, &c. ANTISEPTICS. Thofe medicines, which poffefs a pow- er of preventing animal fubftances from pafiing into a ftate of putrefaction, and of obviating putrefaction when already begun ; from av7i, againft, and o-wru, to putrefy. To this clafs belong gas oxygenium, cortex perwvianus, acida, vinum rubrum, and camphora. ANTISPASMODICS. Thofe medicines, which poffefs the power of allaying inordinate motions in the fyftem, par- ticularly thofe involuntary contractions which take place in mufcles, naturally fubject to the command of the will ; from av7», againft, and o~Txo-p.n;, a convulfion : fuch are am- monia, olea effentialia, ather vitriolicut, camphora, mofcus, opi- um, &c. ANTITRAGICUs. One of the proper mufcles of the ear, whofe ufe it is, to turn up the tip of the antitragus a little outwards, and to deprefs the extremity of the antihelix towards it. ANTITRAGUS. An eminence of the outer ear, oppo- fite to the tragus ; from «v7i, and TSay&-, the thick part of the antihelix. ANTRUM of HIGHMORE. Antrum genet. Sinus tnaxillaru pituitarius. A cavity in the middle of each fupe- rior maxillary bone, lined by the mucous membrane of the nofe, and firft deicribed by Highmore. ANTS, A P 0 25 ANTS, Acid of. See Formic acid. ANUS. The fundament. A extraction of annulus, a ring. The finall opening of the third ventricle of the brain, which leads into the fourth, is alfo fo called. AORTA. A^r*, rad. a veffel. The great artery of the body, which arifes from the left ventricle cf the heart, forms a curvature in the cheft, and defcends into the abdomen ; and from which all the other arteries arife, except the pul- monary arteries. APERIENTS. Eccoprotics. Laxatives. Medicines which g :ntly open the bowels ; from aperio, to open ; fuch as mag- nefia, eletluarium e caffia, eleHuarium i fenna, &C. APEX. The- extremity of a part ; as the apex of the tongue, apex of the nofe, &c. Al'HnNI A. A'.vkkz ; from or, priv. and &■**, the voi;e. A fuppreffion of the voice, without either fyncope or coma. A genus of difeafc in the clafs locales, and order dyfcinefta of Cullch. When it takes place from a tumour of the faucos, or about the glottis, it is termed aphonia gutturalis ; when from a difeafe of the trachea, aphonia trachealis ; and when from a paralyfis, or want of nervous energy, aphonia atonica. APHRODISIACS. Medicines which excite a defire for venery ; fro.n a^-oJVia, vencry. APH I'H^E. Afiai, the thrufti. A difeafe to which chil- dren are very fubject. It appears in fmall white ulcers up- on the tongue, gums, and around the mouth and palate. It is ranked by Cullen in the clafs pyrexia, and order exon- themata. APOCP;NnSlS. A fuperabundaht flux of blood or cither fluid, without pyrexia ; x-r-m^ai;, from am, and k.^.-j, to evacuate. The name of an order in the clafi locales of Cullen. APONEUROSIS. A tendinous expanfion ; from aro, from, and v.u^v, a nerve ; from an erroneous fuppofition of the. ancients, that it was formed by the expanfion of a nerve. C APOPHYSIS. 26 a clu APOPHYSIS. A procefs of a bone ; from «.t-, and ?e-, to grow. APOPLEXIA. Apoplexy. An abolition, in fome de- gree, of the powers of fenfe and motion, with fleep, and fome times fnoring ; the refpiration and motion of the heart remaining ; from «T0TX»o-<7-i>, to ftrike, to knock down ; be- caufe perfons, when feized with apoplexy, fall down fud- denly. Cullen arranges it in the clafs neurofes, and order comata. When it takes place from a congcftion of blood, it is termed apoplcxia fanguinei; and when there is an abun- dance of ferum, as in perfons of a cold temperament, opo- plexia ferofi : if it arife from water in the ventricles of the brain, it is called apoplcxia hydrocephalica ; if from a wound, opoplexii traumatica ; if from poifons, .ipoplcxi 7 t)ener,ata ; if from the action of fuffocating exhalations, apoplcxia fuffbeata ; if from paffions of the mind, apoplex'u mentalis ; and when it is joined with catalepfy, apoplcxia catal,pticat A POSTFMA. The term given by the ahdents to ab^ fceffes in general; from afVTTn/j.,, to fcparate, See Abfcefs. APOZEM. A decoction 5 from x-xotj^, to boil. APPENDICULA Q&Q.I VERMIFORMIS. A ver- micular procefs, about four inches in length, and the fize of a goofe-quill, which hangs to the inteftinum caecum of the human body. APPENDICULA EPIPLOICJE. The fatty appendi- ces of the colon and rectum. See Inteftines. APYREXIA. Apyrexy. The intermiffion of feverifh heat ; from «, priv. and avg, fire. AOUA. Water. Water has always been confidered as an element, capable of affuming a great number of forms a*d combinations, unalterable in itfelf, and recovering its primary ftate. But Lavoisier has fhowrt by his refearches, that water, as well as air, is formed from principles of great- er fimphoty, which may be obtained feparate from each other. This important difcovery conftitutcs one of the moft brilliant epochas in chemiftry. Natural philofophers define water to be an infipid, ponderous, tranfparent body, fufce^ tib> A R A 27 title of the different changes of aggregation, from folidity to that of elaftic vapour. It is found in almoft every natu- ral body ; there are, neverthelefs, many fubf!a:;ces with which art cannot unite it, although this is continually done in nature. It is obtained from the hardeft wood, and the moft folid bones ; exifts in the hardeft, and moft compact calcareous ftones ; and forms the greater part of the fluids, and a confiderable proportion of the folid parts of animal bodies. It is thefe facts that have occafioned it to be reck- oned among the elements. This opinion, however, is now done away ; and it is to Lavoificr, as it has been already pbferved, that we are indebted for a more accurate knowl- edge of the nature of water. He caufed this fluid to pafs, drop by drop, through a gun-barrel, placed in a furnace, and kept at a red heat : the water in the ftate of vapour is de- qompofcd by the contact of the iron ; the pure air it con- tains becomes fixed in the iron, as is proved by the augmen- tation of its weight, and the lingular alteration it undergoes ; and the inflammable air, fet at liberty, paffes fwiftly through the gun-barrel, and is received into inverted glaffes, properly adapted, at the other end. By repeating thefe experiments with all poffible accuracy, this philofopher found, that water contains fix parts of pure air, and one of inflammable air. AQtJALDUC'r of FALLOPIUS. A canal in the petrous portion of the temporal bone, firft accurately defcribed by Fallopius. AQUEOUS HUMOUR of the EYE. The fluid which fills both chambers of the eye. AQTJULA. A fmall quantity of very fine and limpid ■water ; thus it is applied to the pellucid water, which dif- tends the capfule of the cryftalline lens, and the lens itfelf. ARABIC GUM- This gum exudes, in a liquid ftate, from the bark of the trunk of the Z.Zimof: nil tic of Lin- na;us, i" a finiilar manner to the gum whi h is found upon the cherry-trees in this country. '! hat of a pale yellowifh colour is moft efteemed. Gum arabic is neither fohible in fpirit nor in oil, but in twice its quantity of water it diffolves. into a mucilaginous fluid, of the confiftcnee ef a thick fyrup, and. i» this ftate anfwers many ufcfi.1 pharmaceutical pur- 23 A R I pofes, by rendering oily, refinous, and pinguious fubftanm mifcible with water. The glutinous quality of gum arabic renders it preferable to other gums and mucilages, as 'a de- mulgent in coughs, hoarfencffcs, uml other catarrhal affec- tions. It is alfo very generally employed in ardor urina;, diarrhxas, and calculous complaints. ARACHNOID MEMBRANE. A thin membrane of the brain, without veffels and nerves, fituated between the dura and pia mater, and furrounding the cerebrum, cerebel-, lum, medulla oblongata, and medulla fpinalis ; from agx^yn, a fpider, and uSi;, likencfs ; fo named from its refemblance to a fpider's web. 1 he term is alfo applied by fome writers to the tunic of the cryftalline lens and vitreous humour. ARBOR VITiE. The cortical fubftance of the cerebel- lum is fo difpofed, that, when cut tranfverfely, it appears ramified like a tree, which is termed arbor -vita. AREOLA. A fmall brown circle, which furrpunds the nipples of females. During and after pregnancy jt becomes considerably larger, ARGENrUM. Silver, A perfect metal of a white col- our, and of the mpft lively brilliancy. It has neither tafte nor fmell, and its fpccific gravity is fuch, that it lofes about the eleventh part of its weight by ininierfion in water, and a cubic foot weighs 270 pounds. Native lilver is found in Peru, Mexico, Konfberg, Norway, Saxony, &c. ARGENTUM VIVUM. See Me.cury. ARGILLACEOUS EARTH. See Clay. ARISTOLOCHIA. Long rooted birthwoit. Ariflolo- chu longa of Linnjeus. The root of this plant only is in ufe ; it poflcfles a fomewhat aromatic fmell, and a v...rm, biturifli tafte, accompanied with a flight degree of pungency. The virtues aknoed to this root by the ancients were very con- siderable, and it was frequently employed in various difeafe*, hut particularly m promoting the difchanjc of the Uchi, hence its name. It is now very rarely ufc{ exceptfl, !** ' unions, but ft.ll is retained in the Edinburgh Ph^ia- ARNICA ART 2Q ARNTCA. Mountain arnica. Arnia mor.tana of Lin- nreus. The flowers of this plant are very generally employ- ed on the continent. Of the advantages derived from their ufe in paralytic and other affections, depending upon a want of nervous energy, there are feveral proofs ; and their extra- ordinary virtues, as a febrifuge and antifeptic, have been highly extolled. Much caution is neceffary in regulating the dofe, as it is a medicine very apt to produce vomiting and much uneafinefs of the ftomach. AROMA. Spiritus rcBor. Each plant has its charac- teriftic fmell. This odorant principle is called by the mod- erns aroma. Water charged with aroma is called the dif- tilled water of the fubftance made ufe of; thus lavender water is water impregnated with the aroma of the lavender. AROMATIC. A term applied to all medicines, which have a grateful fpicy fcent, and an agreeable and pungent tafte ; from a^/j.x, which fignifies a fweet flavour. ARSENIC. A femimetal, when pure, perfectly opake, very ponderous and brilliant. Native arfcnic is generally found in black, heavy maffes. When put upon hot coal it totally diffipates in white fumes, of a ftrong garlic fmell. Arfenic is often found in combination with fulphur, and is then termed orpiment and realgar. In very fmall dofes it «:UiCs agues. ARSENIATS (Arfeniis, tis,f. m.) Arfenical falts form- ad by the union of the arfenical acid with certain bafes. ARSENICAL ACID. This is prepared by diftilling fix parts of nitrous acid from one of the calx of arfenic. ARTERY. From ang, air, and mf.x, to keep ; becaufe the ancients believed they carried the finer parts of the blood, mixed with air. Arteries are membranous pulfating canals, which gradually become lefs as they proceed from the heart. 'J hey are compofed of three membranes, a common or ex- ternal, a mufcular, and an internal one, which is very fmooth. They originate from the heart ; the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle, and the aorta from the left ; the other arteries are all branches of the aorta. Their termination is either in the veins, or in capillary exhaling veffels, or they 30 ART anaftomofe with one another. . It is by their means that.ths hlood is carried from the heart to every part of the body, for nutrition, prefervation of fife, generation...of heat, and the fecretion of the different fluids. The action of the arteries, called the pulfe, correfponds with that of the heart, and is effected by the contraction of their mufcular, and great eldf- ticity of their innermoft coat. ARTERL/E VENOS-ffi. The pulmonary veffels were fir called by the ancients. ARTKRIOTOMY. The opening of an artery 5 from ccgrigia, an artery, and ti/xvq, to cut. this operation is only performed on the temporal artery. ARTHRITIS. The gout; from aotgov, a joint, A difeafe arranged by Cullen in the clafs pyrexia-, and order phlegmafiat. It begins with an excruciating pain in the part, which fwells and inflames, induces a high degree of fever, and always terminates by rcfolution or the depofition of a chalky matter. The fpecies of tliis complaint are arthritis rcgulat'.i, arthritis atonic a, arthiitis retrograde, and arthritis aberru/is. ARTHRODIA. From xB^a, to articulate. A fpecies of diarthrojts, or moveable connexion of bones, in which the head of one bone is received into tha fv.perficial cavity of another, fo as to admit of motion in every direction, as the head of the humerus with the glenoid cavity of the fcapula.* ARTHRODYNIA. Chronic pains in the joints, without pyrexia ; from a?ieov, a joint, and ojw», pain. It is one of the terminations of acute rheumatifni. ARTHROPUOSIS. A collection of pus in the joint j nTrnMT^VV?11"; ^ ™> PUS' Jt is. however, fre- ?/W^,Te byfur^uns to other affections, as lumbgo »^ICS!;™?°Sr-e?e conron fone bone ** th r,r„ „r I li m*-eSe"cra of articulations, v;z. diar- contxio.'St/T"1011 ''$«»>'*» °* ""moveable tbroOs £ ' ™J?m}hf», or mediate connexion. Sec l)i , - tl>roJ,s% bynartbrojts, and Symphyf,,. ARUM, ASA 31 ARUM. . Common arunij or wake robin. Arum m^cu- latum of Linnrsus. The root is the medicinal part of this plant, which, -when recent, is very acrimonious. It is em- ployed as a ftimulant in chlorotic, rheumatic, and paralytic cafes The London Pharmacopoeia directs a confcrve to be made of the frefh root. ARYT.AENO-EPIGLOT TIDEUS. A mufcle compofcd of a number of fibres running between the arytenoid carti» lage and epiglottis. It pulls the fide of the epiglottis towards the external opening of the glottis, and when both mufclcs act, they pull it clofe upon the glottis. ARYTENOID. The name of two cartilages, and fome mufcles of the larynx ; from agorui,*, a funnel, and uioc, ftiape. ARYTA'NOIDEUS OBLIQUUS. A mufcle of the glottis, which pulls, when it acts with its frllow, the aryte- noid cartilages, towards eaJi other. ARYTJENOIEDUS TRANSVERSUS. This azygos mufcle belongs to the glottis, which it fhuts by bringing the two arytenoid cartilages with their ligaments nearer to each other. ASAF02TIDA. Gum afafcetida. The plant which af. fords this gum-rcfin is the Ferula .fafotida of Linnxus, which grows plentifully on mountains in the provinces of Chorafaan aud Laar in Peilia, The procefs of obtaining it is as fol- lows : the earth is cleared away from the top of the roots of th-5 oldeft plants; the leaves and ftalks are then twifted away, and made into a covering, to fcreen the root from the fun ; in this ftate the root is left for forty days, when the covering is removed, and the top of the root cut off tranfverfely ; it is then fcreened again from the fun for forty-eight houre, when the juice it exudes is fcraped off, and expofed to the fu'i to harden. A fecond tranfverfe fection of the root is made, and the exudation fuffered to continue for forty-eight hours, and then fcraped off. In this manner it is eight times repeatedly collected in a period of fix weeks. The juice thus obtained has a bitter, acrid, pungent tafte, and is well known by its peculiar naufrous fincll, the ftrength of which 32 AST is the fureft teft of its goorlnefs. It is h;p;Wy efteemed as in antihyfteric, nervine, and ftimid.iting remedy, and is much ufed in hyfteria, hypochondriafis, dyfpcpfia, &c. ASA RUM. Afarabacca. Afarum europium of Linnae- us. It is a native of England, but not very common. The leaves of this plant are extremely acrid, and are occafion- ally ufcd, when powdered, as a fternutatory. The plant was formerly very generally employed internally as well a9 externally. ASCARIS, There are feveral kinds of worms diftin- guifhed by this term ; but thofe which claim a place here as belonging only to the human body, are, i. Afc ris vermicu- larts^ the thread or mww -worm, which is very fmall and flen- der, not exceeding h Jf an inch in length ; they inhabit the rectum. 2- Afaris lumbricoides, the long and round ivorm, which is a foot in length, and about the breadth of a goofe-quill. A SCTt ES. D-opfy of the brlly. A tenfe, but fcarcely elaftic, fwelling of the abdomen from the accumulation of water ; from xst, returning at intervals, * kh a fcnfe of ftiicrure acrofs the breaft, and in the lungs j a wheezing, hard cough, at firft, but more free towards the rioi'e of each paroxyini, with a difcharge of mucus followed ty u remifiioii; from ua-^i-, tp licuthe with difficulty. It ia ATT. ^^. is ranked by-Culfcn in the clafs neurofcs, and order fpjfml. There are three fpecies of afrhma : i. AJihma fpont neum, when without any manifeft caufe. 2. AJlhmi plethoricu?':, when it arifes from plethora. 3 Afhma exantlematLu.n, originating from the repulfion of fome humour. ASTR \GALUS. The bone of the t.rfus, upon which the tibia moves. ATHKROMA. An encyfted tumour that contains a foft fubftance of the confiftenoe of a poultice ; from x'm^y.-, pulie, pap. - ATI. \S. The name of the firft cervical vertebra ; fo called becaufe it fuftains the head, as Atlas was fupoolel to fuftain the earth- ATMOSPHERE. The whole affemblatre of ambient* air ; from xt/u.o;, a vapour, and a-fxigx, a globe. _ ATMOSPHERIC AIR. In 100 parts of atmofpherie air there are 72 of azote, 27 of exygene, and 1 of carbo- nic acid. ATONY. A defect of mufcular power ; from «, priv, and tiivu, to ftretch. ATROPHY. Emaciation and weaknefs, but without hectic fe-ver ; from a. priv. and t^-,-, nutriment. This dif- eafe is arranged by Cullen in the clafs c ,chexi*, and order m rcorcs. When it takes place frcm too copious evacuations, it is termed atrophia inanitorum ; when from famine, atrophia f.,uielicsrum i when from corrupted nutriment, atrophia caco- chymica ; and when froni an interruption hi the digeftive or- gans, . trophia Jebilium, ATTENUANTS. Diluents. Thofe fubftances are lb termed, which poffefs a power of imparting to the blood a more thin and more fluid confiftence than it had previous to. their exhibition : from ..tlcnuo, to make thin : iuch axc,aquj, f rum lacii.t, &c ATTOLLENS AUREM. A common mufcle of the ear, which draws it upwards, and nukes it* upper part t enfe. ATTRACTION. See Affinity. AUDITORY '3i A X I AUDITORY NERVES. The feventh pair of nerves, which are diftributed on the organ of hearing. AURA. Any fubtle vapour pr exhalation. AURA SEMINIS. The extremely fubtle and vivifying portion of the femen virile, that afcends through the fallo? pian tube?, to impregnate the ovum in the ovarium. AURANTIUM. The Seville orange. The plant which affords this fruit is the Citrus aurantium of Linnaeus. The leaves, flowers, and exterior rind are directed for medicinal ufe. The {atter poffeffes ftomachic and ftimulant qualities, and is ordered in tinctures, conferves, and fyrups. the leaves and flowers are very feldpm ufed,. AURICULA. The external ear, upon which are feveral eminences and depreffions, as. the helix, antihelix, tragus, anti- tragus, concha auricula:,fc.pba, and lobulus. AURICULA CORDIS. The auricles of the heart. See Hcarf. AURICULARIS. The little finger, fo called becaufe people generally put it into the ear, when the hearing is obr ftructed. AURIS. The ear, or organ of hearing. See Ear. AVENA. Oats. Avena fati-vt of Linnaeus. Oatmeal is very generally employed in emollient poultices. AXILLA. The cavity under the upper part of the arm, called the arm-pit. AXILLARY ARTERIES- The axillary arteries are continuations of the fubclavians, and giye off, each of tnem, in the axilla, the external mammary, inferior thoracic, fub- fcapular, and humeral arteries. AXILLARY VEINS. The axillary veins receive the blood from the veins of the arm, und evacuate it into the fubclavian vein. AXILLARY NERVE. Articular nerve. Arifes from the brachial plexus. AXIS. Epjlropbeus. Denfata. The fecond vertebra of pf the neck. AXUNGIA. A Z Y 35 AXUNGIA. Hog's lard. AZfiTE. Phlogifticated air. Mephitlc air. Atmof- pherical mephitis. From a, priv» and £*•», life. A taftelefs and inodorous element, which exifts in great quantities in the nd brittle, that it may be rubbed in- to a powder between the finger and thumb. Its fmell is ex- tremely fragrant, fomewhat refembling that of citrons : its tafte is warm and fweetilh ; on being chewed it adheres to the teeth. Thrown into the fire it immediately liquefies, takes flame, and difperfcs an agreeable odour. The tree which affords this balfam, from incifions of its bark, is the Ti'.uifera balfamum of Linn^us, which grows in South Amer- ica, between Carthagena and Honduras. Tolu balfam poA feffes corroborant, ftomachic, and nervine qualities. It ha3 been chiefly ufed as a pectoral, and is directed in the phar- macopoeias in the fyrupus tolutanus, tinSlura tolutana, and fyrupus balfamicus. BALSAMICS. A term generally applied to fubftances of a fmooth and oily confiftence, which poffefs emollient, fweet, and, generally, aromatic qualities. B^LSAMUM CANADENSE. One of the pureft turpentines procured from the pinus balfamea'oi Linnaeus, and imported from Canada. For its properties, &c. fee Turpentines. BARDaNA. Burdock. ArBium lappa of Linnasus. A plant which grows about wafte grounds, and in hedges. The Pharmacopoeia directs the root for medicinal ufe : it has no fmell, but taftes fweetifh, and mixed, as it were, with a flight bitternefs and roughnefs. It does not appear to pof- fefs thofe qualities which have been attributed to it ; yet, as a diuretic and pectoral, in form of decoction, it has fome claim to our attention. BARILLA. Soda. Natron. The plant from which this mineral alkali is principally procured, is the Salfola kali off Linnaeus, which is cultivated on the coaft of the Mediterra- nean. The plants, about the time the feeds become ripe, D are 38 BEL are pulled up by the roots, and expofed in a fuitahle dry pl:ce, where rheir feeds are collected ; this being done, the plants are tied up i« bundles, and burned in an oven con- structed for the purpofe, where the alhes are continually ftir- fcd, while hot. The faline matter falls to the bottom, andj on becoming cold, forms a hard, folid mafs, which is after- Wards broken into \ ieees of a convenient fize for exportation. See Alkali mineral. BARYTE5. Ponderous earth. Barytes. A very heavy earth that is feldom met with pure, but moftly in enmpofition with the fulphurk acid. BASALTES. Some regard this fufible fubftance as a TOlcanic production ; others have fuppofed that it was form- ed of water. The Giant's Caufeway, in the county of An- trim, in Ireland, and the rock of Pereniere, near St. Sandouxg ih Auvergne, are formed of thefe ftones. The diftinctrve characters of bafaltes are, a regular form, hardnefs fufficient t'd give fire with the fteel; and a cinereous, grey colour, in- clining to black. BASILARE OS. Several bones were fo termed by the ancients, as the fphcenoid, palatine, and occipital bones. BASILIC VEIN. The large vein that runs in the inter- nal part of the arm, and evacuates its hlood into the axillary vein. The branch Which croffes, at the bend of the arm, to Join this vein, is called the bafilic median. They may either ©f them be opened in the operation of blood-letting. BECABUNGA. Brooklime fpeedwell. Veronica beca- lunga of Linnaus. This plant is very common in ditches, and fhallow ftreams. Its leaves are fomewhat bitter, and are faid to poffefs antifcorbutic qualities. The juice is di- rected by the London Pharmacopoeia in the fuccus cocbleari* (ompofitus. BELLADONNA. Deadly nightlhade. Atropa bella- donna of Linnaeus. This plant has been long known as a flrong poifon of the narcotic kipd, and the berries have fur- nifhed us with many inftances of their fatal effects, particu- larly upon children that have been tempted to eat them. The leaves were firft ufed externally, to difcufs fcirrhous and cancerous b i c 39 cancerous tumours, and from the good effects attending their ufe, phyficians were induced to employ them internally for the fame difor-ders ; and there are a confiderable number of well-authenticated facts, which prove them a very fervieea- ble and important remedy. The dofe, at firft, Ihould be (mall, and gradually and cautioufly increafed. Five grain* are cpnfidered a powerful dofe, and apt to produce dimneij of fight, vertigo, &c. BKNZOATS (Benzoas, tis, f. m.J Salts, formed by the union of the benzoic acid with certain bafes ; thus benzoat of alumine, ammoniac, antimony, &.C. BENZOINUM. Gum benjamin. This fubftance w claffed, by modern chemifts, amongft the balfams. There arc two kinds of benzoin : benzoe amygdaloides, which is formed of white tears, refembKng almonds, united together by a brown matter ; and common benzoin, which is brown and without tears. The tree that affords this balfam is the Sifrax benzoin, according to the London Philofophical Trans- actions ; from which it is obtained by incifions. The ben- zoin of the fhops is tifually in verv large brittle maffes. When chewed, it imparts very little tafte, except that it irr- preffes on the palate a flight fweetnefs ; its fmellj efpeciafly when rubbed or heated, is extremely fragrant and agreeable. It has rarely been ufed medicinally in a fimple ftate, but its preparations are much efteemed againft inveterate cough?, afthmas, and phthyfical complaints. Tbe acid of benzoin is employed in the tinSlura opit enmpborata, and a tincture is di- rected to be made of the balfam. BICEPS. A mufcle that has two heads is fo termed, from lis, twice, and caput, a head. BICEPS FLEXOR CUBITI. A confiderable mufcle of the cubit or fore arm, fituated in the fore part of the arm, that bends the fore arm, and turns the hand fupine. It is the aponcurofis of this mufcle, that is fometimes irritated in bleeding. BICEPS FLEXOR CRURIS. A mufcle of the leg, fit- uated in the hind part of the thigh, and forming the outer ham-firing. Its ufe is to bend the leg. B!LE. 40 BIT BILE. A bitter, yellowifh fluid, of a fmell fomewh:tt like mufk, fecreted in the glandular fubftance of the liver, and conveyed by the biliary ducts, through the ductus hepaticus, into the ductus communis cholcdochus, from whence it is, in part, carried into the inteftinum duodenum. The other part regurgitates through the cyftic duct into the vefica fellis, or gall-bladder. Thus there are two kinds of bile ; the one, which flows from the fiver into the duodenum, is termed hepatic bile ; this is thin, inodorous, and flightly bit- ter : the other, which regurgitates from the hepatic duct into the gall-bladder, and there becomes thicker and more acrid, is called cyflic bile. Bile is a fluid of confiderable im- portance in the animal economy ; it extricates the chyle from the chyme, excites the periftaltic motion of the inteftines, and prevents the abundance of mucus and acidity in the primae via;. BILIARY DUCTS. The very vafcular glomeruli, or acini bilioft, which compofe almoft the whole fubftance of the liver, terminate in very fmall canals, called biliary duels, which at length form one trunk, the dulius hepaticus. Their ufe is to convey the bile, fecreted by the liver, into the he- patic duct, BILIOUS. A term very generally made ufe of, to exr preis difeafes which arife from too copious a fecrction of bile. BISMUTH. Tin glafs. A femimetal of a yellowifh white filver colour ; very ponderous, and difpofed in very large plates. It is found at Scala, in Neritia, in Dalccarlia, and at Schneeberg in Germany. BISTORTA. Biftort. Polygonum bifiorta of Linnxus. A native of Britain. Every part of the plant nianifefts a degree of ftipticity to the tafte, and the root is efteemed to be one of the moft powerful of the vegetable adttringents. BITUMENS. Bitumens are combuftible, folid, foft, or fluid fubftances, whofe fmell is ftrong, acrid, or aromatic. They are found either in the internal part of the earth, or exuding through the clefts of rocks, or floating on the fur- f.ice of waters. Like oils they burn with a rapid flame. Natural hiftorians have divided them into feveral genera ; but modern chemifts arrange them according to their chemi- cal B L O 4-1 cal properties, and are only acquainted with fix fpecies, which are very diftinct from each other ; thefe are, amber, afphal- tos, jet, pit-coal, ambergris, and petroleum. BIVENTER. A mufcle is fo termed, which his two bellies ; from bis, twice, and -venter, a belly. BLADDER. See Urinary bladder and Gall bladder. BLENNORRHAGIA. The difcharge of mucus from the urethra, arifing from an impure connexion ; from /3\swa, mucus, and gic, to flow. See Gonorrbaa. BLENNORRHEA. Gonorrbaa mucofa. A gleet. An increafed difcharge of mucus from the urethra of men, arifing from weaknefs; from &\iwz, mucus, and gm, to flow. BLEPHAROPH i HALMIA. An inflammation of the eye-lid. BLEPH AROPTOSIS. A prolapfe, or falling down of the upper eye-lid, fo as to cover the cornea ; from |S\ie *(.»■, an eye-Id, and -aruo-^, from -sun-fa, to fall. BLOOD. A red homogeneous fluid, of a faltifh tafte, and fomevvhat urinous fmeli, and glutinous confiftence, which circulates in the cavities of the heart, arteries, and veins. The quantity is eftimated to be about 28 pounds in an adult: of this, four parts are contained in the veins, and a fifth in the arteries. The colour of the blood is red ; in the arteries it is of a florid hue ; in the veins darker ; except only the pulmonary veins, in which it is of a lighter caft. Phyfiology demonftrates, that it acquires this florid colour in paffing through the lungs, from the oxygene it abforbs. The blood is the moft important fluid of our body. Some phyficians and anatomifts have confidered it as alive, and have formed many ingenious hypothefes in fupport of its vitality. The temperature of this fluid is of confiderable importance, and appears to depend upon the circulation and refpiration. The blood of man, quadrupeds, and birds, is hotter than the medium they inhabit ; hence they are termed animals of warm blood ; whilft in fifties and reptiles, animals with cold blood, it is nearly of the temperature of the medium they in- habit. The microfcope difcovers that the blood contains a great number of red globules, which are feen floating about D* in 42 BOM in a yellowifh fluid, the ferum. The blood alfo poffeffes re- markable phyfical properties ; while hot, and in motion, it remains conftantly fluid, ahd red ; when it cooU, and is at reft, it takes the form of a fluid mafs, which gradually and fpontaneoufly feparates into two parts ; the one, which is red, and floating, becomes of a darker colour, remains con- crete, and is called the cruor, craffamentum, or cake; the ether, which occupies the lower pun of the veffel, is of a yellow greenifh colour, and adhefive, and is called the ferum, or lymph. The importance of this general fluid is very con- fiderable ; it diftends the cavities of the heart and blood- veffels. and prevents them from collapfing; it ftimulates to contraction the cavities of the heart and veffels, by which means the circulation of the blood ii* performed ; it gen- erates within itfelf animal heat, which it propagates through- out the body ; it nourifhes the whole body : and, laftly, it is that fource from which every fccretion of the body is feparated. BLOOD-LETTING. Under this term is comprehended every artificial difcharge of blcod made with a view to cure or prevent a difeafe. Blood-letting is divided into genera) and topical. As examples of the former, venafeclion and ar- teriotomy may be mentioned ; and of the latter, the applica- tion of leeches, cupping-ghffes, and feat>fi'cation. BODY. The body is divided by anatomifts into head, trunk, and extremities. The trunk, or body, is fubdivided into the neck, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, BOLUS. Ri->.oc, a bole or bolus. Any medicine, rolled round, that is larger than an ordinary fized pea, and yet not too large to be fwallowed. BOMBIATES (Bimhias, tis, f. m.J Salts formed by the union of the bombic acid with different b-i» ; thus bow.biat ofalumtne, bombiat of ammoniac, &.C. BOMBIC ACID. Acidofthefilk-worm. Silk-worms contain clFecially when in a ftate of chiyndis, an acid liuuor m a reiervoir placed »cr the anus. It is obtained by ex- prcfling their .uice in a cloth, and p-reci-mting the mucilage «>■ JJW vi v»^.e, und iikcwil's by iciuhi.„- lh„ cl.iyLlid-s i\ Ui^t BON 43 tfcat liquor. This acid is very penetrating, of a yellow am- ber colour, but its nature and combinations are not yet well known. BONES. Bones are hard, dry, and infenfible parts of the body, of a whitifh colour, and compofed of a fpongy, com- pact, or reticular fubftance. They vary very much in their appearances, fome being long and hollow, others flat and compact, &c. The greater number of bones have feveral proceffes and cavities, wrhich are diftinguifhed from their fig- ure, fituation, ufe, &c. thus criflai, fpi/ies, tuber oftties, acetabu- lum, foramen, &.c. The ufes of tliefe organs are various, and are to be found in the account of each bone ; it is, therefore, only neceffary to obfcrve, in this place, that they give fhape to the body, contain and defend the vital vifcera, and afford an attachment to all the mufcles. A Table of all the Bones. *< Bones of the cranium or Jkull, Bones of the face. Dentes or teeth. Bone of the tongue. Bones of the ear, within die temporal bones. p Frontal j Parietal J Occipital I Temporal Ethmoid L Sphasnoid Superior maxillary Jugal Nafal Lachrymal Palatine Inferior fpongy Vomer _ Inferior maxillary f Incifores tCuipidati Molares Hyoides os f" Malleus j Incus - y Stapes C Oibfculare os - No I 2 2 % Z 2 % I I 8 4 20 Z Bones 44 B 0 N N». m r f Cervical 7 z f Vertebrae. X Dorfal 12 Bi \ f Lumbar 5 H The ^hia> , 1 Sacrum i ■§ gv{,o, to make a noife. BOTANY. That part of natural hiftory which includes every thing reflecting the natural hiftory of vegetables ; fioravn, an herb or grafs. BOUGIE. A term applied by furgeons to a long, flender inftrument, that is introduced through the urethra into the bladder. Bougies made of the elaftic gum are preferable to ihofc made of wax. The cauftic bougie differs from the or- dinary one in having a thin roll of cauftic in its middle, which deftroys the ftricture, or any part of the urethra it comes in contact with, and is consequently a hazardous application. Thofe made of catgut are very lcldom ufcd, but are deferv- ing of the attention of the iurgcon. BRACHIALIS INTERNUS. A mufcle of the fore arm, fituated in the fore part of the os humeri. Its ufe is to bend the fore arm, and to prevent the ca^iular ligament of the joint from being pinched. BRACHIUM. Box-*',™. The arm, or that part of the upper extremity that lies between the fhoulder and elbow joint. ' BRACHIAL 46 B R O BRACHIAL ARTERY. The continuation of the axil- lary artery, fituated between the axilla and the bend of the arm ; in its courfe it gives off many lateral veffels, and about the bend of the arm divides into the cubital and radial arteries. BRAIN. See Cerebrum and Cerebellum. BRANDY. A colourlefs, flightly opake, and milky fluid, of a hot and penetrating tafte, and a ftrong and agreeable fmell, when firft diftilled from the wine. It confifts of wa- ter, ardent fpirit, and a fmall portion of oil, which renders it milky at firft, and after a certain time colours it yellow. It is the fluid from which rectified or ardent fpirit is ob- tained. The utility of brandy is very confiderable, but from its pleafant tafte and exhilarating property it is too often taken to excefs. It gives energy to the animal functions ; is a powerful tonic, cordial, ftomachic, and antifpafmodic ; and its utility with camphire, in gangrenous affections, is very great. ,. BREASTS. Mamma. Two fdft hemifpherical bodies, compofed of common integuments, adipofc fubftance, and lacteal glands and veffels, and adhering to the anterior and lateral regions of the thorax of females. On the middle of each breaft is a projecting portion, termed the papilla or nipple, in which the excretory ducts of the glands terminate, and around which is a coloured orb or difc, called the areola. The ufe of the breafts is to fuckle new-born infants. BROMAT0L0GY. A flifcourfe or treatife on food; from figofaax, food, and xoyo;, a difcourfe. BRONCHIA. Bgoy^'x, the bronchia. See Trachea. BRONCHIAL ARTERY. A branch of the aorta, given off in the cheft. BRONCHIAL GLANDS. Thefe are large blackifh glands fituated about the bronchia and trachea, which b- crete a blackifh mucus. BRONCHOCETE. Struma. Derhyfhire neck A tu- mour m the fore part of the neck, originating moftly from a difeafed thyroid gland, which covers the anterior part of the trachea ; bur 47 trachea ; from figoy^oe, the wind-pipe, and xdXd, a tumour. This difeafe is endemial to the Alps and fome parts of Der- byfhire. : BRONCHOTOMY. Tracheotomy. The operation performed on the trachea, when the opening through the mouth is obftructed, to make a paffage for the air into the lungs; from (Zgoyxp;, the wind-pipe, and te^vu, to cut. BRUNNER's GLANDS. Peyer's glands. The mucipa- rous glands fituated between the villous and cellular coat of the inteftinal canal. BRYONY. White bryony. Bryonia alba of Linnasus. A very common plant in woods and hedges. The root has a very naufeous biting tafte, arid difagreeable fmell; and is employed in hydropical cafes as a diuretic or draftic purge, which qualities depend upon the dofe that is adminiftered. BUBO. An inflammation of a conglobate gland; from (lovGav, the groin, becaufe they moft frequently happen in that part. Cullen arranges this difeafe in the clafs locales, and order tumores. BUBONOCELE. An inguinal rupture; from QovfLv, the groin, and x»xn, a tumour. See Inteftinal, Omental, and Inteftino-omental-hernias. BUCCAL GLANDS. The fmall glands of the mouth, under the cheek, which fecrete faliva. BUCCINATOR. An outward mufcle of the mouth, that in part forms the cheek. Its ufe is to draw the angle of the mouth backwards, and outwards, and to contract its cavity, by preffing the cheek inwards, by which the food is thruft between the teeth. It is fo named from its ufe in forcing the breath to found the trumpet. BULIMIA. Canine appetite ; from /3h?, an ox, and Mftoc, hunger. It moftly arifes from worms, rachitis, or from acids. BULLAE. Puftules on any part of the body the fize of a nutmeg. BURGUNDY PITCH. The juice of the Pinut abies of Linnxus boiled in water, and {trained through a linen cloth. It 43 BUT It is chiefly imported from Saxony, is of a folid confifteiT-r, yet fomewhat foft, of a reddifh brown colour, and not"difa- greeable fmell. It is entirely confined to external ufe as a ftimulant in form of a plafter. BURSA LOGY. The doctrine of the burfte mncofte; from £v?o-x, a bag, and koyo;, a difcourfe. BURS.ffi MUCOSA. Mucous bags, compofed of prop- er membranes, containing a kind of mucous fat, formed by the exhaling arteries of the internal coat. They are of dif- ferent fizes and firmnefs, and are connected by the cellular membrane with articular cavities, tendons, ligaments, or the periofteum. They are divided into vaginal, which are long and cover a tendon ; and -ueftcular, which are round. The ufe of the burfse mucofae is to fecrete, and contain a fub- ftance to lubricate tendons, mufcles, and bones, in order to render their motion eafy. BUTTER. A concrete and foft fubftance, of a yellow colour, approaching more or lefs to that of gold, and of a mild agreeable tafte. It melts by a gentle heat, and becomes folid by cooling. Frefh butter is mild, temperate, and re- laxing, but it readily becomes four, and in general agrees with few ftomachs. Rancid butter is one of the moft un- wholefome and indigeftible of all foods. C A L 49 c. CACHEXIA. A bad habit of body, without pyrexia, and independent of any other difeafe ; from /axoc, bad, and £?»?, a habit. It conftitutes the third clafs in Cullen's nofological arrangement, and comprehends three orders, viz. marcores, intumefcentia, and impctegines, CACHOCHYMIA. A depraved ftate of the humours ; from >cax.o?, ill, and ^>t^%, humour. CACOPHONIA. Paraphoniu A depravity of the voice ; from holms, bad, and fuvn, the voice. See Apbunia. C^CUM. The firft portion of the large inteftines, pla- ced in the right iliac region, about four fingers' breadth in length. It is into this inteftine that the ileum terminates by by a valve, called the valve of the cjecum. The appendicula caci vermiformis is alfo attached to it. See Intiftiucs. C-ffiSARIAN SECTION- The operation for extracting the foetus from the uterus, by dividing the integuments of the abdomen and the uterus. The incifion is made from the left fide of the umbilicus down towards the pubis. It is fo called becaufe Julius Ca;far is fcid to have been extracted in this manner. CALAMINE STONE. Lapis calminaris. A calx of zinc. A very hard, grey, yellow, or reddifh femimetal, found in quarries of confiderable extent in the dutchy of Lim- bourg, the counties of Namur, and of Nottingham and Soni- erfet. It is employed by furgeons in powder, and in the ccratum lapidis calaminaris, as a mild application to fores. CALAMUS AROMATICUS. Sweet flag, or acorus. Acorus c lamus of Linnseus. The root of this plant has been long employed medicinally. It has a moderately ftrong aro- matic fmell, and a warm, pungent, bitterifh tafte ; and is deemed ufeful as a warm ftomachic. Powdered, and mixed with fome abforbent, it forms a ufeful and pleafant dentifrice. CALAMUS SCRIPTORIUS. An opening in the fourth ventricle of the brain is fo called from its refeiublauce to a writing pen. E CALCANEUS- 5° C A L CALCANEUS. Os cahis. The largeft bone of the tar- fus, which forms the heel. CALCAREOUS EARTH. See Lime. CALCINATION. A term given by chemifts to that procefs by which minerals, when expofed to a certain degree of heat, are deprived of their water ; ftones converted into lime ; and metals into calces A metal never becomes cal- cined, but when in contact with air ; the more extenfive this contact, the larger is the quantity of metal which becomes calcined ; and Lavoisier has proved, that a given quantity of air can only ferve for the calcination of a given quantity of metal. The metal thus calcined is termed a metallic calx. CALCULUS. A ftonc of the urinary or gall bladder. CALEFACIENTS, Medicines, or other fubftances, which excite a degree of warmth in the parts to which they are applied ; from calidus, warm, and facio, to make. CALTGO. CataraBa. The cataract. A difeafe of the eye, known by diminifhed or deftroyed fight; and by the interpofition of a dark body between the object and the re- tina. It is arranged by Cullen in the clafs locales, and order dyfafthefa. The fpecies of cataract are diftinguifhed accord- ing to the fituation of the interpofed body ; thus caligo lentist caligo cornea, caligo pupilla, caligo humorum, and caligo pal- pabrarum. CALORIC. Heat. Matter of heat. Modern chemifts have, in order to explain the phenomena of heat, confidered it as a peculiar fluid, which they imagine is contained in greater or lefs quantities in all bodies, according to the greater or lefs degrees of affinity exifting between it and them. CALLOSITY. A term applied by furgeons to a hard- ened part. CALVARI A. The fuperior portion of the cranium, ufu- ally fawed off, to expofc the brain; from calvus, bald be- caufe that part of the head firft becomes bald. CALX. A term in chemiftry for any thing that is ren-. dered reducible to powder, by burning in contact with air. It is alfo applied to lime. CAMPHORA. CAM 51 CAMPHORA. Camphor or camphire. The tree from which this fubftance is obtained is the Laurus camphora of Linnaeus, indigenous to Japan, where it grows abundantly. The camphor is found to lodge every where in the interfti- ces of the fibres of the wood, pith, and knots of the tree. 'I he crude camphor, exported from Japan, appears in fmall greyifh pieces, and is intermixed with various extraneous matters; in this ftate it is received by the Dutch, and puri- fied by a fecond fublimation ; it is then formed into loaves, in which ftate it is fent to England. Pure camphor is white, pellucid, fomewhat unctuous to the touch ; of a bitterifh, aromatic, acrid tafte, yet accompanied with a fenfe of cool- nefs ; of a fragrant fmell, and approaching to that of rofe- mary, but much ftronger. It is totally volatile and inflam- mable, foluble in vinous fpirits, oils, and the mineral acids; not in wa'er, fixed nor volatile alkaline liquors, nor in acids of the vegetable kingdom. The ufe of this important med- icine, in different difeafes, is very confiderable. It has been much employed, with great advantage, in fevers of all kinds, particularly in nervous fevers attended with delirium and much watchfulnefs. The experienced Werlhoff has wit- neffed its utility in feveral inflammatory difeafes, and fpeaks highly in favour of its refrigerant qualities. The benefit de- rived from its ufe in putrid fevers, where bark and acids are contra-indicated, is remarkable. In fpafmodic and convul- five affections, it is alfo of much fervice, and even in epilepfy. In chronic difeafes this medicine is likewife employed; and againft rheumatifm, arthritis, and mania, we have feveral ac- counts of its efficacy. Nor is it lefs efficacious when applied externally in certain difeafes ; it diffipates inflammatory tu- mours in a ihort time, and its antifeptic quality, in refilling and curing gangrene, is very confiderable. There are fev- eral other properties peculiar to this medicine, which, it is lamented, muft be paffed over ; one, however, muft not be omitted, viz. the power it poffeffes of obviating the ftrangury that is produced by cantharides, when fprinkled over a blif- ter. 1 he preparations of camphor are, fpiritus camphoratus, oleum camphoratt/m, itnimentum camphora, tinclura opii campho- rata, and the mifura camphorata. CAMPHORATES (Campboris,atis,f.m.) Salts formed by the union of the camphoric acid with different bafes ; thus camphorat of alumine, camphorat of ammoniac, &C CAMPHORIC 52 CAN CAMPHORIC ACID. If nitric acid be diftilled fewral times (fix or eight) from camphor, a cryftallized fait is ob- tained, called the acid of camphor, and which reddens fyrup of violets and the tincture of turnfole. Its tafte is bitter, and it differs from oxalic acid, in rot precipitating lime from the muriatic acid. '1 he union of this acid with different bafes forms what is called a camphorat. CANALIS ARTERIOSUS. C.analis Botalii. A blood- veffel peculiar to the fcetus, difapp>*aring alter birth ; through which the blood pafi'es from the pulmonary artery into the aorta. CANALES SEMICIRCULARES. The three femicir- cular canals are placed in the pofterior part of the labyrinth of the ear, and open by five orifices into the veftibulum. See Ear. CANALIS VENOSUS. A canal peculiar to the f.etus, difappearing after birth, that conveys the maternal blood from the porta of the liver to the afcending -vena cava. CANCELLI. Lattice-work, generally applied to the re- ticular fubftance in bones. CANCER. Carcinoma. A painful, hard, indolent tu- mour of a glandular part, which terminates in the fouleft ulcer. Thole tumours were fo called by the ancients, that exhibited large blue veins, like crab's claws ; from cancer, a crab. CANELLA ALBA. LaurrMeaved canella. Canella alba of Linna-ns. The tree, which produces the bark fo called, is a native of the Weft Indies. It is brought into Furope in long quills, fomewhat thicker than cinnamon : their tafte is moderately warm, aromatic, and bitterifh ; and of an agreeable fmell, fomewhat refimbling that of cloves. Canella alba has been f uppofed to poffefs a confiderable fliare of medicinal power, and is faid to be a ufeful medicine in fcurvy and fome other complaints. It is now merely cpn- fidered as a ufeful and cheap aromatic, and is chicflv em- ployed for the purpofc of correcfirg, and rendering lefs dif- agreeable, the more powerful and naufcous drugs : it is therefore an ingredient in the putvis aloeticus of the London Pharmacopoeia, cap 53 Pharmacopoeia, and in the tinBura amara, -vinum amarum, vimtm rhai, &c. of the Edinburgh. CANINE TEETH. The four cufpidati or eye-teeth are fo called from their reiemblance to thofe of the dog. See Teeth. CANNULA. A tube adapted to a fharp inftrument, with which it is thruft into a cavity or tumour, containing a fluid ; the perforation being made, the fharp inftrument is withdrawn, and the cannula left, in order that the fluid may pafe through it. CANl'HARIDES. Spanifh flies. Meloe veftcatorius of Linnatus. '1 he importance of thefe flies, by their ftimulant, corrofive, and epifpallic qualities, in the practice of phyfic and furgery, is very confiderable ; indeed, fo much fo, as to induce many to confider them as the moft powerful medicine in the materia medica. When applied on the flcin, in the form of a plafter, it foon raifes a blifter full of ferous matter, and thus relieves inflammatory difeafes, as phrenitis, pleuri- tis, hepatitis, phlegmon, bubo, myoiitis, arthritis, &c. '1 he tindure of thefe flies is alfo of great utility in feveral cuta- neous difeafes, rheumatic affections, fciatic pains, &c. but ought to be ufed with much caution. CANTHUS. K«v6of. The angle or corner of the eye, vheie the upper and under eye-lids meet. That next the eye is termed the internal or greater canthus, and the other, the external or outer canthus. CAPILLARY VESSELS. The very fmall ramifications ©f the arteries, which terminate upon the external furface of the body, or on the furface of internal cavities ; from capil- lus, a little hair. CAPSULAR LIGAMENT. The ligament which fur- rounds every moveable articulation, and contains the fynovia Ike a bag ; from capfa, a bag. CAPUT. The head, cranium, or Ikull, is fituated above the trunk, upon the cervical vertebrae. For its bones, fee Bones Upon the hairy part is obfcrved the vertex or crown, fincipui or forepart, occiput or hinder part, and the temples. The parts diftinguiftied on the face are well known, as the r £ z forehead, 54 C A R forehead, nofe, eyes, &r. The arteries of the head are branches of the carotids ; and the veins empty themfelves into the jugulars. CAPUT GALLINAGINIS. Verumontanum. A cuta- neous eminence in the urethra, before the neck of the blad- der, fomewhat like the head of a cock in miniature, and around which the feminal ducts open. CARBONACEOUS ACID. Sec Carbonic add. CARBONE. Pure charcoal is called carbone in the new chemical nomenclature. It is the black refidue of vegeta- bles, which have fuffered a complete decompofition of their volatile principles by fire. Charcoal is black, brittle, fono- rous, and light. It is placed among limple bodies, becaufe no experiment has hitherto fhown the pofiibiluy of decom- pofing it. It exifts in the animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdom When it is required to procure carbone in a ftate of great purity, it muft be dried by ftrong ignition in a clofed veffel. CARBONATES (Carbonas, tis,f.m.) Salts formed by the union of the carbonic acid with different bafes : thus, tarbonat of alumine, catbonat of ammoniac, &C CARBONIC ACID. Carbonaceous acid. Cretaceous acid. Fixed air. Mephitic gas. Aerial acid. The name of cretaceous acid appears to agree beft with this fubftance, becaufe it is contained in very large quantities in chalk ; and there is no other body with which it has fo ftrong an affini- ty, as with lime, which compofes the bale of this earthy fait. The carbonic acid poffcffts all the more obvious qualities of air, and exifts in the atmoiphere, of which it is a finall part. See Atmfpbetic air. It is found in a ftate of gas at la grotta del Cane, near Naples ; at the well of i'erols, near Mont- pellier ; in that of Negra., in Vivarais ; upon the furface of the lake Averno. in Italy ; and on thofe of feveral fprings in various fuhterraneous place-, fuch a; tombs, cellars, m cel- faries, &c. ft is alfo difcngaged in this form, by the dctom- pofition of vegetables heaped together, by the fermentation or wine or beer, by the putrefaction of animal matters, id fcarcely entered into the mephitis be- fore flight prickings obliged him to fhut his eyes ; a violent iuffoeation prevented him from refpiring ; he felt a giddi- nefs, accompanied with thofe noifes which characterize apo- plexy ; and when he was drawn up, hi* fight remained dim for feveral minutes ; the blood had diftended the jugulars ; his countenance had become purple ; and he neitiier heard nor fpoke, but with great d:!iiculty : all thefe fymptoms, however, dilappearcd by degrees, ft is this gas which pro- duces the many unhappy accidents at the opening of cellars, in places where wine, cider, or beer, are fullered to ferment. birds, plunged into the carbonic acid gas, fuddenly perifh. The famous lake of Avcrno, where Virgil placed the en- trance of Hell, exhales fo large a quantity of carbonic acid, that birds cannot fly over it with impunity. When the wa- ters vt lioulidou of Perols arc dry, fuch birds as attempt to quench their thirft in the clefts are enveloped in the mephitic vapour, and die. Frogs, plunged in an atmolphcre of car- boaii: acid, live from 40 to 50 minutes, by i'uipendmg their rcipiriuion. Infects aie rendered torpid after remaining a certain time in this air ; but they rrfume their liveiineis the moment they are txpoled to the free air. It has been alien- ed, :'-;.t this acid lufibcates by extinguifhing irritability ; l1,is, however, is invalidated by the experiments of Morrozo. The carbonic acid is alfo improper for vegetation. It is eafi- ly diffoived in water. It is heavier than common air ; hence it orcupies the loweft'fituations. It is a very powerful medi- ;::.c when taken into the ftoniach, to which it gives energy .v-id tone ; and, laftiy, it has been faid to cure a cancer : how iii il.i 1.- to be; de j ended upon, is not yet determined. In this 56 CAR this kingdom and in France it has had a very extenfive trial. After the firft application, the cancerous ulcer exhibits a more favourable appearance ; the fanies, which commonly flows, becomes white, confiftent, and laudable ; the flefh aftunvs a lively colour : but thefe flattering appearances do not con- tinue ; the ulcer foon returns to its former ftate, and paffe* through the ufual changes with unabated violence. CARBUNCLE. Anthrax. An inflammatory tumour which foon becomes gangrenous. CARCINOMA. See Caur-r. Kzgy.iva/u.x ; from y.afxiv®-, a cancer, and ,«fvi-, to feed upon. CARD AMINE- Common lady's fmock, or cuckoo flower. Cardamine pratenfis of Linnxus. It is the flower of this plant, which is a native of England, that has a place in the materia medica, upon the authority of Sir George Baker, who has publifhed five cafes, two of chorea fancti Viti, one of fpafmodic afthma, an hemiplegia, and a cafe of fpafmodic affections of the lower limbs, wherein the flores cardamines were fuccefsfully ufed. CARDAMOMUM MINUS. Officinal cardamom. Amomum repens, feu le cardamome de la cote de Malabar, of Sonnerat. 