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ENGRAVINGS
OF THE
BONES, MUSCLES AND JOINTS,
/
BY JOHN BELL, SURGEON.
PART FIRST.
CONTAINING
ENGRAVINGS OF THE BONES.
THE FIRST AMERICAN FRO^L-XHE^JECOND LONDON EDITION.
PHILADELPHIA:
PUBLISHED BY ANTHONY FINLEY. #
William Fry, Printer.
1816.
TO
DR. DANIEL RUTHERFORD,
PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE AND BOTANY,
AND
PHYSICIAN TO THE ROYAL INFIRMARY,
EDINBURGH.
SIR,
IN presenting this Book of Plates to one who is so well able
as you are to judge of their defects, I ought to add some value to the offer-
ing by declaring the motives of it.—It is a mark of gratitude for the friendly
care with which, in company with my worthy Master, you watched over me
during a long and dangerous illness. Perhaps there can be no higher compli-
ment betwixt medical men, than this confidence in time of sickness; and
surely, if I may judge from my own feelings, nothing can be more grateful
than the remembrance of kindnesses bestowed at such a time.—May your
skill be long useful to your fellow-citizens; and may it be always valued as
I value it.
I am,
Sir,
With respect,
Your Friend, and Humble Servant,
JOHN BELL.
PREFACE,
WHEN a young man, who had been blind from his childish years, had his
sight restored to him by our celebrated surgeon Chesselden, all his
thoughts, and feelings, and pleasures, and pains, were very interesting to
his friends; for that most delightful of all our senses was to him as a dream of
fairy visions, confused, yet delightful, beyond all that the fancy can conceive.
" He was like one newly born into the world, needing to learn anew all the
" objects around him, knowing nothing by the eye, but all by the touch.
" It was long before he found out that pictures represented solid bodies,
" and then he was much surprised that those things, which to the eye
" seemed prominent and round, were to the touch quite even and flat; he
" asked his friends which was indeed the lying sense, feeling or seeing."
" Being shown his father's picture in a locket, at his mother's watch, and
" told what it was, he acknowledged a likeness, but was vastly surprised;
asking
vjji PREFACE.
" asking, how it could be that a large face could be expressed in so little
" room; saying, it should have seemed as impossible to him, as to have put
" a bushel of any thing into a pint."
Now there are many, who having enjoyed and used this precious sense
during all their lives, have never come to know, like this young man, that,
even within the narrowest circle, the representation is as perfect and true, as
in the full size of the human body; foolishly imagining that nothing can be
drawn but of its natural size. If a man were to take this fancy, that nothing
of anatomy could be drawn but of the full size of life, with what high con-
tempt must he look down upon these little plates; where I have endeavoured
to represent, in this miniature form, what it must be confessed, might be
more fully represented on a larger scale: and yet I am sensible, that those,
who cannot understand these plates, will hardly profit even by that stately
anatomical figure of full six feet high, which, being cut in copper, with
googes, and chissels, and mallets, and all kinds of instruments, must esta-
blish a reputation for its author; which, if not high, will not fail to be at least
of a lasting kind; neither apt to be forgotten, nor liable, like other discoveries,
to go astray.
" As I proceeded in writing a book of anatomy, I felt more and more at
" every step, the necessity of giving plates to it;" for a book of anatomy
without these seemed to me no better than a book of geography without its
maps; it was, in my mind, like teaching mathematics without diagrams, or
solving
PREFACE \x
solving Euclid's problems without the helps of figures or lines, by the mere
force of imagination alone. Indeed any one, who, studying without some help
of plates, tries to understand and to remember an anatomical description with
no other representation than words merely, will feel, that he is like one
attempting'to work a rule of arithmetic without the use of cyphers, trying to
remember the value and denomination of each part throughout the whole
train of numbers; he is ingenious in difficulties, making an abstract subject
of one belonging to the senses chiefly, and attempting to obtain by words,
those ideas which must come to him only through the eye.
It was while I was writing anatomical descriptions that I first thought
of drawings, and of placing my subjects in those very shapes and postures
in which they were explained:—and I conceived, that the descriptions and
the drawings might thus be wrought into one perfect whole; being as two
parts of one idea, or as one idea presented in a double form, once to the
eye, and once again to the ear. If, in any material points, my drawings and
descriptions shall thus agree, then must the ideas be made out to my reader
clear and fair; and should insinuate themselves into his mind without labour
or thought on his part; while he is not toiling from descriptions to drawings;
not harassed* with continual interruptions, incongruous ideas, parts de-
scribed burbot represented, or represented and not described; not travelling
far and wide from the ideas of one author, to the representation of another;
never trying to associate ideas which have no affinity, nor striving to bring
drawings and descriptions together, which are as far, as may be, from being
Part I. B parts
x PREFACE.
parts of the same idea, or from being capable of that close comparison which
the student seeks, and misses with a disappointment which is continually
renewed. Such must be the student's labour, (a labour which might wel
oppress the most active mind,) if the teacher be not careful to preserve.for
him this correspondence of ideas; whether he be employed in comparing his
lecture with the subject lying before him, or his drawings with his book.
From the first dawnings of anatomical knowledge, or at least from the
very earliest invention of anatomical plates, this vitious practice has pre-
vailed, that each author, careless of this correspondence of ideas; never
thinking of the harmony that ought still to subsist between those notions
which are to be conveyed by words, and those which speak to the eye, in
the truer language of this subject; intending merely to write a book, and
rather with the hopes of procuring himself a name, than with the prouder
*
expectation of multiplying and varying the sources of instruction, writes his
book after his own way; and takes his plates, perhaps, where he is directed
by his bookseller, or where he may most safely steal; and often choosing
them of a fashion fifty years older than that book, into the gaps and inter-
stices of which, they are to be nitched and stuck up, wherever they will
make the handsomest figure, not where they will be of the mo^l use.
This ironical praise may be very safely given to the older anatomists for
their love of original drawings, that having once set their taste to one certain
system of plates, they have been very constant and true to their first choice.
It
PREFACE. xi
It is thus that the plates of Vesalius, Fallopius, or Eustachius, have de-
scended, with some distortions and abridgments indeed, but still unpolluted
with any stain of originality, nor vitiated by any one improvement of repre-
sentation or of thought, through the books of Vidus Vidius, Pareus, Ste-
phanus, Blanchardus, Veslingius, Riolanus, Verhein, Palfin, Dionis, and a
thousand others. Thus have the once beautiful plates of Vesalius, (mangled
and deformed, cut down to suit books of all sizes, twisted and accommo-
dated to all subjects and all forms of explanation,) descended to us in such
distorted shapes, that while we are looking over their books to fix upon
them this indictment of plagiarism, we can hardly recognise the original
drawings so fairly as to prove the deed.
Even in the first invention of our best anatomical figures, we see a conti-
nual struggle between the anatomist and the painter; one striving for elegance
of form, the other insisting upon accuracy of representation. It was thus that
the celebrated Titian consented to draw for Vesalius: though it is but too
plain that there can be no truth in drawings, thus monstrously compounded
betwixt the imagination of the painter, and the sober remonstrances of the
anatomist, striving for accurate anatomy, where the thing cannot be; for
those figures, which are supposed to be drawn truly from the anatomical
table, are formed from the imagination of the painter merely; sturdy and ac-
tive figures, with a ludicrous contrast of furious countenances, and active
limbs, combined with ragged muscles, and naked bones, and dissected bow-
els, v/hich they are busily employed in supporting, forsooth, or even demon-
strating;
strating with their hands. This vitious practice of drawing from imagination
merely is well exemplified in this, that anatomists have, with one consent,
agreed to borrow the celebrated Torso for putting their bowels into, to ex-
plain them there; a practice which has descended from the time of Vesalius
down to Chesselden, and from him to the systems of the present day.