1 he feeds of this plant are imported in their cap- fules or hufks, by which they are preferved, for they foon lofe a part of their flavour when freed from this covering. On being chewed, they impart a glowing aromatic warmth, and grateful pungency : they are fuppofed gently to ftimu- late the ftomach, and prove cordial, carminative, and anti- fpafmodic, but without that irritation and heat which many of the other fpicy aromatics are apt to produce. Simple and compound fpirituous tinctures are prepared from them, and they are ordered as a fpicy ingredient in many of the of- ficinal compofitions. CARD1A. Kxghx. So the Greeks called the heart. It is now apphed to the fuperior opening of the ftomach. CARDIALGIA. The heart-burn ; from W,*, the car- dia, and xxyt^, to be pained. CAR DTTIS. Inflammation of the heart; from **&„ -Ue heart. It is a genus of difeafe arranged by Cullen in the clafs CAR 57 clafs py-via, and order phlegmafde. It is known by pyrexia; pain in the region of the ftomach ; great anxiety ; difficul- ty of breathing ; cough ; irregular pulfe ; palpitation, and Linting. CARDUUS BENFDICTUS. Bleffed or holy tlrfile. Centaure., benediita of Lini'ieus. This exotic plant obtairrd the name of benedictus, from its being fuppofed to poffefs extraordinary medicinal virtues. In lofs of appetite, where ♦he ftomach was injured by irregularities, its good effects have been frequently experienced. C A R TC A. The fig. 1 he plant which affords this fruit is the Feus carlca. Frefh figs are, when completely ripe, foft, fucculent, and eafily digefted, unlefs eaten in immode- rate quantities, when they are apt to occafion flatulency, pain of the bowels, and diarrhcea. The dried fruit, which is fold in our fhops, is pleafanter to the tafte, and more whole- iorne and nutritive. 1 hey are directed in the decoclum hor- dei compofitttm, and in the eleffuarium lenitivum. Applied ex- ternally, they promote the fuppuration of tumours; hence they have a place in maturating cataplafms; and are very convenient to apply to the gums, and, when boiled with milk, to the throat. CARIES. Rn"tenntfs or ulceration of the bones. CARMINATIVE. A term applied to thofe fubftances, which allay pain, and difpel flatulencies of the prima; vise. The word is derived from carmen, a verfe, or charm ; becaufe practitioners in ancient times afcribed their operation to a charm or enchantment. CAROS. Carxt. Kxgoc. Infenfibility and flcepinefs, with eal'y rcfpiration. CAROTIDS. Two confiderable arteries that proceed, one on each fide of the cervical vertebra, to the head, and which fupply it with blood. The right carotid does not arife immediately from the arch of the aorta, but is given off from the arteria innominata. The left arifts from the arch *if the aorta. Each carotid is divided into external and inter- nal, or that portion without, and that within the cranium. '/he external gives off eight branches to the neck and face, vi;;. 58 CAR viz. anteriorly, the fuperior thyroideal, the fublingual, the in- ferior maxillary, the external maxillary; poferiorly, the inter- nal maxillary, the occipital, the external auditory, and the temporal. The internal carotid or cerebral artery, gives off four branches within the cavity of the cranium ; the anterior cerebral, the pofterior, the central artery of the optic nerve, and the internal orbital. CARPOBALSAM. The fruit of the balfam tree, Amy- ris g leadenfts of Linnaeus ; from /.agioc, fruit, and (SaXa-xfiov, balfam. Now in difufe. CARPUS. Kagxoe, the wrift, or carpus. See Bones. CARTILAGE. A white, elaftic, gliftening fubftance, growing to bones, and commonly called grifllc. Cartilages are divided by anatomifts into obducent, which cover the moveable articulations of bones; inter-articular, which are fituated between the articulations, and uniting cartilages, which unite one bone with another. Their ufe is to lubri- cate the articulations of bones, and to connect fome bones by an immoveable connexion. CARUNCLE. A diminutive of earo, flefh. Little flefliy excrefcences, as the caruneulas myrtiformes, carunculx lachry- males, &c. CARUON. Common caraway. Carttm earui of Lin- naeus. Caraway feeds are well known to have a pleafant fpicy fmell, and a warm aromatic tafte, and, on this account, are ufed for various economical purpofcs. 1 hey are efteemed to be carminative, cordial, and ftomachic, and recommended in dyfpepfia, flatulencies, and other fymptoms attending hyf- terical and hypochondriacal diforders. An effential oil and diftilled water are directed to be prepared from them by the London college. CARYOPHYLLUM AROMAT1CUM. The clove. The tree which affords this fpice is the Catyophyllus aromati- cus of Linnaeus, and grows in the Eaft Indies, the Moluccas, &c. The clove is the unexpanded flower, or rather the calyx ; it has a ftrong, agreeable fmell, and a bitterifh, hot, not very pungent, tafte. The oil of cloves, commonly met with in the fhops and received from the Dutch, is highly acri- monious, CAS 59 monious, and fophifticated. Clove is accounted the hotteft and moft acrid of the aromatics, and by acting as a power- ful ftimulant to the mufcular fibres, may, in fome cafes of atonic gout, paralyfis, &c. fuperfede moft others of the aro- matic clafs ; and the foreign oil, by its great acrimony, is alfo well adapted for feveral external purpofes : it is directed by feveral pharmacopoeias, and the clove itfelf enters feveral officinal preparations. CARYOPHYLLUM RUBRUM. Clove pink. This fragrant plant, Dianthus caryophyllus of Linnxus, grows wild in feveral parts of England; but the flowers, w hich are pharmaceutical^ employed, are ufually produced in gardens : they have a pleafant aromatic fmell, fomewhat allied to that of clove fpice ; their tafte is bitterifh and fubadftringent. Thefe flowers were formerly in extenfive ufe, but are now merely employed in form of fyrup, as a ufeful and pleafant vehicle for other medicines. CASCARILL^E CORTEX. Eluthcriafeu Eluieria. The tree that affords this bark is the Clutia eluteria feu cnfcarilla. Cafcarilla comes to us in quills, covered on the outfide with a rough, whitifh matter, and brownifh on the inner fide, ex- hibiting, when broken, a imooth, clofe, blackifh brown fur- face. It has a lightly agreeable fmell, and a moderately bit- ter tafte, accompanied with a confiderable aromatic warmth. It is a very excellent tonic, adftringent, and ftomachic, and is deferving of a more general ufe than it has hitherto met with. CASSIA FISTULARIS. Purging caffia. This tree, Caf- pa fiflida of Liniucus, u a native of both Indies. The pods of the haft India caflia are of lefs diameter, fmoother, and afford a blacker, fweeter, and more grateful pulp, than thofe which are brought from the Weft Indies. Thofe pods which are the heavieft, and in which the feeds do not rattle on be- in" fliaken, are commonly the beft, and contain the moft pulp, which is the part medicinally employed, and to be ob- tained in the manner defcribed in the pharmacopoeias. The beft pulp is of a bright fhining black1 colour, and of a fweet tafte, with a flight degree of acidity. It has been long ufed as a laxative medicine, and being gentle in its operation and felJoin diftuibing the bowels, is well adapted to children and pregnant 6o CAT pregnant women. The officinal preparation of this drug is, cldluarium e c.-ffia ,• it is alfo an ingredient ill tiic eUclua- riuui e fenna. CASTORF.UM. The beaver. Caftorfber of Linn.xus. An amphibious quadruped inhabiting fome parts of Pruffia, Ruffia, Germany, Canada, &c The name of efforeum is given to two bags, fituated in the inguinal region of the male beaver, which contain a very odorous fubftance, foft and almoft fluid when recently cut from the animal, but which dries, and affumes a refinous confiftence in procefs of time. This fubftance has an acrid, bitter, and a naufeuus tafte; its fmell is ftrong, aromatic, and even foetid. It is medicinal- ly ufed as a powerful antifpafmodic in hyfterical and hypo- chondriac affections, and in convulfions It has alio been fuccefsfully adminiftered in epilepfy and tetanus. CASTOR OIL. See Rkinus. CASTRATION. A chirurgical operation by which a tefticle is removed from the body. CATALEPSY. Ka,Taxr-li< ; from x.aTa\x/u.3x\,*, the head, and a\yoc, pain. CEPHALICS. Remedies that relieve diforders of. the head ; from /.tpoa», the head. CEPHALITIS. Inflammation of the head. See fhrer..:. . CEPHALIC C E R ' 63 CEPHALIC VEIN. The anterior vein of the arm that ri-ee'.i-'^ the cephalic of the thumb. It was fo termed be- caufe the ancients fuppofed that the head was relieved by tak- ing blood from it. CERA. Wax. This concrete oily fubftance would app< ar to belong to the vegetable kingdom, for it is collected by the bees from the anthers of flowers, yet as it paffes a pecu- liar elaboration, and is obtained in confcquence of the labour of bees, it is not improperly cpnfidered as an animal produc- tion. Wax which compoies the honey-comb, is yellow, and of an infipid tafte, and is termed cera• flav* ; if it be expofcd to the action of dew, and of the air, it becomes white, and is called cera a.'ba, or virgin wax. They readily diffolve in oil, and give a confiftence to it, and thus form cerates, un- guents, and plafters. CEREBELLUM. The little brain or cerebellum. A round vifcus, of the fame ufe as the brain; composed, like the brain, of a cortical and medullary fubftance, divided by a feptum into a right and left lobe, and fituated under the tentorium, in the inferior occipital fofl'a;. CEREBRUM. The brain. A large round vifcus, di- vided fuperiorly into a right and left hemifphere, and inferi- orly into_/;x lobes, two anterior, two middle, and two pofte- rior ; fituated within the cranium, and furrounded by the dura and pia mater, and tunica arachnoides. It is compofed of a cortical fubfance, which is external ; and a medullary, which is internal. It has four cavities called ventricles ,• two anterior or lateral, which are divided from each other by the feptum lucidum, and in which is the choroid plexus, formed of blood-veffels and glands ; the third ventricle is a fpace be- tween the thalami nervorum opticorum; and the fourth ven- tricle is a fpace between the cerebellum and medulla oblon- gata. Its principal prominences are, the corpus call fam, a medullary eminence, confpicuous upon laying afide the hem- ifpheres of the brain ; the corpora friata, two ftriated protu- berances, one in the anterior part of e«, fight. CHYLE. The milk-like liquor, obfcrved fome hours af- ter eating, in the lacteal veffels of the mefentery and in the thoracic duct. It is fcparated by digeftion from the chyme, and is that fluid fubftance from which the blood is formed. CHYLIFICATION. The procefs, carried on in the fmall inteftines, and .principally in the duodenum, by which the eh vie is fcparated from the chyme. CHYLOPOETIC. Any thing connedied with the for- mation of chyle ; thus chylopoetic vifcera, chylopoetic vef- iels, &c. CFIYME. The indigefted mafs of food, that paffes from the ftomach into the duodenum, and from which the chyle is prepared in the fmall inteftines; from ^oj, which figm- iics humour or juice. CICATRIX, 63 C I N CICXTR1X. A fear ; from elcatrico, to fk'n. CICUTA. Hemlock. This plant, Conium maculatum of Linnxus, is found in almoft every part of England, and is diftinguiflied from thofe plants which bear fome refemblance to it, by the fpotted ftem. It is generally believed to be a very active poifon. When exhibited in immoderate dofes, it produces anxiety, cardialgia, vomiting, convulfions, verti- go, coma, and death. Baron Stoerck was the firft who brought hemloel: into repute as a medicine of extraordinary efficacy ; and although it does not effect the wonderful cures of cancer, it was faid tp perform, it certainly poffeffes nar- cotic arid antifpafmodic virtues. '1 here is fcarcely any dif- eafe, to which human nature is fubject, in which this reme- dy, like mercury, is not exhibited internally by fome phyfi- cian-, and in thofe of the glandular fyftem it appear*, fome- times, to be productive of benefit Nor is it lefs efficacious when applied externally ; a poultice made of oatmeal and the expreffed juice, or a decoction of the extract, when the former cannot be obtained, allays the moft excruciating tor- turous pains of a cancer, and thus gives reft to the diffract. ed patient. CILI.S. The eye-lafhes. CILIAR LIGAMENT. The circular portion that di- vides the choroid membrane from the iris, and which ad- heres to the fclerot'c membrane. It appears like a white circular ring. CINARA. Common artichoke. Cynara fcolymus of Lin- naeus. A native of the fouthcrn parts of Europe, but culti- vated here for culinary purpofes. The leaves are bitter, and afford, by exprcffion, a cnnfiderable quantity of juice, which, when ftraincd, and mixed with an equal quantity of white wine, has been given fuccefsfully in dropfies ; but it is an uncertain remedy. CINCHONA. Quinquina. Cortex peruvianas. Offici- nal cinchnna, or Peruvian bark. 'I he tree, which aflbrds this valuable medicine, is the Cinchona officinalis, a native of Peru. The bark is brought tn us in pieces of different fizes, Tome rolled up into fhort, thick quill-,, and others flat ; the eutfide is brownifh, and generally covered in part with a v.hitifh C I N 69 whitifli mofs ; the infide is of a yellowifh, reddifh, or nifty iron colour. The beft fort breaks clofe and fiuooth, and proves friable betwixt the teeth - the inferior kinds appeal, when broken, of a woody texture, and in chewing fcparate into fibres. The former pulverizes more eafily than the lat- ter, and looks, when powdered, of a light brownifh colour, cefembling that of cinnamon, or foiuewhat paler. It has a flight fmell, approaching to muftiuefs, yet fo much of the aromatic kind as not to be difagreeable. Its tafte is confid- crably bitter, adftringent, very durable in tlie mouth, and accompanied with fome degree of aromatic warmth, but not lufficicnt to prevent its being ungrateful. The medicinal properties of this drug are very confiderable. Ic cures inter- mittent, remittent, nervous,and putrid fevers 4 putrid fore throat, fcarlatina, and dyfrntery ; flops exceffive difcharges, and is in general ufe as a tonic, and ftomachic ; it alfo is of infinite fervice in local affections, as gangrene, fcrophula, ill- conditioned ulcers, rickets, fcurvy, cvc. and in moft difealcs where there is no inflammatory diathefis. The pfficinal prep- arations of this bark are the powder, the extract, the tinc- ture, and the decoction. CINCHONA CORTEX PERUVIAN-US RUBER. The medicinal qualities of this red bark are fimilar to thofe of the former. CINCHONA CORTEX PERUVIANUS FLAVUS. The medicinal ,propert its of this new fpecies are alfo nearly the fame as thofe of the cinchona officinalis. CINNABAR. A red mineral fubftance compofed of mer- cury naturally combined with fulphur. It is found in the Dutchy of Dcuxponts., in the Palatinate, in Spain, South America, &c. It is called .native vermilion, and cinnabar in flowers. Artificial cinnabar it. employed us fe. -mild mercuri- al, and as an alterative. CTNNAMOMUM. Cinnamon. The tree which af- fords the true cinnamon, which is its inner bark, is the Lau- ras .innamomum of Jacquin, a native of Ceylon. Cinnamon bark is one of the moft grateful of the aronutics ; of a very fragrant fmell, and a moderately pungent, glowing, but not iiery tafte, aceonipanied with cunfiderable fwcetnefs, and fome .degree fO C I R degree of adftringeney. It is one of the beft cordial, carmi- native, and reftorative fpices we are in poffeffion of, and ii generally mixed with the diet of the fick. The cflential oil, on account of its high price, is feldom ufed : a tincture, Am- ple and fpirituous water, are directed to be kept in the fhops. CIRCOCFLE- Varicocele. An enlargement of the veins of the fperniatic cord ; from y.tpo-o;, varix, or a dilatation of a vein, and x.»ab, a tumour. CIRCULATION of the BLOOD. A vital action per- formed in the following manner : the blood is returned into the tight auricle of the heart by the defcending and afcend- ing vena cavas, which, when diftended, contracts and fends its blood into' the right ventricle ; from the right ventricle it is propelled through the pulmonary artery to circulate through, and undergo a change in, the lungs ; being pre- vented from returning into the right auricle by the clofing of the valves, which are fituated there for that purpofe. Having undergone this change in the lungs, it is brought to the left auricle of the heart by the four pulmonary veins, and from thence it is evacuated into the left ventricle. The left ventricle, when diftended, contracts, and throv\ 5 the blood through the aorta to every part of the body, to be returned by the veins. It is prevented from paffing back from the left ventricle into the auricle by a valvular apparatus ; and the beginning of the pulmonary artery and aorta is alfo furnifhed with finiilar organs, to prevent it returning into the ventri- cles. See Heart. It is by means of this important action, that every part of the body lives, and becomes warm, the body nourifhed, the various fccretions fcparated, and the chyle converted into blood. In the met us the blood paffes from the umbilical veins, partly into the vena portae, and partly through the canalis venofus, into the afcending cava. The lungs being contract- ed, a very frnall quantity circulates through them, and the greateft part flows through the canalU ai tericfus and foramen ovale to the left fide of the heart, and into the aorta, and is carried back by the umbilical arteries to the placenta. CIRCULUS ARTERIOSUS IRIDIS. The artery which runs round the iris and forms a circle. CIRCUMFLEX US C O c 71 CIRCUMFLEXUS or TENSOR PALATI. A muf- cle, fituated between the lower jaw and os hyoides laterally, that ftretches the velum, to draw it downwards. CITRATS (Citras, tis,f. m.J Salts formed by the union of the acid of lemons with different bafes ; as the citrat of alumine, citrat of ammoniac, &C. CLAVICLE. Collar-bone. A bone fhaped like the let- ter/, fituated obliquely upon the upper part of the cheft, and connecting the fcapula and humerus to the thorax. CLAY. Alumine. An earth, which feizes water with great avidity, and adheres ftrongly to the tongue. M7hen expofcd toheat.it dries, contracts,'fhrinks, becomes full of clefts, and fo hard as to give fire with the fteel. Acids com-; bine very readily with this earth and produce neutral falts, diftinguiflied by the name of aluminous or argillaceous : of this nature is alum or vitriol of clay, &c. CLINICAL. Any thing concerning a bed ; thus clin- ical lectures, notes, a clinical phyfician, &c. which mean lectures given at the bed-fide, obfervations taken from pa- tients when in bed, a phyfician who vifits Iris patients in their bed, &c. CLINOID. Refembling a bed ; from xMvn, a bed, and tilof, refemblance. The four proceffes furrounding the fella turcica are fo called. CLITORI S. A fmall glandiform body, like a penis in miniature, fituated above the nymphae, and before the operiei ing of the urinary paffage of women : from Kkt.o, to inclofe or hide, becaufe it is hid by the labia pudendi. CLONIC SPASMS. Convulfions. See Convulfons. COBALT. A heavy femimetal of a reddifh white col- our, and clofe grain ; fo brittle as to be readily reduced unto powder by the peftle. COCCINELLA. Cochineal. The female of a fpecies o£ infect that is found on, and collected in South America from, the Opuntia or Indian fig-tree. It is ordered by the College in the tinilura tantbaridis—cardamomi compofita, and cincbo** tttnpufita. 72 COL • ompofta. It is principally ufed on accnunt of the beautiful red colour which it imparts to rhem. COCCYGEUS. A mufcle of the os coccygis fituated within the. pelvis. Its ufe is to fupport, and move, toe os coccygis forwards, and to tie it more firmly to the facrmn. COCCYGIS OS. Os coccyx. A fmall irregular fhaped bone of the pelvis, attached to the apex of the fccruni, that fuftahrs the rectum, and prevents the rupture of the peri- neum in partoritiou. COCHLEA. A cavity of the internal ear, that refembles the fhell of a fnail, and in which are obfcrved, the mtxliolus, or nucleus, extending from its bafis to the apex, and in the centre of the fcakt. COCHLEARE. A fpoonful. In prefcriptions it is fome- times abbreviated thus, coch. Cochleare mavnum, is a table fpoonful ; cochleare medium, a deffert or pap fpoonful ; and eochleare minimumf a tea fpoonful. COCHLEARIA HORTENSIS. Lemon fcurvy-grafs This indigenous plant, Cochlearia officinalis of Linnxus, is cul- tivated in gardens for its medicinal qualities, fts expreffed juice has been long confidered as the moft effectual of the fcorbutic plants. COILIAC ARTERY. The firft branch given off from the aorta in the cavity of the abdomen. It fends branches to the diaphragm, ftomach, liver, pylorus, duodenum, omentum, and fpleen. CCELIAC PASSION. A fpecies of diarrluea. See Di- crrbaa. COLCHTCUM- Common meadow faffron. Colchicum outumnale of Linnaeus. A native of England. The root is thought to poffefs diuretic and expectorant qualities, and with this view an oxymel and a fyrup are directed by the colleges of Lpndon and Edinburgh. COLD. A fpecies of catarrh. See Catarrbus afrigore. COLTCA. The colic ; from xoXi«, the colon, one of the large inteftines. It is known by a pain in tlie belly, and a fenfation com y$ fenfation like a twitting round the navel, attended with vom- iting and coftivenels. This genus of difeafe is claffed by Culltn in the clifs na-rofs, and order fpefmi. The fpecies of colic are, I. Colica fp f.iedca, arifing from fpafm :' 2. Col- ica pidonum, the painter's, or Devonfhire, or white lead colic, which arifes from the poifon of white lead, and induces palfy of the hands : 3. Colica Jlcrcorea, common to perfons of a cof- tive habit. COLLUTORIUM.. A liquid medicine to retain in, or to wafh the mouth. COLLYRIUM. From xuxva, to check, and p«r, a deflux- ion. Any medicine was formerly fo called, which was ap- plied with that intention. It is now only given to fluid ap- plications for the eyes, or eye-waters. COLO MBA. The root fo called is imported from Co- lomba in Ceylon, in circular, brown knobs, wrinkled on their outer furface, yellowifh within, and confifting of corti- cal, woody, and medullary lamina. Its fmell is aromatic ; its tafte pungent and naufcpufly bitter. It is much efteemed as a tonic in dyfpeptic and bilious cafes. A tincture is di- rected by the Colleges. COLON. The fecond portion of the large inteftines; from .,'.i\oc, hollow, becaufe it is generally found empty in the dead body. See Inteftines. COM A. K_y«r, a propenfity to fleep. COMA FA. A diminution of the powers of voluntary motion, with fleep. or the fenfes impaired. It is an order of the clafs neurofes, of Cullen's nofology. COMBUSTION. It is difficult to give a good definition of combuftion. It is a collection of phenomena, which cer- tain bodies exhibit, when heated with accefs of air ; tha, principal of whieh are the continuance or augmentation of heat, agitation, or inteftine motion, the emilfion of light, flame, and a total change of the matter burned. COMEDO. See Crinonts. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. Zootomy. The dif. fection of animal bodies. G COMPUEXUS.. 74 c tf - COMF1.1.XUi. A mufcle {hunted on the b.i.l part of the neck, that craws the head backwards, and to one fide ; and when he th act, they draw the head directly backward. COMPRESSOR NARIS. A mufcle of the nofe, that conipreffts the alae toward the feptum nafi. particularly when we want to fmell -.'cutely. It alio corrugite-, the ficin of the nofc, and affifts in cxprelling certain pallions. CONCEPTION. The impregnation of the ovulum in the female ovarium by the fubtile prolific aura of the fcmen virile. In order to h..\e a fruitful coition, it is neceffary that the fcmen bv. propeil.d iiito the uterus or vagina, fo that its fecundating vapour ihall he conveyed through the Fallopian tubes to the ow.rium : hence it is neceffary thac there be a certain ftate of the ovarium of the female in order to impreg- nate it ; which is, that the ovum fhall be mature, and em- briced bv the fimbria- of the Fallopian tube to convey that vivifying fubftance to the ovum. See Generation. CONCH-E NARIUM. The turbinated portion of the ethmoid bone and the iiilcrior fpongy boiieu of the nofc are fo termed. CONDYLE. A rounded eminence of a bone in any of the joints : r.o\,Jv\o; ; from s.o.Sv, an ancient cup fhaped like a joint. CONDYLOMA. Sarcoma ani. A foft, wart-like ex- crefcence, that appears about the anus and pudenda of both fexes. '1 here are feveral fpecies of condylomata which have received names from their appearances, ai, feus, enfta, ty- mus, &c- CONGLOBATE GLAND. Lymphatic gland. Globate gland, A round gland formed of a contortion of lymphatic veffels, connected together by cellular ftructure, and having neither a cavity nor an escretory duct ; fuch are the mefen- teric, inguinal, axillary glands, &c. CONGLOMERATE GLAND. A gland compofed of a number of glomerate glands, whofe excretory duel" all ■nite into one common duct ; fuch are the falival, parotid glands, &c. CONJUNCTIVE CONJUNCTIVE MFJ IBR ANE.' Tuni-a adnata. ■ Tu~ rica albiginea. The thin, :rar.fp::rtnt, delicate membrane, that lined the interna! fr.p^ri:cics of one eye-lid, and is reflect- ed from thence, over the anterior pait of the bulb, to the tarfus of the other eye-lid. COX CENT of PARTS. The fame as fympathy. See Sympathy. CONSTIPAf ION. Coftivenefs. See Obf patio. CONSTRICTORS. A name given to thofe mufcles vhich contract any opening of the body, as, CONSTRICTOR 15THMI FAUCIUM. A mufcle fit- uated at the fide of the entry of the fauces, that draws rbs •x'/.vw pendulum palati towards the root of the torgue, which it raifcs at the fame time, and with its fellow contracts the paffage between the two arches, by which it fhuts the open- ing of the fauces. CONSTRICTOR PHARYNG1S INFERIOR.. A r.-.uf- cle fituated on the pofterior part of the pharynx, that com- ' preffes the part ef the pharynx which it covers, and raifes it with the pharynx a little upwards. CONSTRICTOR PHARYNGIS MEDIUS. A mufcle filiated on the pofterior part «f the pharynx, winch com- preffes the part of the pharynx which it covers, and draws it and the os hyoides upwards. CONSTRICTOR PHARYNGIS SUPERIOR. A muf- cle fituated on -the pofterior part of the pharynx, to com- prefs the upper part of the pharynx, and draws it forwards and upwards. CONSUMPTION or DECLINE. See Pbthfspulmonalis. CONTAGION. F//!,.-m.i. Mi.fna. Virus. Lues. In- feclwn. The very fuhiiie' particles arifing from putrid or oilier fubftances, vr from p.rfens labouring under m!\ chou; dileaies, which communicate difeafe to ethers ; t'.Ua the con- tagion of putrid fever, the effluvia of dead animal or vegeta- ble fubftances, the miafro of bo^i and fens, the virus of fin all- pox, lies venerea, eve. c'c.c. CONTRACTION' 76 COP CONTRACTION. Contracli^. A rigid contraction of the joints. It is a genus of difeafe in the clafs locales, and order dyfinefa of Cullen. '1 he fpecies are, i. Contradura ab infammatione, when it arifes from inflammation : 2. Con- tradura .7 fpifrno, called alfo tonic fpafm and cramp, when it depends upon fpafm : 3. Contradura cb antagonifas paralitico<, from the antagonift n.ufrles loiing their action : 4. Contm.- tura ob acrimonia irritante, which is induced by fohie irri- tating caufe : 5. Controclura articukris, originatirj; from a difeafe of the joint. CONTRA-INDICATION. A Symptom attending a dif- eafe, which forbids the exhibition of a remedy that would otherwife be employed : for inftance, hark and acWs are ufually given in putrid fevers ; but if there be difficulty of breathing or pain of the fide, they arc contra-inuications to their ufe. CONTRAYERVA. Contrayerva. This word is of Spanifh origin, and fignifies an antidote to poifon. The of- ficinal part of this plant, Dorfenia contrayerva of I.inna:us, is the root. It has a peculiar kind of aromatic fmell, and a light, adftringent, warm, bitterifh tafte ; and on being long chewed it difcovers fomewhat of a fwcctilh fharpnefs. Pu- trid and nervous fevers are the difeafes in which this mi di- cine was formerly ufed. CONTUSION. Contufo. A bruife ; from contundo, to knock together. CONVULSION. ConvuJf.o. Clonic fpafm. Alternate relaxations, with violent and involuntary contractions of the mufcular fibres, without fleep. Cullen arranges convulfion in the clafs neurofs, and orderfpafmi. COPHOSIS. A difficulty of hearing ; from *.u-?->;, dumb. See Dyfecoea. COPPER. Cuprum. An imperfect metal, of a red bril- liant colour ; hard, elaftic, fonorous, and very ductile. It is found in the earth in various ftates. The ufes of this metal in the arts are numerous. All its prepararons are very vio- lent poifons, and ought nevir to be given frf-maliy, but with the greateft caution. The ful.thut of copper is j. pow- erful tonic and diuretic, and is given internally in dropfies and COR 77 and weakncfles. Externally it is employed by furgeons as aji cfcharotic. CORACO-BRACHIALIS. A mufcle fo called from it* origin and infertion. It is fituated before the fcapula, and raifes the arm upwards and forwards. CORACOID. A name given to a procefs of the fcapula; from -oc%%, a cro.v, and uioc, reftjnblance ; becaufe it is fhaped like the beak of a crow. CORDIALS. Medicines are generally fo termed, which poffefs warm and ftimulating properties, and that are given to raife the fpirits ; from c«r, the heart. CORIANDRUM. Coriander. Coriandrum fativum of Linnxus. Every part of the plant has a very offenfive odour ; but upon being dried, the feeds have a tolerably grateful imell, and their tafte is moderately warm, and fiightly pungent. They poffefs a ftomachic and carmina- tive power, and are directed in the infufum amarum, infufum fenna tartarizatum, and fome other compofiiions of the phar- macopoeia'-. CORNEA TRANSPARRNS. The tranfparent portion of the fclerotic membrane, through which the rays of light pafs. See Sclerotic membrane. CORN. Cl'avus. A hardened portion of cuticle, pro- duced by preffure : fo called becaufe a piece can be picked out like a corn of barley. CORONAL SUTURE. The future of the head, that extends from one temple acrofs to the other, uniting the two parietal bones with the frontal. CORONARY VESSELS. The arteries and veins of the heart and ftomach. CORONOID. Proceffes of bones are fo called, that have any refemblance to a crow's beak ; from Kopam, a crow, and uSo;, likenefs. CORPORA CAVERNOSA PENIS. Two fpor.gybod- ies that arife, one from each afcending portion of the ifchium, and form the whole bulk of the penis above the urethra, and terminate obtufely behind its glans. ' G* CORPORA 78 cos CORPORA OL1VARIA. 1 hr-r- cv-ral prom r.cries of the medulla oblongata, that are fhaped like an olive. CORPORA PYRAMIDALIA. Two internal promi- nences of the medulla oblongata. CORPORA STRIATA. So named from their appear- ance. See Ccrcbru-r:. CORPUS LUTEUM. The granulous papilla which is frund in that part of the ovarium of females, from whence an ovum had proceeded ; hence their prefcnee determines t.aat the female has been impregnated; and the number of ti.e corpora lutca corresponds with the number of impregna- tions. It is, however, afferted by a modern writer, that c,r- iora lutea have been detected in young virgins, where no im- pregnations could poflibly have taken place. CORPUS SPONGIOSUM URETHRiE. Subf.a;f.i fpoigiufa urethra. This fubftance originates before the prof- tate gland, furrounds the urethra, and forms the bulb ,- then proceeds to the end of the corpora cavcrnofa, and terminates in the glans penis, which it firms. CORROSIVES. Caufties. Subftancrs are fo called which p«ilefs a power of deftroying the texture of a folid part to which ihey are applied, independent of any mechanical ac- tion ; frci.i corrode, to eat uv.ay. See Caufes. CORRUOATOR SUPERCILII. A mufcle of the in- teguments of the cranium fituated on the forehead. When one mufcie acts, it is drawn towards the other, and projects ever the inner canthus of the eye. When both mufcles act, they pull down the fkin of the forehead, and make it wrin- kle, particularly between the eyebrow. CORTEX. This term is very generally, though improp- erly, given to the Peruvian bark. It appiies to any rind or bark ; from conum, a hide, and tego, to cover. COKYZA. Kop'yx. An incrcafed difcharge of mucus from the nofe. See Ctarrh. COSMETIC. Any application that preferves the beauty and fmi othnefs cf the fkm, is fo called ; from mo-^j,, to besuti-'y. COST^E. c r i 79 COSTJE. The ribs. See Ribs. COTYLOID CAVITY. The acetabulum is fo termed by fome ; from /.orv\n, the name of an old mcafure, and >,:?;, n iemblunce. COUGH. A fonorous concufiion of the thorax, produced by the fudden expulfion of the iufpired air. CO WPER's GLANDS. Three large muciparous glands of the male, two of which are fituated before the proeuta gland und-r the accelerator mufcles of the urine, and the third more forward, before the bulb of the urethra ■. fo called from their difeoverer. CRAMP. A fpafm of a mufcle or mufcles. See Co::- traJura. CRANIUM. The fkuil ; ypxvw, qnafi xonaviov ; from r.xrx. the head See Cap:,:. CRASSAMENTUM. Cruor. Cake. See Blood. CREMASTER. A mufcle of the tefticle, by which it is fufpcnded and drawn up, and eompreffed in the act of coi- tion : y.p.fixu, to fufpend. CRETA. Ch,.lk. See Chalk. CRETACEOUS ACID. See Carbonic acid. CRIBRIFORM. The ethmoid bone is fo called ; from eribrum, a fieve, it being perforated like a fieve. ^ee Eth- Miiid bone. CRICO. Names compounded of this word belong to muf- cles which are attached to the cricoid cartilage. CRICO-ARYTJENOIDEUS LATERALIS. A mufcle of the glottis, that opens the rima glottidis by pulling the lig- aments from each other. CRICO-ARY'IVENOIDEUS POSTICUS. AmufcW the glottis, that opens the rima glottidis a little; and by pull- ing back the arytenoid cartilage, ftretches the ligament fo as to make it tenfc. CRICO-THYROIDEUS. The laft of the fecond layer of mufcles between the os hyoides and trunk, that pulls for- wards So C'R U wards and depreffes the thyroid cartilage, or elevates and draw* backwards the cricoid cartilage. CRICOID CARTILAGES. The round ring-like carti- lages of the larynx ; from xpixo,-, a ring, and .iSo;, refemblance. CRINONES. Comedones. Collections of a fcbaceous fluid in the cutaneous follicles upon the face and breaft, which ap- pear like black fpots, and when preffed out, look like fmall worms, or, as they are commonly called, maggots. CRISIS. The fudden change of fymptoms in acute fe- brile difeafes, indicating recovery or death : r.pio~i; ; from x^ivi, to judge. CRISTA GALLI. An eminence of the ethmoid bone, fo called from its refemblance to a cock's comb. CROCUS. Saffron. The p-epgre 1 ftigmiu of the Cn»- cus fattvus of Linnaeus. Saffron has a powerful, penetrating, diffufive fmell, and a warm, pungent, bitteriih tafte. Many virtues were formerly attributed to this medicine, but little confidence is now placed in it. The Edinburgh College dx-. rects a tincture, and that of London, a fyiup of this drug. CROUP. An inflammation of the trachea. SeeCynamhe trachealis. CRUOR. See Blood. ' CRURA. The plural of crus, a leg or root; applied tq fome parts of the body, from their refemblance to a leg or root : thus, crura cerebri, crura cerebclli, &.C. &C. CRURALIS. A mufcle of the leg, fituated on the fore part of the thigh. Its ufe is to aflilt in the extenfion of the leg. CRURAL HERNIA. Femoral hernia. A tumour un» der the groin, and in the uppcrmoft part of the thigh, arifing from a protrulion of part of an abdominal vifcus under Pu- part's ligament. CRUSTA LACTEA. A difeafe that moftly attacks fome part of the face of infants at the breaft. It is known by an eruption of broad puftules, full of a glutinous liquor, which form white fcabs when they are ruptured. CRYPTiE. C U N 81 CR YPTJE. Krvrrxi ■. from y.rjTT-..; to hide. A term giv- en by aiiatoniifts to the little rounded appearances, at the end of the finall arteries of the cortical fubftance of the kidneys, that appear as if the artery were convoluted upon itfelf. CRYSTALLINE LENT.. A lentiform pellucid body, inclofed in a membranous capfule, called the capfule of the cryftai'.ine lens, and fituated in a peculiar deprefficn in the anterior part of the vitreous humour. Its u!e is to tranf- mit and refr.iet the focus of the rays of light to the vitre- ous humour. <, CUB! I'. the fore arm, or tb?t p?.rt between the bend of t!i.- arm, including the elb^w ai.d wrift. CUBITAL ARTERY. A branch of the brachial that proceeds in the fore arm, and gives off the recurrent and in- teroffeals, and forms the palmary arch, from which arife the digitals. CUBITAL NERVE. Uina nerve. Arifes from the brachial plexus. CUBOIDES CS. A tarfal bone of the foot, fo called from its refemblance ; from xvt-V, a cube, and tiJoc, hketieis. CUCULLAR1S MUSCLE. See Trapezius. CUCUMIS AGRESTIS. Wild or fquirting cucumber. The dried juice of this plant, momardia elate-iam, is the ela- terium of the fhops. It has neither fmell nor tafte, and is the moft powerful cathartic in the whole materia medica. It, efficacy in drupfios ii faid to be confiderable ; it, hive- ever, requires, that great caution be taken to begin with a fmall dofc, i'.ii.f to repeat it at proper intervals. CUMINUM. Cumin. Cum:r„-m cyni irm of L-nnanis. The feedn of cumin, vvhi.h are the only part of the plant in life, have a birterilh r. 'ire, accompanied with an aromatic fla- vour, but not agreeable, 'f hey are, generally, preferred to i he other feeds for external ufc in difcufling i..dolent tu- mours, and give name both to a plafter and oataplafm in the pharmac- pceias. CUNEIFORM. Several bores are fo called; from n- r;."u, u wedge, and forma, likeneli; being fhaped, or iixed in, . ' like 82 C Y N like a wedo-e : fuch are the fphxnoid bone, and fome bones 01 the wrift and foot. CUPFLLATION. The purifying of perfect metals by means of an addition of lead, which at a due heat becomes v;::\:'..ech and promotes the vitrification and calcination of fuch iiriH-riect metals 3s may be in the mixture, fo that thefe iaft are c .rried off in the fuhhle glafs that is formed, and tlie perfect metals axe left nearly pure. The n.inie of this operation is taken from the veffels made ufe of, which are called cupels. CURCUMA. Turmeric. Curcuma lo.-'ga of Linr."i" The root of this plant is imported here in its dried ftate from the Eaft liidics, in various forms. Externally it h; nf a pale yellow colour, wrinkled, folid, ponderous, and the in- ner fubftance of a deep faft'ron or gold colour : its odour is fomewhat fragrant ; to the tafte it is bitterilii, flightly acrid, exciiing a moderate degree of warmth in the mouth, and ( 1 being chewed it tinges the faliva yellow. It is now very fcldom ufed medicinally, but retains a place in our phaina- copu-.i IS. CUTICLE. C-.thuli. Epidermis. Scarf-fkin. A thin, p.hucid, infcnfible membrane, of a white colour, that cov.rd i.nd defcn.ls the 'irwc fkin, with which it is connected by ..he hairs, tvir.h.ig and inhaling veffels. CUTIS. The true fkin. A thick, fibrous, vafcular, and nervous membrane, that covers the whole external furf'aee of the body, and is the liruaticn of the organ of toach, c.I.-L- tion, and in!ialatin:i. CYDONIUM MALUM, the-quince. The tree which affords this fiuit is the /V^.t cydonia of Linnxus. Online* 1. ••.!■; are diiected by the London CML-- to br niade^nto a ia'..eiia ;•-■, which is recommended in aphthous affecUons, and excoriations of the mouth and fcticcs. CYN ANCJIE. Sore throat ; from r-j.-v,a dr-, and tv^-,., to fcffocate. It is a genus of rhk-afc in the clefs/v/v.v..- a-::l order 'Ujmafa of Cullen. It is known by pain and rednefs oi the throat, attended with a difficulty of fwallowing :•::« breeding. i he fpecies of thL d:*e;.fe ;.re, 1. Cynaucbc tr .■- .l.aiis, the croup, a difiafc that n.„Ulv uttu-.ki iiV.a.t,, who arc C Y S 83 are fuddenly feized with difficulty of breathing and a crrup- mg noite : it is an inflammation of the mucous membrane i.f the trachea that induces the iecretion of a very tenaceous a>- agulable lymph, which lines the trachia and bronchia, and impedes refpiration. 2. Cynanche tonfdlaris, when the pain and rednefs attacks the mucous membrane of the fauces, bat more efpecially the tonfils. 3. Cynanche pharyngea, when the pharynx is chiefly affected. 4."Cynanche parotidea. 'I he mumps ; an inflammation of the parotid gland, rendering deglutition difficult. 5. Cynanche maligna. The ulcerated', malignant, putrid fore throat. This is characterized by the deglutition being lefs difficult than in the other fpecies, by fpots of a whitifh or afh colour attacking the tonfils and mu- cous membrane of the fauces, fometimes fpreading all over the throat, at other times forming diftindt ulcers. It is al- ways attended with great proftratiou of ftrength, and typhus freer, and is very contagious. CYNOREXIA. A voracious appetite ; from v.voh a dog, and opitit;, appetite. See Bulimia. CYNOSBATUS. The hip. Rofa carina of Linnxus. The fruit of this tree, called heps or hips, has a fourifh tafte, and obtains a place in the London Pharmacopoeia in the form of conferve. It is feldom employed but to give form to more active remedies. CYSTIC DUCT. The membranous canal'that conveys the bile from the hepatic duct into the gall bladder. CYSTIC ARTERY. A branch of the hepatic. t Y->T 1 n *>. Inflammation of the bladder ; from xur.r, the bladder. A genus of difeafe arranged by Cullen in the clafs pyrexia, and order phl.-gmafa. It is known by oreat pain in the region of the bladder, attended with fever, a hard pulfe, a painful difcharge of urine, and a frequent de- lire to urine. I'YSTOCFI.F. An hernia formed by the protrufion of the urinary bladder. 84 L E L D. "T\ARTOS. The pirt fo called, under the fkin of the ■*~^ icrotunr, is by fome anatomifts confidered as a mufcle, although it.appears to be no mofe than a condenCation of the cellular membrane lining the fcro.tum. It is by means of the dartos that the fkin uf the fcrotuni is corrugated and relaxed. DAUCUS. The carrot. The cultivated root of the Daucus cirota of Linnxus. Scraped, and applied in the form of a poultice, it is an ufefu! application to phagedenic ulcers, and to cancers, and putrid fores. The feeds, which obtain a place in the materia medica, have a light aromatic fmell, and a warm acrid tafte, and are efteemed for their diuretic qualities, and for their utility in calculous and nepiirkic complaints. DECIDUA. Dr. Hunter firft difcovered this very thin and delicate membrane or tunic, which adheres to the gravid uterus, and is iaid to be a reflexion of the chorion, which, on that account, is called decidua rcfiexa. The tunica decidua coniei away after delivery in fmall pieces mixed with the lochia. DECOCTION. Any medicine boiled in a watery fluid ; from decoijuo, to boil. In a chemical point of view it is a continued ebullition with water, to feparate fuch parts of bodies as are only folublc at that degree of heat. DECOMPOSITION. Analyfs. See Chemiftry. DEFLUXION. A difcharge of a fluid from any part ; from de, zndfuo, to run off. DEGLUTITION. A natural action, by which the maf- tjeated bole or a fluid is conveyed from the mouth into the fauces, and from thence through the xfophagus into the ftomach. DELETERIOUS. Thofe fubftances are fo called, which are of a poifonous nature ; from hy. An immoderate flow of urine ; from ? r, through and &?ivi-, to pal's. It is a genus of difeafe i.. the. cLL neunfes and order fpafmi of Cullen. '1 here arc two fr ■•- cics of this complaint : l. Diabetes frofis, in which there is a fuperabundanr d'fcharge <•( limpid urine, of its ufual uri- v. try tafte : 2. Diakt.rs mcllitus, in which the urine is very fweet, and contains a great quantity of fugar. Di M.V ~ES A folution of continuity, or a d.ftru^i'n of parts ; from iiaxv.-. to diffolve. it .a an order in die clafs locales of Cullen's nofolo^y. Hi A PMOREri 3. Perfpiration ; from J.x^r-'- to carry through. DI PHORF.TICS. Medicines which, from being taken internally, increafe the difcharge by the fkin ; fuch ^re ai;t.- inonial and camphorated preparations, whey, nit:e, ike. DIAPHRAGM. Septum tranfveifm. A na/.ir tk.t divides the cavity of the thorax from that of the abdomen ; from i <, and hitI-, to divide. The u'e of this muicle is very confiderable ; it is the principal agent in reiprr ition, particularly in infpiration ; for when it is in action, the ca.- it.y of the thorax is enlarged, particul.ul/ at Lhe f; fill ; p the inereaied {pace. In expiration it is relaxed and pufieJ up by the preffure of the abdominal mufcles upon the ^.f- era of the abdomen ; and at the fame time that they p-c('v it upwards, they \,r.'.l down the ribs, by wh.ch the cuv : r. the thorax is dimiiui'ued, and the air fuddenly j ,iik^d oi.t of the km;;,. DIG 87 DIAPHRAGMITIS, Paraphrenias. An inflammation of the diaphragm. I )T.'. R I', i IICA. A purging ; from I.^c f.-. to flow through. I- ;<; (ii:>;ri"-Tr''>e,| by fr.-quent fWis with the natural excre- ment, not cont gious, anct ielclpm attended with pyrexia. It is a {ice.iui of difcafc in.the clafs neurofes and order fpafmi of Ci.ilei), contai.i ng the following fpecies : I. Diarrhaa crapu- Infa. The feculent diarrhara, from crapulus, one wh ■ over- loads h-s ftomach. 2. D.arrha.i hi it fa. the bilious, from an ine>. cafcd fecrvtion of bile. 3. Diarrhaa mucofa. The mu- cwiis, from a quantity of liime b- ing voided. 4. Diarrhaa 1 cpatirrtaa. '1 fie hepatic, in which there is a qucr.t.cy of fc.oits matter, fome what resembling flefh, voided ; the h\er hi ing primarily affected ; from mc,?, the liver, and pc.-, to f.ow. 5. Diarrhaa lienteria. The lientery ; when the food ] adi.s unchanged. 6. Diarrhai caliaca. t he cceliac paffion ; the food piffe- off in this affection in a white liquid ftate like chyle. 7. Diarrhaa iterini.-.rf.i. Arifing from worms. NEARTHROSIS A moveable connexion of bones ; fiinn ,'n-ji .». , to ailiculiti. This genus has five fpecies, viz, c-arthrofis, artiirodia, gin»Iymus, uuchoides, and amphy- arthrofis. UIA-.' FAS'S. A fcparatioo of the ends df bones ; from s-crvx*, to fcparate. DIASTOLE, the dilatation of the heart and arteries ; fr-.to _'.-e, or d ct:-.ui, to ftretch. Dl/CFJ-IESI's Any particular ftate of the body . ,hx- hr.c from f f-ru-, to ciilj.oie : thus, in iiiflanimatoiy fevr-r, the'r is an !.;'', .mmatory diathefis, and during putriu fever, a putrid diathefis. LTCI AMNUS ALBU5. V/hte fraxini-Ila, or baftard ft'Tir.v. Del'..."inus albus of Linn;eus. '1 he I'm of this y-1 iiris the p.Tt directed for m. cheinal ufe ; vV.cn frefh, it ) :> 1 modi ratty firm?, i-ot difc-a'-e d>fc, fmell. rf>.-e-e;ly 1 was niiulr-afcd a's . lu'iua-.tiic, tonic, ckc. hut is now Ldi-.'i 1 .to diftiie. DN- \bTRICUS. A niur.le r^ call ■•'■ from itshiv.'nrr ttco Lei:.--, -flcm J''., twice, and. j-ti-, a l-tlly, i.tuated ex- tellijlv S3 d i s trrr-illy between the lower jaw and or hyn',J't. Its ufe is to open the mouth by pullir.g fhe lower jaw downwards and backwards ; and when the j.v.s _re fhut, to raife the larynx, and confrquciuly the pharynx, upwards, as in de- glutition. DIGESTION. "I ]:c change that the food undergoes in the ftomach, by which it is converted into chyme. In chem- iftry it is an operation in which fuch matters as nr'- intended to act llowly on each ether, are expofed to a fio-.v heat, con- tinued for fome time. DIGESTIVES. A term applied by furgeons to thofe fub- ftances which, when apphed to an ulcer or wound, promote fuppuration : fuch are the ungucntuM refma fava, ung^tnium elcmi, &C. DIGITALIS. Common fox-glove. Digitalis purpurea of Linnxus. The leaves of this plant have a bitter, naufeons tafte, but no remarkable fmell ; they have been long ufcd externally to ulcers and fcrophulous tumours with confidera- ble advantage. Reflecting the internal ufe cf this plant, we are told of its good effects in epilepfy, fcrophul 1, and phih.'- fis ; and Dr. Withering and others have eflablifhed its repu- tation as a diuretic in dropfies. It is, however, neceffary to obferve, that this remedy muft be cautiouf.y adminiftercd, for the plant is of fo deleterious a nature, that three grains of the dried leaf have been known to produce the moft dreadful tormina. DILUENTS. See Attenuants. DIPLOF.. Meditullium. The fpongy fubftance between the two tables of the fkull ; from dWo.-, to double. F)I PT/iPI A. nfas dupli..,t.,'. A dif. -ife of the eye, in which the perfon fees an object double c> ti-que ; from ..*■>■ -•, to douhle. DIRECTOR. A chimrgiral inftrument, in which there is a groove for the cutting infhument to Aide. DISCUTIENTS. A t,rm ;n r„r^ry ^^^ to thofa fubftances which poffefs a power of i epdlmg or refolving tumours. r© f> DISEASE. LIS' 89 DISEASE. Any a'lt-t 1 it ion from a perfect ftate of health i« 4 difeafe. A difeafe is varioufly termed, when it pervades trie whole- fyftem, and does not depend on any other difcai'c; as a-; inflammatory fever, for inftance : it is called a general • difeafe, to diftiiu'uifh ic f-om inflammation of the eye, or any other vifcus, which is a partial -it local one : and vhtn it d.ies not depend on another dii 'afc, it is termed an idiopathic d'feafe, which may be either general or partial, to difti;rUilh it from a fymptomatic afe'fion, which depends upon another difeafe, and is produced by concent of parti. See alio E,i- uemlc, Epid.mic, Sporadic, &C DISLOCATION. Luxation- The fectfiion of a bone of a moveable articulation from its natural cavity. DISSECTION. The cutting to pieces of any part of an animal or vegetable, fur the purpofe of e\aiui.:iiig its l:: ucture. 1)1 -TICHIASIS. A difeafe of the eye-Lfb, in which there is a double low of hail;;, the one row grown:;, cut- v ji'A, the otivr inwards towards the bulb of the eye ; from e ■. loijc-.u., a doa.de ro»v. DISTILLAT'ON, A ('--.ideal ; rorefs, very like untQ fvsporation,-Tnflituted to icpaiate the vcl.t.le fiom the fi\cd principles by means-of-bent. L'ifi illatoiy vcikls are eithi i si-nibics or retoits ; the former conlift ol an inferior vellcl, r-.ift.ti .a cucurbit, defined to contain the matter to be exam.- i- .-.:, and haviog an uj-per p.ut fixed to it, caded the capital i.-r head. In this laft die vapours are condenfed by the con- fact of the firrounding air. or in other cafes by 'the afiift- anre of c» ui waicr- furroundiiig the head, and contained in 1 v.fkl called a rc-fri* eiatory. lnm the lower part of the r. rjul pro. <.••;'•= a tube, failed the nofe, beak, or fpout, •hr'Hiffli vl'.ich tile vapours, ;'it*T condemnation, are, hy a T/o-txr fit ..e (1 ik capital, made, to flow into a vcflei culled ihe recriver, vli,..h is i.iiidlly fpherical. thefe receivers have ditferent names, accruing to their fif.ure, being called reoituafk.-, bu!h r.ns, &c. Retorts are a kind of bottle, of gbd», pottery, or metal, the bottom being fpherical, and the v\ per part gradually diminifninv; ii.to a l.ccl., wlu.h is turned «i. c.l fide. II 2 DIURESIS. 90 D V s DlUREo.S. An inereafed ferret ion of urine ; from 2.x, through, and pm, to flow. See Diabetes. DIURETICS. Thofe medicines or fubftances are fo called, which, when taken internally, augment the flow of urine" from the kidneys ; from j.-*, and vr^», urine. DOLICHOS. Cowage. Dolichos prvriens of Linnxus. The pods of this plant are covered with fharp hairs, which are the parts employed medicinally as anthelmintics, on which account they are admitted into the Edinburgh Phar- macopoeia. . DRASTIC. A term generally applied to thofe medicines which are very violent in their aition ; thus, draftic purges, emetics, &c. ; from ipxc-riy;, active, brifk. DROPSY. See Afcites, Amfirca, Hydrocephalus, Hydro- cele, &C. DULCAMARA. Woody nightftiade, or bitter-fweet. Solanum dulcamara of L'inseu-'. The ftipites or younger branches are directed for ufe in the Edinburgh Pharmaco- poeia. Dulcamara does not rruiufrft thole narcotic qualities, which are common to many of the nigjufhades, but, when properly managed, is a very powerful and efficacious remedy. It is recommended in rheumatiim, cutaneous affections, &c. and is faid to act powerfully a? a diuretic. DUODENUM. The firft portion r>f the fmall inteftines, fo called from its being about twelve fingers breadth in length. See Inteftines. DURA MATER. Dura meninx. A thick membrane, formed of two layers, that furrounds and defends the brain, and adheres ftrongly to the internal furface of the cranium. It has three confiderable procefles, the falciform, the tento- rium, and the feptum certbelli ; and feveral finufles, of which the longitudinal, lateral, and inferior longitudinal, are the principal. DYSESTHESIA. The fenfes injured or deftroyed by the imperfections of the organs ; from JurxurSr.cix, lofs of fenfation. It is an order in the clafs locales of Cullen's nofu- logical arrangement. DYSCINESIiE. D. Y S. 91 DYSC111 T.SIJE. Motion impeded, or depraved, from an imperfection of the organ ; from JV, bad, and "\\cS, to move. An order in the clafs locales of Cullen's nofology. DYSF.CO ~\. Hearing diminifhed or deftroyed ; from ^•/e, difficult, and a>n, heading. A genus of difeafe in the clafs locales and order dyfafhcf YSPII0\' T A. A difficulty of fpeaking ; from Svc, bad, and fw, the voice. DYSPHNGSA. Continual difficult rcfpiration, without fcnfc of ftricture, and accompanied with cough through the whole courfe of the difeafe ; from tv<, difficult, and «;«. to bic.the. A genus of difeafe in the clafs neumfes and order fl>d, infoluble, and infulible ; and therefore thty admit but of two earths, which are equally fimple and ele- mentary. The one is that which conftitutes rock cryftal, quartz, grit-ftone, flints, and all hard ftones whieh ftrike fire with ftcel, and is called vitrifiab.'e earth, becaufe it is the only earth that forms a tranfparuit glafs by combination with id- kalis. The other is termed argillaceous earth, which in a ftate of purity is almoft opake, and dilpofed in thin plates or laminae. It is taftelefs, like vitnfiable earth, but adheres to the tongue. EBULLITION. 94 E L E EBULLITION. Boiling. This confifts in the change which a fluid undergoes from a ftate of liquidity to that of an aeriform fluid or gas, in confcquence of the application of heat, which dilates it, and converts it into the galeous ftate. KCCilYV'W \ Euhymofs. Ext.avafation. Contu- fion. A black and blue fwelling, either from a bruiiie cr from a morbid extio-vefarior of blood ; >» -^ e.. ax, an extra- vale tion of blood. A genus of difeafe in the clafs locales and order tumores cf Cullen. ECCOPROTJCS. Ooenirg medirises, whofe operation is very gentle : fuch as manna, cUilaam.m e ccffia, &t. ECTOPIA. Parts difplaced ; from i«-th out pf its fituation. It conftitutes an order in the clafs locales of Cur- lea's nofology. ECTROPIUM, An extraverfion of an eye-lid, fo that its internal furface is outermoft : from .y.1gi-rv, to invert. EFFLORESCENCE. A preternatural rednefs of the fkin. In chemiftry it means that phenomenon which takes place upon cryftais, producing a whits powder, when ex- pofcd to air. EFFLUVIA. A fynonim of contagion. See Contagion. EGGS. The eggs of poultry are chiefly ufed as food t the different parts are likewifc employed in pharmacy and in medicine ; the calcined fhell is efteemed as an abforbent: the oil of the egg is foftening, and is ufed externally to burns and chaps. f he yolk of the egg renders oil niifcinle with water, and is triturated with refinous and other fubftances. ELASTIC FLUID. A fynonim of gas. See Gas. ELASTIC GUM. See Indian rubber. ELATERIUM. '1 he juice of the Cucumis agrcftis. See Cucumis. ELECTRL ITY. A property which certain bodies pof- fefs when rubbed, heated, or excited, whereby they i-ttract remote bodies, and frequently emit fparks or ft ream? of light. The ancients firft obfcrved this property in amber, which they E M B 95 they called ehSrum, and hence arofe the word electricity. '1 he efficacy of electricity in the cure of feveral difeafes has been fupportcd by many very refpectable authorities, efpe- cially in paralytic difeafes. It confiderably augments the circulation of the blood, and excites the action of the ab- forbciits. ELECTRUM. E.\^7^r. Amber was fo called by the ancients. ELECTUARY. A med-cine containing feveral ingre- dier.ts that are -».::_d together by a Maid into the confidence of honey. ELEMENTS. The minuted particles of any fubftance, which can no further be divided by chemical a-ualyhs : fuch are oxygene, hydii gei.e, azoie, caioric, matter of k^ht, car- bone, <5cc. F.LEMI. Gum elen-.i. The parent plant of this reftn is not afcertained. Elemi is brought here from the . paiiifti Weft Indies ; it is moft cfteenied when foftifh, fomewhat tranfparent, of a pale whitifii colour, inclining a little to green, and of a ftrong, though not unplcafant fmeli. It is cr.ly ufed in ointments and plafters, and is a power- ful digeftive. ELEPHANTIASIS. F.L-pbit. A difeafe that moftly af- fects the feet, which appear fomewhat like thofe of the ele- phant ; from \mc, an ejephant. It is known by the fkin being thick, rough, wrinkly, unctuous, and void of hair, and ftioftly without the ftnfs of feeling. It is faid to be conta- gious Cullen makes it a genus of difeafe in the clais ca- chexia and order impdigines. ELEVATOR. A chirurgicar inftrument with which fur- geons raifc ar.y deprefLd portion of bene, but chiefly thofe 6f the cranium. ELY TRO'D. The tunica vaginalis is fo called by fotne writers, becaufe it indices the teitis like a fheath ; iroin iKvaTpm, a fheath, and ;i.-.'ob, form. EMBROCATION. A fluid application to rub any part of the body wiih ; from i^..p■ y^, to moiften or foak in. EMBRYO. 96 E M P EMBRYO. Thefatu, in utero is fo called before the fifth month of pregnancy ; from ;v, in, and 'Ipv., to bud forth, be- caufe its growth refembles that of the budding of a plant. K VI ft RYO F'"»MY. The feparating of feveral parts of the fcctus whiift in utero, to extract it ; from «^,.rj,i-, a foe- tus, and r,y..u, to cut. EMETICS. Under this name are to be confidered thofe medi ines which, taken into the ftomach in a found ltan, are capable of exciting vomiting ; from i/a. •«, to vomit: fuch are antiiucniam tartarizatum, zincum vilriolatum, ipecacuanha, nicotiana, ckc. KMVirN -XCOGURS Thofe medicines that poffefs a power of promoting that monthly difcharge of blood by the uterus, which, from the laws of economy, fhould take place in certain conditions of the female fyltcm ; from n, in, /a.n, a month, and xy-ai, to draw : fibina, tenacetum, aloe*,ferrum, &c. poffefs more or lefs this property. EMOLLIENTS. Thofc fubftances which poffefs a power of relaxing the living animal fibre, without producing that effect from any mechanical action :- fuch arc arua npiaa, oUa blanda, adeps fuilla, opium, &C. F.MPHYSEMA. Air in the cellular membrane ; from [//.fi/a-aa, to inflate. See Piuumatof.s. FMPRO^THOFONCK- A clonic fpafm of feveral mufcles, fo as to keep the body in a fixed pofition and bait forward ; from !fa.rp^-'.t., before, forwards, and re.v., to draw. Cullen coufiders it as a fpecies of tetanus. See TetJtiKs. EMPYEMA. A collection of pus in the cavity of the thorax ; from ;v, within, and *t-;», pus. It L one of the ter- minations of pleuritis. EMPYREITMA. The offenfive fmell that diftilled wi- ters and other fubftances receive from being expofcd too much to fire ; from tfa.t\jpou, to kindle, and zevL:, fire. EMPYREUMATIC. Smelling as it were burnt ; thus empyreumatic oils are thofe diftilled w.ih a great he:,:, ai.d impregnated with a fmell of ike lire. EMULGENT E N E 97 EMULCENT VESSELS. Renal veffels. the veffels of the kidneys arc fo teimed ; from emulgco, to milk out, be- caufe the ancients fuppofed they milked the ferum from the blood, t he ertiulgent artery is a branch of the aorta. The emulgent vein evacuates its blood into the afcending cava. The abforbents of the kidneys proceed to little glands in the neighbourhood, and from thence to the thoracic duct. EMULSION. A foft and fomewhat oily medicine re- fembling milk. EMUNCTORY. The excretory ducts of the body are fo termed ; from cnungo, to drain away : thus the exhaling arteries'of the fkin conflitute the great emunctory of the body. EN A RT H R 0 S1S. The ball and focket joint. A fpe- ric s of diarthrofis, or moveable connexion, in which the round head of one bone is received into the deep cavity of another, fo as to admit of motion in every direction ; as the head of the os femoris with the acetabulum of the os innominatum ; from £v, in, and apfi-w, a joint. ENCANTHIS. An excrefcence or intumefcence of the lachrymal caruncle, which is fituated in the inner angle or canthus of tlie eye ; from iv, in, and xan.u,, the angle of the eye. ENCAUMA. Encaufs. A puftule produced from a burn ; from ;v, in, and y.aiu, to burn. ENCEPHALON. By fome writers the cerebrum only is fo called ; and others exprefs by this term the contents of the cranium ; from sv, in, and xfpaxu, the head. ENDEMIC. A difeafe is fo termed that is peculiar to a certain clafs of perfons, or to a nation ; from ev, in, and S:\fMc, people : thus ftruma is endemial to the inhabitants of Derbyshire and the Alps ; fcurvy to fea-faring people, ~nd the nlica pblonica is only to be met with in Poland. ENEMA. Clyfter. Injection. A glyfter ; from ww, to inject. ENERGY. Action. The degree of force exercifed by any power ; thus, nervous'energy, mufcular energy, eke. ; from wr-yix, to act. I ENSIFORM 98 E N U ENSIFORM CARTILAGE. Ziphoidcartilage. Afmall fword-like, and fometimes bifurcated cartilage, attached to the end of the fternum ; from enfu, a fword, and forma, re- femblance. ENTERITIS. Inflammation nf the inteftines; from sv7i»-v, an inteftine. It is a genus of difeafe in the clafs py- rexia and prder phLgmafa pf Cullen, and is knpwn by the prefcnce of pyrexia, fixed pain in the abdomen, coftivenefs, and vomiting. E.\' rE'. .\U.-, a f'woon. It is a genus of difeafe in the clafs iu tafs and order fpafmi of Cul- len, and contains nine fpecies ; i. Epilepfia traumatica, arifing from an injury of the head : ^. Epilepfia a dolore, from pain : 3. Epilepfia verminofa, from the irritation of worms : 4. Epi- lepfia a veneno, from poifons : 5. F.p'lepfia exanthematica, from the repulfion of cutaneous eruptions : 6. Epilepfia a cruditate ventriculi, from crudities ol the ftomach : 7. Epilepfia ah ICO E P U inanitione, from debility : 8- Epilepfia uterina, from hyfterical affections : 9. Epilepfia etc onanifmo, from onanifm. EPIPHORA. The watery eye. A* involuntary flow of tear, ; from jt.jtt, a flood. A genus of difeafe in the clafs locales and order apocenofes of Cullen. KPTPMY IS. Any portion of bone growing upon an- other, but fcparated from it by a cartilage ; from t-n, upon, and ;••./.:, to grow. EPIPOLJil.E. An omental hernia. A rupture pro- duced by the protrufion of a portion of the omentum ; from etitawjv, the omentum or epiploon, and y.nh.r., a tumour. EPIPLOIC APPENDAGES. See Appendicule epiploic*. EPIPLOITIS. An inflammation of the procefs of the peritoneum, that forms the epiploon or omentum. ••<:* Peritonitis. EPIPLOON. The omentum ; from <~n>.-*>, to fail over ;. becaufe it is moftly found floating, as it were, upon the in- teftines. See Omentum. EPISCllRSES. A fuppreffion of excretions : wrv'n-, retention. It is an order in the clafs locales of Cullen's nofology. EPISPASTICS. Thofe fubftances which increafc the ac- tion of the veffels, in thofe parts of the furface pf the body to which they are applied, in fuch a manner as tp prpduce an efflux of fluids there ; from in, an'd o-rx,-.-, to draw : of this nature are cantharidcs,femina finapi, ammonia, &C. FPIS'FAXIS. Bleeding at the nofc, with pain, or fulnefs of the head. A genus of difeafe arranged by Cullen in the clil, pyrexia and prder hamorrhagia. KP0L1S. An excrefcence growing from the gums; from 11, and v.\x, the gums. EPULOriCS. A term given by furgcons to thofc ap- plications which promote the formation of fkin ; from : Ta«., to cicatrize. ERECTOR ESC 101 ERECTOR CLITORIDIS. A mufcle of the clitoris that draws it downwards and backwards, and ferves to make the body of the clitoris more tenfe, by fqueezing the blood into it from its crus. ERECTOR PENIS. A mufcle of the penis that drives the urine or fcmen forwards, and, by grafping the bulb of the urethra, puihes the blood towards the corpus cavernoium and the glands, and thus diftends them. ERRHTNE- By errhines are to be underftood thofe medicines which, wnen topically applied to the internal menbrane of the npfe, excite freezing, and increaie the fecre- tion, independent of any mechanical irritation ; from v, in, and p good, and ns^rh, to digeft. FUPHORBIUM. An inodorous gum-ref;n in yellow tears, which have the appearance of being worm-eaten : it is imported from Ethiopia, Libya, and Mauritania. It con- tains an active refin, and is very feldom employed but as an errhine. EVAPORATION. The volatilization of a fluid by means of heat, with accefs of air, in order to diminilh its fluidity, or to obtain any fixed falts it may hold in folution, or di- minifh the quantity of a refiduum. In this manner the wa- ter of the fca is evaporated, and the fait obtained, and de- ooctions made into extracts. EXANTHEMA. An eruption upon the fkin : i?xv%fi*, a puftule. Cullen makes exanthemata an order in the clafs pyixia. It includes contagious difeafes, beginning with fe- ver, and followed by an eruption on the fkin. EXCRESCENCE. Any preternatural formation of flefb. KXOM PH A" LU^. An umbilical hernia ; from $,, out, and oy.fatoc, the navel. EXOPHTHALMIA. A fwelling or protrufion of the bulb of the eye to fuch a degree, that the eyelids cannot cover it ; from (£, out, and ophx\ia.oe, the eye. EXOSTOSIS. Hyperoftofs. A morbid enlargement,or hard tumour of a bone ; from (£, and or.ov, a bone. A ge- nus EXT I03 nus of difeafe arranged by Cullen in the clafs locales and or- der tumors. EXPFCTOR \NTS. Under this title are to be confid- ered thofe medicines which can, with fafety, be employed to increafc the difcharge of mucus from the lungs ; as fcilla, ammonia-cum, ..Ilium, nitoiiana, &C. EXPIRATION. That part of refpiration in which the air is thruft out from the lungs ; from expiro, to breathe. See Rrfpiratlj". EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS BREVIOR. An ex- t.nfor mufcle of the carpus, fituated on the fore arm, that brings the hand backwards. EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGIOR. An ex- tcnlbr mufcle of the carpus, fituated on the fore arm, that acts in conjunction with the former, EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS. An extenfor mufcle of the carpus, fituated on the fore arm, that affiles the former. EXTENSOR DIGITORUM COMMUNIS. A muf- cle fituated on the fore arm, that extends all the joints of the fingers. EXTENSOR LONGUS DIGITORUM PEDIS. A mufcle fituated pn the leg, that extends all the joints of the four fmall toes. EXTENSOR OSSIS METACARPI POLLICIS MA- NUS. A mufcle of the thumb, fituated on the hand, that extends the metacarpal bone of the thumb outwardly. EXTENSOR PRIMI INTERNODII. A mufcle of the thumb, fituated on the hand, that extends the firft bone of the thumb obliquely outwards. EXTENSOR PROPRIUS POLLICIS PEDIS. An ex- tenfor mufcle of the great toe, fituated on the foot. EXTENSOR SECUNDI INTERNODII. A mufcle of the thumb, fituated on the hand, that extends the laft joint of the thumb obliquely backwards. EXTRAVASATION. See Ecchymofs. EYK. IC4 EYE EYE. Oculus. The eye, or organ of viflon, is fituated in a focket called the orbit, at the fide of the root of the nofe, that is compofed of feven bones, viz. the frontal, fuperior maxillary, jugal, lachrymal, palatine, ethmoid, and fphxnoid, which almoft furround and defend it. Anatomifts have di- vided the foft parts which form the eye into external and internal. The external parts are the fupercilia or eye-brows, palpebra or eye-lids, cilia or eye-lafhes, lachrymal gland, lachrymal caruncle, nafal duct, mufcles of the bulb of the eye, and the fat of the orbit. The internal parts are thofe which form the bulb, or eye, properly fo called : they confift of five membranes, viz. the fclerptic, chproid, retina, hya- loid, and capfule of the cryftalline lens ; two ch mbers, one anterior, the other pofteripr ; and three humours, the aque- ous, cryftalline lens, and vitreous humour. The arteries of this vifcus are the internal orbital, the central, and optic ar- tery. The veins empty themfelves into the external jugur krs. The nerves are the optic, and branches from the third, fourth, fifth, and fixth pair. F A S 105 F. TJ" f, or fr. In a prefcription they are abbreviations of -*-•/? -t, or f ant, let it pr them be made ; thus,y. bolus, let the fubftance or fubftances prefcribed be made into a bolus. FACE, t he bones of the face are divided into thofe of the upper and under jaw. The upper jaw cor.fifts of thir- teen bones, viz. two fuperior maxillary, two jugal, two nafal, two lachrymal, two inferior fpongy, two palatine, and the vomer. The under jaw is formed of one bone, the inferior maxillary bone. The mufcles of the face are thofe of the eye-lids, eye-ball, nofe, mouth, and lips. FAECES. The plural of fax. The.alvine excretions. FAINTING. See Syncope. FALCIFORM PROCESS. The falx. A procefs of the dura mater, that arifes from the crifta galli, feparates the hemifpheres pf the brain, and terminates in the tentorium ; from falx, a fey the, and forma, refemblance. FALX. The fa'ciform procefs of the dura mater. FASCIA. A bandage, fillet, or roller ; hence the apo- neurotic expanfions of mufcles, which bind parts together, are termed fafcia. FASCIA LATA. A thick and ftrong tendinous expan- fion lent off from the back, and from the tendons of the glu- tei and adjacent mufcles, to furround the mufcles of the thigh. It is the thickeft on the putfide pf the thigh and leg, but towards the infide of both becomes gradually thinner. A little below the trochanter major, it is firmly fixed to the linea afpera ; and farther down, to that part of the head of the tibia that is next the fibula, where it fends off the tendi- nous expanfion along the outfide of the leg. It ferves to ftrengthen the action of the mufcles by keeping them firm in their proper places when in action, particularly the ten- dons that pafs pver the joints where this membrane is thickeft. FASCIAL NERVES. The eighth pair of nerves are fo mikd. They arifc from the fourth ventricle of the brain, pafs io6 F E B pafs through the petrons portion of the temporal bone to the temples, where they divide into feveral branches. FAT. Adeps. A concrete oily matter contained in the cellular membrane of animals, of a white or yellowifh col- our, with little or no fmell or tafte. It differs in all animals in folidity, colour, tafte, &c. and likewifc in the fame animal at different ages. In infancy it is white, infipid, and not very folid ; in the adult it is firm and yellowifh, and in ani- mals pf an advanced age its cplpur is deeper, its confiftence various, and its tafte in general ftronger. Fat meat is nour- iftiing to thofe that have ftrong digeftive powers. It is ufcd externally as a fpftening remedy, and enters into the compo- fitipn nf ointment and plafters. FATUITAS. Foolifhnefs. A fynonim of Amentia. FAUCES. A cavity behind the tongue, palatine arch, uvula, and tpnfils ; from which the pharynx and larynx proceed. FEBRIFUGE. A medicine that poffeffes the property of abating the violence of any fever ; from febris, a fever, and fugo, to drive away. FEBRES. An order in the clafs pyrexia of Cullen, cha- racterized by the pretence of pyrexia, without primary or local affection. FEBRIS INTERMITTENS. An intermittent fcver or ague. A genus pf difeafe in the clafs pyrexia and order febres. It is known by cold, hot, and fweating ftages in fuc- ceffion, attending each paroxyfm, and followed by an irter- miflion or remiffion. I here are three fpecies of this difeafe, viz. I. Intermittens quotidiana, a quotidian ague, t he parox- yfms return in the morning at an interval of about twenty. four hours. 2. Intermittens tertiana, a tertian ague. The paroxyfms commonly come on at mid-day, at an interval of about forty-eight hours. 3. Intermittens quart ana, a qu?rtan ague. The paroxyfms come on in the afternoon, with an pterval of about feventy-two hours. FEBRIS CONEINUA. A continued fever. A genus of difeafe in the clafs pyrexia and order phlegmafx of Cullen. It r e r: icy It has no bntermifaon, but exacerbations come oh twice in one day. The fpecies of continued fever are : i. Synocha. Inflammatory fever, known by increafcd heat ; pulfe fre- quent, ftrong, and hard ; urine high coloured ; fenfes not much impaired. 2. Typhus, which is contagious, and is characterized by moderate heat ; quick, weak, and fmall pulfc ; fenfes much impaired, and great proftration of ftrength. Typhus ha* four varieties, viz. 1. Typhus pete- chiali:, typhus with petechia : 2.' Typhus mitior, the ner- vous fever : 3. Typhus gravior, the putrid fever : 4. Ty- phus ilterodes, the yellow fever. ' FEBRIS HECTICA. A genus of difeafe in the clafs pyrexia and order febres of Cullen. It is known by exacer- bations at noon, but chiefly in the evening, with llight re- miifions in the morning, after nocturnal fweats ; the urine depofiting a furfuraceo-latcritious fediment; appetite good; thirft moderate. Hectic fever is fymptomatic of chlorofis, fcrophula, phthifis, difeafcd vifcera, ike. \ FECULA. A dry, pulverent, infipid, white, grev, or varioully coloured fubftance, infoluble in water, and of an earthy appearance, obtained by certain proceffes from vege- tables ; fuch are ftarch, fago, falep, &c. FEMUR. Os femoris. The thigh bone. A long cylin- drical bone, fituaied between the pelvis and tibia. Its up- per and rounded eminence is called the head, below which are two rough eminences, the gieat and fmall trochanter. The two eminences on the inferior extremity are termed condyles. FERMENTATION. A fpontaneous commotion in a vegetable fubftance, by which its properties are totally changed. There are feveral circumlfances required in or- der that fermentation may proceed ; fuch are, 1. A cer- tain degree of fluidity ; thus dry lubftances do not fer- ment at all: 2. A certain degree of heat: 3. The contact of air. Chemifts, after Boerhaave, have diftinguifhed three kinds of fermentation : the fpirituous, which affords ardent fpirit ; the acetous, which affords vinegar, or acid ; and the pitrid fermentation, or putrefaction, which produces vola- tile alkali. The conditions neceffary for fpirituous fer- mentation *IC*8 "F I R mentation are, i. A faccharine nueii.e^e : 2. A drgre'e'of fluidity nightly vii'cid : 3. A degree of neat between «^ and 65 of Fahrenheit: 4. A large mafs, in which a r;.rmhcom- motion may bt excited. When tliefe four conditions, are united, the fpirituous fermentation takes place, ,oicl is known bv the following characteriftic phenomena : *i.-An inteftine motion takes place : 2. The bulk of the mixture then becomes augmented : 3. The tranfparency of the fluid is diminifhed by opake filaments : • 4. Heat is gen- erated : 5. The folid parts mixed with the liquor rife and float in confcquencc of the diftiigagemtnt of ciaftic fluid : 6. A large quantity of cretaceous acid gas is dii'cnga ;ed by bubbles. All thefe phenomena gradually ceafc in p-oiior- tion as the liquor lofes its fweet and mild tafte, and he- comes brilk, penetrating, and capable of producing intoxi- cation. In this manner wine, beer, cider, ckc. arc made. FERRUAI. Iron. See Iron. -> FIBRE. A very fine liinple filament, (•ompnfcd of earthv particles, connected together by an intermediate gluten. It is owing to the different arrangements of the fibres that thc.ccfttiLi. iimcu're, membranes, mulch s, vef- fels, nerves, ■•intL-Hr*?liCfit*.ceciy part of the 1>jc; , eeccpt the fluids, are formed. FIBULA. A long bflftcof-tkc leg, fituatud op-thc outer fidf-of the tibia, aiid \yblcai f'tirnvf-at its knve-r end, the outer ancle. -- • • . -.» FICUS. A-'ftefliy cxcrefcence about the anus, in figure refciubiing a fig....•-.;; FILIX. Male polypody,'or fern. P-dypodirm flix mas of linnxus. The root 01 ibis plaflt has lately been greatly celebrated for its effects upon the t.:nia rfculis fupertifalibus, or broad tape-worm. M. clam Noufcr acquired great ce- lebrity by employing it ae a fpeciric. In this country it is of little or no advantage. FlMBR.cE. The extremities of the Fallopian tubes. FIRE. " A very limplc and active clement, the principal agent in na"ture to balance the power and na.ru ral tflj^t of attraction. .There iuve.been feveral theories prbpofc J re- " • lpcctiug FEE IO9 fpecting fire, but no one as yet is general'y received. It is, therefore, at prefcnt only known by its effects, namely, light, heat, rarefaction, phlogifton, &c. FISSURE. That fpecies of fracture in which the bone is flit, but not divided. FISTULA. A term in furgery, applied to a long and fmous ulcer that has a narrow opening, and fometimes leads to a larger cavity. FIXED AIR. See Carbonic acid. FLAMMULA JOVIS. Upright virgin's bower. Cle- matis recla of Linnaeus. More praifes have been beftowed upon the virtue which the leaves of this plant are faid to poffefs, when exhibited internally as an anti-venereal, by for- eign phyficians, than its trials in this country can juftify. The powdered leaves are fometimes applied externally to ul- cers as an efcharotic. FLEXOR ACCESSORIUS DIGITORUM PEDIS, feu MASSA CARNEA JACOBI SYLVII. A mufcle fituated en the leg, that aflifts the fiexor. FLEXOR BREVIS DIGITORUM PEDIS. A flexor mufcle of the toes, fituated on the leg. FLEXOR BREVIS MINIMI DIGITI PEDIS. A mufcle, fituated on the foot, that bends the little toe. FLEXOR BREVIS POLLICIS MANUS. A mufcle, fituated on the hand, that bends the firft joint of the thumb. FLEXOR BREVIS POLLICIS PEDIS. A mufcle, fit- uated on the foot, that bends the firft joint of the great toe. FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS. A mufcle, fituated on the cubit or fore arm, that bends the hand and aflifts in its pronation. FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS. A mufcle, fituated on, the cubit or fore arm, that aflifts the former. FLEXOR LONGUS DIGITORUM PEDIS, PRO- FUNDUS, PERFORANS. A flexor mufcle of the toes, fituated on the leg, that bends their laft joints. LEXoa 110 F CE N FLEXOR LONGUS POLLICIS MANUS. A muf- cle, fituated on the hand, that bends the laft joint of the thumb. FLEXOR LONGUS POLLICIS PEDIS. A mufcle, fituated on the foot, that bends the laft joint of the great toe. FLEXOR OSSIS METACARPI POLLICIS, feu OP- PONENS POLLICIS. A mufcle, fituated on the hand, that brings the thumb inwards, oppofite to the other fingers. FLEXOR PARVUS MINIMI DIGITI. A mufcle, fituated on the hand, that bends the little finger, and aflifts the addudtor. FLEXOR PROFUNDUS PERFORANS. A mufcle, fituated on the fore arm, that bends the laft joint of the fingers. FLEXOR SUBLIMES PERFORATUS. A mufcle, fituated on the fore arm, that bends the fecond joint of the fingeiw. * FLU ATS (Fluas, tis,f m.) Salts formed by the fluoric acid, cpmbined with different bafes ; thus, fiuat of alumine, fuat of ammoniac, &.C. FLUID. A fluid is that fubftance, the ennftituent prin- ciples of which fo little attract each other, that when poured out, it drops guttatim, and adapts itfelf, in every refpect, to the form of the veffel containing it. FLUOR SPAR. Vitreous fpar. Sparry fluor. A fpe- cies of" fair which abounds in nature, formed by the combi- nation of the fparry acid with lime. It is called fpar, bc- «.aufe it ha.-, the fparry form and fracture ; fluor, becaufe.it nicits very readily ; and vitreous, becaufe it has the appear- ance of glafs, and may be fufcd into glafs of no contempti- ble appearance. FLUOR ALEUS. See Leucorrbaa. FLUX. SeeDyfentery. FGENICULUM DULCE. Common fennel. Anethum fxniculam of Linnxus... 'f he feeds and roots of this indige- i.c-us plant are directed by the colleges of London and Edin- - - burgh. F"0 N III burgh. The feeds have an aromatic fmell, and a warm fweetifli tafte, and contain a large proportion of effential oil. They are ftomachic and carminative. The root has a fweet tafte, but very little aromatic warmth, and is faid to be pec- toral and diuretic. F.CENUM GRiECUM. Fenugreek. Trigonella fcenum gracum of Linnxus ; a native of Montpelier. The feeds are brought to us from the foutheru parts of France and Ger- many : they have a ftrong difagr^eable fmell, and an unc- tuous farinaceous tafte, accompanied with a flight bitternefs. They are efteemed as affifting the formation of pus, in in- flammatory tumours ; and the.meal, with that intention, is made into a poultice with milk. F02TUS. The child, inclofed in the uterus of its mother, is called a foetus from the fifth month after pregnancy until the time of its birth. The internal parts pe-euliar to the foetus are the thymus gland, cinalis venpfus. car.alis arterio- les, foramen ovale, valve of Euftachius, and the membrana pupillaris. Bclidcs thefe peculiarities, there are other cir- cumftances in which the foetus d'ffers from the adult. The lungs are black and collapfed, and fink in water ; the liver is very large ; all the glands, efpecially the thymus and fu- prarenal, and the vermiform procefs of the caecum, are ali<» confidently larger i:i proportipn. 1 he re.-th of the fetus are hid within their fockets ; the great intcfthes contain a fubftance called meconium ; the membrana tympani is cov- ered with a kind of mucous membrane, and the bones in many places arc cartilaginous. FOLLICLE. A fmall membraneous receptacle. FOI.LICULOSE GLAND. A gland which confifts of a hollow vafcular membrane, and has an excretory duct; as the muciparous and febacious glands. FONTANELLA. The fontanel. The membranous fpace between the frontal bone and anterior and luperlor an- gles of the parietal bones. FONTICUI.US. An iffue. An artificial ulcer formed in any part, and kept difcharging by intrpducing daily a pea, cpveied with any digeftive ointment : a diminutive of for.s, a fountain. FORAMEN XI2 T R JZ FORAMEN. A little opening. FORAMEN CflECUM. A fingle opening in the bafis of the cranium, between the ethmoid and the frontal bone, that gives exit to a fmall vein. FORAMINA LACERA. A pah- of foramina in the bafis of the cranium, through which the internal jugular veins, and the eighth pair of acceffary nerves pafs, FORAMEN OVALE, the opening between the two auricles of the heart of the foetus. See alfo Os innominatum. FOR MI ATS (Formias, tisj. m.) Salts produced by the vnion of the fprmic acid with different bafes r thus,formiat of alumine, formiat of ammoniac, &C FORMIC ACID. The acid nf ants was known to Tra- gus, Bauhine, Fifher, Etmuller, Hoffman, and many others. It is obtained chiefly from the red ant, Formica rufa of Lin- naeus, by diftiliing them in a retort, and by warning them in boiling water. When rectified and rather concentrated, it has a penetrating fmell, and is corrofive ; and its tafte is fo 2greeable when greatly diluted with water, that it has been propofed to be ufed inftead of vinegar. FORNIX. The medullary body, compofed of three cru- ra, fituated at the bottom of the ventricles, under the icptmu lucidum. FOSSA- Fovea. A little depreffion or finus. FRACTURE. A fracture is a fruition of a bone into two or more fragments. Affyx-it*, to wafh the throat. GAS. F.l-aH-ic fluid. Aeriform fluid. Elaftic vapour. Modern chemifts have given this name to bodies which have the appearance of air, though they do not poffefs all its prop- erties. A gas is a compound body, formed by the union of a bafis, more or lefs folid, with caloric ; thus when the mat- ter of heat enters into combination with certain bodies, it volatilizes them, and reduces them to the ftate of gas. It appears that all bodies do not require indifcriininattly the fame quantity of caloric to affume the gafeous ftate : and to reduce any fubftance to the ftate of gas, the application of caloric may be made in various ways. The more funple method confifts in placing the body in contact with another body, which is heated. In this fituation, the heat, on one hand, diminifhes the affinity of aggregation, by feparating the conftituent principles tn a greater diilance from each other ; pn the Pther hand, the heat unites to the principles with whieh it has the ftrongeft affinity, and volatilizes them. Another method is, when one bpdy is caufcd tp act upon another, tn troducea combination, in which a difengage- ment of feme gafeous principles takes, place : for example, the fulphuric acid is poured upon the oxide of marganefe ; the ii; the acid combines with the metal, while its caloric fe!?e* the oxygene and riles with it. This principle takes place not only in this inftance, but on all occafions wherein, an opera- tion being performed without the application of heat, there is a production cf vapour or gas. GASTRIC JUICE. A fluid fcparated by the capillary exhaling arteries of the ftomach, which open upon its inter-; nal tunic. The ecfrphagus alfo affords a fmall quantity, especially in the inferior part. Modern philosophers have paid great attention to this fluid, and from their feveral ex- periments it is known tn pcffcfs the following properties. It is the principal agent of digeftioii, and changes the ali- ments into a kind of uniform foft pafte : it aits on the ftom- ach .after the death of the animal. Its effects fhow that it is a fiolvent, but of that peculiar nature that it diffolves ani- mal and vegetable fubftances uniformly, and withput exhibr iting a ftronger affinity for the one than for the other. It is far from being of the nature pf a ferment, as many fuppofe, for it is one of the moft powerful analeptics we are ac- quainted with : and from the experiments of Spallan- zani, Spopoli, Carmjnati, and others, its natureyippears to be cflentially different; in the feveral claffes of animals, as they have proved by analyfis. The gaftric juice of the hu- man fubject, when healthy, is inodorous, of a faltifh tafte, and limpid, like water, unlefs it be a little tinged with the yellow colour of fome bile, that has regurgitated into the ftomach. In quantity it is very confiderable, as muft be ev-; ident from the extent of the furface of the ftomach, and its continual fccretion ; but it is the moft conious when folicit- ed by the ftimulus of food. Befides the properties of this fluid before mentioned, it has others which have induced phyfician.-; and fiugeons to exhibit it medicinally. It cures dyfpepfia and intermittent iever. Applied externally, in form of fomentation or poultice, it cure? r.v.crid and fcrophu- lous ulcers in a wonderful manner ; and it is to be regretted that its utility is not more generally known. GASTRIC ARTERY. The right or greater gaftric ar- tery is a branch of the hepatic ; the }efc or kffer, a branch pf the fplenic, GASTRITIS. I I 8 GEN GASTRTTTS. Inflammation of the ftomach : from yxrvg, the ftomach. A genus of difeafe in the clafs pyrexia and order phlegm.ilia of Cullen. It is known by pyrexia ; anxiety ; heat and pain in the epigaftrium, increafcd when any thing is taken into the ftomach ; vomiting ; hiccup ; pull'e fmall and hard ; and proftration of ftiength. There are two fpecies : I. Gaflritis ph'egmonoidea, with an inflam- matory tumour : 2. Gafritis eryjipelatofi, when the inflam- mation is of a creeping or eryfipelatous nature. G ASTROCF.f.K. A hernia of the ftomach, occafioned by a protrufion nf that vifcus through the abdominal pane- ties ; from yusng, the ftomach, and khak, a tumour. GASTROCNEMIUS EXTERNUS feu GEMELLUS. An extenfor mufcle of the foot, which aflifts in forming the calf of the leg ; from yxr»g, the belly, and /vi^n, the leg. GASTROCNEMIUS INTERNUS feu SOLEUS An extenfor mufcle of the foot, fituated in the calf of the leg. The tendons of both gaftrocnemii unite, and form the tendo Acbillis. GASTRODYNIA. Pain in the ftomach ; from yotrng, the ftpmach, and oSvn, pain. GASTROEPIPLOIC ARTERY. The branch pf the greater grftric artery that runs tp the epiplppn. GASTRORAPHY. The fcwing nf wpunds pf the ab- domen ;. from yxrvg, the belly, and pay , a future. GF'MELLUS. See Gaftrocnemius externus. GEMINI. From its being compofed of two portions. One of the third layer of mufclcs fituated on the outfide of the pelvis. Its ufe is to roll the thigh outwards, and to pre- fcrve the tendon of the obturator interims from being hurt by the hardnefs of that pert of the ifchium over which it paffes ; alfo, to hinder it irom ftarting out of its place while the mufcle is in action. GENERATION. Many ingenious hypothefes have been inftituted by phyfiolcgifts to explain the myftery of genera- tion, but the whole of our knowledge concerning it appears to GEN II9 to be built upon the phenomena it affords ; as may be feen in the works of Hallkr, Euffon, Cruicksiianks, and Haighton. It is a fexual action, performed in different ways in moft animals ; moft of them have d.fferent fcxe=, and require conjunction : fuch are the human fpecies, quad- rupeds, and others. The females of quadrupeds have a matrix, fcparated into two cavities, uterus bicorn'-s, and a con- fiderable number of teats ; they have no menftrual flux ; moft of them bear feveral young at a time, and the period of their geftation is generally fhort. The generation of birds is very different. The males have a very ftrong geni- tal organ, which is often double. The vulva in females is placed behind the anus ; the ovaries have no matrices, and there is a duct for the purpofe of conveying the egg from the ovarium into the inteftines : this paffage is called the oviduct. The eggs of pullets have exhibited unexpected fads to phyfiologifts, who examined the phenomena of incu- bation. The moft important difcoveries are thofe of the im- mortal Hai.ler, who found the chicken, perfectly formed, in eggs which were not fecundated. There is no determi- nate conjunction between fifties ; the female depofits her eggs on the fand, over which the male paffes, and emits its femiiial fluid, doubtlefs for the purpofe of fecundating them ; thefe eggs are hatched after a certain time. The males of feveral oviparous quadrupeds have a double or forked oigan. Infects exhibit all the varieties which are obfcrved in other animals : there are fome, indeed the greater number, which have the fexes in two feparatc individuals ; among others, the reproduction is made either with nr without conjunc- tion, as in the vine-frettcr ; one of thefe infects, confined alone beneath a glafs, produces a great number of others. The organ of the male, in infects, is ufually armed with two hooks, to feize the female : the place of thefe organs is great- ly varied ; with fome it is at the upper part of the belly, near the cheft,as in the female dragon fly ; in others, it is at the extremity of the antenna, as in the male fpider, Moft worms are hermaphrodite ; each individual has both fexes. Polypi, with refpect to generation, are fingular animals . they are reproduced by buds pr offsets ; a bud is fcparated from each vigorous polypus, which is fixed to fome neighbouring body, and grows : polypi are likewife found on their furface, in the 120 the fame manner a.- branches iffue Eon; plants. Thefe fere the principal modes of generation in animals. In the hu- man fpecies, which engage- our attention more particularly, the phenomena are as follow : the mode of congrefs of the man with the woman requires no defenption ; but genera- tion does not confift in that alone ; there are certain ftates or conditions requifite for conception to take place. The ovum mdft have arrived at a ftate of maturity. There muft be fuch a determination of blood tP the uterus, that, to- gether with the venereal ftimulus, fliall induce an action in the Fallopian tubes, by which the fimbria; grafp the ovum that is to be impregnated. During this ftate of the parts the fcmen virile muft be propelled into the uterus, in order that its fubtle and vivifying portion fliall pafs along the tube to the ovum. Fecundation having thus taken place, a motion is induced in the vivified ovum, which ruptures the tender veficle that contains it ; the fimbrix of the Fallopian tube then grafp and convey it into the tube, which by its periftaltic motion conducts it into the cav- ity of the uterus, there to be evolved and brought to ma- turity, and at the expiration of nine months to be fent into the world. GENERATION, male organs of. The parts which con- ftitute the organs of generation in men are the penis, tefti- cles, and veficulse feminales. GE N E R AT IO N, female organs of. The parts fubfervient to generation in a woman are divided into external and in- ternal. The external are the labia majora, nymphse, clito- ris, and, in virgins, the hymen. The internal parts are the vagina and the uterus, and its appendages. GENIO. Names compounded of this word belong to mufcles which are attached to the chin ; from yam., the chin. GENIO-HYO-GLOSSUS. This mv.fde-forms the fourth layer between the lower jaw and os hyoides. Its ufe is to draw the tip of the tongue backwards into the mouth, the middle downwards, and to render its back concave. It alfo draws its root and the os hyoides forwards, and thrufts the fcsnguc out of the mouth. GENIO- G I N lit GENIO-HYOIDEUS. This mufcle conftitutes the third layer between the lower jaw and os hyoides. It draws the os hyoides forwards to the chin. GENISTA. The common broom. The tops and leaves of this indigenous plant, Spurtium foparium of Lirtnceus, are the parts that are employed medicinally j they have a bitter tafte, and are recommended for their purgative and diuretic qualities, in hydropic cafes;, GENT I ANA. Gentian. The gentian that is met with in the fhops is the rppt pf the Gentiana lutea pf Linnxus, and is imported from Switzerland and Germany. It is the on- ly medicinal part pf the plant, has little' or no fmell, but to the tafte it nianifefts great bitternefs, on which account it is in general ufe as a tonic, ftomachic, anthelmintic, antifep- tic, emmenagcgue, and febrifuge. The officinal prepara- tions of this root are the infujum gentiana compfitum, and tinSura gentiana compojlta of the London Pharmacppoeia, and the infufum amarum, viriunl amarum, iiriclttra amara, pf the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia ; and the extraclum gentian* is pr- dered by both. GENU. The knee ; from yom, xsrpx to tic ym vwitv, be- caufe by it the bpdy is bent towards the earth. GEOFFRiEA. The bark fo called is the produce of the Geoffroya inermis of Swatz, a native of Jamaica, where it is diftinguiflied by the name of Cabbage-bark tree, or Wprm- bark tree. It has a mucilaginous and fweetifh tafte, and a difagreeablc fmell. According tp Dr. Wright pf Jamaica, it is ppwerfully medicinal as an anthelmintic. GINGIVAE. The gums. See Gums. GINGLYMU5. the hinge-like jpint. A fpecies of dl- arthrofis or moveable connexion of bones, which admits of flexion and extenfion, as the knee-joint, eke.; from yivywul* a hinge. GINSENG. The plant fronA which this root is obtained is the Panax quinquefolium of LinnatUs. It is imported into this country fcarcely the thicknefs of the little finger, about three or four inches long, frequently forked, tranfverfcly L - wrinkled, 122 CLE wrinkled, of a horny texture, and bnth internally and exter- •nally pf a yellowifh white colour. To the tafte it difcovers a mucilaginous fweetnefs, approaching to that of liquorice, accompanied with fome degree of bitternefs, and a flight aromatic warmth. The Chinefc afcnhe extraordinary vir- tues to the root of ginfcng, and have no confidence in any medicine unlefs in combination with it. In Europe, how- ever, it is very feldom employed. GLAND. A fmall round body that ferves fpr the fecre- tion nr alteration of a fluid. Glands are generally larger, in proportion, in infants than in adults : they are compofed of nerves and veffels, which are very numerous, and come from, and proceed to, the neighbouring parts : they are connected with one annther, and to other parts by a cellular ftruifure. There are fcveral kinds of glands, which the reader will find in their refpcclive places, as folliculofe, glpbate, conglobate, glomerate, and cpnglpnierate glands ; thefe are alfp varioufty termed by anatomifts, according to the nature of the fluid they fcparate, as fcbaceous, muciparous, lymphatic, lacljy- mal, iidival, bilious glands, &c. GLANDULiE MYRTIFORMES. Caruncula myril- furmes. The fmall glandiform bodies at the entra-ice of the vagina of women. They are the remains of the hymen, which is cleft in feveral parts during the firft coition. GLANS PENIS. The very vafcular body that forms the apex of the penis. The pofterior circle is termed ike corona glandis. See Corpus fpongiofum urethra. GLASS. This'fubftance is fometimes employed by fnr- geons when roughly powdered, as an tfchoiotic to opacities of the cornea. GLAUCOMA. An opacity of the vitreous humour. It is difficult to afcertain, and is only to be known by a very attentive examination pf the eyes. GLEET. See Blennorrbagia. GLENOID CAVITY. «The articular cavity of the fcapi ula; from yhw, a cavity, and u.'o;, 1 ciemblance. CLOBATT G L Y I23 GLOBATE GLAND. A lymphatic gland. See Con- globate gland. GLOBULES of the1 BLOOD. The very fmall glo- bules that are feen through the microfcope fwimming in the frrum of the blood, and which give the red colpur tp the blood. GLOBUS FIYSTERICUS. The air rifing in the xfo- jibagns, and prevented by fpafm from reaching the mouth, is fo called by authors, becaufe it moftly attends hyflcria, and gives the fenfation of a ball in the throat. GLOMERATE GLAND. A gland formed c-f a glo- m.:r of faiiguineous veflels, having no cavity, but furnilhed wi*h an excretory dud ; as the lachrymal and mammary glands. A GLOSSO-PHARYNGEAL NERVES. The. ninth pair of nerves. They arifc from the proceffes of the cerebellum, which run to the medulla lp;nalis, and terminate by nume- rm.r.- branches in the mufcles pf the tpngue and pharynx. GLOTTE. The fuperior opening pf the larynx at the bottom of the tongue ; f'rorti yK-t'ia, the tongue. GLUTEAL ARTERY. A branch of the internal iliac artery. GLUTEUS MAXIMUS. This mufcle of the thigh* frrrus the firft layer on the nates, and extends the thigh by pulling it directly backwards and a little outwards. GLUEEUS MEDIUS. A mufcle of the thigh, that' forms the fecond layer on the nates, and draws the thigh bone outwards and a little backwards, and alfo rolls it when it is bent. •- GLUTEUS MINIMUS. A mucle of the thigh, fitua-" ted under the former, and which aflifts it in pulling the thigh outwards and backwards, and in rolling it. GLYCYRRHIZA. Liquorice. _ Glycyrrhiza glabra of Linna-us, a native of the fouth of Europe, but cultivated in. Britain. The root contains a great quantity 'of faccharii.e matter, joined with fome proportion of mucilage, and hente^ U4 G R A it has a vifcid fweet tafte. It is in cpmmpn ufe, as z pecto- ral pr emollient, in catarrhal defluxions on the breaft, coughs, hoarfeneffes, Ike. Infufions or extracts made from it afford, likewifc, very commpdious vehicles for the exhibition pf pther medicines ; the liquorice tafte concealing that of unpalatable drugs more effectually than fyrups or any of the fweets of the faccharine kind. GOMPHOSIS. A fpecies of fynarthrofis, or mimoveable connexion of bones, in whiih one bone is fixed in another, like a nail in a board, as the teeth in the alveoli of the jaws; from yo/xfou. to drive ha a nail, GONORRHOEA. A preternatural flux from the urethra or vagina. It arifes from the action pf the venereal virus on thnfc parts, producing firft an itching, afterwards a difcharge like pus, attended with heat pn making water ; and in men, with phymi-i»r. and fometimes paraphymofts ; from >cv>s fcmen, and pia, to flow, from an erroneous fuppofkion pf the an-. cients that if was a fcminal flux,. GOUT, See Arthritis. GRACILIS. A mufcle of the leg, fituated on the irfide cJ the thigh, that aflifts the fartorius in bending the leg ob- liquely inwards, pr bringing one leg acrofs the other. GRANATUM. The pomegranate, the fruit of the Pur.ca gr.inatum of Lijinnus. Tlie rind of the fruit, and the ffrvers (called Batauftine flowers,) are the parts directed for medicinal ufe. !r. their fmell there is nothing remarkable, but to the tafte they are very adftringent, and have fuc'ccis- fully been employed as fuch in difciifes both internal and ex* tern a 1. GRATTOL.A. Hedge-hyfTbp. this exotic plant, the ^lailela officinalis of Linnaus, is a powerful and active ca-» thartie, and operates with fuch violence upon the ft'imach as generally to induce vomiting. Jt has been commonly rrr.plnyed as a cathartic and diuretic in hydropical difeafes, and inftanees of its good effects in afctes and anafarca arc recorded by many refpectable praclitiom rs. German pby- ficiaif- alfo relate its efficacy in maniacal and venereal cafci "'GRUTUM. Mdi,.-m. A hard white tubercle of tha fisin, ftfcinbling in fize and appearance a millet feed. CRYPHOSIS, GUA ...,125 ,- GRYPHOSIS. A c'ifcafe of the nails, which turn in^ * »ra6, and irritate the foft parts below. .GDAIACUM. Officinal guaiacum. This tr^e is a na- trve of the \ve(t India iflands. J he wood, gum, bark, fruit, rrid'even the flowers, have been'found to "poffef> medicinal qualities. The wood is brought principally fipm Jamaica, :i> large pieces cf four or f ve hundred weight each, and from its hardnefs and b:au>-y is ufcd for various articles of turnery ware. It fcareely difcovers any fmell, unlefs heated, or while rafping, in which circumft .nets it yields a light aromatic one : chewed, it imprefles a flight acrimony, biting the palate and fauces. The gum, or rather refin, is obtain- ed by wounding the bark in different parts cf the bpdy of tie tree, or by what h is been called j -gging. It exudes cp- pioufty Irom the wounds, though gradually ; and when a yiKi-t.ty is found accumulated upon the feveral wounded trees, hardt ned by expoiure to the fun, it is gathered and packed in fmall kei s for exportation : it is of a friable tex- ture, -•( a deep greenifh colour, and fometimes of a reddifh hue ; u has a pungent acrid tafte, but little or no fmell, un- it's heated, the bark contains lefs refinous-matter than the wood, and is confequently a kfs powerful medicine, though in a recent ftate it is ftrongly cathartic. The flow- ers, or bloffonis, are laxative, and in Jamaica are commonly £'i\en to children in the form of fyrup. It is only the wood ami relin of guaiacum vhkh are now in general medical ufe in Europe ; and as the efficacy of the former is fuppofed to I-,-- derived, merely, from the quantity of refinous matter vhiih it contains, thty may be confidered indiJcriniinutely a* the fame niedu inc. Guaiacum was firft introduced into the materia ne.. u'.» foon after the difcovery of America; and previous to the ufe of mercury in the lues venerea, it v a* the principal remedy employed for tlie cure of that dii- M'fe ; and its great fuccefs brought itlnto fuch t erute, that it is (aid to Fjive been fold for feven gold crowns a pound : yet rotwithflanding this, its failure was fuch as let it be quite luperleded by mercury ; and thpugh it be ftill occafionally tn.ployed in fyphilis, yet it is rather with a view to correct < ther difeafes in the habit, than for its effects as an antivene- 11, I. It is row more generally emplpyed for its virtues r. erring gouty and rheumatic pains, and lbnie cutaneous V1'^"' La GUM. I 26 GUT GUM. Mucilage. This fubftance is very abv.r.-'ar.t in the vegetable, kingdom ; it is found in a great numbei of r.-ots ; and the fhr.ots of plants and new leaves contain it in great abundance. It may be known by its vifcous and ad- hef've quality when preffed between the fingers. At the time of the year when the juices of plants are the moft abundant, it naturally exudes through the barks of trees,a"nd thickens on the furface into gum- The characters of gum are, i. Solubility in water, to which it gives a thick and vifcous confiftence. 1 his folution, known by the name of mucilage, becomes dry, tranfparent, and brittle, by evapora- tion 2. Infolubility in alkohol. .;. Coagulation by the ac- tion of weak acids. Mucilages, of the fame nature as gums, are pbtained alfo from many plants, as inflows, quince feeds, linfced, &c. GUM-BOIL. See Pamlh. GUM-RESIN. Gum-refins are the juices of plants that are mixed with refin, and an extractive matter, which has been taken for a gummy fubftance. They fcldcm flow naturally from plants, but are moftly extracted by incifion, in the form pf white, yellow, pr red fluids, which dry more or lefs quickly. Water, fpirit pf wine, wine or vinegar, diffolve them only in part, according to the proportion they pontain of refin or extract. GUMS. Gingiva. The very vafcular and elaftic fub- ftance that covers the alveplar arahes of the upper and un- der jaws, and embraces the necks of the teeth. GUTTA ROSACEA. A number of red fpots upon the face and nofe. GUTTA SERENA. See Amaurof,-. GUTTURAL ARTERY. The f-.perior thyroldeal ar- fery. The firft branch of tlie external carotid. H A I 12- H. TJTj£MAT£Mc.SrS. Vomitus cruentiis. A Vomitine of ■■n- blood. s IT HEMATOCELE. . A collection of blood in the tunica vngh.'.Hs, or cellular membrane of the fcrotum ; from xi/jlu, biood, and sc»x», a tumour. HJEMATOMPHALOCELE. , A tumour about the na- vel, from an extruvnfation of blood; from ut/a.x, blood, o,u.^x\'Sf, the navel, and *m\k, a tumour. ILT.MATURIA. ^ Bloody urine : moftly fymptomatic. I L'LMOPJ A SIS. A fpiuing of blood; from x.u.o. blood, ar.o uruv, to ipit-.- A germs of difeafe arranged by Cullen in the c!if> pyrexia and order ha-morrhagia.. It is characterized by coughing up •',!' florid blood, or frothy blood ; heat Or pain in the ciicft ; irritation in the larynx, and a faltifh tafte in the'month. Species, \.Ha>optyfisplethorica, from ful- nefs -of the veffels ; 2. Hamoptv/is violetita, from fome exter- nal violence r 3. H^rnnftyfspbthifica, from ulcers corroding the fmall veffels : 4. H.om.ptyfis calclofi, from calculous iuattcr in the lungs : 5. Hamoptyfts vicaria, from the fup- preflion of fome cuftomary evacuation. HEMORRHAGIC. H.xmorrhages ; from «u«-,v r, ■an eruption of blood. An order in the clafs pyrexia of Cul- len's nofology ; characterized by pyrexia, with a difcharge of blood, without any external injury ; the blood on veme- fciilion exhibiting the buffy coat. HEMORRHOIDAL ARTERIES. The external hx- rnorrhoidal artery is a branch of the internal pudendal, which arifes from the internal iliac. The internal ha;mprrhoidal is a branch of the inferior mefenteric. ' HiEMORRHOIS. The piles ; from aiuorync, a flux of blood. They are known by a difcharge of blopd with the fa.'ci■"., attended with pain in the rectum, loins, and head ; and by the prefence cf enlarged veins, which are the piles. HAIR. The hn;rs of the human body are thin, elaftic, dry filaments, grow ing out from the fkin. They receive va- > . . . - rious m i2c? H E A rious names according to their fituation : thus they are call- ed capilli pn the head ; fupercilia, pr eye-brov*._ ab<>ye tlte eyes ; cilia, or eye-lafhes, on the margin of the eye-lids.; vibriffa, in the noftrils; pili auriculares, in the external audi- tory paffage ; tny/Lx', on the upper • lip, and barbu, on the Jower jaw, &c. HALLUCINATIONS. Errors'of imagination. HAMULUS. A little hook. A term in ai.atomy that is applied to any hook-like procefs, as the hiniulus pi the ptcrygpid procefs pf the fphanoid bpne. HARMON I A. Harmony. A fpecies of fynarfhrofis or immoveable connexion of bones, in which bontj are con- nected together by means pf rough, but not dintiform, mar- gins ; as the bones pf the face ; from «p to fit together. HEARING. An animal function. The fenfation by which the found of fonorous bodies is perceived. The or- gan of hearing is the foft portion of the auditory nerve, which is diftributed in the veftjbulum, fcmfcircular canals, and cochlea. HEART. Cor. This mufcular vifcus, which is the pri- mary organ of the blood's motion, is fituated obliquely, not tranfverfcly, in the left fide of the thorax, between the lungs, and within the cavity nf the pericardium. It is diftinguifli- ed by anatpmifts into the bafis and apex ; an anterior and ppfteripr margin ; a fuperior and inferior furface ; and intn a right apd left auricle, and a right and left ventricle. The auricles are mufcular cavities, that lie uppn the bafis pf the heart, furrounding almpft the pulmpnary artery and anrta, and which receive the blood from the veins. The ventricles are two internal cavities of the heart, that are divided from each pther by a mufcular feptum, feptum cordis : they have, i ach pf them, two openings, the pne auricular, through which the blood enters, the oth«- arterial, through which it paffes out. Thefe four orifices are frirnifhed with valves" that t.re called fmilunar at the arterial openings, mitral at the right auricular, and tricufpid at the left auricula^ orifice. The veffels pf the heart are divided into commou andtp^optr. 1 he common are, i. The aorta, which arifes from the,left ventricle : 2. '1 he pulmonary artery, which originates' frwil IT EL 129 the right ventricle ; 3, The four pulmonary veins, which terminate iri the left auricle : .4. The vena cava, which evacuates itfelf into the right auricle. 