No painter in natural history, in botany, in mechanics, nor in any thing
that relates to science, would dare to draw without his subject imme-
diately before him: but anatomists, who most of all need this clearness
and truth, have been most of all arbitrary and loose in their methods; not
representing what they saw, but what they themselves imagined, or what
others chos^to^peport to them:—hence the careless copying from book to
book, the interpolations of anatomists, the interference of painters in a sub-
ject degrading to their higher art, the errors and mistakes of engravers, and
the subjection of true anatomical drawing to the capricious interference of
the artist, whose rule it has too often been to make all beautiful and smooth,
leaving no harshness nor apparent blur in all his work. Even the celebrated
book of Albinus has been thus abused; and though he is sparing of cellular
substance, and glands, and fat, and vessels; of all that gives a drawing its
likeness to the human body; even the little that he had given, is now rounded
down into the smoothness of ivory, as if a model had been made and drawn
from. Albinus, (naturally sparing of ornament, and wanting in the natural
character of parts) lived to see his drawings thus robbed of the little that
they possessed of grace or nature; and then produced, as if in mere wan-
tonness
PREFACE. xjij
tonness and sport, under the high title of Anatomy of Painting; but
by one, who seems too grave to have intended any stroke of irony, so
refined as this.
A higher taste prevails in the present age; and the splendid and noble
works of Morgagni, Haller, Bidloo, and Albinus, and of Chesselden,
Hunter and Cowper, are drawn truly, and from nature, and cannot be for-
gotten, while anatomy and the arts depending on it, continue to be esteemed.
* Yet even, among those great men, we have seen an idea gradually im-
proving, till at last it was brought by Haller to the true point. For Albi-
nus's drawings are merely plans: Bidloo's tables are beautiful and mas-
terly; but being wanting in regularity and order, they want altogether the
clearness of a plan: Haller's drawings are as fair as Bidloo's, as regular as
those of Albinus; and combine in one the truth and sometimes the elegance
• of drawing, with the plainness and accuracy of a mere plan.
If an anatomist shall set up a skeleton, and draw it in postures resem-
bling those of life; if he shall dissect the human body, studying and^
drawing it in parts; if he shall continue drawing muscle after muscle, ant!
one part after another, till he have gone through the whole; if he shall
proceed then to take these drawings and notes of individual parts, and lay
them over his first drawings of the bones; if he shall try to match the parts
belonging to fifty individual bodies of different sizes, of various forms,
dying, some suddenly, and others slowly, some full and muscular, others
emaciated
XJV PREFACE.
emaciated and poor; what will the result of all this be, but a mere plan?
It is a plan merely, through all the process, and in all its parts; it cannot
be other than a plan when the whole work is accomplished and set up. It
was an unlucky theory of this kind that carried the great Albinus, for
fifteen years, through a course of laborious dissections, painful and useless
to himself; but useful to all those who have to follow him: Still each
drawing of his is but a mere plan, resembling no individual body, resem-
bling in nothing the general drawing of the body; it is such a view as
never is to be seen in a dissection. It is not, like our Cowper's nor like *
Bidloo's, a true drawing of muscles dashed with touches of glands, and fat,
and cellular substance, which are the natural distinctions of parts; nor mixed
with the branchings of arteries or nerves, the chief objects for which we
study the muscles; but it is like a statue anatomised, where all the irregula-
rities of substance, all the gradations of bones, ligaments, tendons, and
flesh, are rounded down with a studied smoothness; it is a figure which the
student can never compare with the body as it lies before him for dissec-
tion; it is a figure suiting more the eye of the painter than the eye of the
anatomist; nor even pleasant to his eye, since it stands in attitudes, which
Ho swelling of particular muscles seems to support.