'I he proper veffels are, 1. The coronary arteries, which arife from the aorta, and are ceiftributed pn the heart : 2. The coronary i„,ps, which re- t-in* the blood into the right auricle, f he nerves of the hrart are branches of the eighth and great intercoftal pairs. The heart of the frctus differs from that of the adult in hav- ing a foramen ovale, through which the blood paffes from the rigiit auricle to the left. HEAT. See Cat. ri: and Animal heat. HECTIC. From .fr. habit. See Febris heflhn. ITEDEEA TERRESTRIS. Ground-ivy, or gill. Gleet- tvi bederaeea of- Linnaeus. This indigenous plant has a pe- t'T:ar ftrong fmell, and a bitterifh, fomewhat aromatic, tafte. It is one of thofe plants which was formerly much efteemed frr poffefling virtues that, in the prefrnt age, cannot be de- tected. In obftinate coughs it is a favourite remedy with the poor. HKLC«">V7A. An ulcer upon the external or internal furface of the cornea. HELUTS MAJOR. A proper mufcle of the ear, that d"preffes the part of the cartilage of the ear into which it is inferted. HELICES MINOR. A proper mufcle of the ear, that contracts the fiffure of the ear. If riTX. The external circle pr hprder of the Outer ear tii.it curls inwards ; from u\ia, to turn. HELLEBORAS ETL Fetid hellebore, or -bearVfrnt. Hettcborus fe'idw of Liunxiis. The leaves-of this illdige- i.ct;-- pLit -ne recommended by nr.r.iv, as poffcifing extraor- ri:n.i'v amh'-iinintic powers. .The fmelL of the recent plant. is extrernelv fet'd, and the tafte is biiter and reiruiki- Hj^- acrid,, infoinuch that, u hen. chewed, it excoriates the ^ftuflnnd fauces. It commonly opei "tesj^te cathartic, (BBCTRtes as an emetic, and in large doff!Wpffl|hs highly deMttriocs. . . . ■> HELLEBORES ml 130 H EL HELLFBORUS ALBUS. Vhit. hellebore or vcta- frum. Veratrum album pf Linnaeus. This plant is a native of Italy, c-wirzcrland, Auftria, ,.nd Ruflia. Every part of the pLnt is extremely acrid and poiionous. The dried root has rip particular fmell, but a durable, n-aufcous, and bitter tafte, burning the mouth and fauces ; v.h^-n powdered, and applied to iffues or ulcers, it produces griping and purging ; if fmiffed up the nofe, it proves a violent fternutatpry. Gefnei made an infufinn of half an ounce pf this rpot with two ounces of water ; of this he took two drachms, which produced great heat about the fcapuix and in the face at d head, as well as the tongue and throat, followed by fingul- tus, which continued till vomiting was excited. Bergius alfo experienced very diftrefling fymptoms upon tailing this infufion. The ropt, taken in large dofcs, difcpvers fuch ac- rimony, and operates by the ftnmach and rectum with fuch violence, that blood is ufml.y difcharged : it likewifc acts very powerfully upon the nervous fyftem, prpduring great anxiety, tremprs, vertigo, fynccpe, aphnnia, interrupted ref- piration, finking pf the pulfe, cpnvulfions, fpafms, and death. Upon opening thpfe whp have died by the effects pf this poifon, the ftomach difcovered marks of inflammation, with corrofions of its internal coat. The ancients exhibited this active medicine in maniacal cafes, and, it is faid, with fuc- cefs. "\ he experience of Gaeding is fomewhat fimilar : out of twenty-eight cafes in which he exhibited the bark of the root, collected in the fpring, five were cured. In almoft every cafe that he relates, the medicine acted more or lefs upon all. the excretions ; vomiting and purging were very generallv produced, and the matter thrown off the ftpmach was conflantly mixed with bile ; a flprid rednefs frequently apj.eared on the face, and varipus cutanepus eftlprefcenes up- on the body ; and, in fome pleuritic fymptoms, with fever fuperventd, fo as • tp require bleeding ; nor were the more alarming affections of fpafms and convulfions unfrequent. Critical evacuations were alfo very evident ; many lw eated profufcly, in fome the urine was confu'.erably increafed, in others the faliva and niucpus difcharges ; and nterine»ob- ftructions^^jfflong duratipn, were often removed l^itj utk Veratruffl^Pnkewiie been found ufeful in epilepfy, am f/ther convulfive con plaints ; but the difeafes in-which :rs efficacy HEM ij1 efficacy fcems leaft equivocal are thofe of the fkin, as itch and different prurient eruptions, herpes, morbus pediculofus, lepra, fcrophula, &c. and in many of thefe it has been fuc- ceisfully employed both internally and externally. As a powerful ftimulant and irritating medicine, its ufe has beeii reforted to in defperate cafes only, and even then it ought firft to be exhibited in very fmall dofcs, as a gra^in, and in a diluted ftate, and to be gradually increafed, according to the effects, which are generally pf an alarming nature. HELLEBORUS NIGER/,* MELAMPODIUM. Black hellebpre or Chriftmas rofe. Helleboms niger of Linnaeus. The root of this exotic plant is the part employed medicinal- ly : its tafte, when frefh, is bitterifh and fomewhat acrid : it alfo emits a naufeous acrid fmell, but being long kept, both its fenfible qualities and medicinal activity luffer very con- fiderable diminution. The ancients efteemed it as a power- ful remedy in maniacal cafes. At prcfent it is exhibited principally as an alterative, or, when given in a large dofe, as a purgative. It often proves a very powerful emmena- gogue in plethoric habits, where fteel is ineffectual or im- proper. It is alfo recommended in droplics, and i'ome cuta- neous difeafes. HKLMiNTHTAST^. A difcafe, in which worms, or the larvae of worms, are bred under the fkin, or fame exter- nal "part of the body ; from .Ku,v.-.;. which f;-aifies any fpe- cies of worms. It is endtmial to Martinique, Weftphalia, Tranfylvania, and fome other place's. IIK M F. R A L.O'-»I A. Crepufculary blindnefs. A de- fect ,of vifr-.n, in which the perfon fees perfectly Well all day ; but in the evening or morning perceives little pr nnt at.all ; from »u.-pa,_the day, and :-±, an eye. ■HEMfCRANI A A pain that affects nnly one fide of the head ; from v/jua-v, half, and «wna», the head. HEMIOPSIA. A defect of vifion.'in which the perfon fees the half, but not the whole of an object; from nu.icv, half, and -|, an eye. * HEM IPLFGI A. Palfy of one fide ; froifV"™. half, and wXwov, to ftrike- See Paralyfis. HEPAR. I32 HER HEPAR." Hrag, the liver. See Liver. HEPATALGIA, PJn in the region of the live: ; from wr*g, the liver, and axyy^y, pain. HEPATIC. Belonging to the liver ; from »-~r\ the liver. HEPATIC ARTERY A branch of the cceliac, which gives pff, before it is diftributed pn the liver, the pyloric, right epigafiric, cyftic, and the fplcnic arteries. HEPATIC DUCT. The trunk of the pori hiliariij which terminate, in the ductus communis cholcdcchus. • HEPATIC VEIN. The great vein of the liver. See Vena porta. HEPATIRRILSEA. A fpecies of diarrhxx See Di- arrhaa. HEPATITIS. An inflammation of the liver; from wrap, the liver. A genus of difeafe in the clafs pyrexia arid order phlegmafta of Cullen. It is known by pyrexia ; tt'nfion and pain more or lefs acute in the right hypochor.drin:"., which is very frequently referred to the top of the right fhoulder, and inu-eaf ed by lying on the left fide; urkic- high coloured. HERNIA. A rupture or tumour produced b#*thc rul- ing down of any vifcus, covered by the common int,.guni^nti, A genus of difeafe arranged by Cullen in the clafc U.aies an J ordcr-eclopia. From the fituation of the picteudir.g vifcui, lierniee have been divided into inguinal,fcrotal, femoral, ww- nul, uuibitual, abdominal, eke. &c. According to the nature of the hcinia, they are termed ir.t.flinal, o-nental, -oe^-cil, Ike.-; and when a rupture cannot be ieduced, and produces vomiting, coke, and-coiiftipaciuu, -it ij c»11ju" jU ..uar.,rat.J hernia. HERNIA KUMURALIS. Inflammation of the teftkie. See 0>i Litis. HERPES. Tetters ; from >cfj, to creep. A genus cf difeafe in the clafs locales and orderTialyfes of Cullen, diftin- ^uifhed by an -fiemblage of little creeping, ulcer*, itehii^ II U N 133 very much, and not inclined to heal, but terminating in fur- furaceous fcales. HIPPOCASTANUM. Common horfe chefnut. Mfcu- ius hippocafanum of Linnaeus. The fruit, when dried and powdered, is recommended as an errhine. The bark is highly efteemed on the continent as a febrifuge, and is by fome confidered as being fuperior in quality to the Peruvian bark. The bark intended for medical ufe is to be taken from thofc branches which are neither very young nor very old. HIPPUS. A continued and alternate dilatation and con- traction of the pupil of the eye, caufcd by a convulfion of the orbicular and radiated fibres of the iris. HONEY. A fubftance collected by bees, perfectly re- fembling faccharine juices. It has a white pr yellowifh colpur, a fpft and grained confiftence, a faccharine and aro- matic fmell. Hpney is an excellent fpod, and a fpftening and flightly aperient remedy : mixed with vinegar, it con- ftitutes oxymel, and is exhibited in various forms in medi- cine and pharmacy. HORDEOLUM. An inflammatory tumour on the eye- lid, the fize of a bariey-enrn. HUMERAL ARTERY. A branch pf the axillary ar- tery, diftributed about the humerus. ITUMERI OS. Os brachii. A long cylindrical bone, fituated between the fcapula and fore arm. The eminences on the fuperior extremity are, the head, neck, and a greater and leffer tubercle. Upon its inferior extremity are, an ex- ternal, an internal, and a headed condyle, and two depref- li-ns, which receive the conoid and coracoid proceile: of the cubit. HUMOURS of the EYE. See Aqueous and Vitreous hu- mours. HUNGER. A natural action. A fenfation \% t^e ftomach, caufed by the irritation of the gaftric juke, indu- cing a defire for food. M HYALOID i34 *; y d" HYALOID MEMBRANE. The capf'iie of the vitrc'J ous humour of the eye ; from •.-.->..» -c, glafs, and e.™, water, and x»x», a tumour. It is a genus of difeafe in the clafs cac' cxia and order intumefcentia of Cullen, and is known by a foft, pyramidal, fluctuating, generally pellucid, fwell- ing of the fcrotum, increafing flowiy, and withnut pain. HYDROCEPEIAI.US. Watery head ; from vE,t, water, and y.(^axr, the head. It is diftinguiihed by authors into ex- ternal and internal. Hydrocephalus externus is anafarca of the integuments of the head. Hydrocephalus internus is a depofttion pf a fluid in the ventricles pf the brain, pro-i during dilatation of the pupils, apoplexy, &c. See Apoplcxia. It is fpmetimes of a chronic nature, when the water has been known to increafe to an enormous quantity, effecting a diaftafis pf the bpnes pf the head, and an abforption of the fubftance of the brain, HYDROGENE. Inflammable air. Phlogifton of Kir- wan. Flydrpgenpus gas. An elaftic fluidvpoffefling all the apparent properties of air. It is about thirteen times lighter than the air of the atniofphere, does not maintain conibuf- tipn, and quickly deftroys animat life by producing ftrong convulfipns. It has a very evident and peculiar fmell. Its characteriftic property is to take fire when in contact with air, by the application of a body alre:uiy igiited, or by the electric fparlc. Hydrogene, combined with oxygene, forms water (fee Alua '>) and.with azote, volatile alkali. HYDROLAPATHUM. The wat-r dock. Fumex by- drolapathum of Linna;us. The leaves of this plant maniieft confiderable acidity, and are faid to poffefs a laxative quality, T\ he root isftr»flgly adftringent, and has been much employ- ed both externally and internally for the cureipf Tcurvyj and other difeafes of the fkin. HYDROMITReV i35 II Y G HYDROMETR A. Dropfy of the womb ; from iA7, water, and u.*r,n, the womb. A genus of difeafe in the clafs cachexia and order iutumefi -:tla of Cullen. It is known by a fwelling in the hypogaftrium of females not pregnant, with fiuctudtipn, and no fupprcffion of urine. HYDROPHOBIA. Canine madnefs; from v^f> water, and r-e. to dread ; becaufc. perfons that are bitten by a mad dog dread the fight pr falling of water, w hen they arc fnft fcized with the madnefs. It- is a genus of difeafe ar- ranged by Cullen in the clafs neurofes and orderfpaj'mi ; known by the previous hiftory of the difeafe, the dread of water, painful convulfions pf the pharynx, and putrid fever. HYDROPIITHALMIA. A fwelling pf the bulb pf the eye, from too great a collection of the aqueous or vaireous humour ; from, uii-f, water, and ^ixA/^oc, the eye. HYDROPS. A dropfy ; from vfug, water. See Affiles, Anafarca, Hydrtthorax, Hydrocephalus, Hydrocele, &c. HYDRORACHITIS. Spina Bifida. A fmall, foft, fluc- tuating tumour, moftly on the lumbar vertebra of new- born children ; from vJ-.-g, water, and pxy,.-, the back-bone. It is a genus of difcafc in the clafs cachexia and order intumef- centia of Cullen. HYDROTHfiR AX. Dropfy pf the cheft; from i*fc?, water, and ivpah the breaft. A genus of difeafe in the clafs e-tcbexiee «nd order intumefcentia of Cullen ; known by dyfp- r xr;eic, temperament pr cpnftitutipn. M ILEUM, * N C 141 ILEUM. The laft pprtion pf the frnall inteftiius, about fifteen hands breadth in length, which terminates at the valve of the cxcum ; from n\^, to roll about. See Intejiiues. ILIAC ARTERIES. The arteries fo called are formed by the bifurcation of the aorta, near the laft lumbar verte- bra. They are divided into inte'rnal and external. The in- ternal iliac, alfo called the hypegaftric artery, is diftributed in the foetus into fix, and in the adult into five branches, which are divided abput the pelvis, viz. the little ilfac, the gluteal, the ifchiadic, the pudendal, and the obturatpry ; and in the fcetus the umbilical. The external iliac proceeds out ol the pelvis through Ppupart's ligament tp form the fcmcW .artery. ^ ILIUM OS. The fuperior portion of the os innomina* turn, which, in the fcetus, is a diftinit bone. See Iiinomi* natum os. IMPERATOLIA, Mafterwort. Imperatoria ofruthlum of Linnxus. The roots pf this plant areimpprted from the Alps and Pyrenees, notwithftanding it is indigenpus to thi* ifland : they have a fragrant fmell, and a bitterifh pungent tafte. The plant, as its name importsH»vas formerly thought tp be of fingular efficacy, and its great fuccefs, it is faid, caufcd it to be diftinguiihed by the name of divinuit: renediutn. At prefent it is confidered merely as an aromatic, and confc- qtiently is fuperfcded by many of that clais which ppffefs fuperipr qualities. IMPEITCTVFS. An order in the clafs cachexia of Cullen, characterized by cachexia, deforming the external parts of the body with tumours, eruptions, &c. IMPETIGO. This affection, as defcribed by authors, is a difeafe in which feveral red, hard, dry, prurient fpots arife in the face and neck, and fometimes all over the body, and difappear by furfuraceous or tender fcales- INCISORS. The four front teeth of both jaws are fo called, becaufe they cut the food. See Tetth. INCUBUS. The night mare. See Oneirodynia gravanr. INDEX. i^l I N F INDEX. The fore finger; from indico, »o point out, be» caufe that finger is generally ufed for fuch purpofcs. INDIAN RUBBER. The fubftance known by the names Indian rubber, Elaftic gum, Cayenne refin, Cautchuc, and by the French Caputchpuc, is prepared from the juice of the Siphonia elafica pf Richard. The manner pf obtaining this juice is by making incifions through the bark pf the lower part of the trunk of the tree, from which the fluid refin iffues in great abundance, appearing qf a milky whiter nefs as it flows into the veffel placed to receive it, and into which it is conducted by means of a tube or leaf fixed in the incifion, and fupported with clay. On expofure to the ?»ir this*milky juice gradually infpiffates into a foft, reddifh, elaftic IrB&n. It is formed by the Indians in South America© into yaripus figures, but is cpmmpnly brought to Europe in that of fpcar-fliaped bottles. It is prepared alfp into cathe- ters, bougies, fyringes, peffaries, (6cc. INDICATION, An indication is that which demon- strates in a difeafe what ought to be done. It is three* fold : prefcryative, which preferves health ; curative, which expels a prefent difeafe ; and vital, which refpects the pow- ers and reafons of die*. The fcope from which indications are taken or determined is comprehended jn this diftich: Ars, atas, regio, complexio, virtus, Mas ct fymptoma, repletio, tempus (t yfus. INDICATOR. An extenfor mufcle of the fpre fin- ger, fituated chiefly on the lower and pofterior part of the fore arm. INFECTION. A fynonim of contagion. See Contagion. INFLAMMATION. Phlogofs. A genus of difeafe in the clafs pyrexia and order phlegmafta of Cullen; character- ized by rednefs, heat, pain, and tumour on the furface of the body. There are two fpecies : i. Pblegmone, known by inflammatipn pf a bright red colcur; tumpur ppinted, throbbing, and tending tp fuppuration: z. Erythema, which is inflammation of a dull red colour, vanifhing upon preffure, fpreading unequally, with a burning pain, and tumour fcarccly perceptible, ending in difquanimation, or yeficles of I N N I43 the fkin. Phlogofis often terminates in abfcefs, gangrene, or fchirrhtls. INFLUENZA. A fpecies of catarrh. See Catarrhus a contagione. INFUNDIEULUM of the BRAIN. A canal that pro- ceeds from the vulva of the brain to the pituitary gland in the fella turcica. INFUSING. A. procefs that confifts in pouring water of any required degree of temperature on fuch fubftances as have a loofe texture, as thin bark, wood in fhavings, or fmall pieces, leaves, flowers, &c. and fuffering it to ftand a certain time. The liquor obtained by the above procefs m is called an infufon. INGUEN. The groin. The lower and lateral part of the abdomen above the thigh. INJECTION. A medicated liquor to throw into a natural or praiternatural cavity of the body by means of a fyringe. INNOMINATA ARTERIA. The firft branch given off by tlie arch of the aorta. __ It foon divides into the right carotid and right fubclavian arteries'. INNOMINATUM OS. A large irregular bone, fitu- ated at the fide of the pelvis. It is divided into three portions-, viz. the iliac, ifchiatic, and pubic. The iliac portion, commonly called the os ilium, is the uppermoft, and prefents a tuberofity, a poferior, in anterior- and fuperior, and an anterior and inferior fpine, an external and an internal cavity, and a niche between the anterior fpines. The ifchi- atic portion has a tuberofity upon which we fit, a fpinout procefs, and an anterior and pofterior ifchiatic niche. The pubic portion affords with its fellow the arch and crifa of the pubis. Befidcs thefe eminences and depreffions there are the acetabulum, that receives the head of the thigh bone, and the foramen ovale; which are formed by the union of the three portions. In the fcetus thefe three portions are difruuft bones, and are properly diftinguiflied by the names of os ilium, os ilehium, and os pubis. INOCULATION. 144 I N T INOCULATION. The infertioil of the variolous mat- ter under the fkin, in order to communicate the fmall pox. It is ufur.lly done in the arm or leg. INSANIA. Infitnity, or deranged imagination. A ge- nus of difeafe in the clafs neurof-s and order vefania, cha- racterized by erroneous judgment fro-in imaginary percep- tions cr recollections, attended with agreeable emotions in perfons of a fanguine temperament. INSPIRATION. The ae'ri of drawing the air into the lungs. See Refpiration. INTERCOSTAL ARTERIES. The fuperior interco'f- tal artery is a branch of the fubclavian. The other inter- coftal arteries are given off from the aorta. INTERCOSTAL NERVE'. The great intercoftal nerve arifes in the cavity of the cranium from a branch of the fixth and one of the fifth pair, united into one trunk, which paffes out of the cranium through the caro- tid canal, and defcends by the fides of the bodies of the vertebra; of the neck, thorax, loins, and os facrum : in ita courfe it receives the fmall acceflory branches from all the thirtv pair of fpinal nerves. In the neck it gives off three cervical ganglions, the upper, middle, and lower ; from which the cardiac and pulmonary nerves arife. In the thorax it gives off the fplanchnic or anterior intercoftal, which perforates the diaphragm, and forms the fcmilunar ganglions, from which nerves pafs to all the abdominal vifcera. They alfo form in the abdomen ten peculiar ^ plexufcs, diftinguiflied by the name of the vifcus to which they belong, as the coeliac, fplcnic, hepatic, fuperior, mid- dle and lower mcfenteric, two renal, and two fpf riratic plexufcs. The pofterior intercoftal nerve gives acci ffory branches about the pelvis and ifchintic nerve, and at length terminates. INTERCOSTAL VEINS. The intercoftal veins empty their blood into the vena azygos. INTER COeSTALES EXTERN1.? Thefe mufcles are INTERCOSTALES INTERNE 5 fituated between the ribs, and decuffate each other like the ftrokes of the let- ter # I N T "45 ter X. It is by their means that the ribs are equally raifed upwards during infpiration. INTERMITTENT FEVER. An ague. See Febris in- termittens. INTEROSSEUS AURICULARIS. An internal interof- feal mufcle Of the hand, that extends and draws the little finger outwards. INTERSPINALES COLLI. The flefhy portions be- tween the fpinouS proceffes of the neck, that draw thefe proceffes nearer to each other. INTERSPINALES DORSI et LUMBORUM. ? Thefe INTERTRANSVERSALES DORSI. 5are rath- er fmali tendons than mufcles that connect the fpinal and tranfverfe proceffes. INTERTRANSVERSALES LUMBORUM. Four dif- tinct fmall bundles of flefh, which fill up the fpaces be- tween the tranfverfe proceffes of the vertebra; of the loins, and ferve to draw them towards each other. INTERTRIGO. An excoriation about the anus, groins, axilla, or other parts of the body, attended with inflam- mation and moifture. It is moft commonly produced by the irritation of the urine, from riding, or fome acrimony in children. INTESTINES. The convoluted membranous tube that extends from the ftomach to the anus ; receives the. in- gefted food ; retains it a certain time ; mixes with it the bile and pancreatic juice ; propels the chyle into the lac- teals, and covers the fxces with mucus ; is fo called. They are fituated in the cavity of the abdomen, and are divided into the fmall and large inteftines, which have, befides their fize, other circumftances of diftinction. The fmall inteftines are fupplied internally with folds, called valvultt connlventes, and have no bands upon their external furface. The large inteftines have no folds internally, and are fup- plied externally with three ftrong mufcular bands which run parallel upon the furface, and give the inteftines a faccated appearance ; and they have alfo fmall fatty ap- N pendagea, % 146 I N T pendagcs, called appendicula epplo'ca. The firft portion of the inteftinal tube, for about the extent of twelve lingers' breadth, is called the'duodenum; it lies in the epigaftric region ; makes three turnings, and between the firft and fecond flexure recei. cs, by a common opening, the pancre- atic duet and the ductus communis choledochus. It is in this portion of the inteftines that chylification is chiefly performed. The remaining portion of the fmall inteftines is diftinguiflied by an imaginary divilion into the jejunum and ileum. The jejunum, which commences where the du- odenum ends, is iituated in the umbilical region, and is moftly found empty ; hence its name : it is every where covered with red veffels, and about an hour and a half after a meal, with lactcals. The Ileum occupies the liypo- gaftric region and the pelvis ; is of a more pallid colour than the former, and terminates by a uanlecrfe opening into the large inteftines, which is called the valve of tit ileum, valve of the cacuvi, or the valve of Tulpius. The be- ginning of the large inteftines is firmly tied down in the right iliac region, and for the extent cf about four fingers' breadth is called the cacum, having adhering to it a worm- like procefs, called the proceffus caci virmfurm'-s, or appendi- cula caci verm'furmis. The great intefhiie then commences colon, afcends towards the liver, pailes acrofs the abdomen under the ftomach to the left fide, where it is contorted like the letter 5, and defcends to the pelvis ; hence it is divided in this courfe into the cf -.ending porti n,the tranfverfe arch, and the figmoidflexure. When it has reached the pel- vis it is called the reilum, it proceeding in a ftraight line to the anus. The inteftinal canal is compofed of three membranes or coats, a common one from the peritoneum, a mufcular coat, and a villous coat, the villi being formed of the fine termi- nations of arteries and,.nerves, and the origins of lac- teals and lymphatfcjs., found both cut into flices and „hole, pf an owl fhape, fchd, j.midcrous, blackifh on the nutficie, but grey within, anJ marked with feveral dark veins, by the number pf which, and by its icrdnci, heavuieJ"', i,nd dark -e-.fcur, the gpod- nei's J U G *5* ncfs or the root is to be eftimated. It has fcarccly any fmell, and very little tafte, but, tp the tongue and to the throat, manifefts a flight degree pf pungency. The medicinal ac- ti rity pf jalap refides principally, if not wholly, in the refin, which, though given in fipall dofcs, occafions violent tormir na. 'i he root powdered is a very common, efficacious, and fafe purgative, as daily experience evinces ; but accprding as it contains mpre Pr }efs refin, its effects muft pf courfe vary. In large dofcs, or when joined with calpmel, it is recom. mended as an anthelmintic and hydrogogue. In the phar- macopoeias this root is ordered in the form of tincture and extract, and the Edinburgh college directs it alfo in powder with twice its weight of cryftals of tartar. JEJUNUM. The fecond portion pf the fmall inteftines, fo called, becaufe it is moftly found empty. See Intefines. JELLY, Modern chemifts have given this name to the mucilaginous fubftance very foluble in water, and not at all in fpirit of wine, that js obtained from all the foft and white parts of animals, fuch as the membranes, tendons, aponeurofes, cartilages, ligaments, and fkin, by boiling them in water. If the decoction or jeily be ftrongly evaporated, it affords a dry, brittle, tranfparent fubftance, known by the name of glue. JET. A black bitumen, hard and compact, like certain ftones, found in great abundance in various parts of France, Sweden, Germany, and Ireland. It is brilliant and vitreous in its fracture, and capable pf taking a gppd polifh by fric- tion : it attracts light fubftances, and appears to be elecFric, like amber ; hence it has been called b ack amber : it has no fmell ; but when heated acquires one like bitumen judai- cum. f^K JON'fiHL Jot.oc- Vari. Small red, hard, and indolent tuberclesffhat'appear about the face of young perfons before or about the time of puberty. JUGALE OS. Os mala. Os zygomaticum. The cheek bone. It is a quadrangular fbaped bone, fituated at the fide of the face, forming the bottom part 01 the prbit. It has a frontal, orbital, malar, and zygomatic procefs, a zygomatic deorefiion, and two foramina. JugaL, from jugum, a yoke. JUGLAN3' 15- J U N JUGLANS. The walnut. The tree which bears this fruit is the Juglans regia of Linnxus, a native of Perfii, but cultivated in this country; The unripe fruit, which has an adftringent bitterifh tafte, and has been long employed as a pickle, is the part directed for medicinal ufe by the London college, pn account of its anthelmintic virtues. An extract pf the green fruit is the moft convenient preparation, as it may be kept fpr a fufficient length pf time, and made agree- able tn the ftpmach of the patient by mixing it with cinna- mon water. JUGULAR VEINS. Thefe veins run from the head down the fides of the neck, and are divided from their fitua- tion intp external and internal. The external or fuperfcul jugular vein receives the blood from the frontal, angular, temporal, auricular, fublingual, pr ranine, and the pccipital Veins. The internal or deep feated jugular vein receives the blood from the lateral finufies of the dura mater, the laryn- geal and pharyngeal veins. Both jugulars unite, and form the fuperior vena cava, which, with the inferior or afcending cava, form the common cava that terminates in the right auricle pf the heart. JUNIPERUS. Common juniper. Jtwiperus communis of Linnseus. Both the tops and berries of this indigenous plant are directed in our pharmacopoeias, but the latter are ufually preferred, and are brought chiefly from Holland and Italy. Of their efficacy as a ftomachic, carminative, dia- phoretic, and diuretic, there are feveral relations by phyfi- cians nf great authprity : and medical writers have alfo fpoken of the utility of the juniper in nephritic cafes, ute- rine obftruetions, fcorbutic affections, and fome cutaneous difeafes. Our pharmacopeias direct the effential oil, and a fpirituous diftillation of the berries, to be kept in the fhops. K I N l53 K. KALI. See Alkali vegetable and mineral, Barillr, Nat, m. KIDNEYS. Fere.. Twp abdcmir.al vifcera, fcayc'd like a kidney-bean, that fccrete the urine. They are fitu- ated one in each lumbar region, near the firft lumbar vertex bra, behind the peritpneum, and are comppfed of three fubi fiances ; a cortical, which is the external, and very vafcular ; a tubulofe, which coniifts pf fmall tubes, and a p.iDillous fub- ftance, which is the innermoft. The kidneys are generally furrounded with mpre or kfs pf adipofe membrane, and they have alfo a proper membrane, membrana propria, which is clofcly accreted to the cortical iubftance. The renal ar- teries, called alfp emulger.ts, proceed from the aorta, the veins evacuate their blood into the afcending cava. The abforbents accompany the blood veffels, and terminate in the thoracic duct. The nerves of the kidneys are branches of the eighth pair and great intercoftals. the excretory duct of this vifcus is called the ureter ; at the middle or pel- vis of the kidney where the blood-veffels enter it, is a large membranaceous bag, which diminffiies like a funnel, and forms a leng canal pr ureter, that conveys the urine from the kidney to the bladder, which it perforates obliquely. KINO- Gummi r-abrum (/fringeus gambienfe. the tree from which this refin is obtained, though not yet botanical-: ly afcertained, is knpwn tp grow on the banks of the river Gambia, in Africa. On wounding its bark the fluid kino immediately iffues drop by drop, and by the heat of the fun is formed into hard niaffes. It is very like the refin called Sm-uis dracens ; is much redder, more' firm, refinous, and adftringent than catechu. It is now in comnv n ufe, and is, the moft efficacious vegetable adftringent, or ftypfic, in tfw matci ia mediea. 154 LAD L. J ABYRINTH rf the EAR. That part of the internal —* ear behind the cavity of the tympanum, which is con- ftituted by the cochlea, veftibulum, and femicircular canals, LAC. The improper name of gum-lac is given to a re- finpus fubftance of a deep red colour, that is depofited by a fpecies of ant, peculiar to the Eaft Indies, upon the fmall branches of trees. In this ftate it is called flick-lack, which when broken, is obfcrved to be full of fmall cavities. Seed- r lac is nothing more than the refinous fubftance taken off the branch, and broken intn fmall granules, which is melted for ufe, and formed into flat plates called fhell-lac. Lac is the bafis of fealing-wax ; and tinctures, dentifrices, and troches, are prepared from it by the dentifts, who tftceni it as a good bracer for lax and fpongy gums. LACHRYMiS. The tears or limpid fluid fecreted by the lachrymal gland, and flowing on the furface of the eye. LACFIRYMAL DUCTS. The excretory dufts of the lachrymal gland, which open upon the internal furface of the upper eye-lid. LACHRYMAL GLAND. A glomerate gland, fitu- ated above the external angle of the orbit, in a peculiar de- predion pf the frontal bpne. It fecretes the tears, and con- veys them to the eye by its excretory ducts, which are fix or eight in number. See Lachrymal d,:t~ls. LACTATS. fLaclas, tis,f. m.J Salts formed by the union of the acid of four whey, or iactic acid, with different bsfcs; thus aluminous laclat, ammoniacal laclat, OeC. LACTEALS. The abforbents of the mefrntery, which originate in the fmall inteftines, and convey the chyle from thence to the thoracic duct. LACTIC ACID, t he acid of four milk ; from lac, milk. LACUNiE. the mouths or openings of the excretory ducts cf the muciparous glands pf the urethra. LADANUM. This refinpus juice exudes uppn the leaves of the Cijlus ladan-.tm of Linnaius, in Candia, where the L A R 155 tli? inhabitants collect it by lightly rubbing the leaves with leather, and afterwards fcraping off and forming it into ir- regular maffes for exportatipn. Three forts of ladanum have been defcribed by autliprs, but pnly two are tn be met with in the fhnps. The beft, which is very rare, is in dark cplpured maffes, of the cpnfiftenpe nf a fpft plafter, growing ftill fofter on being handled ; the other is in long rolls, cpiled up, much harder than the preceding, and not fo dark. T he firft has commonly a fmall, and the laft a large admixture of fine fand, without which they cannot be col- lected pure, independently of defigned abufes ; the duft blown on the plant by winds from the loofe fands among which it grows, being retained by the tanacious juice. '1 he foft kind has an agreeable fmell, and a lightly pungent bit- terifh tafte : the hard is much weaker. Ladanum was fpr- nierly much emplpyed internally as a pectpral and adftrin- gent in catarrhal affectinns, dyfcnteries, and feveral Pther difeafes; at prefent, hpwever, it is whplly cpnfined to exter- nal ufe, and is an ingredient in the ftomachic plafter, em- plafrum ladani of the London Pharmacopceia. L AGOPHTHALMUS. A want of power to clofe the eye-lid It may arife from fpafm, palfy, atony, or fiffure of the mufcles of the eye-lids, and a variety of other caufes. The name is derived from w.yuc, a hare, and ->rio*uoc, an eye ; becaufe it is credited that hares fleep with their eyes open. LAMBDOID AL SUTURE. Occipital future. The fu- ture that unites the occipital bone to the twn parietal bpnes ; from A, and tiSoc, refemblance, becaufe it is fiiaped like the letter A. LARYNGOTOMY. From \apvy%, the larynx, and Ti/a-vc-, to CUt. See Bronchotomy. L ^RYNX. i\ap\iy$, A cartilaginnus cavity, fituated behind the tnngue, in the anteripr part pf the fauces, and lined with an exquifitely fcnfible membrane. It is compofed of the annular or crycoid cartilage, the fcutifcrm pr thyroid, the epiglottis, and two arytenoid cartilages. The fuperior opening of the larynx is called the glottis. The laryngeal cileries are brandies of the external carotids. The laryngeal veins 1$6 LEA veins evacv.ite their blood into the externil jugulars. Th? nerves of the larynx are from the eignth pair. i he ufe of the larynx is to cpnftitute the prgan of voice, and to fcrve alfo for rcfpiration. LATISSIMUS DORSI. A mufcle of the humerus, fit- uated on the pofteripr part pf the trunk, that pulls the arm backwards and downwards, and rolls the ps humeri. LAURUS. Sweet-bay. Laurus nobilis pf LinniEUS. Tiiis tree is a native pf Italy, but cultivated in nur gardens and fhrubberie9 as a handfome evergreen. The leaves and berries poffefs the fame medical qualities, both having a fweet fragrant fmell, and an aromatic adftringent tafte. The laurus of honoiary memory, the diftinguiflied favourite of Apollo, may be naturally fuppofcd tp have no intonfidcr- able fame as a medicine ; but its pharmaceutical lifcs are fo limited in the practice of the prefent day, that this dignified plant is now rarely employed, except in the way of enema, or as an external application ; t.'ius, in the London Pharma- copoeia, the leaves are directed in the decocium pro fomenta, and the berries in tlie emplafrum cumini. LAVENDULA. Commmoh lavender; Lavendulafpica of Linnxus. A native nf the fputhern parts pf Eurppe, but cultivated in our gardens pn accpunt pf the fragrance of its flowers J heir tafte is fitter, warm, and fpniewhat pun- gent ; the leaves are weaker and lels grateful. The tffen- tial oil, obtained by diftillation, is of a bright yellow colour, of a very pungent tafte, and poffeffes, if carefully diftilled, the fragrance of the lavender in perfection. Lavender hai been long recommended in nervous debilities, and various affections proceeding from a want of energy in the animal unctions. The College directs an effential oil, a Ample ipirit, and a compound tincture, to be kept in the fhops. LAXATOR TYMPANI. A mufcle of the internal ear, that draws the ma leus obliquely forwards towards its prigin ; cpnfequently the membrana tympani is made lefs enncave, or is relaxed. LEAD. Plumbum. An imperfect metal, of a dull white .colour, inclining to a blue. It is very foft, and eafily cut with a knife ; has a peculiar and remarkable fmell, which becomes LEU W becomes ftrcmger by friction. Its tafte is fcarcely fenfible in the mouth, but its effect is very manifeft in the ftomach and inteftines, whofe neives it irritates, producing, pain, convulfions, ftupor, and palfy. Lead is rarely found native, but moftly in the earthly, faline, or mineralized form, unit- ed with fulphur, and forming galena. It is made into uten- fils and veffels for varipus ecpnpmical purpofcs, but not withnut danger in their ufe; for its noxious qualities are foon communicated to the fubftance ihey contain. Thofe who work in manufactories where this metal is concerned, are continually attacked with colics (fee Colica piclonum,) often accompanied with vomiting, and not unfrequcntly with pal- fies. The various preparations of lead, directed in our phar- macopoeias, ftiould therefore be very cauticufly adminiftered internally; npr fhould they, in very delicate habits, be very freely employed externally. Mod of the preparations are efteemed as refolvent and anodyne application^ to external inflammatory affections. LEIPOTHYMIA. Fainting ; from \rnru, to leave, and S-j/xov, the mind. See Syncope. LENS. See Cryftalline leas. T.ENTTGO. A brown fpot upon the fkin, refembling, in fize and colour, a lens or tare. LEPRA. AsTpn, the leprofy. A difeafe in the clafs ca- chexia and order impetigines of Cullen, characterized by the fkin being rough and chapped, with white faifuraceous fcales and crufts, under which is frequently a moifture, with itching. LETHARGY. A heavy and conftant fleep, with fcarce any intervals of waking ; when awakened, the perfon an- fwers, but, ignorant or forgetful of what he faid, immediate- ly finks into the fame ftate of fleep. It is fymptomatic of fever, apoplexy, &c. LFUCOMA. Awx.u/u.«. A variety of the caliga cornea of Cullen's nofology. See Caligo. LEUCOPHLEGMATIC. A term applied by the old- er medical writers to a dropfjcal habit of body ; from AtiAoc, white; and {hiy^, phlegm. O LEUCORRHJEA. i58 LEV LEUCORRHjEA. Fluor albus. The whites. ' An in- creafed fecretion of white mucus from the vagina of women, arifing from debility, and not from the venereal virus; from kiujcoc, white, and oiu; to flow. LEVATOR ANGULI ORIS. A mufcle fituated above the mouth, which draws the corner of the mouth upwards, and makes that part of the cheek oppofite to the chin pro- minent, as in frniling. LEVATOR ANI. A mufcle of the anus, that draws the rectum upwards after the evacuation of the fasces, and aflifts in fliutting it. The levatores ani alfo fuftain the con- tents of the pelvis, and help in ejecting the fcmen, urine, and contents of the rectum, and perhaps, by preffing upon the veins, contribute greatly to the erection of the penis. LEVATOR LAB1I SUPERIORIS ALiEOUE NASI. A mufcle of the mouth and lips, that raifes the upper lip tQ- wards the orbit, and a little outwards ; it ferves alfp to draw the fkin of the nofc upwards and outwards, by which the noftril is dilated. LEVATOR OCULI. A mufcle of the eye-ball, that raifes up the globe of the eye. LEVATOR PALATE A mufcle fituated between the lower jaw and the os hyoides laterally, that draws the velum pendulum palati upwards and backwards, fo as to fhut the paffage from the fauces into the mouth and nofe. LEVATOR PALPEBRA SUPERIORIS. A proper mufcle of the upper eye-lid, that opens the eye, by drawing the eye-lid upwards. LEVATOR SCAPULAE- A mufcle fituated on the pofterior part of the neck, that pulls the fcapula upwards, and a little forwards- LEVISTICUM. Lovage. The odour of this plant, Z-igufizum levificum cf Linnxus, is very ftrong and pecufiarly ungrateful; its tafte is warm and aromatic. It abounds with a yellcwifh gummy ref.npus juice, very much refem- bling opoponax. Its virtues are fuppofcd to be fimilar to thofe of angelica and mafterwort in expelling flatulen- cies, exciting fweat, and opening obfttuction? ; therefore it L I G 159 is chiefly ufcd in hyfterical difbrders and uterine obftruc- tions. The leaves eaten in falad are accounted emmena- gogue. The root, which is lefs ungrateful than the leaves, is faid to poffefs fimilar virtues, and may be employed in powder. LICHEN. In furgery it is a fpecies of impetigo, that ap- pears in form of a folifary, red, dry, rough, and fomewhat prurient fpot, that gives off very fmall furfuraccous fcales. LIENTERIA. From xuov, fmooth, tvnoov, the inteftine, and pi„., to flow. A fpecies of diarrhaa. See Diarrhaa. LIGAMENT. A ftrong elaftic membrane, that con- nects the extremities of moveable bones, and prevents the afflux of the fynovia from the joints : from ligo, to bind. LIGHT. It is at prefent univerfally acknowledged that light is a body of fluid, exiiting independent of all other fub- ftances, and poffcfung its ©wn characteriftic properties, or phenomena, which are as follow : 1. The motipn nf light is fo rapid, that it paffes through nearly eight thoufand leagues in a fecond ; 2. The elaflicity of the rays of light is fuch, that the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence : 3. The fluid of light is ponderous ; for if a ray of light be received through a hole, and a blade of a. knife. prefeitted to it, the ray is diverted from a right line, and is reflected towards the body. This circumftanCe fhows that it obr/s the law of attraction, and fufficiently authorizes its being claffed among Pther ponderous bodies : 4. T he great Newton fucceeded in decompofing the folar light into feven primitive rays, which prefent themfelves in the fol- lowing order : red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, viokt. Dyers prefent us with only three colours, which are red, blue, and yellow ; the combinations and proportions of thefii three principles form all the fhades of colour with ■which the arts are enriched. LIGNUM CAMPECHENSE. Logwood. The wood of this tree, Hamatoxylum campecbianum of Linnaeus, is of a folid texture, and of a dark red colour. It is imported from Campeachy, in the bay of Honduras, principally a3 a dying drug, cut into junks and logs of about three feet in length ; cf thefe pieces the largeft and thickeft are preferred, as be- l6o LIM ing of the deepcft colour. Logwood has a fweetiih fubid- ftringent tafte, and no remarkable fmell; it gives a purplifh red tincture both to watery and fpirituous infufions, and tinges the ftools, and fometimes the urine, of the fame colour. It is employed medicinally as an adftringent and corroborant. In diarrhsas it has been found peculiarly (fli- cacious, and has the recommendation of fome of the firfl medica} authorities ; alfo in the latter ftages of dyfentery, w hen the obftructing caufes are removed, to obviate the ex- treme laxity of the inteftines ufually fuperinduced by the repeated dejections. An extract is ordered in the pharna- copoelas. LILTUM ALBUM. The roots of the common white lily, Lilium candldum of Linnaeus, are directed by the Edin- burgh Pharmacopoeia ; they are extremely mucilagirous, and are chiefly ufcd, boiled in milk and water, in emollient and fuppurating cataplafms. LIME. Calcarepys esrth. A fubftance pbtained by de- compofing calcarenps matters by the action pf fire, -n hirh deprives them of their acid. Stones compofed of (hells, marbles, and moft calcareous fpnrs, are the fubftances which afford the beft lime ; but the hard calcareous ftone, called lime-ftone, is more commonly ufed. Thefe are arranged in, a furnace or kiln, fo as to form a kind of vault, beneath which a wopd fire is lighted, and kept up until a Srong flame, without fmoke, i* raifcd about ten feet above the fur- pace, and till the ftones become very white. Good quick- lime is hard, fonorous, becomes quickly and ftrongly heated by the addition of water, and emits a denfe vapour daring its extinction. It is ufually in the form of a ftone, of a dirty white colour ; its tafte is burning, acrid, and urinous ; and it is fufficiently ftrong to caufe inflammation when ap- plied to the fkin. It is found native in the vicinity of vplca- riPS. Lime, expofcd to the air, fwells, breaks, and is re- duced to powder, its bulk being confiderably increafed : it is then termed flack-lime. QJrk-lime is emploved by fur- geons in combinatipn with loap or other fubftances as a powerful cauftic : and lime-water is of confiderable utility both in the practice of phyfic and furgery. LIMON. L I N 161 LIMON. The lemon. The tree whieh affords this fruit iz the Citrus aurantium of Linnaeus, a native of the upper Eil"ts of Afia, but cultivated in Spain, Portugal, and France. The juice, which is much more acid than that of the orange, pofieffeR fimilar virtues. It is always preferred where a ftrong vegetable acid is required. Saturated with the fixed vegetable alkali, it is in frequent extemporaneous ufe in fe- brile difeafes; and by promoting the fccretions, efpecially that of the fkin, proves of confiderable fervice in abating the vio- lence of pyrexia. As an antifcorbutic, the citric acid is alfo very generally taken on board fhips deftined for long voyages; but even when well depurated of its mucilaginous parts, it is found to f'poil by long keeping. To preferve it in purity lor a confiderable length of time, it is neceffary that it fhould be brought to a highly concentrated ftate; and for this pur- pofe it has been reepmmended to exppfe the juice tp a de- cree of cold fufficient to congeal the aqueous and mucilagi- nous parts. After a cruft of ice is formed, the juice is pour- ed into another veffel ; and by repeating this procefs feveral thnes, the remaining juice, it is faid, has been concentrated to eight times its origi.ial ftrength, and kept without fuffer- mg any material change for feveral years. The exterior rind of the len.on is a very grateful aromatic bitter, but lefs hot than orange-peel, and yields in diitillation a lefs quanti- ty of oil ; which is extremely light, almoft colourlefs, and !5 generally brought from the fputhern parts of Europe, un- der the name of Effence of Lemons, t he lemon-peel, riongh lefs warm, is fimilar in its qualities tP that pf the orange, and is employed with the fame intentions. The pharmacopoeias direct a fyrup pf the juice, and the peel en- ters, into vinous and aqueous bitter infufipns ; it is alfp order- ed to be candied ; hud the effential oil is an ingredient in tiic jhinti/s ammonia compofttus and other formula;. LINCTUS. A term in pharmacy that is generally ap- plied to a foft and fomewhat oily fubftance, of the confift- .ence of honey. LINEA ALBA. An aponeurofis that extends from the fcrobicuius cordis fcraight down to the navel, and from thence to the piftus. It is formed by the tendinous fibres of the internal oblique afcending and the external oblique de- O Z fcending I62 LIT fcending mufcles, and the tranfverfclis, interlaced with thofe of the oppofite fide. LINGUALIS. A mufcle of the tongue, that contracts its fubftance, and brings it backwards. LINIMENT. An oily fubftance of a mediate confiftence between an ointment and oil, but fo thin as to drop. LINUM. Common flax. Linum iff •tffimum _of Lin- naeus. The feeds of this ufeful plant, ceded Indeed, have an unctuous, mucilaginous, fweetifh tafte, but no remarka- ble fmell ; on exprcllion they yield a lar^e quantity of oil, which, when carefully drawn, without the application of heat, has no particular tafte or flavour : bpiled in water they yield a large proportion of a ftrong flavourlefs muci- lao-i , which is in ufe as an emoilient or demulcent in coughs, hoarfeneftes, and pleuritic fymptoms, that frequently prevail in catairhal affecfions ; and it is likewifc recommended in nephritic pains and ftranguries. The meal of the feeds is alio much ufcd externally in emollient and maturating cata- plafms. The exprtffed oil is an oific je 1 preparation, and is fuppofed to be of a more heeling and balfamic nature than tlie other piL of this clafs : it lias therefore, been very gen- erally employed in pulmonary complaints, and in colics and ccnllipations of tlie bowels. LIPPITUDO. An exudation of a pu: iform humour from the margin pf the eye-lid. LIQUOR AMNII. A turbid and fcrous fluid ontekv.d in the cavity of the membranaceous ovan;, furrpunding the fcetus in uteip. Ll'EHIATS (Lilh'ws, tis, f m.J Salts, formed by the union of the lithic acid, wk.i different bafcs, pr acid pf tlie lu-nc, fometimes found in the liuuu.n Lladdcr ; thas, »,//>...»■ of al.m tie, l.tbict of ammoniac, &.C. I.I1 HONt RfPTfCS. En M *,*,-. a ftone, and f,wv, to break : hence, from the ftnet fenfe and comniwi accepta- tion of the word, this daf» of medicine* lhpuld comprehend fuih as poffefs a ppwer of ddfolvieg cl uli in the urinary paffages. It i,, however, a qutftion, whether there he i.i patuic any fr.h fubfta.iccc. I:y th . aim, th.n, is meant th-.-'c L O C 163 thoie fubftances which poffefs a power pf removing a difpo- i.tion in the body to the formation of calculi. Thofe in the iiigheft efteein are, aqua cauls, alkali cauftUum, and uva urft. LOBELIA. Blue lobelia, or cardinal flower. The ropt of this.pl'.nt, Lobelia fpliliilca, is the part directed by the Edinburgh Pharmacppctia for medicinal ufe ; in tafte it re- fembles tobacco, and is apt to excite vomiting. It derived risenan-e fyplnlitica from its efficacy iu tlie cure of fyplnlis, us experienced by the North American Indians, wdio confid- e.xed it a fpecific in that difeafe, and with whom it was long an important fecret, which was purchafcd by Sir William Johnfon, and fince pubiifhed by different authors. The Method of employing this medicine is ftated as follows : a decoction is made of a handful of the roots in three meaf- jares of water. Of this, half a meafure is taken in the morn- ing faffing, and repeated in the evening ; and the dofe is ^raduall/ increafed till its purgative effects becpme tpo vio- lent, v. hen die decoctiou is to be intermitted for a day or two, and then renewed until a perfect cure is effected. During the u e of this medicine a proper regimen is tp be enjoined, and the ulcers are alio to be frequently wafiied with the decoction, or if deep and foul, to be fprinkkd with tlie powder of the inner bark of the New Jerfcy tea-tree, Ceanothtts ,r-nericanus. Although the plant thus ufcd is faid t' 1 cure the difeafe in a very fhort time, yet it is not found that the antifyphiliuc pow-ers cf the lobelia have been con- ii.n.cd in any iiiiiai.ee of European practice. LOCALES. The fourth clafs of Cullen's nofology, which n'tiquciieiid.. morbid affections, that are partial, and includes tight genera, viz. cy:dtfthci'a , dyforexia, dyfcinefia;, apu-'ciioie;; epkeheies, tun.cures, ectopia, and dialyfes. LOCHIA. Aoy/.-r. The cleanfings. The fcrous, and for the moft pert green coloured, difcharge that takes place from the uterus and v„bi..a of women, during the iiio! four «li-vs after dchvtry. LOCHIORRTLEA. An txccffue difcharge of the iochiu ; 1*0111 xop^x, and ptu, to flow. LO CKED-'J AW 164 L U N LOEKED-JAW, or TRISMUS. A fpecies of tetanus. See Tetanus. LONGUS COLLI. A mufcle fituated on the anterior part of the neck clofe to the vertebrae, that bends the neck gradually forwards, and to one fide. LUES VENEREA. The venereal difeafe. See Syphilis and Gonorrbaa. LUJULA. Woed-fcrrel. Oxalis acetofella pf Linnaeus. This delicate indigenous plant is totally inodprpus, but has a grateful acid tafte, which is more agreeable than the com- mon forrel, and approaches nearly to that of the juice of lemons, or the acid of tartar, with which it alfp correfponds in a gieat meafure in its medical effects, being efteemed re- frigerant, antifcorbutic, and diuretic. Its principal ufe, hpwever, is to allay inordinate heat, and to quench thirft ; for this purpofe a pleafant whey may be formed by boiling the plant in milk. An effential fait is prepared from this plant, known by the name of Effential Salt of Lemons, and commonly ufcd for taking ink-ftains out of linen. LUMBAGO. A rheumatic affection of the mufcles about the loins ; from lumbi, the loins, and ago, to act; be- caufe the pains generally act very powerfully. LUMBRICALES. The four fmall flexors of the fingers, which affift the flexion of the fingers when the long flexors are in full action ; fo called from their refemblance to the lumbrici, or round worms. LUMBRICALES PEDIS. Four mufcles like the for- mer, that increafe the flexipn nf the tpes, and draw them inwards. LUNGS. Pulmones. Two vifcera, fituated in the cavi- ties pf the cheft, by means pf which we breathe. The lung in the right cavity pf the cheft is divided intp three lobes, that in the left cavity intp two. T hey hang in the cheft, attached, at their fuperior part, to the neck by means of the trachea, and are fcparated by the mediaftinum. They are alfo attached to the heart by means of the pulmonary veffels. The fubftance of the lungs is of four kinds, viz. veficular vafcular, and •bronchial, and a parenchymal, u. fubftance! the L Y R 165 The veficular fubftance is cnmppfed pf the air cells. The vafcular invefts thpfe cells like a net-wprk. The bronchial, is throughout the lungs, having the air cells at their ex- tremities. And the fpongy fubftance that connects the Spaces between thefe parts is termed the parenchyma. The lungs are covered with a fine membrane, a reflexion of the pleura, called pleura pulmonalis. The internal furface of the air cells is cpvered with a very fine, delicate, and fenfible membrane, which is continued from the larynx through the trachea and bronchia. The arteries of the lungs are the pulmonary, which circulate the blood through the air cells t» undergo a certain change, and the bronchial artery, a Lr?uich of the atirto, which carries Wood to the lungs for their nourifhment. The pulmonary veins return the blopd, tru' t has undergone this change, by four trunks, into the left auricle of the heart. The bronchial veins terminate in the •vena azygos. The nerves of the lungs are from the eighth pair and great intercoftal. The abforbents are of two or- ders ; the fuperficial and deep-feated : the former are more readily detected than the latter. The glands of thefe vifcera are called bronchiak They are muciparous, and are fituated about the bronchia. LUXATION. See Dfocaiion. LYMPH. A cryftalline taftelefs fluid contained in all rhe abforbent veffels except the lacteals. It is abforbed from the cellular ftructure of the whple body, from all the vifcera and cavities of the vifcera, and cpnveyed to the thoracic duct, there to be mixed with the chyle. LYMPHATIC GLANDS. See Conglobate glands. , LYMPHATICS. Abforbents that carry a traufparent fluid or lymph. See Abforbents. LYRA. Pfalterium. The prominent medullary fibres that give the appearance of a lyre, at the inferior furface of the anterior crus pf the fornix of the cerebrum. r55 m a G M. T\/f THIS letter has two fignifications ; when herus, ^-*JLm flowers, chips, or fuch like fubftances are ordered, and M- follows them, it fignifies manipulus, a handful; and when any quantity of other ingredients is directed, it is a contraction of m-f-e ,- thus, m. f. mif. fignifies, mix and make a mixture. MACIES. A wafting of the body. See Atrophy and Tabes. MACIS. The reticulated fubftance, that clofcly invefts the flender lhell which contains the nutmeg. See Nux mofhata. M A D A R f) S1S. MoJW- wrte; from fi xfoc, without hair. A defect, or lofs of eye-brows, or eye-lafhes, caufing a dd'a- greeable deformity, and painful fenfatipn of the eyes, in a ftrong light. MADNESS. See Melancholia, Infanla, and Mania. MAGNETISM. The property which iron ppffeffes 6f being attracted by the magnet. MAGNES. The magnet or load-ftpne. A muddy iron ore, in which the iron is modified in fuch a manner as to af- ford a paffage to a fluid, called the magnetic fluid. The magnet exhibits certain phenomena ; it is known by its property of attracting fteel filings, and is found in Auvergne, ia Bifcay, in Spain, in Sweden, and Siberia. MAGNESIAN EARTH. Magnefia. Magnefia is usual- ly obtained from Epfom fait ; that which is found in the earth being almpft always in combination with an acid. It is in form pf very fine ppwder, confiderably refcmbling flpur in its appearance and feel ; it has nn fenfible tafte pn the tongue ; it gives a faint greenifn cnlour to the tincture of violets, and cenverts turnfole to a blue- It is employed medicinally as an abforbent, antacid, and purgative. MAGNUM OS. The third bone of the lower row of the bones of the carpus, reckoning from the thumb towards the little finger. MAJORANA. M A L 167 MAJORANA. Sweet marjoram. Origanum mnjorana of Linnaeus. This plant has been long cultivated in our gardens, and is in frequent ufe for culinary purpofes. The leaves and tops have a pleafant fmell, and a moderately- warm, aromatic, bitterifh tafte. The medicinal qualities of the plant are fimilar to thofe of the wild plant (fee Origa- num) ; but being much more fragrant, it is thought to be more cephalic. It is directed in the pulvis fernutatorius by both Pharmacopoeias, with a view to the agreeable odour which it diffufes to the aiarabacca, rather than to its errhine power, which is very inconfidcrable. In its recent ftate it is laid to have been i'uccefsfully applied to fcirrhous tumours of the breaft. MAL.rE OS. The cheek bone. See jugate os. MALACFIITE. A fpecies of copper pre, found in Si- beria. MALATS (Malas, tis, f. m.J Salts formed by the un- ion nf the malic acid, cr acid of apples, with different bales ; thus, malat of copper, malat of lead, Sec. MALIC ACID. This acid is obtained by faturating the juice of apples with alkali, and pouring in the acetous fplu- tipn pf lead, until it nccafions np mpre precipitate. The precipitate is then tp be edulcprated, and ftilphuric acid ppured pn it, until the liquor has acquired a frefh acid tafte, withbut any mixture of fweetnefs. 1 he whole is then to be filtered, to fcparatc the fulphate of lead. The filtered liquor is the malic acid, which is very pure, remains always ;n a fluid ftate, and cannot be rendered concrete. The un- ion of this acid with different bafes conftitutes what are call- ed malats. MALIS. A difeafe pf the ficin produced by an infect lodging underneath. It is very common in Perfia, where the difeafe is produced by the worm called Gor.tius medir.en- fis, or Dracunculus peftcus; in America, by the Pulex, and it is fometimes produced in Europe by the Pediculus. MALLEA BILIT Y. 1 he property which feveral metals poffefs of being extended under the hammer into thin plates, zui without cracking. MALLEOLUS, l68 M AN MALLEOLUS. The ankle, diftinguiflied into exter- nal and internal, or malleolus externus and internus, MALLEUS. A bone of the internal ear is fo termed, from its refemblance to a hammer. MALUM MORTUUM. A difeafe that appears in the form of a puftule, which foon forms a dry, brown, hard, and broad cruft. It is fcldpm attended with pain, and re- mains fixed for a long time before it can be detached. It is moftly obfcrved on die tibias and os coccygis, and very fcl- dora on the face. MALVA. Common mallow. Malva fylveftris of Lin- nxus. This indigenous plant has a ftrong affinity to the ft- thsea, both in a botanical and a medical refpect. See Althax. It is principally ufed in fomentations, cataplafms, and emol- lient enemas. MAMMARY ARTERIES. The internal mammary artery is a branch of the fubclavian, and gives off the rr.ed;- aftinal, thymal, and pericardiac arteries, the external mammary is a branch of the axillary artery. MAMMARY VEINS, thefe veffels evacuate their blood into the fubclavian vein. MANDIBULA. From mando, tp chew. See Maxilla inferior. MANGANESE. A grey dark-cplpured mineral, which fpils the fingers, and is employed in glafs-houles in different proportions, either to cplour, or tp take away colour from glafs. It ought to be confidered as a peculiar femimetak becaufe its analyfis has npt yet been made, and it is found to poffefs properties common to no other metallic fubftance. MANIA. Raving or furious madnefs. A genus of dif- eafe in the clafs r.eurofes and order vefania of Cullen, charac- terized by a conception of falfe relations, and an erroneous judgment, arifing from imaginary perceptions cr recollec- tions, exciting the peffions, and producing unreafonable 'ac- tions or emotion, with a hurry m' mind in purfuing a traki of thought, and in running fr-jm vr.i tr-.n of thoughr M j.jeLkcr ; MAR 169 another ; attended with incoherent and abfurd fpeech, call- ed raving, and violent impatience of either contradiction or reftraint. MANNA. The condenfed juice of the Fraxinus ornus or flowering afli of Linnxus, a native of the fouthern parts of Europe, particularly Sicily and Calabria. Many ether trees and fhrubs have likewifc been obfcrved to emit a fweet juice, which concretes on expofure to the air, and may be confid- ered of the manna kind, tfpecially the Fraxinus rotundifolia and excelfior. In Sicily thefe three fpecies of fraxinus are regularly cultivated fnr the purppfe of procuring manna, and with this view are planted on the declivity of a hill with ?n eaftern afpect. After ten years' growth the trees firft begin to yield the manna, but they require to be much older before they afford it in any confiderable quantity. Although the manna exudes fpontaneoufly upon the trees, yet in order to obtain it more copioufly, incifions are made through the bark by means pf a fharp crepked inftrument : and the feafcn thought tP be moft favourable for inftituting this procefs is a little before the dog-days commence, when the weather is dry and f'erene. Manna is generally diftin- guiflied into different kinds, viz. the manna in tear, the ean- ulated and flaky manna, and the common brown or fat man- na. All thefe varieties feem rather to depend upon their refpective purity, and the circumftances in which they are obtained from the plant, than upon any effential difference of the drug. The beft manna is in oblong pieces, or flakes, moderately dry, friable, very fight, of a whitifh or pale yel- low colour, and in fome degree tranfparent : the inferior kinds are moift, unctuous, and brown. Manna is well known as a gentle purgative, fo mild in its operation that it may be given with fafety to children and pregnant women. MARASMUS. A wafting away of the flefh; papxo-tM>c ; from fuxpxiw, to grow lean. MAR' ORES. Univerfal emaciation. The firft order in the clafs cachexia of Cullen's nofology. MARINE SALT. Common culinary fait. This fait is more abundant in nature than any other ; it is found in pro- digious maffes in the internal parts of the earth, in Calabria, P in 170 U A S in Hungary, in Mofcovy, and more efpecially at Wieliczki, in Poland, near Mount Capax, where the mines are very large, and afford immenfe quantities of fait. It is alfo ob- tained, by feveral artificial means, from fca water. MARROW. The fat fubftance fecreted by the fmall arteries of the internal periofteum, and contained in the medullary cavities of the long cylindrical bones. MARROTJIUM. Common white horehound. Mar. rubium vulgare of Linnaeus. The leaves of this indigenous plant have a moderately ftrong fmell of the aromatic kind, but not agreeable, which by drying is improved, and in keeping for fome months is in great part diffipated ; their tafte is very bitter, penetrating, diffufive, and durable in the mouth. That horehound poffeffes fome fhare of medicinal power may be inferred from its fenfible qualities, but its vir- tues do not appear to be clearly afcertained. It is a favour- ite remedy with the common people in coughs and afthmas. MARUM SYRIACUM. Marum germander, or Syrnn herb maftich- This fhrub, Teucrium marum of Linnxus, grows plentifully in Greece, ./Egypt, Crete, and Syria. The leaves and younger branches when recent, on being rubbed betwixt the fingers, emit a volatile aromatic fmell, which readily excites fneezing ; to the tafte they are bitterifh, ac- companied with a fenfation of heat and acrimony. Judging from thefe fenfible qualities of the plant, it may be fuppofed to poflei's very active pewers. It is recommended as a ftim- ulant, aromatic, and deobftruent; and Linnaeus, Rofenftein, and Bergius fpeak highly of its utility. At prefent, how- ever, marum is chiefly ufcd as an errhine, and is an ingre- dient in the pulvis afari compefttus of the London Pharma- copoeia. MASTICHE. Maftich. The tree which affords this refin is the Pifachia lentifcus, a native of the fouth of Europe. In the ifland of Chio the officinal maftich is obtained moft abundantly, and, according to Tournefort, by making tranf- verfe incifions in the bark of the tree, from whence the maf- tich exudes in drops, which are fuffered to run down to the ground, when, after fufficient time is allowed for their con- cretion, they are collected for ufe. Maftich is brought to us MAX I7I us in fmall, yelknvifli, tranfparent, brittle tears pr grains ; it has a light agreeable fmell, efpecially wheh rubbed nr heat- ed ; on being chewed it firft crumbles, foon after fticks to- gether, and becomes foft and white, like wax, without im- preffing any confiderable tafte. It is confidered to be a mild corroborant and adftringent ; and as poffefling a bal- famic power it has been recommended in haemoptyfis, pro- ceeding from ulceration, leucorrhaea, debility of the ftomach, and in dianhxas and internal ulcerations. Chewing this drug has likewife been faid to have been of ufe in pains of the teeth and gums, and in fome catarrhal complaints ; it is, however, in the prefent day, feldom ufed either external. ly or internally. MASSETER. A mufcle of the lower jaw, fituated on the fide of the face, that pulls the lower jaw to the upper one ; from f*.xo-o-xopai, to chew, becaufe it aflifts in the action of chewing. MASTICATION. Chewing, A natural function. The mixing together and dividing of the particles of the food in the mouth, by the action of the jaws, tongue, lips, and cheeks. By means of this function the food is lacerated and mixed with the faliva and the mucus of the mouth and fauces, and thus made into a bole of fuch a confiftence as to be formed into a convenient fize to be fwallowed. See Deglutition. MASTODYNIA. Phlegmon of the breaft of women ; from y.xro;, the breaft, and oJW, pain. It is characterized by all the fymptoms of acute inflammation, and moftly ter- minates in abfeefs. MASTOID. Thofe proceffes of bones are fo termed that are fhaped like the nipple of the breaft; from //s*s-oi, a breaft or nipple, and uSo,-, refemblance. MATRIX. Ulmpi. The uterus. See Uterus. MATURATION. A term in furgery, fignifying that procefs which fucceeds inflammatipn, by which pus is col- lected in an abfeefs. MAXILLA. The cheek or jaw; from pxo-o-xo, to chew, MAXILLA. 172 MAX MAXILLA INFERIOR. Os maxillare inferius. Man- dibula. The lower jaw. A bone fliaped like a horfc-ffioe, forming the chin, and containing half the teeth of the mouth. Its principal prominences are, the condyloid, by which it is connected with the temporal bone ; the coronoid, which is oppofite tP it ; the fyniphifis of the jaw ; the alveolar mar- gin ; the angles of the jaw ; and an external and internal fpine of the "chin. Its cavities are, a femilunar niche be- tween the condyloid and coronoid proceffes ; an anterior and pofterior foramen, between which is a canal in the bone, called die mental canal; aud fixteen alveoli fcr the teeth. MAXILLA SUPERIOR. Os maxillare fuperiw. The fuperipr maxillary bone is fituated in the middle of the face, forms part pf the face, palate, npfe, noftrils, and prbits, and with its fellow the part that is oppofrd to the lower jaw. Its figure is very irregular : its principal eminences are, the nafal, orbital, jugal, and palatine proceffes, the alveolar arch, maxillary tuberofity, nafal fpine, and orbital margin. Its cavities are, a large pituitary finus, in tlie middle of the bone called the antrum of Highmore, a depreflion for the lachrymal fack, the nafal canal, the infra-orbital fpramen and canal, an anteripr and ppfteripr palatine foramen, and an opening which leads to the antrum of Highmore MAXILLARY ARTERIES. Thefe are branches of the external carotid. The external maxillary is the fourth branch of the carotid ; it proceeds anteriorly, and gives oft the fafcial or mental, the coronary of the lips, and the angu- lar artery. The internal maxillary is the next branch of the carotid ; it gives off the fphano-maxillar, the inferior alveo- lar, and the fpinous artery. MAXILLARY NERVES. The fuperior and inferior maxillary nerves are branches of the fifth pair or trigemini. The former is divided into the fphxno-palatine, pofterior alveolar, and the infra orbital nerve, i he latter is divided into two branches, the internal lingual, and one more prop- erly called the inferior maxillary. MAXILLARY GLANDS. The glands fo called are conglomerate, and are fituated under the angles of the lower jaw. MED *73 jaw. The excretpry ducts of thefe glands are called War-. thonian, after their difcoverer. MEASLES. See Rubeola. MEATUS AUDITORIUS EXTERNUS. See Ear. ■ MEATUS URINARIUS. In women this is fituated in the vagina, immediately below the fymphifis of the pubis, and behind the nymphae. MECCA, Balfam of See Balfam of Gilead. MECONIUM. The green excrementitious fubftance that is found in the large inteftines of the fcetus. MEDIAN NERVE. The fecond branch of the brachial plexus. MEDIAN VEINS. The fituation of the veins of the arm is extremely different in moft individuals : when a branch proceeds near the bend of the arm, inwardly from the bafilic vein, it is termed the bafilic median ; and when a vein is given off from the cephalic, in the like manner, it is termed the cephalic median. When thefe two veins are pre- fent, they moftly unite juft belpw the bend pf the arm, and the cnmnion trunk proceeds to the cephalic vein. M E DIA STT N U M, quaff in medio fare. The membra- nous feptum, formed by the duplicature of the pleura, that divides the cavity of the cheft into two parts. See Pleura. MEDICINE. Any fubftance that is exhibited with a view to cure or allay the violence of a difeafe. It is alfo very frequently made ufe of to exprefs the healing art when it comprehends anatomy, phyfiology, and pathology. MEDITULLIUM. Sec Dlploi. MEDULLA of Bones. The marrow. See Marro-w. MEDULLA OBLONGATA. The medullary fub- ftance of the fame ufe as the cerebrum, that lies within the cranium upon the bafillary procefs of the occipital bone. It is fprmed by the cpnnexipn pf the crura cerebri and crura cerebelli, and terminates in the fpinal marrow. It has feve- P % ral 174 MEL fal eminences, viz. pons varolii, corpora pyramidafia, an3 coipora olivaria. MEDULLA SPINALIS. The fpinal marrow. A con. tinuation of the medulla oblongata, which dcfcends into the fpecies vertebralis from the foramen magnum occipitale, to the third vertebra of the loins, where it terminates in a num- ber of nerves, which, from their refemblance, are called cauda equina. The fpinal marrow is compofed, like tlie brain, of a cortical and medullary fubftance : the former is placed internally. It is covered by a continuation of the dura ma- ter, pia mater y and tunica arachnoidea. The ufe of the fpi- nal marrow is tp give pff through the lateral or interverte- bral foramina thirty pairs of nerves, called cervical, dorfal, lumbar, and ttcral nerves. MELAMPODIUM. Black hellebore. See Helleborm niger. MELANCHOLIA. Melancholy madnefs. M^ay^ov*, from «"i*f, black, and x'jK"- bile ; becaufe the ancients fup- ppfcd that it proceeded from a redundance of black bile. A difcafe in the clafe neumfes and order vefania of Cullen, characterized by erroneous judgment, but not merely re- fpecting health, from imaginary perceptipns or recollection influencing the conduct, and deprefling the mind with ill- grounded fears ; not combined with either pyrexia or coma- tofc affections ; often appearing without dyfpepfia, yet at- tended with coftivenefs, chiefly in perfons of rigid fibres and torpid infenfibility. See Dr. Crichtpn's late and valuable publicatinn on Mental Derangement. MELAS. Vitiligo n'gra. Morphaa nigra. Lepra ma- euloft nigra. Mf\c*c, black. A difeafe thdt appears upon the fkin in black or brown fpots, which very frequently pen- etrate deep, even to the bone, and do not give any pain or uneafinefs. It is a difcafe very frequent in, and endemial to, Arabia, where it appears to be produced by a peculiar niiafm. MELASMA. A difcafe that appears, not unfrequently, upon the tibiae of aged perfons, in form of a livid blackfpot, which, in a day or two, degenerates into a very foul ulcer. MELlCERIa. MEN *7S iMELICERIS. An cncyfted tumour whofe coriterits re- femble honey in confiftence and appearance; from y.sAi, honey. MELISSA. Balm. Mcliffa officinalis of Linnxus. A native of the fouthern parts of Europe, but very common in our gardens. In its recent ftate it has a roughifh aromatic tafte, and a plcJ'ant fmell of the lemon kind. It was for- merly much efteemed in nervous difeafes, and was very gen- erally recommended in melancholic and hypochondriacal affections ; but in modern practice it is pnly einplpyed when prepared as tea, as a grateful diluent drink in fevers, &c. MEMBRANE. A thin expanded fubftance, compofed of cellular membrane, whofc elaftic fibres are fo arranged and woven together as to allow of great pliability. 1 he membranes of the body are various, as the fkin, peritoneum, pleura, dura mater, &c. &c- MENAGOGUES. See Emmenagogues. MININX DURA. See Dura mater. MENORRHAGLA. An immoderate flow of the men- fes ; from um, a month, and payxc, a rupture. A genus pf difeafe in the clufepyrexia and crder hamorrbagia pf Cuilen. Species : I. Menorrhagia -rubra, proper ; from women nei- ther with child nor in child-birth : 2. Menorrhagia alba, ferpus ; the flupr albus (fee Leucorrhaa :) 3. Menurr'i agia vitiorum, from fome local difcafe : 4. Menorrhagia I.eh lulu, from women after delivery. See Lochia. MENSES. See Catamenia. MEN t'AGRA. An eruption about the chin, that forms a tenacious cruft, like t^at on fcald heads. MEN i HA PIPERITIS. Peppermint. Mentha piperi- ta of Linnaeus. The fpontaneous growth of this plant is faid to be peculiar to Britain. It has a more penetrating fmell than any of the other mints : as ftrong pungent tafte, glowino- like pepper, finking as it were into the tongue, and followed by a fcnie of coolnefs. The ftomachic, antiipafmo- dic, and carminative properties of peppermint, render it ufe- ful in flatulent colics, hyiter cal affections, retchings,and oth- er dvfpeptic fymptoms, acting as a cordial, and often pro- ducing 176 M£S during an immediate relief. Its officinal preparations are an effential oil, a fimple water, and a fpirit. MENTHA SATIVA. Spearmint. Mentha viridis of Linnxus. This plant grows wild in many parts of En- gland. It is not fo warm to the tafte as peppermint, but has a more agreeable flavour, and is therefore prefcircdfpr culi- nary purpofcs. Its medicinal qualities are fimilar to thofe of peppermint ; but the different preparations pf the fprmer, though mpre pleafant, are, perhaps, lefs efiicacipus. The officinal preparatipns pf fpearmint are an effential oil, a con- ferve, a fimple water, and a fpirit. MEPHITIS. Mf?iTic See Contagion. MERCURY. Quickfilver. Hydrargyrus. See Hydrar- gyrus. MEROCeLE. A femoral hernia; from txipoe, the thigh, and x»\», a tumour. MESERAIC. The fame as mefcnteric. See Mefr.tcric. MESENTERIC ARTERIES. Two branches of the aorta in the abdpmen are fo called. The fuperior mefcn- reric is the fecond branch ; it is diftnbuted upon the mefen- tery, and gives pff the fuj erior pr right cplic artery. The inferior mefcnteric is the fifth branch of the aorta ; it fends off the internal hxmprrhoidal. MESENTERIC GLANDS. Thefe are conglnbate, and are fituated here and there in the cellular membrane of the mcfcntery. The chyle from the inteftines paffes through thefe glands tp the thoracic duct. MESENTERIC PLEXUS of Nerves. The fuperipr, middle, and lower mefentcric plexufcs of nerves are formed by the branches of the great intercoftal nerves. MESENTERIC VEINS. They all run into one trunk, that evacuates its blood into the vena portx. See Vena porta. MESFNTERTTTS. An inflammation of the mefen- tery. A fpecies of peritonitis of Cullen. MESENTERY. M E Z 177 MESENTERY. The membranaceous vifcus in the cav- ity of the abdomen, attached to the vertebrx of the loins, and to which the inteftines adhere ; from w.a-it, the middle, and ivnpov, an inteftine, becaufe it is in the middle of the intef- tines. It is formed by a duplicature of the peritoneum, and contains within it adipofe membrane, lacteals, lymphatics, lacteal glands, mefcnteric arteries, veins, and nerves. MESOCOLON. The portipn pf the mefentery tp which the cpfcn is attached ; from /a.nroc, the middle, and y.okov, the colon. METACARPAL EONES. The five longitudinal bones that are fituated between the wrift and fingers ; they are diftinguiflied into the metacarpal bone of the thumb, fore finger, &.c. METACARPUS. That part of the hand between the ■wrift and fingers ; from usra, after, and Kxpxoc, the wrift. METAMORPTOPSLA. Vifs defguratus. Disfig- ured vifipn. A difeafe pf the eye, in which it perceives ob- jects of a different figure than they really are. hhTx^oppuc-ic, a mutation, and ad*,;, fight. METASTASIS. M.-iw-ra/rif ; from /LuQio"rr,/xi, to change, to tranflate. the removal of a difcafe from one place to another. METATARSAL BONES. The five longitudinal bones between the tarfus and toes ; they are diftinguiflied into the mctatarfal bone of the great toe, fore toe, &c. METATARSUS. That part of the foot between the tarfus and toes ; from u-itx, after, and rxpao;, the tarfus. ME FRI LIS. Inflammation of the uterus; from^r^, the uterus. See Hyfleritis. METROPTOSIS. Prolapfus uteri. The defcent of the uterus through* the vagina ; from um-px, the uterus, and zepowrfc, to fall down. MEZEREUM. Mezereon. This plant, Daphne mezc- reum of Linnasus, is extremely acrid, especially when, frefh, and if retained in the mouth excites great and long-contin- ued i78 M I L ued heat and inflammation, particularly of the mouth and fauces : the berries alfo have the fame effects, and, when fwallowed, prove a ppwerful corrofive poifon, not only to man, but to dogs, wolves, and foxes. The bark of the root is the part employed medicinally in the decoBum farfaparilla f-mpiifitum, to affift mercury in refolving nodes and other obftinate fymptoms of fyphilis. MIASM. Uixo-jjjx. •, from utxiva, to infect. See Conta- gion. MILIARIA. Miliary fever. A genus of difeafe in the clafs pyrexia and order exanthemata of Cullen, characterized by fynochus ; cold ftage confiderable ; hot ftage attended ■with anxiety and frequent fighing; pcrfpiratipn of a ftrong and peculiar fmell ; eruption preceded by a fenfe pf prick- ing firft pn the neck and breaft, pf fmall red pimples, which in twp days becpme white puftules, defquamate, and are fuc- ceeded by frefh pimples. For the eruption fimilar to milia- ria, but unattended with fever, fee Sudamina. MILIUM. Grutum. A very white and hard tubercle, in fize and colour refcmbling a millet-feed. Its feat is im- mediately under the cuticle, fo that when preffed it efcapes, the contents appearing of an atheromatous nature. MILK. A fluid fecreted by peculiar glands, and defign- ed to nourifli young animals in the early part of their life. It is of an opake white colour, a mild faccharine tafte, and a flightly aromatic fmell. It is fcparated immediately from the blood in the breads or udders of female animals. Man, quad- rupeds, and cetaceous animals are the only creatures which afford milk. All other animals are deftitute of the organs which fecrete this fluid. Milk differs greatly in the feveral animals ; in the human fpecies it is very fweet or faccha- rine ; the milk of the cow is mild, and its principles are well connected : that of the goat and afs have a peculiar virtue, as they are often flightly adftringent. The variable proper- ties of milk depend ufually on the food of the animal With refptct to its virtues, it is an agreeable food, and of confiderable ufe in many cafes, as phthifis, macies, &c and applied externally to inflammatory tumours it is emollient, anodyne, and maturative. MILLEFOLIUM. M I N 179 MILLEFOLIUM. Common yarrow or milfoil. Th2 leaves and flowers of this indigenous plant, Achillea millefoli- um of Linnxus, have an agreeable, weak, aromatic fmell, and a bitterifh, rough, and fomewhat pungent tafte. They are both directed for medicinal ufc in the Edinburgh Phar- macopoeia ; in the prefent practice, however, it is wholly neglected. MILLEPEDES. Wood-lice. Thefe infects, though they obtain a place in the pharmacopoeias, are very feldom ufcd medicinally in this country ; they appear to act as ftimulants and flight diuretics, and for this purpofe they ought to be adminiftered in a much greater dofe than is ufually prefcribed. The expreffed juice, or forty or fifty liv- ing millepedes, given in a mild drink, is faid to cure very ob- ftinate jaundices. MINERALOGY. That part of natural hiftory which relates to minerals is fo called. MINERAL WATERS. Waters which contain mine- rals in folution are diftinguiflied by the appellation of min- eral water : but as there is no water found in nature, even among thofe reckoned the pureft, which is not impregnated with fome of thefe fubftances, the name of mineral waters ought to be confined to fuch as arc fufficiently impregnated to produce a fenfible effect on the animal economy. For this reafon the name of medicinal waters would be much more applicable. All mineral waters may be arranged into aci- dulous, faline, fulphureous, and ferruginpus waters. Acidulous- -waters are thpfe in which the cretaceous acid predominates ; they are known by their fharp tafte, the facility with which they boil, and afford bubbles with fimple agitation ; fuch are thofe of Seltzer, Briftol, Bard, Langeac, Chateldon, &c. Saline or fait -waters are fuch as contain a fufficient quantity of neutral fait to act ftrongly on the animal economy, fo as moft commonly to purge; fuch as fea-water, the water of Selditz, Egra, &c. The name of fulphureous -waters has been given to thofe mineral waters, that appear to poffefs fome of the properties of fulphur, fuch as the fmell and prop- erty of difcolouring filver; under this head are arranged the waters of Harrowgatc, Bereges, and Cauteres, St. Amant, I So M O L Aix la Chapelle, and Montmorency. Ferruginous -water, are thofc, as the term expreffes, that abound with iron ; of this nature are the Spa and Pyrmont waters. MINERALS. Minerals are inorganized or inanimate bodies, that increafe in volume by the juxtapofition of parrs and the force of attraction. ri he early naturalifts divided minerals into a great number of claff.s, but by the moderns they are divided only into three fictions. Under the firft are arranged earths and ftones which have no tafte, and do not burn when heated with contact of air ; under the fecond, faline matters, having more or lefs tafte, which melt in water, and do not biirr.; and under the third, combuftible fubftances, not foluble in water, and exhibiting a flame more or lefs evident when expofcd to fire with accefs of air. MISPICKEL. A white, brilliant, granulated iron ore, compofed of iron in combination with arfenic. MISTURA. A mixture. It is nioftly contracted thus, mijl. MITRAL VALVES. The valve* of the left ventricle of the heart are fo called, from their refemblance to a mitre. MODIOLUS. The nucleus, as it were, of the cochlea is fo termed. It afcends from the balis of the cochlea to the apex. MOLARF.S. The double teteh ; from mo'aris,z grind- ftone, becaufe they grind the tood. See Teeth. MOLAR GLANDS. Two falival glands fituated on each fide of the mouth, between the maffeter and bucci- nator mufcles, and whofe excretory ducts open near the laft dens moiaris. MOLLEFJES OSSIUM. A difeafe of the bones, wherein they can be bent without fracturing them. MOLLITIES UNGUIUM. A preternatural foftnefs of the nails, that often accompanies chlorofis. MOLYBDENA. This fubftance is found in Iceland, Saxony, France, and Spain. It is very frequently confound- ed M O R 181 ed with black lead, although the characteriftic differences are fufficiently evident. Molybdena is compofed of fcaly particles, either large or fmall, and flightly adherent to each other. It is foft and fat to the toucK, foils the fingers, and makes a trace of an afh-grey colour. Its af- pect is blueifli, nearly refcmbling that of lead. The mark it makes on paper has an argentine brilliancy ; whereas thofe of plumbago or black lead are of a darker and lefs fhining colour. Its powder is blueifli ; by calcination it emits a fmell of fulphur, and leaves a whitifli earth. MOLYBDATS (Molybdas, tis, f. m.) Salts formed by the union of the molybdic acid with different bafes : thuS| molybdat of alumine, molybdat of antimony, &c. MONOCULUS. Monopia. A very common fpecies of monftrofity, in which there is but one eye, and that moft- ly above the root of the nofe ; from ^m, one, and ocuius, an eye. MONORCH1S. An epithet for a perfon that has but one tefticle ; from n-omc, one, and opxyc, a tefticle. MONS VENERIS. The triangular eminence, immedi- ately over the os pubis of women, that is covered with hair. MORBILLI. The meafles. See Rubeola. MOROS1S. Mupao-if ; from /tapo;, folly. See Amentia. MORTIFICATION. See Gangrene. MORUM. The mulberry. The tree that affords this fruit is the Morus nigra of Linnxus, a native of Italy. Mulberries abound with a deep violet-coloured juice, which, in its general qualities, agrees with that of the fruits called acido-dulces, allaying thirft, partly by refrige- rating, and partly by exciting an excretion of mucus from the mouth and fauces; a fimilar effect is alfo produced in the ftomach, where, by correcting putrefcency, a powerful caufe of thirft is removed. The London college directs a fyrupus mori, which is an agreeable vehicle for various medicines. The bark of the root of this tree is faid by Andree to be ufeful in cafes of taenia. Q_ MOSCHUS. rS2 M U C MOSCHU'S. Mufk. A fubftance whofe ftrong and permanent fmell is peculiar to it. It is contained in a bap placed near the umbilical region of a ruminating quadru- ped, refcmbling the antelope, from which it docs not differ fufficiently to form a particular genus. The medicinal and chemical properties of mufk and caftor are very fimilar : the virtues of the former are generally believed to be more powerful, and hence mufk is preferred in cafcs of imminent danger. It is prefcribed as a powerful anti- fpafmodic in convulsive difeafes, hydrophobia, &c. and is by many faid to be a violent aphrodifiac. MOTORII OCULORUM. The third pair of nerves of the brain ; they arife from the crura cerebri, and are diftributed on the mufcles of the bulb of the eye. MOUTH. The cavity of the mouth is well known ; the parts which conftitute it are the common integument?, the lips, the mufcles of the under and upper jaw, the pal- ate, two alveolar arches, the gums, the tongue, the cheeks, and falival glands. The bones of the mouth are the two fuperior maxillary, two palatine, the lower jaw, and thir- ty-two teeth. The arteries of the external parts of the mouth are, branches of the infra-orbital, inferior alveolar, and fafcial arteries. The veins empty themfelves into the external jugulars. The nerves are branches from the fifth and feventh pair. The ufe of the mouth is for maftica- tion,fpeech, rcfpiration, deglutition, fuction, and tafte. MUCILAGE. A folution of gum. See Gum. MUCILAGINOUS EXTRACTS. Extracts that readi- ly diffolve in water, fcarcely at all in fpirit of wine, and undergo fpirituous fermentation. MUCOUS GLANDS. Muciparous glands. Glands that feci etc mucus, fuch as the glands of the Schneiderian membrane of the nofc, the glands of the fauces, afopha- gus, ftomach, inteftines, bladder, urethra, &c. MUCUS, vegetable. See Gum and Mucilage. MUCUS, animal. Animal mucus differs from that ob- tained from the vegetable kingdom in not being foluble in water, M U S 183 water, fwiniriiing on its furface; i:-v capable pf mixing oil with water, and being foluble in mineral acids, which vegetable mucus is not. The ufe of th;s fubftance is to lubricate and defend the parts upon vhich it is fecreted, a, the nofe, oefophagus, ftomach, inteftines, urethra vagi- na, &c. MULTIFIDUS SPINJE. A mufcle fituated along the fpine of the back. When different portions of this mufcle act on one fide, they extend the back obliquely, or move it laterally ; but, if they act together on both fides, they extend the vertebrx backwards. MUMPS. A difeafe of the parotid gland. See Cy- nanche. MURIATS fMurias, tis, f. m.) Salts formed by the union of the muriatic acid with different bafes ; thus, mu- rial of ammoniac, muriat of copper, &.C. MUSCLES. Mufclcs are the organs of motion. The parts that are ufually included under this name confift of tliftincT portions of'flefh, fufceptible of contraction and relaxation ; the motions of which, in a natural and healthy ftate, are fubject to the will, and for this reafon they are called voluntary mufcles. Befidcs thefe, there art other parts of the body that owe their power of contraction to their mufcular fibres ; thus, the heart is a mufcular tex- ture, forming what is called a hollow mufcle ; and the urinary bladder, ftomach, inteftines, &c. are enabled to act upon their contents, merely becaufe they are provided with mufcular fibres ; thefe arc called involuntary motions, becaufe their motions arc not dependent on the will. The mufclcs of rcfpiration, being in fome meafure influenced by the will, are faid to have a mixed motion. The names by which the voluntary mufclcs are diftinguiflied are founded on their fize, figure, fituation, ufe, or the arrange- ment of their fibres, or their origin and infertio'n ; but, befides thefe particular diftinctions, there arc certain gen- eral ones that require to be noticed. Thus, if the fibres of a mufcle are placed parallel to each other, in a ftraight direction, thev form what anatomifts term a retlilinear mufcle ; if the fibres crofs and interfcet tack pther, they coiiftitute 184 M Y L conftitute a compound mufcle; when the fibres are difpofed in the manner of rays, a radiated mufcle; and when they are placed obliquely with refpect to the tendon, like the plume of a pen, a penniform mufcle. Mufcles that act in oppofition to each other are called antagoniff ; thus every extenfor has a flexor for its antagonift, and vice verfa. Mufcles that concur in the fame action are termed conge- neres. The mufcles being attached to the bones, the lat- ter may be confidered as levers, that are moved in differ- ent directions by the contraction of thofe organs. That end of the mufcle which adheres to the moft fixed part is ufually called the origin s and that which adheres to the more moveable part, the infertion of the mufcle. In almoft every mufcle two kinds of fibres are diftinguiflied ; the one foft, of a red colour, fenfible, and irritable, called ftefiy fibres ; the other of a firmer texture, of a white gliftening colour, infenfible, without irritability or the power of con- tracting, and named tendinous fibres. They are occafional- ly intermixed, but the flefhy fibres generally prevail in the belly, or middle part of a mufcle, and the tendinous ones in the extremities. If thefe tendinous fibres are formed into a round (lender chord, they form what is called the tendon of the mufcle ; on the other hand, if they are fpread into a broad flat furface, it is termed an aponeurofs. MUTT FAS Dumbnefs. A genus of difeafe in the clafs locales and order dyfcinefta of Cullen ; containing three fpecies, viz. J. Mutitas organica, as happens when the tongue is removed or injured : 2. Mutitas atonica, arifing from affection of the nerves of the organ : 3. Mutitas fur- dorum, depending upon being born deaf. MYDRIASIS. A difeafe of the iris. Too great a dila- tation of the pupil of the eye, with or without a defect of vifion. It is known by the pupil always appearing of the fame latitude or fize in the light. MYLO. Names compounded with this word belong to mufcles, which are attached near the grinders; from /u.v\n, a grinder tooth : fuch as, MYLO-HYOIDEUS. A mufcle fituated between the lower jaw and os hyoides, that pulls the os hyoides forwards, upwards, and to a fide. MYODESOPSIA- MAR I$5 M YODESOPSI A. A difeafe cf the eye*, in which the perfon fees black fpots, an appearance of flies, cobwebs, or black wool, before his eyes ; from pcvia, a fly, and c^iaj vifion. M YOLOGY. The doctrine cf the mufcles; from /o.vjv, a mufcle, and koyoe, a difccurfe. MYOPIA. Myops, near-fighted, purblind. A difficult of fccirig objects a little diftant; from f*u;, a mpufe, and u^, an eye. M YOSIS. A cnntraction or tpo fmall perforatipn of the pupil ; it i9 known by viewing the diameter of the pupil, which is fmaller than ufual, and remains fo in an obfcure place, where naturally, if not difcafcd, it dilates. MYOSITIS. Inflammation of a mufcle. It is the term given by Sagar to acute rheumatifm. MYOTOMY. The diffectiou of the mufcles; from fivuv, a mufcle, and tc/x\x, to cut. MYRRH. The tree that affords this guni-refin, by in- cifinn, grows on the eaftern coaft of> Arabia Felix. Good myrrh is of a foul black red colour ; fojid and heavy ; of a peculiar fmell, and bitter tafte. Its medicinal effects are warm, corroborant, and antifeptic ; it has been fuccefsfully employed in phthifical cafes as a pectoral, and although al- lied to fome of the balfams, it is found to be more efficacious and lefs irritating to the fyftem. There are feveral prepa- rations of this drug in the London and Edinburgh Phar- macopoeias. MYRTIFORM GLANDS. See Glandula myrtiformss. aryo;, a difcourfe. NEUKOSKS. Nervous difeafes; from vwpov, a nerve. The fecond clafs of Cullen's nofology is fo called ; it com- prehends affections of fenfe and motion, difturbed ; without cither idiopathic pyrexia, or tppical difcafe. NEUTRAL SALTS. Secpndary falts. Under the name nf neutral pr fccpndary falts are comprehended futh matters as are compofed of two primitive faline fubftances combined together. They arc called neutral, becaufe they do not poffefs the characters of acid nor alkaline falts, which r.re primitive falts; fuch are Epfom falts, alum, nitre, &c. NICOTIANA. Tobacco. The Virginian tobacco, Ni- cotiana tabacum of Linnxus, is the plant employed medicinal- ly. It is a very active narcotic and fternutatory. A decoc- tion of the leaves is much efteemed in fome difeafes of the fkin, and it is bv fome Lid to be a fpecific againft the itch, The N O M 19I The fumes and the decoction are employed in obftinate con- ftipations pf the bowels, and very frequently with fuccefs; it is neceffary, however, to caution the practitioner againft an effect moftly produced by its exhibitipn, namely, fyncope with cold fweats; and, in fome inftances, death. NICKEL. A mineral moftly found united with fulphur and arfenic. Its pres have a cpppery red colpur, and are al- mpft always cpvered with a greenifh grey efflorefcence. It is very plentiful in Saxony. NIGHT-MARE. Incubus. See Oneirodynia gravans. NEi RE. Salt petre. A perfect neutral fait, formed by the union of the nitrous acid with the fixed alkali pf tartar. Its tafte is cooling, and it does not alter the colour of fyrup of violets. Nitre exifts in large quantities in the earth, and is "continually formed in inhabited places ; it is found in great quantities upon walls which are fheltered from the rain. It is pf great ufe in the arts ; is the principal ingre- dient in gun-powder ; and burned with different propor- tions of tartar, forms the fubftances called fluxes. It is pf ccnfidcrable importance in medicine, as a febrifuge, diuretic, and antiphlogiftic remedy. NITRATS (Nitras, tis, f m.J Salts formed by the un- ion of the nitric acid with different bafes ; asnitrat of magne- fia, nitrat cf mercury, &c. NlTRTt E-- (Nitris, tis,f m.J Salts formed by the combination of the nitrous acid with different bafes ; thus, nitrite zinc, nitrite of filver, &C. NTTROGENE GAS. A fynonim of Azote- See Azote. NOCTAMBULATION. Walking in the night when afleep. See Oneirodynia. NOLI ME TANGERE. A fpecies of herpes, that is very difficult to cure, is fo termed by authors, becaufe it is exafperated by moft applications. NOMA. NV-w ; from v;,^-. to eat. A difcafe that fome- times attacks the cheek or vulva of young girls. It appears in the form of a red and fomewhat livid foot; is not attend- ed I92 N U X ed with pyrexia, pain, or tumour, and in a few days becomes gangrenous. NON-NATURALS. Under this term phyficians com- prehend air, meat and drink, fleep and watching, motion and reft, retention and excretion, and the affections of the mind. NOSE. Nafus. See Nares. NOSOLOGY. The doctrine of the names of difeafes ; from kxtoc, a difeafe, and >.oyo.-, a difcourfe. Modern phyfi- cians underftand by nofology the arrangement of difeafes in claffes, genera, fpecies, &c. NOSTALGIA A vehement defire of revifiting one's country ; from mr-v, to return, and xky-.:, pain. A genus of difeafe in the clafs locales and order dyfrexia of Cullen, known by impatience, when abfent from one's native home, »nd a vehement defire to returji, attended with gloom and melancholy, lofs of appetite, and want of fleep. NUCHA. The hind part or nape of the neck. NUTRITION. The appofition of the nutritious juice to parts which are, by a law of nature, to increafe, or to parts that are worn out. Nutrition is a confequence of di- geftion and circulation. As the folids are continually di- minifhing by the motions they perform, and as the abfor- bents are continually more or lefs active in their functions, reparation is neceffary, which is performed by nutrition. In the early part of life, parts increafe in bulk as the life of the animal advances; the cellular membrane is ufually confider- ed as the organ of this function. It appears, neverthelefs, that each organ is nourifhed by a peculiar and proper mat- ter, which it feparates, either from the blood, the lymph, or fome other fluid which paffes through it; for example, the mufcles are maintained by the fibrous matter, which they feparate from the blood ; the bones by a calcareous matter that is fcparated from the fame fource ; and the cellular ftructure appears to be formed merely by the drying of the lymph, which foon becomes organized. NUX MOSCHATA. The nutmeg is the feed or ker- nel of the MyriftUa mcfchata. It is a fpice that is well known, N Y S 193 known, and has been long ufcd both for culinary and medi- cal purpofcs. Tiiere are three kinds of unctuous fubftances, called oil of mace, that are really expreffcd from the nutmeg. The beft is brought from the Eaft Indies in ftone jars ; this is of a thick confiftence, of the colour of mace, and has an agreeable fragrant fmell ; the fecond fort, which is paler coloured, and much inferior in quality, cpines from Holland in folid maffes, generally flat, and of a fquare figure ; the third, which is the worft of all, and ufually called common oil of mace, is an artificial compofition of fuet, palm oil, and the like, flavoured with a little genuine oil of nutmeg, The medicinal qualities of nutmeg are fuppofed to be aromatic, anodyne, ftomachic, and adftringent, and hence it has been much ufed in diarrhxas and dyfenteries. The officinal prep- arations of nutmeg are a fpirit and an effential oil, and the nutmeg in fubftance, roafted, to render it more adftringent: both the fpice itfclf and the effential oil enter feveral com- pofitions, as the confeclio aromatica, fpitltus ammonia compffi- tus, &c. NYCTALOPS. Hu/.TxXal ; from vu~, the night, and ;-4, an eye. A defect in vifion, by which the patient fees little or nothing in the day, but in the evening and night fees tolerably well. NYMPHAL Labia minora. Two membranous folds, fituated within the labia majora, at the fides of the entrance* of the vagina uteri, NYMPHOMANIA. Furor uterinus. A genus of dif- eafe in the clafs locales and order dyforexia of Cullen, charac- terized by exceffive and violent defire for coition in women ; from rjp.?ix, nympha, and ,«i, the ulna, and y.pa*n, the head. OLFACTORY NERVES. The firft pair of nerves arc fo termed, becaufe they are the prgans of finelling. 'I hey r.re very numerous, arife from the corpora ftriata, perfon.tr tlie ethmoid bone, and are diftribtited en the pituitary mem- brane of the nofe. OLTBANU.M. OLI I97 OLHtXNUM. Thus. Frankincenfe. The gum-refin that is fo called is the juice of the Juniperus lycia. It is faid to ooze fpontaneoufly from the bark of the tree, appearing m drops or tears of a pale yellowifh, and fometimes of a red- difh colour. Olibanum has a moderately ftrong and not very agreeable fmell, and a bitterifh, fomewhat pungent tafte ; in chewing it flicks to the teeth, becomes white, and renders the faliva milky. It is efteemed as an adftringent, and though not in general ufe, is by many confidered as a valuable medicine hi fluor albus, and debilities, of the ftom- ach and inteftines : applied externally in form of plafter, it is faid to be corroborant, &c. and with this intention it forms the bafis of the emplajlrum tburis. OLTVA. The olive. Otea europem of Linnxus. The olive, in all ages, has been greatly celebrated, and held in peculiar eftimation, as the bounteoo* gift of Heaven : it was formerly exhibited in the religious ceremonies of the Jews, and it is ftill confidered as emblematic of peace and plenty. The utility of this fruit is very extenfive. Pickled olives, w hich are of two kinds, Spanifli and French, are extremely grateful to many ftomachs, and faid to excite appetite ana promote digeftion ; they are prepared from the green un- ripe fruit, which is repeatedly fteeped in water, to which fome quick-lime or alkaline fait is added, in order to fhorten the operation ; after this they are waihed and preferved in a pickle of common fait and water,-to which an aromatic is fometimes added. The principal confumption, however, of this fruit h hi the preparation of the common falad oil, or vleum diva of the pharmacopoeias, which is obtained by grinding and preffmg them when thoroughly ripe: the finer and purer oil iffues firft by gentle preffure, and the inferior forts on heating what is left, and pr effing it more ftrongly. The beft olive oil is of a bright pale amber colour, bland to the tafte, and without any fmell: it becomes rancid by age, and fooneT if kept in a warm fituation. With regard to its utility, oil, in fome fhape, forms a confiderable part of our food, both animal and vegetable, and affords much nourifh- ment: with fome, however, oily fubftances do not imite with the contents of the ftomach, and are frequently brought up by eructation ; this happens more efpecially to thdfe vhcie licujaciis abound with add. Oil, confidered as a R a medicine, iq8 0 I-.I P r-.edicine. is fuppofed to correct acrimony, and to lubricate and relax the fibres; and therefore has been recommended internally, to obviate the effects pf various ftimuli, which produce irritatipn, and confequent inflammations : nn this ground it has been generally prefcribed in coughs, catarrhal affections, and erofions. The oil of olives is fuccefsfully ufed in Switzerland againft the tania ofculis fuperfcialibus, and it is in very high eftimation in this and other countries againft nephritic pains, fpafms, colic, cpnftipatipn pf the bowels, &c. Externally it has been found an ufeful application to bites and ftings of various poifonpus animals, as the mad dog, feve- ral fcrpents, &c. alfo to burns, tumours, and other affections, both by itfelf or mixed in liniments or poultices. Oil rubbed over the body is faid to be of great fervice in dropfies, partic- ularly afcites. Olive oil enters feveral officinal competitions, and when united with water, by the intervention of alkali, is ufually given in coughs and hoarfcnefles. OMENTITIS. Inflammation of the omentum, a fpe- cies of peritonitis. OMENTUM. Epiploon. The caul. An adipofe mem- branous vifcus of the abdomen, that is attached to the ftom- ach, and lies on the anterior furface of the inteftines. It is diftinguiflied into the great and letter omentum, or omen- tum cplicum, and nmentale. Its arteries are branches of the cosliac ; the veins empty themfelves into the vena portae. '1 he ufe of the omentum appears to be, to lubricate the in- teftines, to keep them warm, to feparate the vapour of the cavity, and to aflift in its abforption. OMO. Names compounded with this word belong to mufcles, which are attached to the fcapula ; from ay.o;, the fhoulder. As, OMO-HYOIDEUS. A mufcle fituated between the os hyoides and fhoulder, that pulls the os hyoides obliquely downwards. OMOPLATA. The fcapula ; from a/toi, the fhoulder, and -cshaToc, the fide. OMPHALOCELE Annmbilicalhernia; fromo/icaxoe, the navel, and x>iA.r, a tumour. ONEIRODYNIA. t> O P I 199 ONEIRODYNIA. Difturbed imagination during fleep ; from ompov, a dream, and o$vm, anxiety. A genus of difeafe in the clafs neurofes and order vefania of Cullen, containing two fpecies : I. Oneirodynia aSiiva, walking in the fleep : a. Oneirodynia gravans, the incubus or night-mare. ONYX. Unguis. An abfeefs, or collection of pus be- tween the lamellse of the cornea ; fo called from its refem- lilance to the ftone called onyx. OPHTHALMIA. An inflammation of the membranes of the eye, or of the whole bulb of the eye, diftinguifhable by rednefs, heat, pain, and tenfion of the parts, accompanied with intolerance of light, and effufion of tears; from ofHxXwot;, the eye. It is a genus of difcafe in the clafs pyrexia and or- der phlegmafta of Cullen ; and comprehends two fpecies : 1. ^Ophthalmia mernbranarum, inflammation of the coats of the eye : 2. Ophthalmia tarfi, in which fmall ulcers are feen of the febaceous glands of the tarfus, difcharging a glutinous natter. . OPHTHALMIC GANGLION. Lenticular ganglion. This ganglion is formed in the orbit, by the union of a branch of the third or fourth pair with the firft branch of *he fifth pair of nerves. OPHTHALMIC NERVE. A branch of the fifth pair of nerve*. OPHTHAIATODYNTA. A vehement pain in the eye, without or with very little rednefs; from opbuk/u.0;, the eye, and oSumyi, pain. OPHTHALM.OPtOSIS. A falling down of the globe ■of the eye on the cheek, canthus, or upwards, the globe ix- felf being fcarce altered in magnitude ; from opbax^oc, the .eye, and afca-ic, a fall. OPIATES. Medicines that procure fleep, &c. See An- odynes. OPISTHOTOMOS A clonic fpafm of feveral muf- cles, fo as to keep the body in a fixed pofition, and bent fnr- wards^; from oncO v, backwards, and T.ivis to draw. Cullen cpnfiders it a- a variety of tetanus. See Tetanus. y OPIUM. . * Jf}^^^t^^tr^ 200 0 P I OPIUM. A gummy juice obtained by incifions from the head of the Papavtr fomnlferum cf Linnxus, in Perfia, Ara- bia, and other warm regions of j-ifia. It is imported into Europe in flat cakes, covered with leaves to prevent their fticking together : it has a reddifh brown colour, and a ftrong peculiar fmell ; its tafte at firft is naufeous and bit- ter, but foon becomes acrid, and produces a flight waimth in the mouth. The ufe of this celebrated medicine, though not known to Hippocrates, can be clearly traced back to Diagoras, who was nearly his cotemporary, and its import- ance has ever fince been gradually advanced by fucceeding phyficians of different nations. Its extenfive practical utili- ty, hnwever, has not been long well underftood ; and in this country perhaps may be dated from the time of Syden- ham. Opium is the chief narcotic now employed ; it acts directly upon the nervous pnwer, dii.unifhing the fenfibility, irritability, and mobility pf the fyftem ; and, accprding to Cul- len, in a certain manner fufpending the motipn of the nervoiw fluid to and from the brain, and thereby inducing fleep, nut of its principal effects. From this fcdative pnwer of opium, by which it allays pain, inordinate action, and reftleffnefs, it naturally follows, that it may be employed with advantage in a great variety of difeafes. Indeed, there is fcarcely any diforder in which, under fome circumftances, its ufe is nnt found proper ; and though in many cafes it fails pf producing fleep, yet, if trfken in a full dole, it pecafipns a pleafant tran- quillity pf mind, and a drowfinefs, which approaches to fleep, and which always refrefnes the patient. Bcfides •..,. fcda- tive power of opium, it is known to act more or lefs as a ftim- ulant, when given in a larger dofe, exciting the motipn pf the blood. By a certain conjoined effort of this fcdative and ftimulant effect, opium has been thought to produce intoxi- cation, a quality for which it is much ufcd in eaftern coun- tries. It is frequently employed in fevers where there is no inflammatory diathefis ; in ha:morrhages, dyfenteries, diar- rheas cholera, and pyrofis ; colic; tetanus, and all convul- five diforders. Refpecting the external application of opium authors feem not fufficiently agreed. Some allege, thac when applied to the fkin it allays p„in and fp.din, procun , fleep, and produces all the falutary or dangerous effects which refult from its internal ufe; while others affcrt, that thai ORB 201 thus applied, it "has little or no effect whatever. But there ■is no doubt that, when mixed with cauftic, it diminiihes the pain which would otherwife enfue, probably by decreafing the fenfibihty of the part. Injected up the rectum, it has all the effect of opium taken into the ftomach, but to anfwer this purpofe double the quantity is to be employed. Ap- plied to the naked nerves of animals, it produces immediate torppr and Ipfs pf ppwer in all the-mufcles with which the .nerves communicate. Opium, taken into the ftpmach in immpderate dofcs, proves a narcotic poifon, producing verti- go, tremors, convulfions, delirium, ftupor, ftertor, and fi- finully, fatal apoplexy. The officinal prcparatipnsof this drug are, opium purifcatum, filula ex opio, pulvis opiatus, tinc- tura opii, and tinilura opii campborata : it is alfo an ingredi- ent in the pulvis fudorificus, balfamum ansdynum, eleiluarium, japor.icum, pelvis e creta compofita, &C. OPOPANAX. The gummi*refinous juice oithePafl- naca opopanax of Linnaeus, obtained by means of incifions made at the^bottom of the ftalk of the plant, from which it jn-adually exudes, and by undergoing fpontaneous concre- tion, affumes the appearance under which we have it import- ed from Turkey and the Eaft Indies, vra. fometimes in little drops or tears, more commonly in irregular lumps, of a red- •difh yellow colour on the outfide, with fpecks Of white, in- fernally of a paler colour, and frequently variegated with large white pieces. Opopanax has a ftrong difagreeable ■fmell, and a bitter, acrid, fomewhat naufeous tafte. It is on- ly employed in the prefent practice as an antifpafmodic, in combination with other medicines, although it was formerly in hifch eftimation .as an attenuant, deobftruent, and aperi- ent. Its antifpafmodic virtues are lefs powerful than galba- num, and more fo then ammor.iacum. It has no place in the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia, but is directed by the London College in the pHula e gummi. ■ OPTIC NERVES. From orrcuxi, t~> fee ; becaufe they .are the organs of fight. They are the fccond pair of nerves ■cf the brain, arife from the thalami -nervorum opticorum, perforate tlie bulb pf the eye, and in it form the retina. ORBICULAR E OS. A very fmall round bone, not *.