In the other extreme is Bidloo; for, in his plates, the master-hand of
the painter prevails almost alone; while whole sheets of infinite labour
serve only to explain the joinings of the clavicles, or perhaps the form of one
trifling muscle or gland. The formal figures of Albinus are more desirable
than
*>
PREFACE. xv
than these. But, in either book, we regret either extreme; in Albinus we
think that we understand every muscle of the human body! but our know-
ledge hardly bears the test of dissection; the drawings and the subject
never can be directly compared:—In Bidloo, we have the very subject
before us! the tables, the knives, the apparatus, down even to the flies that
•
haunt the places of dissection, all are presented with the main object of the
plate; and thus we have perfect confidence in the drawing; in which also
the parts are laid out in a bold and masterly stile, so that the dead subject
and the engraving can well bear to be compared. But in Bidloo there is
often no classification nor arrangement, no breadth of parts, by wnrch we
can understand a whole limb; a thigh is presented with no one marked
point; neither the haunch nor the knee are seen: His plates are all elegance
in respect of drawing; in respect of anatomy, they are all disorder and con-
fusion; and one must be both anatomist and painter to guess what is meant,
how the limb is laid, and what parts are seen.
It is to Haller that we must give* the palm; who having to do with
parts chiefly, and not with a whole, has seldom offended by drawing a dis-
sected body, aftfcr a living form; nor by planning and dividing a living form'
into the parts of a dissected body; but has given his drawings truly from
the anatomical table; and with the truest drawing, has given, very oftenKall
the distinctness of a plan.
Now we should always remember that anatomy is to be learnt only by
dissection;
•
PREFACE.
XVI
dissection;* dissection is the first and last business of the student; and when
drawings are made for his use, the body should be laid out, as he is to
order it in dissection; the belly should be displayed, as he can display it in
his subject; an arm should be so drawn, that, when he dissects the arm of
the subject, it may fall naturally upon the table, exactly as he finds it in his
book; and still the posture of arms, and legs, and heads, should be preserved
distinct and clear: enough of the general figure should be kept to explain
the posture of parts; there should be kept up a natural correspondence
among the several drawings; and while the true anatomical drawing is deli-
* If anatomy is to be acquired in this way only, then must we understand by a school
of anatomy a school of dissection: Yet those who have had the happiness of prosecuting
their studies in foreign universities, or in the London schools, will hardly believe it; that
there is at least one place of education much celebrated, and worthy to be so, where the
study of anatomy is denied or proscribed.—Where not only it is not praiseworthy, but even
dangerous to propose dissections; where the man who may be so bold as to do his duty in that
most important study, shall be traduced in filthy pamphlets, thrust officiously, and with in-
tendons not of the purest kind, into the hands of every young man who comes to school. If
I have felt this, it has been still in silence; till I now speak of it, not formally, but by chance;
not with the mean thought of presenting myself as a persecuted man,#nor of indulging a
resentment which were lost upon such people, or upon such an occasion; but to make my
^acknowledgments to one, whose generous conduct is not unknown; who is truly interested
in the honour and reputation of that university to which he belongs; who is at once an
honour and defence to it; and whose single praise, (may I be allowed to say what touches
myself so nearly,) " shall outweigh a whole theatre of others."
vered
0
PREFACE, XVii
vered upon one plate, a plan, if it be required, should be added upon
the next.
I know but too well that few will submit to learn anatomy, as they
should do, by the dry reading of anatomical descriptions, and the tedious
comparing of these with the subject, or with their plates; and there are
very few, who have learned this useful truth, that they are to become
acquainted with parts only by being masters of the whole. One proposes to
himself to learn the bones only; another designs to attend chiefly to the
joints; a third will study the arteries only, " for the arteries are of chief use
"to the surgeon;" another delights in studying the viscera, and is sorely
disappointed if he fail to understand the brain; while anatomy absolutely is
not to be studied in parts, but is one fair and continued circle, where such
is the correspondence, and mutual connection of all the parts, that he who
would know the muscles, must first study the bones; and he who would
learn the blood-vessels, and nerves, (which are indeed the most important
to the surgeon,) must know the muscles thoroughly. It is according to the
muscles, that all the other parts are to be described; for when we trace the
course of a blood-vessel, it is by pursuing its intricate wanderings among
the muscles: it gives its first branch to one muscle, its second branch to
another; it forks into two, under the belly of a third; it goes through the
substance of a fourth muscle, or accompanies its tendon, or runs along the
edge of its fleshy belly: So that in describing a great vessel, we mark its
exit from the trunk of the body, its entrance into the arm-pit or groin, its
Part I. C course
xvJjj • PREFACE.