^, a dif- courfe. ORPIMENT. Native orpiment is found in yellow, bril- liant, and, as it were, talky maffes, often mixed with realgai, and fometimes pf a grecniih colour. See Arfenic. ORTHROPN05A. A very quick and laborious breath- ing, during which the perfon is obliged to be in -n trect pofture ; from opipoc, upright, and -t>5„, breathing. OSCULUM. A little mouth ; a dimini.tive of es, a mouth. . OSSXULA O X Y 203 OSSICULA AUDI! US. The fmall bpnes 01 the inter- nal ear are four in number, viz. the malleus, incus, ftapes, and os prbiculare ; and are fituated in the cavity of the tym- panum. OSTFOCOPUS. A vtry violent fixed pain in any part of a bone ; from ortov, a bone, and y.c-rae, uneafinefs. OSTEOGENY. The growth of bones; from ortp, a bone, and y.vux, generation. OSTEOGRAPHY. The deftription pf the bones; from orcov, a bpne, and ypxipj, to defcribe. OSTEOLOGY. The doctrine of the bones; from orsov, a bone, and \oyoe, a difcourfe. OTALGIA. The ear-ath ; from «c, the ear, and oOeyoe, pain. OTITIS. Inflammation of the internal ear ; from we, the ear. It is known by pyrexia, and an excruciating and throbbing pain in the internal ear, that is fometimes attend- ed with delirium. OVARIUM. Two oblong bodies, flattened on each fide, and included in a duplieature of the broad ligaments of the uterus. They are fituated about two inches from the fides of the womb, behind, yet above the Fallopian tubes, to which they are attached. Each pvary contains ten pr fifteen vefi- cles which include the fatal embryos, and a tranfparent cp- agulable liquor. OVIPAROUS. Animals that exclude their young in the egg, which are afterwards hatched ; from ovum, an egg, and pario, to bring forth. OXALATS (Oxalas, tis, ft m.J Salts formed by the combination of the oxalic acid with different bafes : thus, oxylat oft ammoniac, &C. OXYDS. Subftances formed by the union of oxygene ■with a bafis : thus, oxyd oft iron, oxyd oft copper, &c. OXYGENE. Vital air. Bafts nf vital air. ^ Acidifying principle. Empyreal principle. Sorbile principle. De- phlogiftkated air. The' word oxygene is derived from ofa, acid, 204 O X Y acid, and ytm/txt, to generate; on account pf the property it poffefl'es of changing a great many fubftances with which it unites into the ftate of acid. Vital air was firft difcovered. by the celebrated Prieftley. Mixed with azote it conftitutes the atmofpheric air, (See Atmofpheric air.) It is the moft general agent in the operations of nature, exifts in combina- tion with various fubftances; and it is by their decompofi- ticn, that it may be extracted and procured. All acids have vital air for their bafis. Meffrs. Prieftley, Ingenhoufz, arrd Senncbier difcovered nearly at the fame time that vege- tables expofcd to the light of the fun emit vital air. Oxy- genous gas exhibits certain properties accprding to its de- gree of purity ; which depends in general upon the fub- ftances which afford it : i. It is more ponderous than the air of the atmofphere ; the cubic foot of atmofpherical air weighing 720 grains, while that of pure air weighs 765 :. a. Oxygenous gas is the only proper fluid for combuftion, which caufed Scheele to call it the air of flee ; and it is afecr- tained, that combuftion never takes place without it; that in every combuftion there is an abforption of vital air ; that there is an augmentation of weight in the products of combuftion equal to the weight of the vital air. that is abforbed; and that. in all combuftions there is a difengagement pf light and heat: 3. It is the pnly gas proper for reipiration ; hence it is term- ed vital air. It has long been known that animals cannot live without the afliftance of air, but the phenomena of refpiration have been very imperfectly known until lately. Modern philofophers have eftablifhed a number of interelt- ing experiments concerning it, and it is now afcertained» that, during the paffage of the blood through the lungs, there is an abforption of oxygene into that which is contain- ed in the pulmonary veins : 4. The bafis of vital air, united to the bafis of inflammable gas, conftitutes water (fee Aqua J : 5. It difcolours vegetable and animal fubftances. Relpect- ing the utility of this air in the practice of phyfic, &c. Dr. Thornton has afcertained, that vital air is a very powerful exciting tonic, mixed in a certain proportion, with atmof- pheric air ; and the fuccefs attending his practice in putrid fevers, hyfteria, ulcers of the legs, &c. and all debilitated cafes, has far exceeded his expectations. OXYOPIA O Z■ IE 2C5 OXYOPIA. The faculty of feeing more acutely than ufual ; from otyc:, acute, and <4 206 PAL P. PA contraction of pugillus, a pugil or eighth part of a • handful. P. IE. A contraction of partes aqualis. PAIN. Any unpleafant fenfatipn or irritation. PALATE. The roof pf the mouth. PALATI OSSA. The palatine bpncs are fituated in the pofterior part of the mouth, from whence they afcend later- ally through the nofe to the orbits ; hence they are divided into the palatine, nafal, and orbital portions. Upon each bone is obfcrved a pterygpid and orbital apophyfis. PALATO-PHARYNGEUS. A mufcle fituated at the fide of the entry of the fauces, that draws the uvula and velum pendulum palati downwards and backwards, and at the fame time pulls the thyroid cartilage and pharynx up- wards, and fhortens it ; with the conftrictor fuperior pha- ryngis and tongue, it aflifts in fhutting the paffage into the noftrils ; and, in fwallowing, it thrufts the food from the fauces into the pharynx. PALM OIL. This oil, which has a place in the Edin- burgh Pharmacopoeia, is produced chiefly from the fruit of the Cocos butyracea, by bruifing and diffolving the kernels of the fruit in water, without the aid of heat, by which the oil is fcparated, and rifes to the furface, and on being wafhed two or three times is rendered fit for ufe. When brought into this country it is of the confiftence of an ointment, and of an orange yellow colour, with little tafte, and of a ftrong, though not difagreeable fmell. Its ufe is confined to exter- nal applications in pains, tumours, and fprains; but it ap- pears to poffefs very little if any advantage pver Pther bland oils. PALMARIS BREVIS. A flexor mufcle of the hand, fituated on the fore-arm, that aflifts in contracting the palm of the hand. PALMARIS LONGUS. A flexor mufcle of the hand, fituated on the foie-aim, that is fometimes wanting, but when PAP 207 when prefent bends the hand, and ftretches the membrane that is expanded on the palm. PALPEBRiE. The eye-lids, diftinguiflied into upper and under. PALPITATIO. Palpitation of the heart, which is ei- ther conftant or frequently returning, A genus of difeafe in the clafs neurofes and order fpafmi of Cullen. PALSY. See Hemiplegia, Paraplvgia, Paralyfts, &C. PANACEA. Ylxyxy.ua ; from Txrav, all, and ax.iota.xi, to make well. An epithet given by the ancients to thofe rem- edies which they conceived would cure every difcafe. Un- fortunately for thofe of the prefent day, there arc no fuch remedies. PANARIS. A whitlow. See Paronychia. PANCREAS. From rs-.v, all, and xptac, flefh. A glan- dular vifcus of the abdomen, of a long figure, compared to a dog's tongue, fituated in the epigaftric region under the ftomach. It is compofed of innumerable fmall glands, the excretory duets of which unite and form one duct, called the pancreatic duct, which perforates the duodenum with the ductus communis choledochiu, and conveys a fluid, in its na- ture fimilar to faliva, into the inteftines. The pancreatic ar- tery is a branch of the fpknic. The veins evacuate them- felves into the fplenic vein. Its nerves are from the par vagum and great intercoftal. The ufe of the pancreas is to fccrete the pancreatic juice, to be mixed with the chyme in the duodenum. PANDEMIC. A fynonim of Epidemic ; from ttxv, all, and Jn,c4"c, the people. See Epidemic. PANOPf IOEIA. That kind of melancholy which is at- tended with groundlefs fc^rs. The moderns cor.fider it as fymptomatic : from tsxv, all, and jo/So,-, fear. PAPAVER ALBUM. The white peppy.- Papaver fomnifcrum of Linnaeus. It is from heads of this plant that the opium is obtained. (See Opium.) They are alfo di- rected for medicinal ufe in the form of fomentatipn, and the fyrupus pepuvcrh a.'ai, a ufcfal anodyne, which often fuc- cceds 208 TAR ceeds in procuring fleep where op'um fails; it is,Tiowercr, mpre efpecially adapted to children, i he feeds of this fpe- cies contain a bland oil, and in many places are eaten as food : as a medicine, they have been ufually given in the form of emulfion in catarrhs, ftranguries, &c. PAPAVER ERRATICUM. Red pr cprn poppy. Pa. paver rbaas of Linnanis. The heads of this fpecies, like thofe pf the fomniferum, contain a milky juice of a narcotic quality ; from which an extract is prepared, that has been fuccefsfully emplpyed as a fcdative. The flpwer j have fome- what pf the fmell of opium, jnd a mucilaginous tafte, accom- panied with a flight degree of bitternefs. A fyrup of thefe flowers is directed in the London Pharmacopoeia, which has been thought ufeful as an anodyne and pectoral, and is there- fore prefcribed in coughs and catarrhal affections. PAPILLA. The nipple of the breaft. See Breaft. PAPILL/E. This term is applied by anatoniifts to the fine terminatipns of nerves, &c. as the nervous papilla; of the tongue, fkin, &c. PAPULiE. Solitary hard tumours, that are either re- folved, or emit a humidity, and dcfquamate. They differ from puftules, becaufe they never luppuiate ; fuch arm herpes, lepra, &c. PAR VAGUM. The eighth pair nf nerves. They arife from the corpora olivaria of the medulla oblongata, and proceed into the neck, thorax, and abdomen. In the neck the par vagum gives off two branches, the lingual and fupe- rior laryngeal; and in the thorax, four branches, the recur- rent laryngeal, the cardie, tlie pulmonary, and the cefopha- geal plexufcs. At length the trunks of the verni vagi, adja- cent to the mediaftinum, run intp the ftpmach, and there form the ftpmachic.plexus.-which branches to tire abdominal plexufcs. PARACENTEt". TT'rr-ax.vTfinc i from -txxpaxivTi'j, to pierce through The operation of tapping, to evacuate the water in afcites, dropfy of the ovarium, uterus, &c. PAKACOSI". Hearing depraved. Singing in the ears ; from -gtjcx, wrong, and «xw.-, to hear. A genus of xlifcafc PAR 209 difeafe iu the clafs locales and prder dyfefthefta of Cullen. Species : 1. P.-racufts imperfetla, when exifting founds are not heard as ufual: 2. Paracufts imaginaria, when imaginary founds are heard. PARALYSIS. Palfy : from -axpxxvx, to loofe. A ge- nus of difcafe in the clafs neurofes and order comata of Cullen, known by a lofs of the power of voluntary motion, affecting certain parts. Species : 1. Paralyfts partialis, partial, or palfy of fome particular mufcles: 2. Paralyfts hemiplcica, palfy of one fide : 3. Paralyftis paraplegica, palfy of one half of the body : 4. Paralyfts venenata, from the fcdative effects of ppifons. Paralyfis is alfo fymptomatic of feveral difcafcs, as worms, fcrophula, fyphilis, &c. P A R A J H1 Wl O •> I >. A permanent contraction of the prepuce behind the corona glandis, fo as to denudate the glaiii penis and ftrungulate it; from xpx, -aabout, and fijjux!, to bind. PARAPHONIA. Alteration of the voice ; from -zexpx, wrong, and ?j<», found. A genus of difcafe in the clafs lo- cales i-'d order dyfcinefta of Cullen, comprehending fix fpe- cies, VIZ. paraphonia puberum,paraphonia rauca, paraphonia re- fonans, paraphonia palatina, paraphonia clangens, and parapho- nia comatofa. PAR \PHRENITIS- Diaphragmitis. An inflamma- tion of the diaphragm. A genus of difeafe in the clafs py- rexia and order phlegmafta of Cullen, PARAPLEGIA. Palfy of one half of the body taken tranfverfcly. A fpecies of paralyfis. See Paralyfts. PARiSfTIC. Animals, &c. are fo termed, that receive their nouriftiment in the bodies of others, as worms, polypes, hydatids, &c. PAREGORICS. Medicines that allay pain are fo term- ed ; from tsxpnyopia, to mitigate, to affuage. PARENCHYMA. The fpongy and cellular fubftance that connects parts together ; from •dapy^uy, to ftrain tlirough ; becaufe the ancients believed the blood was ftrain- S 1 cd 2/10 TAT ed through it. It is now only applied to the conncctin* medium of the fubftance of the lungs. PARESIS. nxF;o-ic. An imperfect palfy. PARI ERA BRAVA. The root of the Ciffampelo: pareira, a native of South America and the Weft Indies. It has no remarkable fmell ; but to the tafte it manifefts a notable fweetnefs of the Liquorice kind, together with a con- fiderable bitternefs, and a flight roughnefs covered by the fweet matter. The facts adduced on the utility of the ra.lig pareira brava in nephritic and calculous complaints, are prin- cipally mantioned by foreigners, and noremarkable inftances of its efficacy are recorded by Englifh practitioners, PARIETAL BONES. Off.i verfcis. Ojf.i fyncipith. Offa verticala vet bregmat's. Two arched and fomewhat quadrangular bones, fituated one on each fide of the fuperior part of the cranium. PARIETARIA. Wall pellitory. Parietaria officinalis of Linnxus. this plant'has no finJl, and its tafte is fimply herbaceous. -In the practice of the prefent day it is wholly laid afide, although it was formerly in high eftimatim as a diuretic. PARONYCHIA. Panaris. Paranlfiu/s. A whitlow, or whitloe ; from *•««, about, andovuf, the nail. PARORCHIDIUM. A tumour in the groin, occafioned by the tefticle, which is paffing into the fcrotum. PAROTID GLAND. A large conglomerate and fali- val gland, fituated under the ear between the mamillary procefs of the temporal bone and the angle of the lower j ivv ; from Txpa, about, and «?, the ear. the excretory duct of this gland opens in the mouth, and is called, from its difcoverer, the Stenonian duct. PAROXYSM. IlirpoJvo-^of ; from ap-rolwa, to aggra- vate. A periodical exacerbatipn pr fit pf a difcafe. PAROLIS. A gum boil ; from xjxpx, and ov\ov, the gum. PATELLA. Rotula. The knee-pan. A. bone fome- what refembliiig, in figure, a heart, fituated in fofjhius be- ^Wfcfwees > EX 211 twecn the condyles of the femur, and above the tibia. Its ufe is to ftrengthen the knee joint, and to fcrve as a common pully for the extenfor mufculus pf the tibia. PATHETICI. Trochleatores. The fourth pair of nerves are fo called, becaufe they direct the eyes tp exprefs the paf- fions pf the.mind : from rzxhoc:, an affection. They arife frcm the crura of the cerebellum laterally, and are diftri- buted in the mufculus pbliquus fuperior/ew trochlearis. PATHOGNOMONIC. A term given to thpfe fymp- toms which are peculiar to a difeafe ; from -asxboc, a difeafe, and yivao-y.-.', to know. They are alfo termed proper or characteriftic fymptoms. PATH 0 LOGY. The doctrine of difeafes; from craBo,-, a difeafe, and >~oync, a difcourfe. It cpmprehends nofologyt atiology,fymptematolpgy, and iherapia. PECQUET's DUCT. The thoracic duct. PECTINALIS. A mufcle of the thigh, fituated pn the outer and fore part pf the pelvis, that brings the thigh up- wards, and gives it a degree of rotatfon outwards. PECTORALS. Medicines that relieve diforders of the cheft. PECTORALIS MAJOR. The firft layer of mufcles, fituated on the anterior part of the thorax, that moves the arm forwards, and obliquely upwards, towards the fternum. PECTORALIS MINOR. A mufcle fituated under the former, that brings the fcapula forwards and downwards, or raifes the ribs upwards. PECTUS. The breaft. See Thorax. PEDES' HIPPOCAMPI. Two columns of the fornix of the brain, which diverge pofteriorly. t hey are fo named from their refemblance tp the feet pf the hippocampus or fea- hprfe- PEDILUVIUM. A bath for the feet ; from pedes, the feet, and lavo, tn wafh. PELVIS. The cavity befow the belly that is fhaped like a bafon ; .frpm r?=v,?, a bafon. It is cpmpofed of four bones* 212 PER tones, viz. two offa mnominata, the facrum, and os coteygij It contains the organs of generation, the bladder, and the rectum. PEMPHYGUS. A fever attended by fuccefiive erup. tions of veficles about the fize of almonds which are filled with a yellowiih ferum, and in three or four days fub- Cde. The fever may be either fynocha or typhus. It is a genus of difeafe in the clafs pyrexia and order exanthemata of Cullen. PENIS. MembruTB virile. The cylindrical part that hangs down, under the mons veneris before the fcrotum of males. It is divided by anatomifts into the root, body,- and head called the glans penis. It is compofed of common in- teguments, two corpora cavernofa, and one corpus fpongio- fum, which furrounds a canal, the urethra, that proceeds from the bladder to the apex of the penis, where it opens by the meatus urinarius. (See Urethra.) The fold of the fkin that covers the glans penis is termed the prepuce. The ar- teries of the penis are from the hypogaflric and ifchiatic. The vein pf the penis, vena magna ipftus penis, empties itfelf into the hypogaflric vein. The abforbents of this organ are very numerous, and run under the common integuments to the inguinal glands ; abforbents alfo are found in great plenty in the urethra. The glands of the penis are Cowper's glands, the proftate, muciparous, and odoriferous glands. The nerves of the penis are branches of the facral and ifchi- atic. PENTAPHYLLUM. Common cinquefoil. The roots of this plant, Potentilla reptans of Linnaeus, have a bitterifh ftyptic tafte. They were ufed by the ancients in the cure of intermittents ; but the medicuial quality of cinqueloil is confined, in the prefent day, to ftop diarrhaas and other fluxes. PERIBLEPSIS. XlipiBK-^ic ; from -atpiQkt-rx, to flare about. That kind of wild look which is obfcrved in deliri. ous perfons. PERIBROSIS. An ulceration or erofion at tha corners or uniting parts of the eye-lids. PERICARDII IS. T» E R 213 TERI CARDITIS. Inflammation of the pericardium. PERICARDIUM. The membranpus bag that furrounds the heart; from *=«;, abput, and %«p&tx, the heart. Its ufe is to fecrete and contain the vapour of the pericardium, which lubricates the heart, and .thus preferves it from concreting with-the pericardium. PERICHONDRIUM. The membrane that covers a cartilage ; from tvipi, and xmfy°>i a cartilage. PERICRANIUM- The membrane that is clofcly con- nected to the bones of the head ; from -at:pi, and y-pavtov, the head. PERINEUM. The fpace between the anus and organs Of generation. Xhptvxiov ■, from -atpma, to flow round, be- caufe that part is generally moift. PERIOSTEUM. The membrane which invefts the ex- ternal and internal furface 6f all the bones except the crowns of the teeth. It is of a fibrous texture, and well Supplied with arteries, veins, nerves, and abforbents. It is called pericranium, nn the cranium; periorbita, nn the or- bits ; perichondrium, when it cnvers cartilages ; and perideft- mium, when it covers ligaments. Its ufe appears to be, to diftribute the veffels on the external and internal furfaces of bones. PERIPNEUMONIA. Peripneumony, cr inflamma- tion of the lungs ; from -atpi, and -anvu-a-v, the lung. See Pneumonia. PERIPNEUMONIA NOTHA. Baftard or fpurious peripneumony. PERISTALTIC MOTION. The vermicular motion of the inteftines, by which they contract and propel their content!',; from supioT-xks, -to contract. A fimilar motion takes place in the Fallopian tubes, after conception, by means of which the ovum is trarvflated from the ovarium into the uterus. PERlTONiEUM. The membrane lining the abdomen, .and covering the vifcera ; from -cetfiTWj, tn extend around. It 214 PET It has veflels from the neighbouring parts, and exhales a ti- pour, to lubricate the vifcera. PERITONITIS An inflammation of the peritonx- >um. A genus of difeafe in the clafs pyrexia and orderpbleg- tnafta of Cullen, known by the prefence of pyrexia, with pain in the Abdomen, that is increafed when in an erect pofition. PERNIO. A chilblain. A fpecies of erythema of Cullen. PERONEUS BREVIS. A flexor mufcle of the foot, fituated on the leg, that aflifts in pulling the foot outwards., and extending it a little. Pcroneus; from ptrone, the fibula. PERONEUS LONGUS. A flexor mufcle of the -foot, fituated on the leg, that moves the foot outwards, and ex- tends it a little. PERSPIRATION. The invifible vapour that is fecreted by the extremities of the cutaneous arteries from the exter- nal furface of the body. PERTUSSIS. The hooping cough. A genus of difeafe in the clafs neurofes and order ftpafmi of Cullen, known by a convulfive ftrangulating cough, with hooping, relieved by vomiting and being contagious. PERUVIANUS CORTEX. Peruvian bark. See Cin- chona. PERVIGILIUM. Watching, or want of fleep. PESSARY. An inftrument that is introduced into the vagina to fupport the uterus. PESTIS. The plague. A genus of difeafe in the clafs pyrexia and order exanthemata of Cullen, characterized by typhus, which is contagious in the extreme, proftration of ftrength, buboes and carbuncles, petechia, hemorrhage, and colliquative diarrhaea. PETECHIA. Red or purple fpots that moftly appear in contagious difeafes. The Italians gave them this name, from the word petetbio, becaufe they refemble the bites of fleas. PETROLEUM P H A 215 PE FROLEUM. The name of petroleum is given to a liquid bituminous fubftance which flows between rocks, or in different places at the furface of the earth. See Naphtha, Mineral pitch, &C. M. PETROLEUM BARBADENSE. Barbadocs tar> This is chiefly obtained from the ifland of Barb%does, and is fome times employed externally in paralytic difeafes. • PETROSELINUM Common parftey. ApJpmj&tro- ftlinum of Linnaeus. Both the root and feeds of this plant are directed by the London College for medicinal ufe ; the former have a fweetifh tafte, accompanied with a flight warmth or flavour, fomewhat refcmbling that of carrot ; the latter are in tafte warmer and-more aromatic than sny other part of the plant, and manifcft confiderable bitternefs. The ropts are faid tp be aperient and diuretic, and have been employed in nephritic pains and obftructions of urine. The feeds poffefs aromatic and carminative powers, but are fel- dom prefcribed. PETROSILEX. A fpecies of coarfe flint, of a deep blue or yellowifh green colour. It is interfperfed in veins through rocks; and from this circumftance derives its name. PETROSUM OS. The petrofe portion of the temporal bone. PEYER's GLANDS. The glands of the inteftine*. See Brunntrs glands. PHAGEDENA. A fpecies of ulcer that fpreads very rapidly ; from ipayo, to eat. PHAGED^ENICS. Medicines that deftroy fungous flefh. PHALANX. The fmall bones of the fingers and toes, which are diftinguiflied into the firft, fecond, and third phalanx ; from po.Kav^, a battalion. PHARMACY. The art of preparing medicines; from ipappcawv, a medicine or drug. PHARMACOPCEIA. The book that contains direc- tions for preparing medicine* } from fa^xy-oy, a medicine, and -aoua, to makf. PHARYNX. 2 2:6 P H E PHARYNX. The mufcular bag, at the back part of the mouth: caro iro pseuv, becaufe it conveys the food into the ftomach. It is fhaped like a funnel, adheres to the faucei ^j'ehind the larynx, and terminates in the cefophagus. Its Pufe is tn receive the mafticated food, and to convey it into the cefophagus. PHIMOSIS. Giuao-i?. A contraction of the prepuce before the glans penis to fuch a degree that it cannot bcr drawn back over the glans. PHLEBOTOMY. The opening of a vein ; from pxtxf., a vein, and T-y.vz, to cur. PHLEGM. In chemiftry it means water; but in the common-acceptation'of the word it is a thick and tenacious mucus fecreted in the lungs; PHLEGMASIAk Kvy.ranxi, fmall bladders. Small # pellucid veficles that contain a ferous fluid. PHOSPHATS (Pbofphas, tis,f. m.J Salts formed by the union of the phofphoric acid with different bafes; thus, fhofpbat of ammoniac, phofphat of lime, &C PHOSPHITES (Pbofpbis, tit, ft m.) Salts formed by the combination of the phofphorous acid with different bafes ; thus, aluminous phofphite, amtnoniatal phofphite, &c. PHOSPHORUS- One of the moft combuftible fub- ftances we are acquainted with. It was originally obtained from urine ; but the fubftance which affords it in the great- eft quantity is the ammnniacal phofphat. When pure it is tranfparent, and of a confiftence rcfembling that of wax ; it cryftallizes, by cooling, in lamina, which are brilliant, and as it were micacious ; it melts in hot water, long before the fluid becomes boiling hot; it is very volatile, and by a gentle; heat rifes and comes over in the form of a thick fluid. When in contact with air it emits a fume from every part of its furface ; and this vapour, which fmells ftrongly like garlick, appears white in the day-time, but is very huninoud in the dark. PHOSPHURETS (Phofphureium, i, f. n.) Combina- tions of phofphorus not oxygenated, with different bafes, a* pbofpburet of copper, phofpburet of iron, &C PHOTOPHOBIA. Such an intolerance of light, that the eye, or rather the retina, can fcarcely bear its irritating rays : from ifac, light, and po/3na, to dread. PHOTOPSI A. Lucid vifion, an affection of the eye, in which the patient perceives luminous rays, ignited lines, or corufcations : from v, the mind. A genus of difcaie in the clafs pyrexia and order phlegmafta of Cullen ; characterized by llrong fe- ver, violent liead-ach, rednefs of the face and eyes, impa- tience of light and noife, watehfulnefs, and furious delirium. It is fymptomatic of feveral difeafes, as worms, hydrophobia, &c. PHTH1P.IASIS. From ~q:.r, a foufe. A difeafe, in which feveral parts of the body generate lice, which often puncture the fkin, and produce little fordid ukers. PHTHISIS. Pulmonary consumption: from ?;.--•, to confume. A genus of difcafe in the clafs pyrexia and order hctmorrhagia of Cullen ; known by emaciation, debility, cou'h, hectic fever, purulent expectoration, hxmoptyfis, diarrhxa. Species : I. Phthfts incipiens, incipient, with- out yny expectoration of pus : l. Phthfts humida, with an expectoration of pus : 3. Phthifis fcrophulofa, from fcrophu- Ious tubercles in the lungs, &c. : 4- Phthifis hsmoptaca, from hsmoptyfis : 5. Phthifis ex ■ntbematico, f. oni exanthe- mata : 6. Phthfts chlorotica, from chlorous :■ 7. Fhlhiftu fyphilitita, from a venereal ulcer hi the langs. PHYGETHLON. vux ; from ?<*>, to produce. Tubercles in any part of the body. PHYSCONIA- Enlargement of the abdomen; from purx.-.v. a big-bellied fellow. A getris of difeafe in the clais cachexia and order intumefcentia of Culkn ; known by a tu- mour occupying chiefly one part of the abdomen, increafing flowly, and nether fonorous nor fluctuating. Species : I. hepatic a : 2. fplenica : 3. senates: 4. uterina : ^.cbovoria: 6. mefentcrica : 7- ommtalis .- 8. vifceralis. PHYSIOGNOMY. vo-ioy^M.r, -, from owrie, nature, and yivuc-no, to know. The art of knowing the difpofkion of a perfon fiorn the countenance. PHYSIOLOGY. P1M 21^ PHYTOLOGY. ■>-«>-, a difcourfe. '1 he fcience v.-hich treats cf the actions and powers of an animated body. PH VSOC^LF. Any fpecies of hernia whofe contents are diftended with wind ; from vTr.Koyix ■, from v-fl'-of, a difcourfe. That part of naturaljhiftory which treats en plants- PI A MATER. A thin mem'arane, almoft wholly vaf- cular, that is firmly accreted to the convolutions of the cere- brum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and medulla fpinalis. Its ufe appears to be, to diflribute the veffels to, and contain tlie fubftance of, the cerebrum. PICA. Depraved appetite, with ftrong defire for un- natural food. It is very common to pregnant women. PILES. See Hamorrhpls. PIMENTO. Jamaica pepper, or allfpice. Myrtus pi» r.-< ..'./ of Linnxus. This fpice, which was firft brought over for dietetic ufes, has been long employed in the fhops as a t>,-(-rf!aneum to the more ciftly oriental aromatics: it is- moderately warm, of an agreeable flavour, fomewhat re- fcmbling that of a mixture pf cloves, cinnamon and, nut- megs. Both pharmaeppceias dire/it an aquepus and fpiritu- ous. diftillation to be made from thefe berries, and the Edin- burgh College prders alfo jhe oleum rff-ntl.ale piperis Jamai- cei.fts. PI M PINE LEA. Several fpecies of pimpim-lh wer-. formerly ufcd ojficinally ; but the roots, which obtain a ■place in the materia medica of the Edinburgh Pharmaco- poeia, arc thofc of the Pimpinella faxifraga of Linnxus : xJiey have an unplcafont fmell; and a hot, pungent,bitterifh tafte ; 220 P I X tafte : they are recommended by feveral writers as a ftom- achic : in the way of gargle, they have been employed for diffolving vifcid mucus, and to ftimulate the tongue when that organ becomes paralytic. PTPER IN DTCUM. This fj>eeies of pepper is obtain- ed from the Capfcum annuum of Linnaeus. As an aromatic of the ftimulant kind, it is efficacipus in fome paralytic and gouty cafes, or to promote excitement where the bodily or- gans are languid and torpid. PIPER LONGUM. Long pepper. Piper longum of Linnxus. The berries or grains of this plant are gathered while green, and dried in the heat of the fun, when they change to a blackifh or grey colour. They poffefs precifely the fame qualities as the former, only in a weaker degree. PIPER NIGRUM. Black pepper- this fpecies of Pepper is obtained, in the Eaft Indies, from the Piper nigrum of Linnaeus. Its virtues are fimilar to thofe of the other tappers. The black and white pepper are both obtained from the fame tree, the difference depending upon their preparation and degrees of maturity. PITCH. The juice of a fpecies of fir, extracted by in- cifions made in the bark of the tree. It is fometimes ufed as a detergent by furgeons. PlTUlT A- Phlegm, or vifcid and glutinous mucus. prrUITARY GLAND. A gland fituated within the cranium, between a duplieature of the dura mater, in the fella turcica of the fphenoid bone. PITUITARY MEMBRANE. Schneiderian membrane. The mucous membrane that lines the noftrils and finufes communicating with the nofe is fo called, becaufe it fccrete. the mucus of thofe parts. P1X BURGUNDICA- See Burgundy pitch. PIX LI QUID A. Tar- Tar is produced from the PinusMveJhUoi Linnseus, by cutting it into pieces, which are enclofea in a large oven eonftructed for the purpofe. It j. well known for its econpmical ufes. Tar water, or water impregnated with the more foluble parts of tar, was fome time ago a very fafhionable remedy in a variety of com- plaints*but is in the prefent practice fallen into difufe. r PLACENTA. f■ L E 221 PLACENT \. The fpongy ir.af., like a cake, that rc- tcivisthe blood from the u cms of pregnant women, to which it adhere'-, conveys it to the fcetus, and returns it again to the ivo'Et. It is fo called from its refemblance to a eik-. Its f-i'aence is cellnlnr, and deftitute of nerves. PT. \NTTGO. Plantain. This plant is ftill retainea In ih- rp-'V.-r-1 moc'ica of the Edinburgh College, in which ths l-.iv-i ;.t n-cntioned as the pharmaceutical part of the plint ; they have a weak herbaceous fmell, an aufterc, bit- f.-rifli, fubfaline tafte ; and their qualities are faid to be re- frigerant, attenuating, fubftyptic, and diuretic. PL \NT\EIS. A mufch of the foot, fituated on the fcg, that affifts the fi.leu.-,, and pulls the cspfriar ligament of the knee from between the bones. It is fometimes, though fcldoni, found wanting on both fides. PLANUM OS. The papyraceous or orbital portion of the- ethmoid bone was formerly fo called. PL A FIN A. The name platina was given to this metal by the Spaniards, from the word pkta, which fignifies filver in their language, by way v-( comparifon with that metal, whofe colour it imitates. It has hitherto only been found in the gold mines of America. PLATFSMA MYOIDES. A mufcle, on the fide of the neck, that affifts in drawing the fkin of the cheek down- wards ; and when the mcith is fhut, it draws all that part of the fkin to which it is connected below the lower jaw upwards ; from trr.arvi, broad, /*.v'., a mufcle, and ti6- , to fill. A redundance of blood. PLEURA. rUfuca. A membrane which lines the in- fernal furfac; of the thorax, and covers its vifcera. It forms n great procefs, the mediaftinum, which divide* the thorax into two cavities. Its ufe is to render the fuTface of the thorax nioiil by the vapour it exhale-. Pl.KUKl IIS Pleurify, or inflammation of the pleura. A fp^ries of pneumonia of Cullen. See Pneumonia, PLEURO-PNEUMONLA. An inflammation of the king's and pleura. T ■?. PLEXUS. 222 P N E PLEXUS. From pletfor, to plait or knit. A net worV of veffels. The union of two or more nerves is alfo called a plexus. PLEXUS CHOROIDES. See Choroid plexus. PLICA POLONTCA. Trichoma. A difeafe of the hairs, in which they become long and cparfe, and matted and glued into inextricable tangles. It is peculiar to Foland and Tartary, and generally appears during the autumnal feafon. PLUMBSGO- An ore of a fliining blue black colour, a greafy feel, and tuburculated when fractured. It is by many erroneoufly taken for molybdena, from which it is ea- fily diftinguiflied by its fracture, that of the latter being al- ways lameilated. PNEUMATICS. That part of natural philofopliy which treats on the properties of air; from -rnvtix, air. PNEUMATOCELE. Any fpecies of hernia, that is (diftended with flatus ; from Tnivpca, flatus or wind, and *.*>.*, a tumour. PNEUMATOSIS. Emphyfema, or windy fwelling. A genus of difeafe in the clafs cachexia and order intumefcen- tia of Cullen, known by a collection of air in the celluhr texture under the fkin, rendering it ter.fe, elaftic, and crepi- tating, t he fpecies of pneumatofis are : I. Pneumotofts fptntanea, without any maiiifeft caufe : 2. Pneumotofts trau- matica, from a wound : 3. Fr.eumatofs venenata, from poi- fons : 4. Pneumatofs hyfttrica, with hyftena. PNEUMATOMPHALUS- A flatulent umbilical her- nia; from xviv/xo, flatus, and oy ,»**<*, the navel. PNEUMONIA- Inflammation of the lungs; from wttav. a lung. A genus of difcafe in the clafs pyrexia and order phlegmafta of Cullen ; characterized by pyrexia, din- cult refoiration, cough, and a fenfe of weight and pain in the thorax. The fpecies of pneumonia, according to the above nofologift, are : 1. Peripneumonia. The pulle net al- ways hard, but fometimes foft; an obtufe pain in the brealt; the rcfpiration always difficult ; fometimes che patient can- pot breathe, unlefs in an upright ppfture ; the face fwelled, and pf a livid colour ; the cough for the moft part moift, frequently POM 223 frequently blocdy. 2. Pleurilis. The pulfe hard ; a pun- gent pain in one fide, aggravated during the time pf infpi- ratinn; an uneafinefs when lying pn pne fide ; a very pain- ful cpugh, dry in the beginning of the difeafe, afterwards moift, and frequently bloody. If thefe are not refolved, they are followed by vomica or empyema. PODAGRA. The gout; from **?, the fopt, and aypx, a taking or a feizure. A genus of difeafe in the clafs py- rexia and order phlegmafta of Cullen ; known by pyrexia ; pain in the joints, chiefly pf the great toe, and efpecially the hands and feet, returning at intervals ; previcus to the it- tack, the functions of the ftpmach are cpinmpnly difturbed. Species: 1. Podag, a regularis, the regular gout : 2. Poda- gra at mica, the atonic gout : 3. Podagra retrograda, the re- trocedent gput: 4. Podagra aberrans, mifplaced or wander- ing gout. POISOM. Any fubftance, which, when received into the ftomach or lungs, or applied externally to any part of the body, produces, by its peculiar properties, difcafe pr death, is termed a poifon. Poifons are divided, with refpect to the kingdom to which |hey belong, into animal, vegeta- ble; mineral, and halituous poifons, or vapours. POLLEX. The thumb, or great toe. POLYDIPSIA. Exceffive thirft; from -mwe, much, and ii^-v, thirft. A genus of difeafe in the clafs locales and order dyfrexia of Cullen. It is moflly fymptomatic of fe- ver, diopfy, exceffive difcharges, or poifons. POLYPUS, noxujruc, having many feet ; from *o\vc, many, and t*,-, a foot- This term is generally given to a farcomatous fubftance, that frequently arife* in the noftrils and uterus, from its having attachments or roots. The coagulable fubftance which is found in the cavities of tlie heart of thofe who are fome time in articulo mortis is alfo improperly fo called. POLYSARCHIA. Troublefome corpulency, or fatnefs; from -row;, much, and o-xp?„ fielh. A genus of difcafe in the clafs cachexia and ord*r intumefcentia of Cullen. POMUM ADAMI. The protuberance in the anterior part of the neck, formed .by the fore part of the thyroid cartilage. poNS 224 POT PONS VAROLII. Varolius's bridge. An eminence of jhe medulla oblongata, firft defcribed by Yarolius. POPLES. The ham, or joint of the knee. POPLITEAL ARTERY. The continuation r-f the cru- r-J. artery, through the hollpw of the ham ; from poples, tht ham. POPLITEU3. A mufcle of the leg, fitueted m the back part of the thigh, which affifts in bending tlie 1 g, and preventing the capiular ligament from being pinche i. Af- ter the leg is bent it ferves alfo to roll it inwards. FORI BILIARII. The biliary pores or ducb thit re- reive the bile from the acini pf the liver, and convey it to the hepatic duct. PORR1GO. A difeafe very common am^ng children, in which the Ikin nf the hairy part pf the head becomes dry and callous, and comes off like bran upon combing the head. PORTA. The great vein of the liver. See Vena porta. PORTIO DURA. This nerve arifes near the pons from the crus pf the brain, enters the petrous pprtion of the tern-.- ppral bpne, and gives pff a branch intp the tympanum, which is called the chprda tympani. PORTIO MOLLI '■,. This nerve arifes from the medul- la oblongata and fourth ventricle pf the brain, enters the pe- trous portion of the temporal bone, and is diftributed by in- numerable branches, not only tn the ccchler., hut nlfc to the membrane lining the veflibulum and femicircular canals. POSTERIOR ANNULARIS. An external inttrr.flc.il mufcle nf the hand, that extends and draws the ring linger ir.'vards. POS I TRIOR INDICTS. An internal int -roffeal mufcle of the hand, that extends the fore-finger obliquely, and draws it outwards. POSTERIOR MEDU. An external ir.f ero'fcal mufcle of the hand, that extends the middle finger, an 1 draws i: outwards. POT-ASH. See Alkali vegetable. PR.ECOF.DIA. PRO 225 PRiECORDIA. the fore part of the region of the tho- rax ; from pra, before, and reaphx, the heart. PRiEPUCE. The membranous cutanenus fold, that cpvcrs the glans penis and clitpris, is fo termed ; from pra- puto, to cut off before ; becaufe fome nations ufcd to cut it off in circumcifion. PREDISPOSING CAUSES. The moft frequent pre- difpofing caufes of difeafes are, the temperament and habit of the body, idiofyncracy, age, fcx, and ftructure of the part difeafed. PREDISPOSITION. That conftitution or ftate of the folids or fluids, or of both, which difpofes the body to the action of difcafe. PRESBYOPIA. That defect of the fight by which ob- jects near at hand are feen confufedly, but at remoter dif- tances diftinctly ; from *pio, before, and la-m^i, to ftand; becaufe it is fituated before the bladder. PRONUM GAL1 L7UM. the common prime or plum. The plsnt which affords this fruit is the Prunus do- r.ep.'ca of Linnreus. Prunes are confuiered a? emollient, tooling, and laxative, efpecially the French prunes, which arc PSO 227 »re directed in the decoction of fcnna, and rther purgatives; and the pulp is ordered in the JecluariuM eft..;.a. PRUNUM SYLVESTRE. The floe, or fruit of tho I', anus fpli.fts of Linnxus. It is fometimes employed in gargles, to tumefactions of the tonfils and uvula, and from its adftringent tafte was formerly much ufcd in lixmiir- i-hagei, &C. PR fJK]'TIS. A violent itching of the fkin. PRUSSIATS (Pruffias, tis,f. m.) Salts formed by the ui'.ior. of the pruffic acid, or colouring matter of Pruflian lilue, w Eh different bafes ; thus, prujjiat of alumine, priffiu: of ammoniac, &C ■ PSALTERIUM. The medullary body that unites the pedes hippocampi of the brain ; from pfilteriutu, a harp, be- caule it is marked with lines that give it the appearance of a harp. PSELLISMUS. Deftd of fpeech; from vf,-x>.<~,«*, hefi- tation of fpeech. A genus of difcafe in the clafc Uc.lei and order dyfeimfta of Cullen. l'oEUDOBLEPSIS. Imaginary vifi«n of objects ; fn m \J/euJoc, falfe, and Oavljc, fight. A genus of difcafe in the claft locales and order dyfhi-jibejia of Cullen; characterized by depraved fight, creating objects or reprefcnting them different fipm what they are. Spccfco : i. Pfeudoblepfts i/na-rinatia, in which objects are perceived that are not piefcit : 2. Pftudoblepftts mutans, in which objects that aic prefc.it appear fomehow changed. PSOAS MAGNUS. A mufcle fituated wiihin the cavi- ty of the abdomen, that bends the thigh forwards, or when the inferior extremity is fixed aflifts in bending the body. Vw,-; from 4.ox, the loin; becaufe it is fituated in the loins. PSOAS PARVUS. A mufcle fituated in the cavity of the abdomen, which affifts the pfoas magnus in bending the loins forwards, and in certain pofitions aflifts in raifing the; pelvis. It is fometimes wanting. PSOt Y M'vna. the itrh. A genus of difeafe in the clafs locales and order dialyfes of Cullen ; appearing firft on the wrifts and between the fingers in fmall puftules with waterv hjads. It is contagious. PSORIASIS. 228 PUD PsORT.aS'S. This difcafe is by fome authors denned to be a fpecies of itch which affects the fcrotum; from yjpxj, to i;ch. PSOROPHTIIALMIA. A fcabby eruption, or itch- like puftules of the eye-lids and their margins ; from ^upa, a fcab, and o?irtxof, an eye. PSYDRACIiE. Red and fomewhat elevated fpots which foon form broad and fuperficial veficlcs, fuch as thofe pro- duced by the flinging nettle, the bites of infects, &c. PTERYGIUM. A membranous excrefcence which grows upon the internal canthus of the eye chiefly, and ex- pands itfclfover the albuginea and cornea towards the pupil. It appears to be an extenfion or prolongation of the fibres and veffels of the caruncula lachrymalis, or femilunar mem- brane, appearing like a wing ; from w7tfu$, a wing. PTERYGOIDEUS EXTERNUS. A mufcle of the lower jaw, that pulls the lower jaw forwards and to the op- pofite fide, and pulls the ligament from the joint, that it may not be pinched during thefe motions : when both external pterygoid mufcles act, the fore teeth pf the under jaw are pufhed forwards beypnd thpfe of the upper jaw. PTERYGOIDEUS INTERNUS. A mufcle of the un- der jaw, which draws the jaw upwards and obliquely to- wards the oppofite fide. PTERYGOID PROCESS. A wing-like procefs of the iphxnoid bone, fo called from *liput, a wing, and nJoj, re- femblance. PTILOSIS. From xlthoc. bald. A fynonim of Mada- rofis. See Madarofts. PTOSIS. llToo-ie i from irirlu, to fall. A fynonim of Blepharoptofis. See Blepharoptofts. PTYALISM. l\ruiKi\ia ■, from »7w\ov, faliva or fpittle, A falivation, or increafed fecretion of faliva from the mouth. PUBES. The external part of the organ of generation of both fexes which is covered with hair. PUBIS OS. A bone of the foetal pelvis. See Innomina- turn os. PUDENDA. The parts of generation ; from pui»r flume. PUDICAL F U 3 229 PUDTCAT. ARTERY. Pudendal artery. A branch of the internal iliac diftributed on the organs of generation. PUERPERAL FEVER. Childbed fever. Culltu cer.fiders this difcafe as a fpecies of continued fever. PULEGTUM. Pennyroyal. Mentha pulegium of Lin- naeus. This plant is confidered as a carminative, ftomachic, and entmenagogue ; and is in very common ufc in hyfterical diforders. The. officinal preparations of pennyroyal are, a fimple water, a fpirit, and an effential oil. PULMONARY VESSELS. Frompulmo, a lung. The pulmonary artery arifes from the right ventricle of the heart, and foon divides into the right and left, which ramify throughout the lungs, and form a beautiful net-work on the air vehcles, where they terminate in the veins, whofe branches at length form four trunks, which empty them- felves into the left auricle of the hee.rt. PULSATILLA NIGRICANS. This plant, Ane- mone pratenfts pf Linnasus, has been received into the Edin- burgh Pharmacopoeia upon the ay thorny of Baron Stoerck, whp reepmmended it as an effectual remedy for moft of the chronic difeafes affecting the eye, particularly amaurofis, cataract, and opacity of the cornea, proceeding from various caufes. He likewifc found it pf great fcrvice in venereal nodes, nocturnal pain-s, ulcers, caries, indurated glands, fup- jr.r:ffed nienfcs, ferpigenous eruptiens, melancholy, and palfy. The plant, in its recent ftate, has fcarcely any fmell, but its trite is extremely acrid, and, when chewed, it corrodes the tongue and fauces. PULSE. The beating pf the artery at the wrift is term- ed the pulfe. It depends uppn, and is fynchrcnous with, that of the heart ; hence phyficiar;* feel the puEe tp afcer- tain the quicknefs or tardinefs pf the bfopd's mption, the ftrength of the heart, &c. PUNCTA LACHRYMALIA. Two fmall orifices, one cf which is confpicuous in each eye-lid, at the extremity of the tarfus, near the internal canthus. PUS. A whitifh, bland, cream-like fluid, heavier than water, fouad in phlegmonous abfceCes, or on the fortece oi U -orcs' 230 P Y R fores. It is diftinguiflied, according to its nature, into lau- dable or good pus, fcrophulous, ferous, and ichorous pus. HUS1 CL./E. Puftules. bniall tumours, at firft of a red or yellow cplour, whofe apex foon contains pus, and then forms a purulent cruft- PUTREFACTION. That procefs by which a fubftance is decompofcd and diffipated in the air, in the form of putrid gas. The requifites to this procefs are, i. A certain degree of humidity : a. The accefs of atmofpheric air : 3. A cer- tain degree of heat. See alio Fermentation. PUTRID FEVER. A fpecies of typhus. See Typlu gravior, PYLORIC ARTERY. A branch of the hepatic ar- tery. PYLORUS. The inferior opening of the ftomach, which opens into the inteftines •, from rvhoc; to guard an entrance, becaufe it guards, as it were, the entrance of the bowels. PYRAMTDALIS. Afhort mufcle on each fide of the linea alba, that is frequently wanting in both fides, without any incpnvenience, and whofe ufe fcems tn be to afM the inferior part of the rectus mufcles. PYRE ITIRUM- riuotBpov ; from m?, fire ; by rcafca of its biting, fiery taile. Pellitory of Spain. Antbemis pyre- thum of Liiina-us. The ancient Romans, we are toll, em- ployed the root of this plant as a pickle. In its recent ftate it is not fo pungent as when dried, yet, if applied to thefJco. it is faid to produce inflammatipn. Its qualities are ftimu- lant ; but it is never ufed, except as a mafticatory, for re- lieving tooth-achs, rheumatic affections of the f.xe, ind paralyfis of the tongue, in which it affords relief by ftiuiu- lating the excretory ducts of the falival glands. PYRETOLOCiY. A difcourfe or doctrine on fevers; from trup. fire or heat, and wybc, a difcourfe. PYREXIA n-jptta, fever. PYREXL/E. Febrile difeafes; from too ?;» fever. Th: firft clafs of Cullen's nofology ; characterized b:. a freqaexcy of pulfe after a cold fhivering, with iiicreafc of heat. aiJ eJj.ccu.lly Q_U A 231 f.pecia'ly, among other impaired functions, a diminution of ftrength. PYRIFORMIS. A mufcle of the thigh, fituated on the putfide pf the pelvis, which moves the thigh a little upwards, and rolls it putwards. - PYRITES. A metallic fubftance formed of iron, united with fulphur, from which all the fulphur of commerce is ob- tained. PYRO-LIGNITES (Pyro-lignis, tis,f. m.J Salts form- ed by the unipn of the pyro-lignic acid with different bafes, as pyro-lignite oft alumine, &C. PYRO-MUCITES (Pyro-mucis, tis, ft. m.J Salts form- ed by the uninn pf the pyro-mucic acid with different bafes : thus, pyro-mucis plumbi, &c. PYRO-TARTRITES (Pyro-tartris, tis, ft m.J Salts formed by the combination of the pyro-tartareous acid with different bafes, as the pyro-tartrite oft alumine, &.c. PYROSIS, the heart-burn ; from a-upac-i?, a burning. A genus of difcafe in the clafs neuroftes and order fpafmi of Cullen ; known by a burning pain in the ftomach, attended with copious eructation, generally of a watery infipid fluid. 0.1. f~\ S. The contractions for quantumftufficit. -<^ (1JJADRSTUS FKMORIS. A mufcle of the thigh, fituated pn the outfide pf the pelvis, that rolls the thigh outwards ; fo called from its quadrate figure. OUADRATUS LUMBORUM. A mufcle fituated within the cavity of the abdomen, which moves the loins to one fide, pulls down the laft rib, and when both aft bends the loins forwards. QUARTIN AGUE. See Febris intermittens. OU ARTZ. This name is given to the opake or irregu- larly figured vitrifiable ftone. ' QUASSIA- 232 Q_U E QUASSIA. Bitter quaffia. The root, bark, and wood of this tree, ^ucffia amara pf Linnaeus, are all ccmprth- e i.