course down the arm or thigh; the dangers, the wounds, the operations of
each great artery or nerve, are recorded according to the parts which their
several branches supply. And besides these considerations, which cannot
but have their weight, we must not forget, that the wounds of the muscles,
the sprains of tendons, the rupture of ligaments, the collections under the
general fasciae or broad tendons of the limbs, are of themselves sufficient
and direct motives; the only ones, indeed, that need be assigned for teach-
ing the anatomy of the muscles with particular care.
Yet, labour it as we will, how poorly ought we to think of our own dili-
gence, when we find Statuaries or Painters studying the anatomy of the
human body, with a perseverance and success which may well put us to
shame! Painters merely, who having no object so important, nor so inte-
resting, as the injuries and accidents of the body, desire nothing more than
to understand its external beauty and its form.
The Greeks lived in the most delightful countries of the world; the most
beautiful people; sometimes happy, and always free. Among them the arts
grew and flourished, and were to all ranks the chief business and pleasure
of life:—for moderation and simplicity was in their dwellings, while all their
riches were reserved for shows and festivals, for adorning their native city, for
the public use. Their temples, and streets, and halls were filled with represen-
tations of a beauty, which never existed but among that happy people, or lives
now only in their works, the admiration and reproach of our laggard times.
They
PREFACE,
XL\
They saw, in their public games, the lovely forms of their youth moving in
dignity and grace: For there were.seen in mixed assembly;—in their women,
the purest models of female beauty;—in their young men, the grandest dis-
plays of the manly form; moving and in action; inspired by every noble
emulation, exulting in their strength; or advancing into the public view,
only to show the beauties of their form.----Their artists needed no helps
of anatomy; but in those delightful spectacles collected all the modes and
forms of beauty, to combine them into one high ideal form.*
The moderns have come poorly after, in this great career; copying coldly
those half-animated forms, which are seen in our schools of the arts fixed
in laborious postures, " selling their ignoble beauty for a price." Sensible
of this great defect, our artists have taken the help of anatomy to correct
this tame unmeaning form; studying with a noble perseverance, (but as
their own critics acknowledge to us,) with but poor success. They study
each muscle; they note down its direction and use; they guess at its office,
and power in certain postures of the body; and try to mark it in its just
place. The modern statuary, is like one wandering among the ruins of some
noble city, who finding the remains of a temple, traces its lines among the
ruins, and, upon this slender knowledge, tries to imagine and coldly repre-
sent to us its lost form and ancient grandeur.
* " We are taught by philosophy, the natural pre-eminence and high rank of specific
" ideas above individual forms." Harris.
It
sx PREFACE.
It was thus that Michael Angelo studied our profession: and studied it
so, that the lessons of that great master are a reproach to those who profess
anatomical knowledge. His knowledge of anatomy gave to all his works a
cast "approaching more nearly to the Etruscan stile, than to the purer
taste of the Greeks;" marking them too harshly with traits of learning.
His violent distortions and sudden shortenings of the limbs are less
pleasing to those who delight in the delicate and higher beauty; fitting
him less for representing the female form, than for giving bold and terrible
pictures of action and strength. But still he is correct and true in all that
belongs to the anatomy of the human body; and his studies are a trial of
the anatomist's skill;—for in looking upon one of these,, we find that the
knee, the ancle, the neck, the wrist, each head and projecting point of
bone, is truly marked; while the distortion of the figure, the violent
action of the limbs, the shortenings and bendings of the joints, and the
intricacy of the whole posture are difficult in the extreme; but still each
limb is true, and every individual muscle swelling in its just degree, so
as to preserve correctly the proportions and balance of the whole. Should
not we be ashamed to compare our languid endeavours with the perfect
knowledge of this great painter, the very notes of whose deeper studies
in anatomy we are unable to read?