-d in the catalogues of the materia medica. Quaffia ha: no fenfible odour, its tafte is that of a pure bitter, more intenfe ■and durable than that of almoft any other known fubftance; the medicinal virtues afcribed to it are thofe of a tonic, ftom- achic, antifcptic, and febrifuge ; it has been found very ef- fectual in reftoring the tone of the ftomach, exciting appe- tite for food, affifting digeftion, expelling flatulency, and re- moving habitual coftivenefs, produced from debility of the inteftines, and common to a fcdentaty life. Quaffia derived its name from a negro named Quaffi (by Fermin written Coiffi, and by Rolanda %uaf,) who employed it with un- cpmmon fuccefs as afecret remedy in the malignant endemic fevers which frequently prevailed at Surinam. QUERCUS. The nak. This valuable tree, Quercus ro- bur of Linnxus, is indigenpus tp Britain. Us adftringent effects were fufficiently knnwn tp the ancients, but it is the bark which is now directed for medicinal ufe by our phar- macopoeias. Oak bark manifefts to the tafte a ftrong ad- ftringency, acepmpanied with a mpderate bitternefs. Like other adftringents, it has been recommended in agues, and for reftraining haemorrhages, alvine fluxes, and other immod- erate evacuations. A decoction of it has likewife been ad- vantao-eoufly employed as a gargle, and as a fomentation or lotion, in procidentia refli et uteri. Galls, which, in the warm climate of the Eaft, are found uppn the leaves of tins tree, are occafioned by a fmall infect with four wings, called Cynips auercifolii, which depofits an egg in the fubftance of the leaf, by making a frnall perforation through the under furface. T he ball prefently begins to grow to a confiderable fize. Two forts of galls are diftinguiflied in the fhops: one faid to be brought from Aleppo, the other from the fcu[hcr* parts of Europe. The former are generally of a blue:.h colour, or of a gre^ilh pr black verging to bluenefs ; unequal and warty en the fnrface ; hard to the break ; and of a clofe compact texture : the other, of a light browmfli or wii.:.--. colour, fmooth, round, eafily broken, lefs cempadt, ar.d oi a. much I rger fize. The two forts differ only in fize wid ftrength, two of the blue galls being fuppofed equivalent in this refpect to three of the others. Galls appear to be the R A N 233 moft powerful of the vegetable adftringents. As a medi- cine they are to be confidered as applicable to the fame indi- cations as the oak-bark, and by poffeffing a greater degree of adftringent and ftyptic power feem to have an advantage over it, and to be better Tufted for external ufe. Reduced to fine powder, and made into an ointment, they have been found of great fervice in hasmorrhoidal affections. : QUICKSILVER. See Hydrargyrus. QUINCY. The Cynanche tonftllaris of Cullen. See Cy- nanche. QUOTIDIAN AGUE. See Febris intermittens. R. ■o THIS letter is placed at the beginning of a prefcrip- ^°* tion as a contraction of recipe, take : thus, \\ Magnef. alb, 5j, fignifies, take a dram of magnefia. R.ACHMIS. The rickets; from fa^i?, the back-bone. A genus of difcafe in the clafs cachexia and order intumefcen- tia of Cullen ; known by a large head, prominent forehead, protruded fternum, flattened ribs, big belly, and emaciated ' limbs, with great debility. R ACOeil S. Pxy^o-ic, excoriatinn pf the relaxed fcrotum. R A D'l \ L \ Rt ER Y- A branch pf the humeral ar- tery, that runs down the fide nf the radius. R a'dTU S. One nf the fong bpnes of the fore arm, fitu- ated on the external fide towards the thumb, which ferves for flection, fupination, and pronation. At its upper ex- tremity is an excavated head, forming the glenoid cavity, and a little tubercle ; and at its inferior extremity a ftyfoid apophyfis. Radius fignifies a ftaff or beam. RANINE ARTERY. Sublingual artery. The fecond L.uieh cf the external carotid. tt , RAN OLA. 234 R E C RANOLA. An inflammatory or indolent tumour un* cer the tongue, that was fuppofed by the ancients to nuke the perfon croak like a frog ; from rana, a frog. RAPHAN1A- From gx?av», the radifh or iharlock ; becaufe the difeafe is faid to be produced by eating the feed* of that plant. A genus of difeafe in the clafs neuroftes and order fpafmi of Cullen ; characterized by a fpafmodic cor> traction cf the jpints, with convive mptions, and a moft violent pain returning at various periods. RAPHANUS RUST1CSNUS. Hprfc radifh. The plant which affords this rpPt is the Cochlearia armoracia of Linna:us. Hprfc radifh has bee'n long received intp the ma- teria medica, and is well knnwn at pur tables ; it affects the crgans bnth of tafte and fmell with a quick penetrating pun- gency. Externally applied to the fkin, it induces inflamma- tion, and proves a rubefacient, and may be employed with advantage in palfy and rheumatifm. Received into the ftomach, it ftimulates it, promotes digeftion, and ads pow- erfully upon the kidneys. It is alfo in frequent ufe as an an- tifcorbutic. RAUCEDO. Raucitas. Hoarfcnefs. It is always fymp- tomatic. REALGAR. A metallic fubftance of a red colour, more or lefs lively, and tranfparent, and pften cryftallized in brilliant needles. It is formed by a combination of arfenic with fulphur. RECEPTACOLUM CHYLE The exiftence of fuch a receptacle in the human body is doubted. In brute ani- mals the receptacle of the chyle is fituated on the dprfal ver- tebra: where the lacteals all meet. RECTIFICATION. A fecond diftillation, in whichfub- ftances are purified by their more volatile parts being raifcd by heat carefully managed : thus, fpirit of wine, aether, &c. are rectified by their fieparation from the lefs vplatile and foreign matter which altered pr debafcd their properties. RECTUM. The laft portion of the large inteftines in the pelvis. See Inteftines. REC 1 US ABDOMINIS. A mufcle fituated on the anterior part of the abdomen, which is generally divided by three RES 235 three tendinous interfections, and which eompreffes the fore part, but more particularly the lower pirt, of the belly. It alfo bends the trunk forwards and raifes the pelvis. RECTUS CAPITIS INTERNUS MAJOR. A xnufcle fituated on the anterior part of the neck, clofe to the vertebra;, which bends the head forwards, RECTUS CAPITIS INTERNUS MTNOR. A mufcle fituated on the anterior part of the neck, dofe to the vertebra;, which nods the head forwards. RECTUS CAPITIS LATERALIS. A mufcle fit- uated on the anterior part of the neck, clofe to the vertebrx, which bends the head a little to one fide. RECTUS CAPITIS POSTICUS MAJOR. A mufcle fituated on the pofterfor part pf the trunk, juft below the occiput, which pulls the head backwards, and aflifts a lit- tle in its rotation. RECTUS CAPITIS POSTICUS MINOR- Amuf- cle fituated below the pofterior part of the occiput, that af- fifts the rectus major in moving the head backwards. RECTUS FEMORIS. A mufcle of the leg, fituated on the anterior part of the thigh, which extends the leg in a very powerful manner like a pulley, by the intervention pf the patella. RECURRENT NERVE. A branch of the par vagum in the cavity of the thprax. REMOTE CAUSE. See Procataraaic caufe. RENAL GLANDS. Renal capfules. Supra-renal glands. Twn holfow bpdies pf a triangular figure and glandular fab- ric, placed one on each fide upon the kidney, and whofe ufe is unknown. RENAL VESSELS. See Emulgent veffels. RENES. The kidneys. Axo tu guv, becaufe through them the urine flows. See Kidneys. RESINS, t he name of refin is given to a dry inflamma- ble fubftance, not mifcible with water, foluble in oils and lpirits of wine, and which flows in a liquid ftate from the trees that produce them ; fuch as elemi, maftich, fandrack, £»aiacB«, f-»gui. draconis, fcc RES0LVENTS. 236 R II A RESOLVENTS, this term is applied by furgeons to fuch fubftances as difcufs inflammatory tumours. RESOLU I ION. A termination of inflammatory affec- tions, in which the difeafes difappear without inducing any other difeafe. RESPIRATION. A compound action, confifting of in- fpiraripn and expiratipn. (See Infpiration and Expiration.) Rcfpiration is divided into fpontaneous, which is performed without pur knowledge when afleep ; and voluntary, which may be increafcd or diminifhed at pleafure. t he primary ufc of this vital function is to bring the blood into contact with the air in the lungs, whpfc veficles arc diftended during infpiration. The baft of the vital air, or oxygene of the at- mofpheric air, appears then to combine with a principle dif- engaged from the blood, which forms the caibonic acid that i.-. expired, together with the noxious particles from the lings. The matter pf heat fcparated from the vital air unites with the blood, and reftnres thofe properties which it had loft in paffine through the body. The i'econdary ufes of refpiration are the expulfion of the perfpirable matter from the lungs ; to form the voice and fpeech ; to affift in deglutition and faction ; finelling ; and in the expulfion of the urine, fxtes, and fortus. RKl'E MUCCJSUM. Corpus reticulare. Corpus mu- tofum. Mucus Malphigii. A mucous fubftance, depofited in a net-like form between the epidermis and cutis, which covers the fenfible cutaneous papilla, connects the epidermis with the cutis and gives the colour to the body : in Euro- peans it is of a white colour, in Ethiopeans black. S.ET1C0 I. AR. Interwpven like a net; from rete, a net. RETIFORM. Net-like ; from rete, a net, and forma, refemblance. RETINA- The third or innermoft membrane of the eye expanded round the choroid coat, like a net, to the ciliary ligament. It is the true organ of vifion ; and is formed by an expanfion of the pulp of the optic nerve. RHABAR'dARUM. Rhubarb. The plant which id- fords the officinal rhubarb is the Rheum palmatum of Lmi.xus. There are two forts ufually imported into thii country : viz. R H E *37- tbe Chinefe and the Turkey rhubarb. The firft is in oblong; pieces, flattifh on one fide and convex on trie other, compact, hard, heavy, internally of a dull red colour, variegated with yellow, -aftd when recently powdered appears yellow, but on being kept becomes gradually redder. The fecond is the moft valuable, and is brought -to us in roundifh pieces with a large hole through the middle of each. It is more foft and fiiabie than the former fort, and exhibits when broken many ftrcaks nf a bright red colour. The marks of the goodnefs nf rhubarb are, the livelinefs of its colour when cut, its being firm and folid, but not flinty pr hard ; its being eafily pul- verable, and appearing, when powdered, of a fine bright yel- low colour ; its imparting to the fpittle, on being chewed, a deep faffron tinge, and not proving flimy or mucilaginous in the mnuth. Its tafte is fubacrid, bitterifh, and fomewhat ftyptic ; the fmell lightly aromatic. The virtues of rhubarb are pmgative and tonic, ppening the bpwels and reftpring the tone pf the ftomach and inteftines when it has been loft. It alfo poffeffes fome degree of ftipticity ; and as this quality eppears to act when that of the purgative has ceafcd, it is. confidered the mdft proper evacuant in cafes pf diarrhaea, when that clafs pf medicine is indicated. The pfficinal pre- parafions pf this drug are a watery and a. vinous infufion, a fimple and a enmpound tincture : it is alfo an ingredient in different compofitipns, aS the elixir ex aloe cum rhao, pil.ftom- achica, and fome others.- RHACHIS. Vxx'u the fpine of the back. Rl4AG'VDE$. Malignant; dry, and deep cutaneous fif- fures ; from s-d;-wv, to break pr bruifc. RII A PH F. r.-/, >-, a future. 1 he rough eminence v. hich extend.-! from the frasnum of the penisalong its under furface, and divides the fcrotum, is alio fo called, becaufe it appears as if it were fijuved. RHEUMA. v.vuot; from ffv, to flow. The difcharg* from the-noftrils or lungs arifing from eold ; hence the fol- lowing lines of the fchool of Sakrnita: Si ftuitad peclus, dicatur rbeuma catarrbus, Ad fauces bronchus, ad nares cfto coryza. RHEUMY! IvM P.v^.ai-.-a-*o?, a defluxion." This term is fo called frcm its being formerly ufcd in-the fame iecie 238 RIB fenfe as rheuma ; but in the prefent day the meaning of this word is applied to a genus of difeafe in the clafs pyrexia and order pble. mnftt of Cullen; characterized by pyrexia; pains in the joints, increafed by the action of the mufcles belong- ing to the joint ; and heat on the part. The blood, after ven efcetion, exhibits an inflammatory cruft. Rheumatifm terminates in arthrodynia, lumbago, and ilehias. RHODODENDRON. From f-,cU, to make. Thofe fubftances which, when applied a certain time to the fkin, induce a rednefs without bliftiring. RUBEOLA. Themeafles; from ruble,to become r-A. A genus dkdifeafe in the clafs pyrexia and order exantho.- ,'a of Cullen ; known by fynocha, hoarfoncfc, dry cough, freez- ing, drowfinefs; about the fourth day, erup.-vi.i of fmall ■ .j £ jints, SAB 241 points, difcernible by the touch, which after three days end in mealy defquamatfon. The blood after venasfection ex- hibits an inflammatory cruft. RUBTA. Madder. RuBia tinilorum of Linnzus. The roots of this plant have a bitterifh, fomewhat auftere tafte, and a flight fmell, not of the agreeable kind. It was former- ly confidered as a deobftruent, detergent, and diuretic, but it is now very feldom ufed. RUBUS HXffiUS. Rubus ideus of Linnxus. The rafp- berry. The fruit of this plant has a pleafant fweet tafte, accompanied with a peculiar grateful flavour, on account nf which it is chiefly valued. Its virtues confift in allaying heat and thirft, and promoting the natural excretions. A grateful fyrup prepared from the juice is directed for officinal ufe by the London Pharmacopoeia. RUPTURE. See Hernia. RUTA. Common rue. Ruta graveolens of Linnaeus- Rue has a ftrong and grateful fmell, and a bitter, hot, pene- trating tafte ; the leaves are fo acrid, that by much handling they are faid to irritate and inflame the fkin ; and the plant in its natural or uncultivated ftate is faid tp poffefs thefe fen- fible qualities ftill mpre ppwerfully. The imaginary quality of the rue, in refilling and expelling cpntagipn, is now laid afide. It is doubtlefs a powerful ftimulant, and is confidered, like other medicines of the foetid kind, as poffeffing attenu- ating, deobftruent, and antifpafmodic powers. In the Lon- don Pharmacopoeia it is directed in the form of an extract, and it is alfo an ingredient in the pulvis e myrrha comp. s. C A. The contraction oifecundum artem. * S. orfts. immediately following any quantity, Imports femis, or half. SARIN A- Savine. Juniperus fabina of Linnams. The leaves and tops pf this plant have a moderately ftrong fmell of tlie diiagreeable kind, and a hot, bitterifh, acrid tafte ; it W is EA2 SAC is a powerful and active medicine, 2nd hris been leg repi:..i the moft efficacious in the ma.'cria medica, for procuring a determination to the uterus, and thereby proving tmnu-na- g"gue ; it her.ts and ftin;ulates the whole fyftem very con- fider ihly, and is i~id to promote the fluid fccretions. Exter- nal favine is recommended as an efcharotic tp foul ulcers, fy- phi'itic wcrti, &c A ftrong decoction of the plant in lard forms an ufeful ointment to keep up a conftaut difcharge from blifters, &c. v-\C-\-f ARUM. Sugar. The cane from which the fug.'r is obtained in the Weft and Eaft Indies is the Saccba- rum officinarum of Linnxus. It is prepared from the txpreff- ed juice boiled with the addition pf quick lime pr common vegetable alkali. Sugar as an article of diet is fo well known as riot to require any defcription pf it here. It may be taken into the ftomach in very large dpfes, withput producing any bad confequence", although proofs are not wanting of its mif- chievous effects by relaxing the ftomach, and thus inducing difcafe. It is much ufed in pharmacy, as it forms the bafis of fyrups, lozenges, and Pther preparations. It is very ufeful as a medium to favour the foluticn or fufpenfion of refin?, oils, &c. in water ; and is ufed as" a purgative for infants. S \CCHOLATS (Saccholas, tis, f m.J Salts formed by the combination of the faccholactic acid with different bafcs ; asficcbolal of iron, faccholal of ammoniac, &.C SACCUS '. XCLRYM^Ll^- The lachrymal fac i« fituated in the internal canthus of the eye, behind the lach- rymal caruncle, in a cavity formed by the os unguis. SACRO-1 ,U M '\"* LI -> - A mufcle fituated on the pof- tf-rior part of the trunk, between the fcerum and the ribs, which piills the ribs down, and affifts in making the trunk of the body erect. SACRUM. A bone of the pelvis, fo called from facer, Eured ; becaufe it was formerly offered in facrificcs. It is fituated in the pofterior part, fuftaining the fpine, and has feveral tubercles and foramina, which give it the appearance of the proceffes of the fpine. Its ufe is to contain the ter- minations of the fpinal marrow, to affift in forming the pel- vis, and to fuftaiii the fpine. SACAPlNUM. SAL 243 SMiAP'NUM. It is conjectured that this concrete tummi-refiiious juice is the prediction of an uiiibclhfcroiis plant. Sagapeuuiu is brought from Perfia and Alexandria in large nu.fies, t-xi.cini.lly yellowifh, internally paler, and pf a hoiney clcarnel's. Its t.ifle is hot and bitirg ; its fmell of the Liliaceous cv.d foetid kind ; ?ixl its vittues are fimilar to hole which have been afcribed to affafcetida, but weaker j and cpnfcquei.tly it is le's powerful in its effects. SAGITTAL SUTURE, t he future which unites the two parietal bones. SAGO. A dry fecnla, o'-taincd frqrr. the pith of a fpecies of palm in the. iflands of Molucca, Java, and the Philippines, >capo becomes foft atid tranfoarci.t by boil.up in watei, ai d forms a jight and agreeable liquid, mueh recommended in fehrifc, phfhifical, and calculous diforders, £tc SAINT ANTHONY'S FIRE. See Er«ftpelas. SAI2\T VEEUS'S DANCE. Sec Chorea funBi Viti. SALINE SUBSTANCES. The nme.hei rf faline fub- flances is very ioiifitier«ib!e, and tin y poll eft. peculiar charac- ters by whth they are diftuiguifl iu irom other fiibf'ances : viz. 1. a ftrpng tendency to combination . 2. a greater or lefs degree of fapieiity ; 3. a greeter or le!s degree of foluhil- ity in water : 4- ptriccr cpmbuftibilky. Theiahne quality of any fubftance is greater, the lr. ore of thefe prppertics it pofleffes, and tlie ;«rt-atcr their ii:.e: Ety. It muft not, how- ever, be concluded, triat fuLfien'es are i.pt of a f.Enr nature, becaufc thefe properties are fcarcely tvia.r.t :n them ; as it iv.ay often happen, that tuo fpec;es, v. hieh j >.■.- -7wx«». the fluid which is fcci-ced by the falivary glands into the cavity (jf the n.ouk. Its Lie is. te n-.-iiter. the c;.v:ty cf the 1.1 u'h ar.i 244 SAL and fauces; and, during maftication, to mix with the food, change it into a pultaceous mafc fit to be fwallowed; and in the ftomach, to affift in diffolving and refolving it into its principles. S A LI VAL DUCTS. The excretory duds of the fali val glands. That of the parotid gland is called the Stenonicn duct; thofe of the fubmaxillary glands, the Wartltnian ducts; and thofe of the fublingual, the Reverian ducts. SALIVATION. An increafcd fecretion of faliva. Sex Ptyalifmus. SALIX. The willow. The bark of the branches of the Salix fragilisol Linnxus (the crack willow) manifefts a con- fiderable degree of bitternefs to the tafte, and is very adftrin- gent. It is recommended as a good fubftitute for Peruvian bark, and is faid to cure intermittents and other difeafes re- quiring tonic and adftringent remedies. SALPINGO-PHARYNGEUS. This mufcle is com- pofed of a few fibres of the palato-phaxyng-eus, which it af- fifts in dilating the mouth of the Euftachian tube. SALVATELLA. From ftalus, health, becaufe the open- ing of it vvas formerly thought to be of fingular ufe in mel- ancholy. This vein runs along the little finger, unites up- on the back of the hand with the cephalic of the thumb, and empties its blood into the internal and external cubital veins. SALVIA. Afahendo. Sage. Salvia officinalis of Lin- iiasus. In ancient times fage was celebratea as a remedy of great efficacy, as would appear from the following lines of the fchool of Salernita : Cur morialur homo, cuifalvia crefcii in borto f Contra vim mortis, non eft medicamen in her tis. Salvia falvatrix, na'ura coniiliatrix. Salvia cum ri.ta ftciunt tibi pocula tuta. But at prefent it is not confidered as an article of much im- portance. It has a fragrant, ftrong fn.ell; and a warm, bit- terifh, aromatic tafte, like other plants containing an effential oil. It has a remarkable property in refilling the putrefac- tion of animal fubftances, and it is in frequent ufe among ths Chincft SAN 245 Chinefe as a tonic, in form of tea, in debility of the frcr-iach and nervous fyftem. SAM HOCUS. The elder tree. Sambueus nigra of Lin- nxus. '1 his indigenous plant has an unplcafant narcotic fmell, and fome authors have reported its exhile.tions to be fo i;oy-ov.::t and iomev/hat unplcafant iiin.Il- Its mucilagincus or gelat.ror.-, quality has recommended it as a demulcent. Safcp, which is impprted here frpm the Eaft, is a preparation of thi> root, which, confidered as an article nf diet, is accounted extremely nutritipns, as containing a great quantity nf farinaceous mat- ter in a fmall bulk. SCABIES. The itch. A fynonim of Pfora. See Pfira. SCALA tYMPvNE the pofterior cavity of the cochle.i. sCrtLA VEST Bh LI The anterior cavity of the cochlea. SCALU S C A 249 SCALD HEAD. The vulgar name for the tinea capitis. Sec Tinea. SCAL"NI M-USCULI. Thefe three mufcles, diftin- guiflied into anticus, medius, and pofticus, are fituated on the fide of the neck, and bend it to one fide, or, wfien the neck is fixed, elevate the ribs, and dilate the thorax. They were fo called from o-xax»vo<, irregular or unequal. SCAMMONIUM. Scammnny. The concrete gummi- refinous juice of the Convolvulus fcammonii of Linnxus. It is brought from Aleppo and Smyrna in :maffes, generally of a light fhining grey colpur, and friable texture.; pf rather an unpleafant fmell, and bitterifh and flightly acrid tafte. Scam- .nipny appears tp have been well known to the Greek and Arabian phyficians, and was eshibited internally as a purga- tive, and externally for the itch, tinea, fixed pains, &c. It k feldom given alone, but enters feveral compounds, which are given as purgatives. SCAPHA. ihe excavation or cavity cf the auricula, or external ear, between the helix and antihelix; from ai.ot.xh, to make hollow. SCAPHOID BONE. A bone of the tarfus: from nxp,, a little veffel or boat, and ato;, refemblance. See Navicu~ tare os. SCAPuLA. Omoplata The fliculdcr blade. A bone of the upper extremity, of a triangular figure, fituated in the tipper and lateral part of the back. It has three margins, a fpine, the acromion and die coracoid procefs, and an articu- lar cavity fur the head of the humerus. SCARF-eKIN. The otter fkin. Sec Cuticle. SCARIFICATION. A fuperficial incifion made with a lancet, or a chirurgical inftrument called a fcarificator. SCARLATINA The fcarlet fever. A genus of difeafe in the clafs pyrexia and order exanthemata of-Oullen ; char- acterized by contagious fynpcha ; the fourth day the face fwells ; ,a fcarlet eruption appears on the ikin in patches ; which after three or four days ends in the defquamation of tir: cuticle, or is fucceeded by anafarca. It has two fpecies -. i. Scarlatina ftmptex, the mild : 2. Scarlatina cynanchica or zr-i'^ofa, wiih ukerared fore throat. SCARLATINA £59 s e l SCARLATINA ANGINOSA. A fpeaies of Scarlatina. ■See Scarlatina. SCIATICA. Ifthias. A rheumatic affection of the hip joint. SCIATIC ARTERY- Ifchiatic artery. A branch of (die internal iliac. SCIA'f I.C NERVE. Ifchiatic nerve. A brai-ch of nervt pf the lower extremity, formed by the union of the lumbar and facral nerves. It is divided near the popliteal cavity into the tibial and peroneal, which are diftributed to the L-gand fopt. SCIATIC NICHE. Ifchiatic niche. Sec Innminatum os. SCILLA. Squill, or fea onion. Scilia maritime of Lin- nxus. A native of Spain, Sicily, and Syria, growing on the fea-coaft. The red-rooted variety has been fuppofed to be more efficacious than the white, and is therefore ftill prefer- red for medicinal ufe. It is to the tafte very paufeous, in- tenfcly bitter and acrimonious, but without any perceptible fmell. Its acrimony is fo great, that if handled it exulcerateS the fkin, and if given in large dofcs, and frequently repeated, it not only excites naufea, tormina, and violent vomitings, but has been known to produce'ftrangury, bloody urine, violent purgings, cardjalgia, haemorrhoids, convulfions With fatal inflammation,' and gangrene pf the ftomach and bowel* Neverthelefs, under proper management, and in certain cales and conftitutions, it is a medicine pf much practical utility, and real importance in the cure of many obftinate difeaks. In hydropical cafes it is a powerful diurct: ; in a-ihmatic at- factions and dyfpncea, occafioned by a lodgment of tenacious phlegm, it is employed as an expectorant- 1 he officinal preparations pf fquills are, a confcrve, the dried fquUl, a lyi- jip, vinegar, oxymel, and pills. SCHIRRUS. From t.«»x, a primitive in the Gwk, A genus of difeafe in the clafs locales and order tumaui d Cullen ; known by a hard tumo>ir of a glandular part, nido. lent, and not readily fuppurating. SCLEROTIC. From c-xxaroi-, to harden ; fo called fiom its hardnefs. The outermoft coat of the eye, of a white col- our, denfe, and tenacious. Its anterior part, which is tr.-ni- pere;;;, sec 25 i j-r.rer.:, is termed the corner, tranfparent: It is intb this coat of the eye that the mufcles of the bulb are inferted. SCORBUTUS. The fcurvy. A genus of difcafe in the clafs cachexia and order impetigines of Cullen ; characterized) by extreme debilty ; complexion pale and bloated; fpongy gums; livid fpots on the fkin; breath offenfive; edematous fwcllings in the legs; hemorrhages; foul ulcers; foetid urine ; and extremely offenfive ftools. SCORDTUM. Water germander: teucrium fcordium of Linna:us. The leaves of this plant have a fmell fomewhat of the garlic kind, from which circumftance it is fuppofed to take its name, n of its creeping nature. Wi.'d or mother of thyme. Thymus ferpillum of Linna;us. This plant has the fame fcufible qualities as thofe of the garden thvme (fee Thymus,J but has a milder ajid rather more grateful flavour. SERR ATUS MAGNUS. A mufcle, fituated on the an- terior part of the thorax, whieh moves the Kapula for- wards, and when the fcapula is forcibly raiftd, draws the r E-s upwards. It is fo called from its law-like appearance ; from ferra, a faw. SERRATUS POSTICUS INFERIOR. A mufcle, fitu- ated on the hack, which depreffes the four inferior ribs. SERRATUS SUPERIOR POSTICUS. A mufcle, fit- uated on the neck, which elevates the ribs, and dilates the thorax. SERUM. From fterus, late, becaufe it is the remainder ©f the milk after its better parts have been taken from it. The ferum of the blood. The yellow and fomewhat greenifh fluid which feparates from the blood when cold and at reft. SESAMOID. SIM 255 SESAMOID BONES. From e-wra«», an Indian grain, and uh:, likcnefs. This term is applied to the little boneq at the firft joint of the great toes and thumbs, from their refemblance to the grains of Indian corn. SESQUI. This word, joined with any number, weight, mcafure, &c. fignifies one integer and an half, asftftquigt*- niiet, a grain and a half. SETON. An artificial ufcer made under the fkin by means of an inftrument called the feton needle, which car- ries with it a portion of thread or filk, that is moved back- wards or forwards, and thus keeps up a conftant irritation. SHINGLES. Zona. Zfter. Cinguli. An. eryfipela.- tpus, herpetic eruption, extending fometimes round the body, in fmall diftinct velicles, which itch intolerably, and induce a high degree of fever. SIALOGOGUES. Thofe medicines are fo caHed, which excite an uncommon flow of faliva; from e-iaxov, faliva., and aya, to bring away : fuch arc mercurial preparations, pyrethrum, &c. SIGHT, or VISION. The fenfation by which we per- ceive the vifible qualities of fubftances furrounding us. The organ of this fenfe i> tlie retina of the optic nerve. SIGMOID. tiynonSn; ■, from the Greek letter X, and. wLc, a likenefs ; refcmbling the Greek letter figma. Ap- plied to the valves of the heart, and fometimes to the car- tilages of the afpera arteria, or the femilunar apophyfis of the bones. SILVER. A perfect metal, of a white colour, and of the moft lively brilliancy; it has neither tafte nor fmell; its fpecitic gravity is fuch, that it lofes about the eleventh part of its weight by tmcrfion in water ; and a cubic focA of this metal weighs 2 70 pounds. It is found in the great- eft abundance in "pc-ru and Mexico- SIMAROUBA- Simarouba quaffia. Q^fj ftmarouU of the younger Linnteus. The bark of this tree, which i< met with in°the iliops, is obtained from the roots ; and, according to Dr. Wright of Jamaica, it is rough,fcaly, and waned : the iniide wiien frelh is a full yellow, but when dried pakr : it hi.-, but little fmell: the tafte is bitter, bat 256 S I N not difagreeable. It is efteemed, in the Weft Indies, in dyfcnteries and other fluxes, as reftoring tone to the intef- tines, allaying their fpafmodic motions, promoting the fc- cretions by urine and perfpiration, and; removing lownefs of fpirits attending thofe difeafes. It is faid alio that it foon difpofes the patient to fleep ; takes off the gripes and tenefmus, and changes the ftools to their natural colour and confiftence. SIN A PI. Sivhti. Common black muftard. Sinn-pis ni- gra of Linnxus. The feeds of this fpecies of milliard, which are directed by the London College, and thofe of the Sinapis alba, which are preferred by that of Edinburgh, manifeft no remarkable difference to the tafte, nor in their effects, and therefore anfwer equally well for medicinal and culinary purpofes. They have an acrid pungent tafte, and, when bruifcd, this pungency fhows its volatility by powerfully affecting the organs of fmell. Muftard is confidered as capable of promoting appetite, aflifting di- geftion, attenuating vifcid juices, and by ftimulating the fibres, it proves a general remedy in paralytic affectioi.s. Joined to its ftimulant qualities, it frequently, if taken in confiderable quantity, opens the body, and increafes the urinary difcharge, and hence it has been found ufeful in dropfiea! complaints. Externally flower of muftard is fre- quently ufcd mixed with vinegar as a ftimulant or finapifm. SIN PISM. A term given to a mixture of muftard and vinegar in form of poultice. SINCIPUT. The fore part of the head. See Caput. SINE PARI. Several mufcles, veins, arteries, &c. are fo called which arc without a fellow. See Azygos. SINGULTUS. Hickup. A convulfive motion of the diaphragm and parts adjacent. SINUS. A cavity. SINUSES of the DURA MATER. The veins of the dura mater are fo termed. They are feveral in number, the principal of which are, 1. the longitudinal ftmus, which rifes anteriorly from the crifta galli, afcends and paffes between the laminje of the falciform procefs to where this procefs ends. It then opens into, 2 t-wo lateralftnuses, dif- tinguiflied sop 257 tinguilbed into right and left, which lie in the cru rial fpine of the os occipitis : 3. the inferior longitudinal, which is a f.nali linus ifcuated at the acute inferior margin of the falx. SITIOLOGY. A doctrine or treatife on aliment; from o-ito,-, aliment, and xoyo;, a difcourfe. SlUIvI. Creeping water parfnep. Sium nodftoru-n of Linnxus. This plant is admitted into the London Phar- macopoeia in the character of an antifcorbutic. It is not naufcous, and children take it readily if mixed with milk. SKELETON. From c-k-\kv, to dry. When the bones of the bodv are prtfervcd in their natural fituation, and deprived of the flefh, it is called a lkelcton. SKIN. See Cuticle and Cutis- SKULL. See Bones, Caput, and Cranium. SLEEP. That ftate of the body in which the internal and external fcnfcs and voluntary motions are not tuer- eifed. The end and defign of fleep is both to renew, du- ring the filence and darknefs of the night, the vital energy, which has been exhaufted through the day, and to afkft nutrition. SMALL POX. Variola. A genus of difeafe in the clafs pyrexia and order exanthemata of Cullen ; known by fynocha, with an eruption of red pimples on the third day, which about the eighth day contain pus, and at length diving, fall off in crufts. It has two fpecies : I. Variola iifcreta, the diftinct : 2. Variola conftuens, the confluent, SMELLING. The fenfation by which we perceive the fmell of bodies. The organ of this fcnfc is the ner- vous papille, which are diftributed over the pituitary membrane of the noftrils. SOL'TJS/™ GASTROCNEMIUS INTERNUS. See Gaftrocnemius internus. SOLUTION OF CONTINUITY. A term given by modem furgeons to any fpace occafioned by a wound, ulcer, &c. SOPOR. Profound fleep. X 1 SOPtiRTFrROUS. 258 S P H SOPORlF^ROUS. From ftpor, fleep, andfero, to bear. A term given to thofe medicines which induce fleep. See Anodynes, SPASM. "%-rantj.o; Or o-rxerux ; from crao, to draw. A fpafm or convulfion. An involuntary contraction of the mufcular fibres. Spafms are diftinguiflied by authors in- to clonic and tonic fpafms. See Clonic fpafm, and Tonic fpafm SPASMI. Spafmodic difeafes ; from o-mo, to contract. The third order of the clafs ncurofts of Cullen ; character- ized by a morbid contraction or motion of mufcular.fibrcs. SPASM OL GY, From craru.o;, a fpafm, and \oyoc, a difcourfe. A treatife on convulfions. SPECIFICS. Such remedies as have an infallible effiea- cv in the cure of diforders. The exiftence of fuch remedies is doubted. SPTCrLUM OCULI. From fpecio, to view. An in- ftrument ufcd by oculifts to keep the eye-lids open and the eye fixed. SP iCe'LUM ORIS. An inftrument to force open the mouth. SPERMA-CETI. From o-ripua, feed, a o-ripv, to fow, and ccte or cetus, the whale. An oily, concrete, cryftalline, femi-tranfparent matter, obtained from the cavity of the cranium of feveral fpecies of whales. It was formerly very highly efteemed, when a great number of virtues were attributed to it; but it is now chiefly employed in affections of the lungs, primx viae, kidneys, &c. as a f'oftcn- ing remedy,mixed with mucilages. Itis alfo employed by furgeons as an emollient in form of cerates, ointments, , to fhut up : as, SPHINCTER ANI. A fingle mufcle of the anns whieh fhuts the pa'Ta^e through the anus into the rectum, and pulls down the bulb of the urethra, by which it affifts in ejecting the urine and fcmen. SPHINCTER VAGINAS. A mufcle which contracts the mouth of the vagina, and compreffes its corpus cavcr- uofum. SPIGfLLA. Perennial worm-grafs, or Indian pink. Spigelia marilandica of Linnxus The whole vi this plant, but moft commonly the root, is employed as an anthelmin- tic by the Indians and inhabitants ot America. Dr Hope has written in favour of this plant, in continued and re- mitting low worm fevers : bclidcs its property of deftroy- ing the worms in the prima; via, it a J_s, as a purgative. SPINA BIFIDA. Afyn.inim of H)drorachitis. See Hydrorachitis. SPINA CKRVTNA. So called from its thorns re- fcmbling thofe of the flag. Purging buckthorn. The fruit or berries of this flirub, Rhamnus catharticus of Linnxus, have been long received intp the materia medica : they con- tain a pulpy deep green juice, pf a faint unplcafant fmell, a bitterifh, acrid, naufeous tafte, which operates brifkly by ftool, prpduring thirft, drynefs of the mouth and fauces, and fcvere gripings, unlefs fome diluting liqupr be drank plentifully after it: made into fyrup, it is the officinal prep- aration, which at prefent is rarely prefcribcd except as a draftic purge. SPINAL 260 S P o SPINAL MARROW. See Medullafpinalis. SPINA VENTOSA. A tumour arifing from an in- ternal caries of a bone. It moft frequently occurs in the carpus and tarfus, and is known by a continual pain in the bone, and a red tumour of the fkin, which has a fpongy feel. SPINE. Spina dorfi. Columna fpinalis. Columna verte- bralis. So called from the fpine-like proceffes of the verte- brae; from fpina, a thorn. A bony column or pillar ex- tending in the pofterior part of the trunk from the great occipital foramen to the facrum. It is compofed of twenty- four bones called vertebrx. The cavity that runs down the middle, and which contains the fpinal marrow, is called the fpecus or tbeca vertebralis. SPLANCHNOLOGY. The doctrine of the vifcera ; from o-TAaiy^-v'-v, an entrail, and \oy>;, a difcourfe. SPLANCHNIC NERVE. The interior intercoftal nerve. See Intercoftal nerve. SPLEEN. t-rKm. Lien. The fpleen or milt. A fpongy vifcus whofe ufe is unknown, fituatid in the left hypochon- drium, near the great curvature of the ftomach, and under the ribs. The fplenic artery is a branch of the ceeiiac ; the fplenic veins empty themfelves into the vena portx. "1 he nerves are from the par vagum and great intercoftal. It is plentifully fupplied With abforbents. SPLENITIS. From o-tahv, the fpleen. Inftimmation of the fpleen. A genus of difeafe in the clafs pyrexia and order phlegmafta of Cullen ; characterized by pyrexia ; ten- fion ; heat ; tumour ; and pain in the left hypochoudrium, increafcd by preffure. SPLENIUS. A mufcle, fituated on tlie pofterior part of tlie neck, which brings the head and upper vertebrx of the neck backwards laterally; and when both act pulls the head directly backwards. SPLfcNOCF.LE. A rupture of the fpleen ; from .»v, the fpleen, and mkh, a tumour. SPONGIA. Sponge. A fca production ; the habita- tion of infects. Burnt fponge is faid to cure effectually the bronchocele, and to be of infinite utility in fcrophulous com- plaints. S T E 26l plaints. Sponge tents are emplpyed by furgepns, tp dilate fiftulous ulceis, &c. SPORADIC. '2-ropxSiy.oi,; from o-rapa, to fow. An epi- thet for fuch difcafcs as fcize particular perfons, at the fame ti ne pr fcafon. SQUAMOSE SUTURE, t he future which unites the fquamofc portion nf the temppral bpne with the parietal ; from fquama, a i'cale, becaufe the bones lie over cadi other like fcales. STArTDIUS- A mufcle pf the internal ear, which draws the ftapes obliquely upwards tpwards the cavern, by which the pofterior part of its bafc is moved inwards, and the anterior part outwards. STAPES. A bone of the internal ear, fo called from its refemblance to a ftirrup. S P A P 11 - A (J K. 1| - Staves-acre. Delphinium ftaphi- fagria of Linnxus. The feeds, which are the only pert di- rected for medicinal ufe, are ufually impprted here from Ita- ly; they are large, rough, pf an irregular triangular figure, and pf a blackifh colour on the outfide, but a yehowifh with- in ; their fmell is difagreeable and fomewhat foetid ; to the tafte they are very bitter, acrid, and naufeous. It was form- erly employed as a mafticatory.but is now confined tp exter- nal ufe in fome kinds of cutaneous eruptipns, but more efpecially for deflroying lice and other infects ; hence by the vulgar it is called loufe-wprt. SFAPHYIOMX "SrxjvX'jtux ; from o-Ta;, a tumour. S IK.A . oM \. ^ ix-.en.oL i from o-riaa, fuet. An en- cyfted tumour, whofe contents are of a fuetly confiftence. STEEL. Chalvbs. The beft, hardeft, fineft, and clofcft grained iron, made by a particular proc-eis. STERNO. 2&2 S T O STERNO. Names compounded of this wprd belong to mufcles which are attached tp the fternum ; as, STERNO-CLE1DO-MASTOIDEUS. A mufcle, pn the anteripr and lateral part pf the neck, which turns the head tp one fide and bends it forward. STERNO-HYOIDEUS. A mufcle, fituated between the ps hyoideus and fternum, which pulls the os hyoideus downwards. STERNO-THYROIDEUS. A mufcle, fituated between the thyroid cartilage and fternum, which draws the larynx downwards. STERNUM. The breaft-bone. A bone fomewhat like a dagger, fituated between the anterior part of the true ribs. STIMULANTS. Fromftimulo, to ftir up. Medicines are fo termed which poffefs a power pf exciting the animal energy ; as wine, vnlatiie alkali, niuftifd, ppiuni, &c. SlIMOLUa. Any thing which irritate,. STOMACACE. A bleeding from tlie gums; from (0/s.x, the mouth, and xxxx,;, evil. STOMACH. Ventriculus. A membranous receptacle, fituated in the epigaftric region, which receives the food from the cefophagus ; its figure is fomewhat oblong and round; it is largeft on the left fide, and gradually diminiihes towards its lower orifice, where it is the leaft. Its fuperior orifice, where the cefophagus terminates, E called the cardii ; its inferior orifice, where the inteftine begins, the pylorus. Its anterior furface is turned towards tlie abaominal mufcles, and its pofterior oppofite the lumbar vertebra. It has two curvatures: the firft is called the great curvature of the ftomach, and extends downwards froi.i the one orifice tp the Pther, having the omentum adhering to it: the fecpnd is the fmall curvature, which is alio between both orifices, but lu- periorly and pofteriorly. The ftomach, like the inteftinal canal, is compofed of three coats or membranes : I. the out- er moft, which is very firm and from the peritoneum : a. the mufcular, which is very thick, and compofed of various muf- cular fibres : and, 3. the innermoft or villous coat, which is covered with exhaling and inhaling veffels, and mucus. Thefc co3ts are connected together by cellular membrane. The STY 26} + The glands of the ftomach which feparate the mucus, are fituated between the villous and mufcular coat, in the cellu- lar ftructure. The arteries of the ftomach come chiefly from the cceliac artery, and are diftinguiflied into the coronary, gaftro-epiploic, and fhort arteries; they are accompanied by veins which have fimilar names, and which terminate in the vena portx. t he nerves ef the ltpmach are very numerous, and come from the eighth pair and intercoftal nerves. The lymphatic veffels are diftributed throughout its whole fub- ftance, and proceed immediately to the thoracic duct. The ufe of the ftomach is to excite hunger and partly thirft, to receive the fopd from the cefophagus, and to retain it, till by the motion pf the ftpmach, the admixture of various fluids, and many other changes, it is rendered fit to pafs the right orifice of the ftpmach, and afford chyle to the inteftines. STRABISMUS. 2rp<*£:o/na>e ; from o-rrxQiCa, to fquint. Squinting. An affection of the eye, by which the perfon fees objects in an oblique manner, from the axis of vifion be- ing diftorted. Cullerrarranges this difeafe in the clafs locales and order dyfcinefta. STRAMONIUM. Common thorn-apple. Datura ftramonium of Linnxus. This plant has been long knnwn as a powerful narcotic poifon. In its recent ftate it has a bit- terifh tafte, and a fmell fomewhat refcmbling that of pop- pies, efpccially if the leaves be rubbed between the fingers. Inftances of the deleterious effects of the plant are numerous, mpre particularly pf the feed. An extract prepared from the feeds is reepmmended by Baron Stoerck in maniacal, epileptic, and convulfive affections. Externally the leaves of ftramonium have been applied to inflammatory tumours and burns, and it is faid with fuccefs. STRANGURY. trxlyvprn -, from rpxyl, a drop, and ovpov, urine. A difficulty tf making water, attended With pain and dripping. STRUMA. This term is ajplied by fome authors to fcrophula, and by others tp an induratipn of the thyroid gland, which is endemial to the Tyrolefe and Swifs. STUPOR. Numbnefs. Fromftupco, to be fenfelefs. STYLIFORM. Shaped like a bodkin or ftyle ; from ftylus, a bodkin, and forma, a likenefc. STYLO. 264 SUB STYLO. Names con-poum'eil of this word belong to mnfcles which are attached to the ftylpid procefs of the tem- poral bone ; as, STYLO-GLOSSUS. A mufcle, fituated between the lower jaw and os hyoides laterally, which draws the tongue afide and backwards. STYLO-HYOIDEUS. A mufcle, fituated between the lower jaw and os hyoides laterally, which pulls the os hyoides to one fide and a little upwards. STYLO-MASTOID FOR AMEN. A hole between the ftyloid and maftoid procefs, through which the portio dura of the auditory nerve paffes to the temples. STYLO-PHARYNGEUS. A mufcle fituated between the lower jaw and os hyoides laterally, which dilates and raifes the pharynx and thyroid cartilage upwards. STYPTICS. ^-v-T.voe, a r.? , to adftringe. A term given to thpfe fubftances which pnUefs the pnwer pf flop- ping hxmprrhages, fuch as turpentine, alum, &c. STYRAX. Officinal ftorax. St,rax officinale nf Lin- nxus. There are two kinds of ftorax to be found in the fhops ; the one is ufually in irregular compact maffes, free from impurities, of a reddifh brown appearance, and inter- "p-ifed with whitifh tears, fomewhat like gum ammoniac or benzoin : it is extremely fragrant, and upon the application pf heat readily melts. This has been called ftorax in lump, red ftorax, and in feparate tears, ftorax in tears. The nther kind, which is called the common ftorax, is in large maffes, v»ry light, and bears nn external refemblance whatever to the former ftorax, as it fcems almpft whplly cpmppfcd of dirty faw-duft, caked tngether by refinpus matter. Stprax was formerly ufcd in catarrhal cpmplaints, cpughs, afthmas, obftructions, &c. In the prefent practice it is almoft totally difregarded, notwithftanding it is an efficacious remedy in nervous difeafes. SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY. From fub, under, and cla- ■vis, a key, becaufe the clavicles were fuppofed to refemble the key of the ancients. '1 he right fubclavian arifes from the arteria innoniinata, and proceeils under the clavicle to the arilla. The left fubclavian arifes from the arch of the aorta, s v r> 265 aprta, and atends under the left clavicle tn the axilla. The fujclavians in their courfe give off the internal mammary, the cervical, the vertebral, and the fuperior intercoftal ar- teries. SUBCLAVIUS. A mufcle, fituated on the anterior part of the thorax, which pulls the clavicle downwards and forwards. SUBCUTANEOUS GLANDS. Thefe are febaceous glands, lying under the fkin, which they perforate by their excretpry ducts. SUBLIMATION. From fnblimo, to raife or fublime. This chemical procefs differs from evaporation only in being confined tp folid fubftances. It is ufually performed either for the purpofe of purifying certain fubftances, and difen- g?ging them from extraneous matters • pr elfc tp reduce intp vappur, and combine under that form, principles which would have united with greater difficulty if they had not been brought to that ftate cf extreme divilioii. SUBLINGUAL GLANDS. The glands which are fit- uated under the tongue, and fccrete faliva. Their excretory ducts are called Rivcrian, frpin their difcoverer. SUBMERSION. From fub, under, and mergo, to fink. Drowning. SU KoC APT, HR'V A mufcle, fituated beneath the fcapu'a, which rolls the humerus inwards, draws it to the fide of the body and prevents the capfular ligament from being pinched; fru.n J'ub, under, and ftcapda, the fhoulder blade. ^ U B >UI. I U S T K N OTNT V! From ftbfulto, to leap. Weak convulfivc- motions or twitchings of the tendon?, moftly of the hands, generally obfcrved in the extreme ftages of putrid fever. SUCCINATES (Succinas,tis,f. m.J Salts formed by the combination of the acid of amber, or fuccinic acid, with dif- ferent bafcs ; **,fucclnate if pot-aJh,fuccinate of copper, &c. SoEClNUM. Amber. See Amber. SUDAMINA. Hidroa. Boa. Veficles refcmbling millet-feeds in form and magnitude, which appear fuddenly, r ..._ .r^^^j.iiv ;n th,. fammcr time. SUDORIEIC3- s66 SUP SUDORIFICS. From fudor, fwcat, and facio, to make. A fynonim of diaphoretics. See Diaphoretics. SULCUS. A groove or furrow ; generally applied to the bones. SULPHATES (Sulphas, tis,ft m.J Salts formed by the combination of the fu.lphu.ric acid with different bafes; as, fulphat of alumine, fulphat of iron, &C. . sU LPHT I E> (Sulpbis, tis, ft m.J Salts formed by the combination of the fulphureous acid with different bafes; as, auminousftulpbite, ammoniacal fulphite, &C. SULPHUR. Brimftone. A combuftible, dry, very brittle body, of a lemon yellow cofour, which has no fimell unlefs heated, and whofe tafte is very weak, although fuf- ficiently perceptible. It becomes electric by friction : if a piece pf cpnfiderable fize be expofcd to a fudden, though gentle heat, as for example by holding it in the hand, it brecks to pieces with a crackling noife. Sulphur is found naturally in great quantities, fometimes pure, and fometimes in a ftate of combination. It is a medicine in frequent ufe; and the only fpecific againft the itch : its preparations, as the flowers of fulphur, the vitriolic acid, &c. are in high eftimation in dif- ferent difcafcs. SULPHURES or SULPHURETS. Combinations of fulphur with different alkaline, earthy, and metallic bafes. SUPERC1LIUM. the eye-brow. SUPERFCETATION. From/«/>«•, above or upon, and fa-tus, a fcetus. The impregnation of a woman already pregnant. -SUPINATION. The act of turning the palm of the hand upwards, by rotating the radiu* upon the ulna. SUPINATOR. A name given to thefc mufclcs which turn the hand upwards ; homfupinus, upright, upward; as, SUPINATOR RADII BREVIS. A mufcle, fituated on the cubit or foie arm, which rolls the radius outv/^rels and fo brings the hand fupine. SUPINATOR RADII LONGUi. A mufcle, ri.yatrl on the cubit or fore ar.-n, which- rolls tlie radiu„ outwards, and confcquci.tly :h: palm vi th» l.Li.d uj wards. &UPI UE.ATIOX. S Y M 267 SUPPURATION. From fuppuro, to fuppurate. That morbid action by which pus is depofited in inflammatory tumours. SUPRA-SPINATUS. A mufcle of the humerus, fitu- ated behind the fcapula, whieh raifes the arm upwards, and at the fame time pulls the capfular ligament from between the bones, that it may not be pinched. SUTURE. From/wo, to join tpgether. In furgery this term fignifies the uniting the lips pf a wpund by fewing. A number of different kinds of futures have been recommended by writers on furgery, but all of them are now reduced to two: namely, the twifted, and the interrupted. The t-wift- ed future is made in the following manner : having brought the divided parts nearly into contact, a pin is to be intro- duced from the outfide inwards, and carried out through the oppofite fide to the fame diftance from the edge that it enter- ed at on the former fide; a firm wax ligature is then to be palled around it, making the figure of 8, by which the wounded parts are drawn gently into contact. The num- ber of pins is to be determined by the extent of the wound: half an inch, or at moft three quarters, is the proper diftance between two pins. The interrupted future is practifed where a number of flitches is required, and the interruption is only the diftance between the flitches. In anatomy the word future is apphed to the union of bones by means of dentiform margins, as in the bones of the cranium. See Coronal Lamb- doidal, and Sagittal futures, SYMBLKPHARUM. A concretion of the eye-lid to the globe of the eye; from o-uv, with, and Gtcupapov, the eye- lid. SYMPATHETIC NERVE. A fynonim of the great intercoftal nerve. See Intercoftal nerve. SYMPATHY. From o-\ju.*xo-x<~; to fuffer together, to fympathize. When an affection takes place in any part remote from another which is difeafed, and depends upon it, the af- fection is faid to arife from fympathy pr confent of parts, through the medium of the nerves ; thus, locked jaw from a difeafe of the toe, laborious refpiration from inflammation of the pleura, &c. SYMPHISIS. 263 S Y N SYM* iT;IS. .M.-di.-ue connexion. "Sn/j-^ne-. from v. tpgcther, and »w, to grow. A genus of the connexion of bones, in which they are united by means of an interven- ing body. It comprehends four fpecies, viz. fynchur.drots, fyffarcofis, fyneurons, and fyndefmofis. SYMPTOM VT'L GY. That part of pathology which treats on the fymptoms of difeafes; from ir-wr;^., from cuv, tpgethcr, and imfo, tR happen, and Kayos, a difcpurfc. y>YNA'\ 1 HtOnlS. S^p m-k ; from \D«0 EOVjY. The operation of dividing the fymphifis of the pubis ; from o-uv^ovSpao-i;, the fymphifis of the pubis, and t£,«»., to cut. SYNCHYSIS From r> S MO LOGY- From h A R COS 1S A fpecies of fymphifis, in which one horn ib united to another by means of an intervening mufcle ; frAlM-uv, with, and T*r\, flefh pr mufcle. In this manner the o> hyoides is connected with the fternum and other parts. SYS'l OFF,. S-w7oa» i from a-u$-iX>", to contract, the .ontraction of the heart. Y 2 TABES. 2^0 TAR T. rpABEq. A wafting of the body. A gerus of difcafe in the clafsca.hexia and order marcores of Cullen; charac- terized by emaciation and weaknefs, attended with hectic fever. It has three fpecies : 1. Tabes purulenta, from an ulcerous difcharge : 2. Tabes fcropbulofa, frcm a fcruphulous habit : 3. Tabes venen ta, from poifon. TeF.NIA. The tape-worm. A genus of inteftinal worins ; characterized by a long, flat, and jointed body. Species : 1. Tania ofculis marginalibus, the long tape-worm, and 'he foleum of authors, which is peculiar to this country, Ruffia, Erance, ckc. : 2. Tania ofteulis fupe,fcial,bus, the broad tape-worm, whieh is peculiar to the inhabitants of Switzerland, &.C. TALUS. A fynonim of Aftraga'us. See Aftmgalus. TAMARINDUS. From tomar or tamarindi, which i.-. in the Arabian language a Jynonim of the dactylus cr date. "1 he tamarind. The tree which affords this fiuit is the Tamarindus indica pf Linnrsus. The tamarind 1^ employed as a laxative, and for abating thirft Pr heat in varipus in- flammatory cpmplaims, and for correcting putrid diforders, efpecially thpfe pf a bilious kind, in which the Cathartic, antifcptic, and refrigerant qualities of the fruit have been found equally ufeful. The pulp of tamarinds is an ingredi- ent in the elecluarium e caff'-a, and clctlutsrium eftnna. TAN ACE" EU M. Tanfy. Tnnacetum vu'.garc of Lin- nxus. The leaves and flowers of tanfy have a l!rong, not very difagrecable fmell, and a bitter, fomewhat aromatic tafte. The virtues pf tanfy are tonic, ftomachic, anthelmin- tic, emmenagogue, and relolvent. It has been much ufcd as a vermifuge, and tcftimpnies cf its efficacy are gi*;n by many refpectable phyficians. f T AR AX 5 CU VI Frr-m —rpz—.; tn alter or change ; becaufe it alters the ftate of the blopd. 'J he dandelion. Leontcdon taraxacum of Linnxus. The young leaves of this plant in a blanched ftate have the tafte of endive, and make an excellent addition to thofe plants eaten early in thefprii;^ as fclads ; and Murray informs us that, at Gocttingen, the roots are irufted and fubftituted for coffee by the poorer in- habitants, TEE 27I habitants, who find that an infufion prepared in this way can hardly be diftinguifhed from that of the coffee-berry. The expreffed juice of dandelion is bitter and fomewhat acrid ; that of the root is more bitter and ppffeffes more medicinal power than any other part of the plant. It has been long in repute as a detergent and aperient, and its diuretic effects may be inferred from the vulgar name it bears in moft of the European languages, quaft lecli miaga et urinaria berbi dicitur ; and there are various proofs of its efficacy in jaundice, dropfy, confumption, and fome cutane- ous diforders. TARSUS. Tctpo-oc- The tarfus is fituated between the leg and metatarfus. It is compofed of feven bones, placed in a double row : in the firft row are the aftragulus and cal- caneus; in the fecond row the ps naviculare, os cubiforme, and three cuneiform bones, which are placed clofe to each other. The tarfus forms the bafis nf the foot, and ferves for its motipn. TARTRITES (Tartris, tis, ft. m.J Salts formed by the combination of the tartarepus acid with various bafes, as rh- .sei'lAous tartrite oftpot-afh, commonly called creiuor tar- tar, Sic. TASTE. The fenfation by which we perceive the tafte of fapid bodies. The organ of tafte is the nervpus papilla:, which are fituated at tlie apex and fides pf the tpngue. TEARS. Lacbryma. The limpid fluid fecreted by the lachrymal glands, and flowing on the furface of the eye. TEETH. Denies. The teeth are fmall bones fixed in tiie idvcoii of the upper and under jaw. In the adult they arc thirty-two in number, fixteen in the upper and fixteen ill the lower jaw, and are diftinguifhed by anatomifts into the iucifores, cufpidati, and moiares. the incilors, fo called from their cutting the food, are fituated in the front of the mouth, four in each jaw : the cufpidati, fo termed from their fhape, and known alfo by the name of canine teeth, arc- four in number, fituated one on each fide of the incilors. The remaining teetli are called moiares pr grinders, from t',,e"ir action of dividing the fond, like mill-ftpncs : that which is fituated next to each cafpidatus is called by fome authors biefpis, becaufe it is two-pointed ; and the laft grinder 1J2 T E M grinder in each jaw dens fapientia, becaufe it appears when the perfon is fuppofed to have arrived at years of wifdom. Each tooth is divided into a cro-wn, which appears in the mouth above the gum ; a neck pr circle, between the crown and root, and embraced by the gum ; and a fang or root, which is the part hidden within the focket. In each tooth there is a foramen, which begins at the extremity of the fang, leading to a fmall cavity in the internal fubftance of the tooth, which cpnveys the nerve, artery, and vein pf the tooth and the internal periofteum. The fubftance of each tooth is of two kinds; viz- bony and vitreous. The vitre- ous fubftance, pr enamel, cpvers the crown pf the tppth, and fupplies the place pf an externa! periofteum. The teeth generally appear about the fixth or fcventh month after birth, firft the incifors, then the cafpidati, and laft of all the moiares. This firft dentitipn diftinguifhes them into prima- ry, Jhedding, temporary, or milk teeth About the fcventh year they gradually become loofc, fall out, and are fucceeded by larger ones, which are callcdftecondary pr perennial, becaufe they ufually remain the reft pf pne's life. 1 he ufc of the teeth is for maftication, and the pronunciation of dental fyllables. TEETHING. Dentition. The eruption of the teeth through the gums, See Teeth. . TELA. A web of cloth. The cellular membrane is fo called from its likenefs to a fine web. TEMPLES. Tempora. The lateral and flat parts of the head above the ears. TEMPORAL ARTERY. A branch of the external carotid, which runs on the temples and gives off the frontal artery. TEMPORAL BONES. Two bones of an irregular figure, fituated at the fides and inferior part of the cranium. Each bone is divided into, i. a petrous portion, which is very hard and furrounds the organ of hearing: 2. afquammofe portion, which is thin and flat, and lies in part on the parie- tal bone, like the fcale of a fifh : and, 3. a mamillary por- tion, which is fliaped like a nipple. Befidcs thefe portions there is alfo a zygomatic and ftyloid apophyfis, an articular cavity, the meatus anditorius externus and internus, a ftylo- maftoid T E R jnafioid foramen, the canal for the paffage of the carotid ar- tery, and the internal orificecf the aqueduct of Fallopius. The ufe of the teni}>orai bories is to contain the middle lobes of the brain, part of the cerebellum, and to form internally part of the organ of hearing. TKMPORXL.S. A mufcle, fituated on the temple, which pulls the lower jaw upwards, and preffes it againft the upper, at the fame time drawing it a Title backwards. TENDON. From tendo, tp ftretch- The white and g'iftening extremity of a mufcle. tee Mufcle. TENESMUS. Ttivto-pLoe ; from t<*vj, to conftriiige ; fo called from the perception of a continual conftriction or bound ftate of the part. A continual inclination to go to ftool. TENSOR P£LATI/«i CIRCUMFLEXUS. SeeCir- cumRexus. TENSOR TYMPSNE A mufcle of the ear, which pulls the malleus and the membrane of the tympanum to- wards the petrous portion of the temporal bone, by which tlie membrana tympani i> made more concave and tenfc. TENSOR VAGTN/E FEM -RES. A mufcle, fituated on the outfide of the thigh, which ftretches the membranous fafcia of the thigh, affifts in the abduction-of the thigh, and fomewhat in its rotation inwards. TEREBINTHINA CHLA. Chian or Cyprus turpen- tine. See Chio tuipentine. TEREBINTHINA VENETA. Venice turpentine ; fa called becaafc we are fuppiied with it from the Venetians. This fpecies of turpentine iffucs fpontaneoufly through the lark of the Pmus tarix of Linnxus. It is ufually thinner than any of the other forts ; of a clear whitiih or pale yel- iowifh colour ; a hot, pungent, bitterifh, difagreeable tafte ; r.nd a ftrong lriieli, without any thing of the aromatic fia- .vour of the chian kind. For its virtues fee Turpentines. TEREBINTHINA VULGARIS. Common turpen- tine. This fpecies of turpentine flows very freely from r".ie Pinus picea of Ll..n.£u*. For its medicinal ufes lee Tur- peuthui • TEBE3 274 T E T TERES MAJOR. Teres, round, fmopth. A round mufcle, fituated along the inferior cofta of the fcapula, which rolls the humerus inwards, and draws it backwards and downwards. J ERES MINOR. A round mufcle, fituated on the hinder part of the fcapula, which rolls the humerus out- wards, draws it backwards, and prevents the ligaments from being pinched between the bones. TERMINTHUS. From nounioe, the turpentine tree. Black and ardent puftuies moftly attacking the legs of fe- males, fo called from its refemblance to the fruit of the tur- pentine tree. TERRA JAPONICA. See Catechu. TERTIAN AGUE. See Febris intermittent. TESTICLES. Tefier. Tefticuli. Two fmall oval bodies fituated within the fcrotum, and covered by a ftrong, white, and dtnfe coat, called tunica albuginea teftis. Each tefticle is compofed of fmall veflels, bent in a ferpentine direction, arifing from the fpermatic artery, and convoluted into little heaps, which are fcparated from one another by cellular partitions. In each partition there is a duct receiving femen from the fmall veflels; and all the ducts conftitute a net which is attached to the tunica albuginea. From this net- work twenty or more veffels arife, all of which arc varioufly contorted, and, being reflected, afcend to the pofterior mar- gin of the teftis, where they unite into one common duct, bent into ferpentine windings, and forming a hard body call- ed the epididymis. The fpermatic arteries are branches of the aorta. The fpermatic veins empty themfelves into the vena cava and emulgent vein. The nerves of the tefticle are branches of the lumbar and great intercoftal nerve. The ufe of the tefticle is to fccrete the femen. TETANUS. From two, tp ftretch. Spafm with rigidity. A genus pf difcafe in the lafs neuroftes and order fpafmi of Cullen ; characterized by a fpafmodic rigidity of almoft the whole body. The varieties of tetanus are : 1.' Opiftbotor.os, where the body is thrown back by fpafrnpdic contractions of the mufcles : 2. Emprothohnos, the body be- ing bent forwards : 3. Trifmus, the locked jaw. Tetanus is often fymptomatic of fyphilis and worms. TETTERS. TKY 275 TETTERS. Six Herpes. THALAMI NERVORUM OPTICORUM. Two bodies, which form in part the optic nerve, placed near to each other, in appearance white, protruding at the bafe of the lateral ventricles, and running in their direction in- wards, a little downwards, and upwards. THECA VKR I EHRALis. ©«*>, -. from -r^,, to place. The vertebral canaL THERAPEUTICS. From Stpxrwv, to cure. Theropia. Methodus medendi. The doctrine of the cure of difeafes. THIRST. The fenfation by which we experience a de- fire tp drink. The feat of this fenfation appears to be either in the fauces or the ftoniath. THORACIC DUCT. The trunk of all the abforbents; of a ferpentine form, and about the diameter of a crow-quill. It lies upon the dorfal vertebra, between the aorta and vena azygns, and extends from the pofteripr ppening pf the dia- phragm to the angle formed by the union of the fubclavian and jugular veins, into which it opens and evacuates its con- tents. In this courfe the thoracic duct receives the abforbent veffels from every part of the body. THORAX. &-epa%. The cheft. That part of the body fituated between the neck and the abdomen, t he external parts of the thorax are, the common integuments, the breafts, various mufcles, and the bones of the thorax. (See Bones.J The parts within the cavity of the thorax are, the plei ra and its productions, the lungs, heart, thymus giand, cefo- phagus, thoracic duct, arch of the aorta, part of the vena cava, vena azygos, the eighth pair of nerves, and part of the great intercoftal nerve. THROMBUS u.viGoc; from *•««, to difturb. A fmall tumour which fometimes arifes after bleeding, from the blood efcaping from the vein into the cellular ftructure fur- rounding it. THUS. Frankincenfe. See Olibanum. THYMUS. Thyme Aro tb 3-u^.m, becaufe it was ufed in faintings ; or according to others, aio rnc $u/xxo-ixt y-xi t»c 3"'J»r. becaufe the ancients ufed it in facrifices. This herb, the Thymus vulgaris of Linnaeus, has an agreeable aro- matic ; 276 tib 1 matic fincll, and a warm pungent tafte. Its virtues are faid to be rei'olvent, ernmenagogue, tonic, ami ftomach it ; yet there is no difeafe mentioned in which its ufe is particu- larly recommended by any writer on the materia medica. THYMUS GLAND. Gv/xoc ; from 3-v«?, an odour; becaufe of its fragrant fmell. A gland of confiderable li :c in tlie fcetus, fituated in the anteripr duplieature or fpare of the mediaftinum, under the fuperfor part of the fit mint An excretpry duct has not yet been detected, but lymphatic veffels have been feen going from it to the thoracic audi. Its ufe is unknown. THYRF.O. Names compounded with this word belt.ng to mufcles which are attached to the thyroid cartilage ; as THY R KO- ARY'l b. NO'I D b V S A mufcle, Ctuatfd about the gloffus, which pulls the arytenoid cartilage for-. wards nearer to the middle of the thyroid, and consequently fhortens and relaxes the ligament of the larynx. THYREO-HYOIDEUS. A mufcle, fituated between the os hyoideus and trunk, which puds the os hyoidcu* downwards, and the thyroid cartilage upwards. THYROID CARTILAGE. Scutiform cartilage- The cartilage which is placed perpendicular to the cricoid car- tilages cf the larynx, conftitutir.g the anterior, fuperior, and largeft part of the larynx. It is harder and more promi- nent in men than in women, in whom it forms the p»n*-m Adam-. THYROID GLAND. From >-kE„.-, a fLield, and ti%, refemblance ; from its fuppofed refemblance to a fhield. A large gland fituated upon the cricoid cartilage, trachea and horns of the thyroid cartilage. It is uncertain whether it be conglobate or conglomerate. Its excretory duct hi* never been detected, and its ufe is not yet known. 1 I BT \ . The long bone fituated on the fide of the fc-», between the femur and tarfus, fo called from itsrefemblanie to an old mufical pipe or flute. The fipieifor part is term- ed the head, below which, anteriorly, u the fpine and crif 1 of the tibia; inferiorly it forms the n.alleolu^ cxtimus. Superiorly and inferiorly it forms an aith-Eir cavi.y. J >.e ufe of this bone is to lupport the ieg, and ferve for ijj- flexion of the lower extremity. TIBIAL TON 277 TIBIAL ARTERIES. The two principal branches of the popliteal artery : the one proceeds forwards, and is call- ed the anterior tibial; the other backwards, and is called the pofterior tibial ; of which the external tibial, the fibula, the external and internal plantar, and the plantal aich, are branches. TIBIALIS ANTTCUS. A flexor mufcle of the foot, flruated on the leg, which bends the foot by drawing it up- wards, and at the fame time turns the toes inwards. TIBIALIS POSTICUS. A flexor mufcle of the foot, fituated on the leg, which extends the foot, and turns the toes inwards. TIN. Stannum. An imperfect metal nf a whiter cplpur than lead, but not quite fo white as filver, obtained in great quantities from the mines in Cornwall. It is a metal well knpwn for culinary purppfcs ; and, although in general ufe, it is affirmed, that ragouts in which tin fpoons have been left, as well as fugar cphtained in a veffel pf this metal, have poifoned many perfons : but this muft have arifen from the tin containing a larger proporticn pf arfenic than ufual, or from its admixture with lead, as the tin employed in this country is, of all metals, the moft innocent for culina- ry purpofes. Tin filings are exhibited by many phvficians for the cure of worms. TINC/E OS. The mouth of the uterus is fo called by fome writers, from its refemblance to a tench's mouth. TINEA CAP, H-E The fcald-head. A genus of difeafe in the clafs locales and order dialyfes of Cullen ; cha- racterized by fmall ulcers at the root of the hairs of the head, which produce a friable white cruft. TOLU BALSAM. See Balfam of Tolu. TONICS. Medicines which increafe the tone of the mufcular fibre ; fuch as ftimulants, adftringents, &c, TONIC SPASM. Tovixo; j from rum, to pull or draw. Contraclura a fpafmo. A rigid contraction of the mufcles, without relaxation, as in trifmus, tetanus, &c. TONSILS. Tonftlla. Amygdala. An oblong, fuboval gland, fituated on each fide of the fauces, and opening into Z the 278 T -R A the cavity of the mouth by twelve or more large excretory ducts. TORCOLAR HBROPUTLT. The prefs of Hero- philus. That place where the four finufes of the dura ma- ter meet together. TORMENTILLA. Common tormentil, or upright feptfoil. Tormentdla ereBa of Linnaeus- The root is the only part of the plant which is ufed medicinally : it has a ftrong ftyptic tafte, but imparts no peculiar fapid flavour : it has been long held in eftimation as a powerful adftrin- gent ; and, as a proof of its efficacy in this way, it has been fubftituted for oak bark in the tanning of fkins for leather. Tormentil is ordered in the pulvis e creta compofttus of the London Pharmacopoeia. TORMINA. Gripes. Pains in the bowels. TORPOR. A numbnefs, or deficient fenfation. TOUCH. The fenfation by which we perceive any thing that is applied tn the fkin. The prgan pf touch is formed of the nervous papillae, which are fituated all pver the fkin, but more efpecially at the points pf the fingers. TOXICOLOGY. To%iyo\oyoe -, from toJjw, an arrow pr bpw; becaufe the darts pf the ancients were ufually be- fmeared with fome poifonous fubftance ; and xoyo^, a dif- courfe. A differtation on poifons. TRACHEA. Tpa^fia. The windpipe, fo called from its roughnefs ; from rpx^ye, rough. A tube compofed of cartilaginous and flefhy rings, which proceed from the larynx, before the cefophagns, to the lungs, where it bifur- cates, and ramifies through the lungs under the name of bronchia, which terminate in the veficula pulmonales. The cartilaginous rings of the trachea and bronchia are not com- pletely cartilaginous, being flefhy on their back part. The internal furface of thefe tubes is fined by a nervous mem- brane continued from the larynx. TKACHELO Names compounded of this word be- long to mufcles which are attached to the neck ; from rPxX"Koi> tne neck ; as the TRACHELO- T R A 279 TR ApHF.LO-M ASTOTDEUS. A mufcle, fituated on the neck, which affifts the cpmplexus, but pulls the head mpre tp pne fide. TRACHEOTOMY. Tpa^rorocusr■, fromrpx%u;,rpugh, and Ti,u.vj, tn cut. A fynonim of Bronchotomy, See Bron- chotomy. TRACHOMA. Tpaxoi.ua ; from rpxyy.% rough. An afperity in the internal fuperficies of the eye-lid. 1R\GA..' AN 1 II A. From rpayoc.a goat, End xy.a&x, a thorn ; fo called from its thorns refcmbling the horns of the gpat. Goat's-thpril. Milk-vetch. Aftragalas tragacantha pf Linnaeus. Gum tragacanth (which is forced from this plant by the intenfity pf the folar rays about Mpunt Ida, where it is concreted into irregular lumps or vermicular pieces, bent into a variety of fhapes and larger or fmaller proportions according to the fize of the wound from which it iffues) differs from all other known gums in imparting to a very large quantity of water a thick and glutinous confift- ence. I he demulcent qualities of this gum are to be con- fidered as fimilar to thofe of gum arabic. (See Arabic gum.) It is feldom given alone, but frequently in combina- tion with more powerful medicines, efpecially in the form of troches, for which it is peculiarly well adapted : it gives name tp an pfficinal powder, and is an ingredient in the compound powder of cerufs. TRAGRU-;. Aproper mufcle of the ear, which pulls the point of the tragus a little forward. TRAGUS. A fmall cartilaginous eminence of the auri- cula or external ear, placed anteriorly, and connected to the anterinr extremity of the helix. It is befct with numerous little hairs, defending in fome meafure the entrance cf the external auditnry paffage. TRANSPIRATION. From trans, through, and fpiro, to breathe. A fynonim of Perfpiration. See Pe.fpiration. TRANSVK.RS'rLlS. A mufcle, Lifted on the an- terior part of the abdomen, which iupports and comprcfles the abdominal vifcera. TEANSVERSALIS 28o T R I TRANSVERSTLIS COLLI. A mufcle, fituated on the pofterior part of the neck, which turns the neck obhquely backwards, and a little to one fide. ERAVSVERsALIS PEDIS- A mufcle of the foot, which it contracts by bringing the great toe and the two outermoft toes nearer each other. TRANSVERSUS PEREN^rEI. A mufcle of the organs of generation, which fuftains and keeps the perinaeum in its proper place. '1 RAPEZIUM OS. The firft bone of the fecond row of the carpus. TRAPEZIUS feu CUCULLSRIS. A mufcle, fitu- ated on the pofterior part of the fhpulders, which mpves the fcapula accnrding to the three different directions of its fibres ; the upper defcending fibres, drawing it obliquely up- wards ; the middle tranfverfe ftraight fibres, drawing it di- rectly backwards ; and the inferior afcending fibres, draw- ing it obliquely downwards and backwards. TRAPEZOTDEs OS. The fecond bone of the fec- ond row pf the carpus, fo called from its refemblance to the trapezium or quadrilateral geometrical figure. TRAUMATIC. From Tpxvf/jzTi*.a ; from rpotvpx, a wound. Any thing relating to a wound. TREPAN. An inftrument ufed by furgeons to remove a portion of bone from the calvaria. TRIANGULARIS or S I ERNO-COST3LJS. A mufcle, fituated within the thorax, which dcpreffes the car- tilages and extremities of the third, fourth, and fifth ribs, and confcquently aflifts in contracting the cavity nf the thorax. IHICEPS ADDUCTOR FEMORIS. Triceps, from ties, three, and caput, a head ; having three heads. Under this appellatipn are cpmprehcnded three diftincr, mufcles. See Addue/or brevis, longus, and magnus femoris. TRICEPS EXTENSOR CUBITI. A mufcle of the cubit or fore-arm, fituated pn the hinder part of the ps hu- meri, which extends the fore-arm. TRICHIASIS. TRO 28l TRICHIASIS. Tpi^iao-i?-, from rpi?, a hair. Trhho- fts. A difeafe of the eye-lafnes, in which they are turned inwards, towards the bulb of the eye. TRICHOMA. A difeafe of the hair. See Plica po- lonica. TR1CHOMANES- Common maiden-hair, or fpleen- wort. Afplenium trichomanes of Linnaeus. This plant is ad- mitted into the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia: the leaves have a mucilaginous, fweetifh, fubadftringent tafte, without any particular flavour : they are efteemed ufeful in diforders of the breaft, being fuppofed to promote the expectoration pf tpugh phlegm, and tp ppen obftructions cf the vifcera. TR1CHURIS. From tP.?, a hair. The king hair-worm. TRICUSPID VALVES. Valvula tricufpides. The name of the three valves fituated at the entrance of the left ventricle of the heart; focalledfrom their beingthree-pninted, T R 11 O L.I U M P A LU DOSU M. Water-trefoil, pr buck-bean. Menyantkes trifoliata nf Linna-us. The whple plant is fo extremely bitter, that in fome countries it is ufcd as a fubftitute for hpps, in the preparation of malt liquor. It is fometimes employed in country places as an active ecco- protic bitter in hydropic and rheumatic affections. Cafes are related pf its gopd effects in fome cutaneous difeafes pf the herpetic, and fcemingly cancerous kind. TRlGfifVllM. The fifth pair nf nerves, which arife from the crura of the cerebellum, and are divided within the cavity of the cranium intp three branches, viz. the orbital, fu- perior, and inferior maxillary. The orbital branch is divided into the frontal, lachrymal, and nafal nerves; the fuperior maxillary intp the fpha;np-palatine, pofterior alveolar, and in- fra-orbital nerves ; and the inferior maxillary into two branches, the internal lingual, and one more properly called the infcricr maxillary. TR 1QU f- I K A OSf-'IfT LA. Officula Wormiana. The triangular-fhaped bpnes, which are found nipftly iu the courfe of the lambdoidal future. TRISMUS. Locked jaw. A fpecies of tetanus. TROCAR. Corrupted from trois quart, French. The name of an inftrument ufed in tapping for the dropfy. Z 2 TROCHANTERS. 18.2 TUB TROCHANTERS. Two proceffes of the thighbone, which are diftinguiflied into the greater and leffer, are fo call- ed, from rp'.-gj, to run, becaufe the mufcles inferted into them perform the office of running. TROCHLEA. Tp^xxw, a pulley. A kind of cartilagi- nous pulley, through which the tendon of one of the mufcles of the eye paffes. TROCHLE^RTS. A mufcle of the eye. See Obliqu- us fuperior feu trtcblearis. TROCHOTDES. From rpoyoe, a wheel, and ttfac, re- femblance. A fpecies of diarthrofis, or moveable connexion of bones, in which one bone rotates upon another; as the firft cervical vertebrx upon the odontoid procefs of the fecond. TROCHLFCATORES fin PATHETIC!. The fourth pair of nerves are fo called, becaufe they are inferted intp the mufculus trochiearis of the eye. TUi-!A EUSFA t-HAMA. The Euftachian tube. The auditory tube- This tube arifes in each ear from the anterior extremity of the tympanum by means of a bony femi- canal; runs forward, and inwards, at the fame time becoin- ing gradually fmaller; and after perforating the petrous por- tion of the temporal bpne, terminates in a paffage, partly car- tilaginous and partly membranous; narrow at the beginning, but becoming gradually larger,and ending in a pouch behind the foft palate. It is through this orifice that the pituitary membrane of the nofe enters the tympanum. It is always open, and affords a free paffage for the air into the tympa- num ; hence perfons hear better with their mouth open. tUfJA HALLO PI SNA. The uterine tube. A canal included in two lamina: of the round ligament which ariles at e.ich fide of the fundus of the uterus, paffes tranfverfcly, and ends with its extremity turned downwards at the ovari- um. Its ufe is, to grafp the ovum, and convey the prolific vapour to it, and to conduit the fertilized ovum into the cav- ity of the uterus. TUBKRCOLA QUADRIGEMTNA- Eminentia quadrigemina. Four white oval tubercles of the brain, t\\ o of which are fituated on each fide over the pofterior orifice of T U R 283 ol the third ventricle and the aqueduct of Sylvius. The an- cients gave them particular names of no gopd fignificatipn. TUBKRd'I.UM I CAVER!. An eminence in the right auricle of the heart where the twp venas cava meet, fo called from Lotver, who firft defcribed it. TUMOR f S. From tumeo, to fwell. Tumours. An order in the clafslo.ales of Cullen's nofology, comprehending partial fwellings without inflammation. TUNIC. Atuendo corpore,heca\ife it defends-the body. 1 UNIC A. A membrane or covering. TUNICA ALBUGINEA OCULL See Conjunaive membrane. TUMCA ALBUGINEA TESTIS. See Albuginea teftis. TUNICA ARACUNOiDEA; See Arachnod mem- brune. TUNICA CHOLOEDEA. See Choroid membrane. TUNICA CONJUNCTIVA. See Conjunaive mem- brine. t UNK.'A CORNFA. See Cornea tranfparens. TUNICA RETINA- See Retina. TUNICA VAGNISL1S TESTIS. A continuation nf the peritoneum through-the inguinal ring, which loofely invefts the tefticle and fpermatic cord. TUNS'EATS (Tunftas, tis,f m.J Salts formed b, the combination of the tunftic acid with different bafes, as tunftat of ammonia, tunjlat of iron, &c. TURBINATED BONES. Offa turbinata. The fupe> rior fpongy portion of the ethmoid bone, and the inferior fpongy bones, are fo called by fome writers, from turbino, to fharpen at the top, fhaped like a fugar-loaf. TURPENTINES. The different turpentines employed medicinally are, the Chian pr Cyprus turpentine (fee Tere- binthus vulgaris,) the common turpentine (fee Terebinthin.i communis.) and the Venice turpentine (fee Terebintbina ve- neta.) All thefe have been confidered as hot, ftimulating corroborants and detergents ; quahties which they ppffefs in 284 TYM in common. They ftimulate the primae viae, and prove lax- ative ; when carried into the blood-veffels they excite the whole fyftem, and thus prove ferviceable in chronic rheuma- tifm and paralyfis. Turpentine readily paffes off by urine, which it imbues with a peculiar odour ; alfo by perfpira- tion and by exhalation from the lungs; and to thefe reflect- ive effects arc afcribed the virtues it ppffeffes in gravelly complaints, fcurvy, and pulmonic diforders. Turpentine is much ufed in gleets and fluor albus, and in general with much fuccefs. The effential oil, in which the virtues of turpentine refide, is not only preferred for external ufe as a rubefacient, but alfo internally as a diuretic and ftyptic ; the latter of which qualities it poffeffes in a very high degree. Formerly turpentine was much ufcd as a digeftive application to ulcers, ckc. but in trfc modern practice of furgery it is al-. moft wholly exploded. TUSSILaGO. Coltsfoot. Tuffilago firfira of Linnaeus. The fenfible qualities of this plant are very incor.fiderable: it has a rough mucilaginous tafte, but no remarkable fmell. The leaves have always been efteemed as poffrfling demul-. cent and pectoral virtues, and hence they have been ex- hibited in pulmonary comfumptions, cnughs, afthmas, and catarrhal affections. It is ufcd as tea, or given in the way of infufion with liquorice-root or honey. Tuffilago moft probably is derived from tuffis, a cpugh, becaufe it is in gen- eral ufe in that compkint. TUSSIS. A cough. A fonprous ccncuffipn nf the breaft. It is fymptomatic of many difeafes. TUSSIS EXANTHEMATICA. A cough attendant on an eruption. TYLOSIS Tyxs-o-if; from rvxic, a callus. An indura- tion or callus of the margin of the eye-lids. TYMPANITES. Tympany. From rv,u-rx*o*, a drum. An elaftic diftention of the abdomen not readily yielding to preflure, and founding like a drum, with coftivenefs and atrophy, but no fluctuation. Species : 1. Tympanites intcf- tinalis, a lodgment of wind in the inteftines, known by the difcharge of wind giving relief . 2. Tympanites abdeminalis, when the wind is in the cavity of the abdomen. TYMPANUM. ULM 285 TYMPANUM. The drum or barrel of the ear. The hollow part of the ear in which are lodged the bones of the ear. It begins behind the membrane of the tympanum, which terminates the external auditory paffage, and is ftrr- rounded by the petrous portion of the temppral bone. It terminates at the cochlea of the labyrinth, and has opening into it four foramina, viz. the orifice of the Euftachian tube and maftoid finus, the feneftra ovalis and rotunda. It con- tains the four officula auditus. TYPHUS. From rvpoc, ftupor. A fpecies of continued fever. See Febris continua. TYR1ASIS. A fpecies of leprofy in which the fkin may be eafily withdrawn from the flefh. u. ULCER. Ulcus. From twe, a fore. A purulent folu- tinn pf continuity. There are feveral fpecies ot ulcers, of which the following are the principal .-. 1. the fimple ulcer, which takes place generally from a fuperficial wound: '.the ftnous ulcer, which runs under the integuments, and whofe orifice is narrow, but not callous : 3. the ftftulous ulcer, or ftftula, a deep ulcer, whofe orifice is narrow and callous : .:. a fungous ulcer, whofe furface is covered with fungous flefh : 5. a gangrenous ulcer, whofe furface is livid, foetid, and gan- grenous : 6. a fcorbutic ulcer, depending upon a fcorbutic acrimony. 7. a venereal ulcer, arifing from the venereal difeafe : 8. a cancerous ulcer, or open cancer (fee Cancer) : o. a carious ulcer, depending upon a carious bone : 10. art inveterate ulcer, which is of long continuance, and refifts the ordinary applications. ULMUS. Common elm. Ulmus campeftris pf Linnxus. The inner tough bark, which is directed for ufe by the phar- macopceias, has nn remarkable fmell, but a bitterifh tafte, and abounds with a flimy juice, which has been recom- mended in nephritic cafes, and externally as an ufeful appli- cation to burns. It is alfo highly recommended in fome cutaneous affections allied to herpes and lepra. ULNA 286 U R E ULNA or CUBIT. From cjx»«i, the cubit. A long bone, fituated in the infide of the fore-arm towards the lit- tle finger. At the upper extremity there are two proceffes; the olecranon or anconoid procefs, upon which we lean, and the cnranoid procefs, which is oppofite to it. In the lower extremity there is a head, a neck, and ftyloid procefs. ULNAR ARTERY. A fynonim of the cubital 3rtery. ULNAR NERVE. A branch of the brachial plexus. UMBILICAL CORD- See Funis umbilicalis. UMBILICAL REGION. That part of the abdomen between the epigaftric and hypogaflric regions. UNCIFORM BONE, The laft bone of the fecond row of the carpus UNGUES. The nails. The horny laminx at the ex- tremities of the fingers and toes. UNGUIS OS. Os lacbrymale. A fmall bone, in figure like the nail of the finger, fituated in the internal angle of the orbit, of which it forms a part: it alfo covers part of the labyrinth of the noftrils. URACHUS. Oupa^oc A ligamentous cord that arifes from the bafis of the urinary bladder, which it runs along, and terminates in the funis umbilicalis. This name is de- rived from «fov, urine, and «*«, to contain, becaufe in the fcetufes of brute animals, which the ancients differed, it is a ligamentous canal through which the urine paffes to the »llantoid membrane. URETER. Oup«TBf. The canal which conveys the urine from the kidneys to the bladder ; from «<.», urine. At its fuperior part it is confiderably the largeft, occupying the greateft portion of the pelvis of the kidney; it then coii- tradsto the fize of a goofe-quill, and defcends over the pfoas magnus mufcle and large crural veffels into the pelvis, in which it perforates the urinary bladder very obliquely. URETHRA. Qup&p* ■, from «(<". urine, becaufe it is the channel thrpugh which the urine paffes. A membra- mus canal running from the neck of the bladder throug.i the inferior part of the penis to the extremity of the glans penis, in which it opens by a longitudinal orifice, in U R E 287 this courfe it firft paffes through the proftate gland, which portion is diftinguifhed by the name of the profiatical ure- thra ; it then becomes much dilated, and is known by the name of the bulbous part, in which is fituated a cutaneous eminence called the caput gallinaginis or verumontanum around which are ten or twelve orifices of the excretory ducts of the proftate gland, and two of the fpermatic veflels. The remaining part of the urethra contains a number of triangular mouths, which are the lacuna, of openings of the excretory ducts of the mucous glands of the urethra. URINARY BLADDER. Veftca urinaria, A mufcu- . hr fac, fituated in the cavity of the pelvis; in men between the pubes and rectum; and in women between the pubes and uterus; which receives the urine, retains it a certain time, and^thcn expels it. Its external coat is from the peri- toneum ; internally it is covered with a mucous membrane. Anatomifts have diftinguifhed this bladder into a fundus, body, and neck. It has arteries from the hypogaflric and hasmorrhoidal; nerves from the intercoftal and facral; and its veins empty themfelves into the hypogaflric veins. URTTCA- Ab urenda, becaufe it excites an itching and puftules like thofe produced by fire. The common nettle. Urtica dioica of Linnaeus. This plant is well known, and though generally defpifcd as a noxious weed, has been long ufed for medical, culinary, and economical purpofes. The young fhoots in the fpring poffefs diuretic and antifcorbutic properties, and are with thefe intentions boiled and eaten in- ftead of cabbage greens. URTICARIA. From urtica, a nettle. The nettle rafb. A fpecies of exanthematous fever, known by pyrexia and an eruption on the fkin like that produced by the fting of the nettle. UTERUS. To-ripa. Matrix. The womb. A fpongy receptacle refembling a compreffed pear, fituated in the cav- ity of the pelvis, above the vagina, and between the urinary bladder and rectum. It is divided by anatomifts into the fundus, which is its broadeft and upper part, the body or middle part, the cervix or neck, which is die lower and nar- row part, and the orifice of the uterus, called os uteri and 0* tinea, fituated within the vagina. The cavity of the>virgin uterm 2.88 U V u uterus is fmall, fcarcely admitting an almond, and has three openings : one on each fide, which is termed the internal orifice of the fallopian tube, and the third opening, which is the os uteri t here proceed from each fide of this vifcus, I. a broad ligament, formed by a duplieature of the perito- neum, which proceeds to the ilium, and fuftains the uterus, the tubes, and ovaria : 2. a round ligament, which goes through the inguinal ring and is loft about the pubes -. and, -\. the Fallopian tubes The ofe of the womb is for men- struation, cpuceptipn, nutritinn pf the foetus, and parturition. UVA PASSA The raifin The dried fruit of the Vitis vinifera of Linnaeus Raifins are prepared by im- merfing the frefh fruit into a folution of alkaline fait and fope lye, made boiling hot, to which is added fome olive-oil, and a fmall quantity of common fait, and afterwards drying them in the ihade They are ufed as agreeable, lubricating, acefcent fweets in pectoral decoctions, and for obtunding the acrimony pf pther medicines, and rendering them grate- ful to the palate and ftomach They are directed in the decofium hordei c.mp. tinilura ftenna, and tinilura cardamomi comp. UVA URSI. Trailing arbutus, or bear-berry Arbu- Us uva urft of Linnajus. this plant, though employed by the ancients in fcvcral difeafes requiring adftringent medi- cines, had almoft entirely fallen into difufc until the middle of the prefent century, when it firft drew the attention of phyficians as a ufeful remedy in calculous and nephritic complaints, which difeafes it appears to relieve by its ad- ftringent qualities. UVEA. From uva, an unripe grape The pofterior la- mina of the iris ; fo called, becaufe in beafts, which the an- cients chiefly diftected, it is of the colour of unripe grapes. UVDLA. Columella. A fmall conical body hanging in the middle of the vtlum pendulum palati over the root of the tongue. Uvula is a diminutive of uva, a grape ; fo called from its refemblance to a grape. VGINA. V A L 289 V. "XTAGTNA. V.,gina uteri A membranous tube which * begins between the lymphx, enters the cavity of the pelvis between the bones of the pubis and inteftinum rec- tum, and afcends to the mouth of the uterus. It is com- pofed of three tunics : the firft is cellular from the perito- neum, the fecond mufcular, and the third or innermoft ru- gous Between the two laft membranes a number of mu- cous glands are fituated, which fecrete the mucus of the vagina. VAGINA of the NERVES. The outer covering of the nerves. By fome it is faid to be a production of the pia mater only, and by others of the dura mater, becaufe it agrees \. kh it in tenacity, cpfour, and texture. VAGTNA of the TENDONS. A lnofe membranous fheath formed of cellular membrane invefting the tendons. VALERIANA SYLVESTRIS. Officinal valerian. Valeriana officinal's of Linnaeus. The root of this plant has been fong extnlled as an efficacious remedy in epilepfy, which caufed it to be exhibited in a variety of other com- plaints termed nervous, in which it has been found highly ferviceable. It is alfo in very general ufe as an antifpaf- modic, and is exhibited in convulfive hyfterical difeafes. A fimple and volatile tincture are directed in the pharmaco- poeias. VALVES. Membranous folds, fituated within certain veffels, as arteries, veins, and abforbents, whofe office ap- pears to be, to prevent the contents of the veffel from flow- ing back. VALVPLA. A diminutive of valve. A little valve. VALVE1 LA EUSTACHIE A membranous fcmilunar valve which feparates the right auricle from the inferior vena cava, firft defcribed by Euftachius, VALVULE CONNIVENTES. The femilimar folds formed < f the villous coat of the inteftine, and fituated in the dundenum and jejunum. 'Eheir ufe appears to be to increafe the furface of the inteftines. VA.LVCLJK MITR5LES. See Mit.a! valves. A -. VALVuLJE 290 V A S VALVOL-fE SEMTLUNSRES. See Semilunar valves. VALVGLJE TRICUSPIDSLES. See Tricufpid valves. VARICELLA. The chicken pox. A genus of difeafe in the clafs pyrexia and order exanthemata of Cullen ; known by moderate fynochia; pimples bearing fome refemblance to fmall pox, quickly forming puftules, which contain a fluid matter, and after three or four days from their firft appearance defquamate. VARIOLA. The fmall pox. A genus of difeafe in the clafs pyrexia and order exanthemata of Cullen ; diftinguifhed by fynochia; eruption of red pimples on the third day, which on the eighth day contain pus, and drying fall off in crufts. Species: 1. Variola difcreta, the diftinct fmall pox : 2. Variola conftuens, the confluent fmall pox. VARICOCELE. A fwelling of the veins in the fcro- tum, or fpermatic cord ; hence it is divided into fcrotal va- riocele, which is known by the appearance of livid and tu- mid veins on the fcrotum ; and variocele of the fpermatic cord, known by feeling hard vermiform veffels in the courfe of the fpermatic cord. VARIX. A dilatation of a vein. A genus of difcafe in the clafs locales and order tumores of Cullen ; known by a foft tumour on a vein which does not pulfate. VAS DEFERENS. A duct which arifes from the epi- didymis, and paffes through the inguinal ring in the fper- matic cord into the cavity of the pelvis, and terminates in the veficulas fcminales. Its ufe is to convey the fcinen fe- creted in the tefticle, and brought to it by the epididymis, into the veficulas fcminales. - VASA BREVIA. The arteries which come from the fpleen, and run along the large arch of the ftomach to the diaphragm. VASA VORTICOSA. The contorted veffels of the choroid membrane. VASTUS EXTERNUS. A mufcle of the leg, fitu- . ated on the anterior part of the thigh, which extends the leg. This mufcle is called •oafus from its fize. VASTUS INTERNUS. A mufcle of the leg, fituated en the -nterior part of the thigh, which extends the leg. _________________________________ VEIN?- V E R 291 VEINS. Vena. Lpng membranous canals, which con- tinually become wider, do not pulfate, and return the blood from the arteries tp the heart. All veins originate from the extremities of arteries pnly, by anaftpmpfis, and terminate in the auricles pf the heart; e. g. the vena cava in the right, and the pulmonary veins in the left auricle. They are com- pofed, like arteries, of three tunics pr cpjts, which are much mere fleuder than in the arteries, and are fupplied with femilunar membranes pr folds called valves. Their ufe is to return the blood to the heart. VELUM PENDULUM PALATE Velum pala'.inum. The foft palate. The foft part of the palate which forms forms two arches, affixed laterally to the tongue and pharynx. VENA. From venio, tp come; becaufe the blcod comes through it. A vein. See Veins. VENA AZYGOS. Vena fine pari. See Azygos vein- VENA PORT.eE. Vena portarum. The great vein,fit- uated at the entrance of the liver, which receives the blood from the abdominal vifcera, and carries it into the fubftance of the liver. It is fo called, a portando, becaufe through it things are carried. It is dlEin.-jifhed into the hepatic and abdominal portion -. the forvn< r is ramified through the fub- ftance of the liver, and c.rries the blood deftined for tlie formation of bile, which is returned by branches to the trunk of the vena cava ; the latter is compofed of three branches: viz. the fplenic, mefcnteric, and internal hemor- rhoidal veins. VENERICLES of the PRAIN. See Cerebrum. VE'RBASCUM. Great bror.d-leaved mullein. Verbaf- cum tbapfus of Linnaeus. Catarrhal coughs and diarrhseas are the complaints for which verb-ifcum has been internally prefcribed ; which difeale: it ap^-eart, to alleviate by itsmu- cilAf-inous quality. It L alfo at rhed externally in form of fomentation and cataplalin to L^m.jrrho.Jal tumours and .-landular indurations. VERMIFORM PROCESS of the BRAIN. Protube- rantia vcrrriformis. the fubftance which unites the two hemifphtres of the cerebellum like a ring, forming a pro- cefs. It is e'tdtd vermiform from its refemblance to the i-ont n tie as of v. orreu. VERMIFUGES. 292 V E S VERMIFUGES. From vermis, a worm, and fugo, to drive away. See Anthelmintics. VERROCiE. Warts. A genus of difcafe in the clafs locales and order tumores of Cullen. VERTEBRA. From verto, to run. The bones of the fpine are fo called. Each vertebra has a body and feven apophyfcs : viz. a fpinous procefs, two fuperior and two inferior oblique, and four tranfverfe proceffes. The large cavity in each vertebra concurs to form the paffage for the fpinal marrow, and the lateral holes for the paflage of the fpinal nerves. The vertebra are diftinguiflied into the cervical, belonging tr) the neck, which are feven in number ; dorfal, of" which there are twelve ; and lumbar, which are five in number. The firft cervical vertebra is called the atlas : it has no body nor fpinous apophyfis, but forms an arch which anteriorly furrounds the denti- form procefs of the fc-cond vertebia, and inftead of two fuperior oblique apophyfcs there are two articular finufcs : the fecond vertebra, called alfo epiftrophetts and dentator, Ltes an odontoid procefs at the upper part of the body. The peculiarities of the remaining cervical vertebra are, their being much fmalier than the rtft ; the fpinous pro- ceffes being bifurcated, nnd the tranfverfe proccfl'ts hav- ing a peculiar foramen for the p.ufage of the vertebral ar- teries. The dorfal vertebra: aic diftiigu flied from the reft by a deprefuon at the fides 01 the bouics, and one alfo in the points of the tranfverfe proceffes for the attachment of the ribs. The lumbar vertebra: are much larger than the dorfal, ;ird the tranfverfe proceffes have no depref- fions. The ui'e ot the vert eh: .c i» to form the fpine. VERTEBRAL ARTEPvY. A branch of the fubclavi- an, proceeding through the vertebra: to within the crani- r.:n, where, with its, follow, it forms the bafilary artery, the internal auditory, and the pcfLrlor artery, of the du- ra mater. VERTEX. The crown of the head. VERTIGO. Ciddinefo. M.TiIy fymptomatic. VESANIiE. The fourth order in the clafs t.eurifis of Cullen's nofological ar:a;.g.'->u...: : coii.p;um«iiim dif- "tafes v i o 293 cafes in which the judgment is impaired without tithe; coma or pvrexia. VESICA A diminutive of vas, a veffel. A bladder. VESICA FELL?^ The gall bladder. See Gall bladder. VESICA URINARIA. The urinary bladder. See Uri- nary bladder. , VEe.'.CATORIES. From veftca, a bladder ; becaufc they ra'fe a bladder. S:e EpifjafHa. YESICCLiE PULMONALES. A diminutive of veft- ca, a bladder. The air Cei!i which Ccineiofc the greatelt part of the lungs, and arc fituated at the termination ot the bronchia. \T.SICCL.ffi SEMINaLES. Two membranous re- ceptacles, fituated on the back part of the bladder above its neck. Its excrctotyducts are called ejaculatory ducts. They proceed to tlie uicthra, into which they open by a peculiar orifice at the lop if the veruniontaiium. They have veffels and ner\es from the neighbouring parts, and ;.re well fupplicd with abforbent veflels, which pn.eeid 10 the lymphatic glands about the loins, the ulc 01 the vcficulx fcminales is to receive the fcmen brought into them by the vafa deferentia.to retain, fc,;ncwh„t iiifpif.atc, and to excern it fubcoitu into the urethra,from whence it is propelled into the vagina uteri. YESTIBCLUM. A round cavity cf the internal ear, between the cochlea and femicircular canals, in which are, an oval opening communicating \Mth the cavity of the tympanum, and the orifices of ihc femicircular canals. VIBICES. The fcrge purple fpots which appear under the fkin in certain n.di^uant fevers. VIBRISSjE or YIBPJSC1. Hairs growing in the nof- trils. VILL.. Anatomifts have given this term to thofe very delicate fibres obfervable on the internal furface of the inteftines, particularly of the duodenum and jejunum, and other parts of the body. VIOLA. Sweet violet. Viola adnata of Linna-us. , The rc-e-.r lowers -J this plant -re received intc the cata- A a 2 lotucs 294 * V 1 T logues of the materia, medica. They have an agreeable fweet fmell, and a mucilaginous bitterifh tafte. Their virtues are purgative or laxative, and bv fome they are faid to poflcfs an anodyne and pectoral quality. The officinal preparation of this flower is a fyrup, which, to young children, anfwers the purpofc of a purgative; it is alfo of confiderable utility in many chemical inquiries, to detect an acid or an alkali; the former changing the blue colour to a red, and the latter to a green. VIRUS. A fynonim of Contagion. See Contagion. VIS INSITA. This property is defined by Haller to be that power by which a mufcle, when wounded, touch- ed, or irritated, contracts, independent of the will of the animal that is the object of the experiment, and without its feeling pain. VIS NERVOSA. This property is confidered by Whytt to be another power of the mufcles by which they act when excited by the r.crvca. VISCUS. Any organ or part which has an appropri- ate ufe, as the vifcera of the abdomen, &c. VISION. See Sight. VITAL FUNCTIONS. Vital act-ions. Thofe actions i f the body upon which life immediately depends, as the < irculation of the blood, rcfpiration, heat of the body, &c. See Funilion. VITILIGO. From vitio, to infect. A difeafe of the fkin. See Alphas. VITIS. The common vine. Vitls viniftera of Linnxus. Vine leaves and the tendrils have an adftringent tafte, and were formerly ufcd in diarrha:as, haemorrhages, and other diforders requiring refrigerant and ftyptic medicines. The juice or fap of the vine, called laibrym:, has been recom- mended in calculous diforders, and it is faid to be- an ex- cellent application to weak eyes and fpecks of the cornea. The unripe fruit has a harfli, rou^h, four tafte; its expref- fed juice, called verjuice, was formerly much efteemed, but is now fuperfedcd by the juice of lemons: for external ufe however, particularly in bruifcs and pains, verjuice is ftill employed, W I N 295 employed, and confidered to be a very ufeful application. See alfo U-oa paffa, Wine, and Acctum. VITREOUo HUMOUR.. The pellucid body which fills the whole bulb of the eye behind the cryftalline lens. The* whole of the vitreous fubftance L complied 01 ini.dl cells which communicate with each other. VOMER. So called from it's refemblance to a plough- fliarc. A bone of the nofe fituated in the cavity of the noftrils, which it divides into two parts. VOMICA. An abfeefs of the lungs. VULVA. Pudendum mulicbre. The parts of generation pi 1.per to wcincii. ---------iirgjBCmn W. WAX. Cera. See Cera. WHITE SWELLING. See Artbropuofts and Hy- dartbrus. WINE. The fermented juice of the ripe fruit of the Vltls vinifera of Linnaeus. There is a great variety in wines ; but as they have been principally confined to four forts, as fufficient for officinal ufe, we fliall confine our observations to thofe fpecies : viz. the vinum album hifpani- cum, or mountain wine, the vinum canarium, canary or fack wine, the vinum rhenanum, or rhenifh wine, and the vinum ru- brum, or port wine. On a chemical inveftigation all wines confift chiefly of water, alkohol, a peculiar acid, the car- bonic acid, tartar, and an adftringent gummi-refinous mat- ter in which the colour of the red wine rcfides, and which is expreffed from the hulks of the grape. They differ from each other in the proportion of thefe ingredients, and par- ticularly in that of alkohol, which they contain. The qualities of wines depend not only uppn the difference of the grapes, as containing more or lefs of faccharine juice and the acid matter which, accompanies it, but alfo upon circumftances attending the procefs of fermentation. New wines are liable to a ftrong degree of acefcency when tak- en into the ftomach, and thereby occafion much flatulency and co6 v.* i n and eructations of acid mitt r ; heartburn and violent pains in the ftomach from fpafms,ire alfo oft.r. produced ; and the acid m-tfer, by pnfling into the inteftines and mixing with the bile, is apt to or :.di.>n colics or excite e!i- arrhtcas. Sweet win'..-, nre ii'! w'veh they contain is more confidera- ble than appea's fcnfiblv to the t.ifte, their acefcency is thereby in a great mcafure counteracted. Red port and moft of the red w!n-;s hive an adftringent quality, by which thev ftrcngthen the ftoTnach, and prove ufcful in reftraining immoderate evacuations: on the contrary, thofe which are of an acid nature, as rh-nifli, pafs freely by the kidneys, and gently loofcn the belly. Fv.t this, and perhaps all the thin or weak wines, though of an agreeable flavour, yet as containing little alkohol, are readily difpofcd to become acid in the ftr>mach, and there- by to aggravate all arthritic and calculous complaints, as well as to produce the effefts of new vine. The general effects of wine are, to fti.-v.dete the ftomach, exhilarate the fpirits, warm the habit, quicken the circulation, pro- mote perforation, and, in large quant'ti-s, to prove in- toxicating, and powerfully fcd.itiye. la many diforders wine is univerfally admitted to be of important fcrvice, and tfpecially in fevers of the tvphus kind, or of a putrid tendency; in which it is found to rai'e the pulfc, fuppcrt the ftrength, promote a diaphorefis, and to refill putrefac- tion ; and in manv cafes it proves of more immediate ad- vantage than the Peruvian bark. Delirium, which is the confequence of exceffive irritability, and a defective ftate of nervous energy, is often entirely removed by the free , ufe of wipe. It is alfo a well-founded observation, that thofc who indulge in the ufe of wine are lefs fubject to fevers of the malignant and intermittent kind In the putrid fore throat, in the fmall-pox when attended with great debility and fymptoms of putridity, in gangrenes, and, in the plague, wine is to be confidered as a principal remedy ; and in almoft all cifes of languors and of great proftration of ftrength wine is experienced to be a more grateful and efficacious cordial than can be furnifhed from the whole dais of aromatics. XERAMA. Z IN 297 X. "VT" ERASTA. Snpxo-ix -, from %*poc, dry. An exceffive jl\. tenuity of the hairs limilar to down. XIPHOID. From %i?oe, a fword, and tifoc, likenefs. XIPHOID CARTILAGE. See Enftform cartilage. Y. YAWS. The African name for rafpberry. Sec Frambefta. Z. 'T'EDOaRIA. /iedoary. The roots of this plant,Kam- i-u pheria r-tunda of Linnwiis, are brought to us in long pieces ahrv't the thicknefs of the little finger, two or three inches in length, bent,rough, and angular ; or in roundifh piccts. about an inch in diameter, of an afli colour on the ouuiefo, and white within. Thev have both an agreea- ble. cani-->l'c>raceous fmeli, and a bitterifh aromatic tafte. Though formerly much efteemed againft rheumatic affec- tions, tl.e-y are at prefent thought to poffefs very little median.1.1 power, although they have a place in the con- j\dio aromatlca of the Louden Pharmacopoeia. ZINC. Zincum. A brilliant, blueilh, white, fcmi-mc- t-.inc are much employed medicinally. The liowers of '/.inc are uf d as anttfpafmodic in cnnvul- fions and epileptic fits, and the fo'phate of zinc ppffefles extraordinary properties in removing intermittent affec- tions, certain fpecies of drosi'ics, &c. Zl NCjIi'.KK. Narrow-leaved ginger. Amomum zingi- ber yj.~ Li.«a^ua. 'IEc white and bla,:k j, "gcr ac both tne produce 298 Z Y G produce of the fame plant, the difference depending upon the mode of preparing them. Ginger is generally con- fidered as an aromatic, and lefs pungent and heating to the fyftem than might be expected from its effects upon the organ of tafte. It is ufed as an antifpafmodic and car- minative. The cafes in which it is more immediately Serviceable, are, flatulent cokes, debility and laxity of the ftomach and inteftines ; and in torpid and phlegmatic con- flitutions to excite brifker vafcular action. It is fcldom given but in combination with other medicines. In the pharmacopoeias it is directed in the form of a fyrup and condiment, and in many conipofitions it is ordered as a fubfidiary ingredient. ZONA. From L-vvw.--, to furround. Zofter. The fhing'es. ZOOLOGY. From Ja-cv, an animal, and \oyo;, a dif- courfe. That part of natural hil'.jry which treats on animals. ZOONOMIA. The laws of organic life ; from Ji.v, an animal, and vouoe, a law. ZOOTOMY. The diffection cf animab ; from ?«», an animal, and ti/smu, to cut. ZYGOMA. The cavity formed by the zygomatic procefs of the temporal bone ; from yyie, a yoke, becaufe it rrantnits the tendon of the temporal mufcle Eke unto a yoke. ZYGOMATIC PROCESS. An apophyfis of the os jugiic r.nd another of the temporal bone are fo called. ! INI S, ^ C^ K* \*- :*$#?* 1 I 4 / t hi Z / :" 'X70 | . .;, :'»v ;..■.• vv; m,