But in our profession, though the very science might almost be defined
a knowledge of parts, industry and knowledge are but of low repute, and
the very name of diligence and mere labour, a term of reproach; while
genius
PREFACE. xxj
genius is in truth nothing but a strong desire of knowledge, and the spirit
of industry its truest mark. Let not the student of anatomy despise labour,
nor hope to acquire his knowledge by other means. In justice to his own
genius, he must take all advantage of descriptions, and drawings, and dis-
sections, and plans; feeling, no doubt, in his first difficulties the need of
every help, but striving to mount, by slow degrees, from such elementary
books, as that which I now present him with, to those noble and splendid
works, which were the beginning of correct anatomy, and will not be for-
gotten, while that branch of knowledge is respected or known. And here
may I not complain, that, in scheming these plates, I am curbed and
bound in by the economy of my plan? If, indeed, by wishing merely, the
thing could be accomplished, this word economy should never more be
heard of in alf that relates to science; but many are to study our profession
who cannot command those noble works; and every young man who is to
study an art in which the interests of society are so immediate and so
strong, should have the means of instruction put within his reach. If there
be any teacher, then, who being circumscribed in point of time, would
consent to offer his help and instructions in that form in which he could give
them, regarding more his duty than his good name, to him this motive
shall be my apology; it shall be my apology to all those who can feel with
me a sincere desire to do good and to be useful;—but not to all!—for
students have been already warned, that they must be jealous of those who
pretend to give them plates; " that some are capable of making plates for
" them, and some are not; that those who are best able to give them plates,
" either
xxJi PREFACE.
" either will not undertake the labour, or cannot find time." And so, the
half only of this delicate argument was left unpronounced, which was already
but too plain. Now, although some unfortunate publisher of Anatomical
drawings was thus left impaled upon the horn of this broken dilemma, any
implied reproach could not be aimed at me particularly, since my book was
not published; it was only advertised. This is perhaps a sort of caution,
which it might in certain circumstances be very right, or very dutiful, or
very convenient, perhaps, to give; as young men, no doubt, need some
careful person to instruct and help their judgments, especially in such ten-
der points as this. But should it ever happen, that a man of high rank and
character should be found, striving to hurt any poor endeavours of mine,
I might feel that rising within me, which it were almost a meanness to sup-
press;* and reply to him in the words of Lord Shaftsbury:" " You, Sir,
" have a character, which sets you above us far, and releases you from
" those decorums, and constraining measures of behaviour, to which we
" of an inferior sort are bound; you may liberally deal out your compli-
" ments and salutations in what language you think fit; for I shall but
" strive with myself to suppress whatever vanity might naturally arise in
" me for such a favour bestowed; for, whatever may in the bottom be in-
" tended by such treatment, it is impossible for me to term it other than a
* Hie sapit, qui te sic utitur, omnia ferre
Si potes ac debes. Juvenal.
" favour
preface. xxiii
" favour, since there are certain enmities which it will ever be esteemed an
" honour to have deserved."*
The author surely will not be accused of such want of taste, and relish
for elegant drawing or engraving, as to hold these plates out as excelling
in what is beautiful; yet, may he not hope, that they are not wanting in
what is useful? They want that size which gives splendour to a grander
* Perhaps it was some such critic as this that contrived that great anatomical drawing,
which either I should not have mentioned at all, or should have given some short account
of.—Indeed it is not easy to deliver a fair history of even the most trivial improvement,
and very seldom are we able to discover by what happy chance an idea first sprang up in
the mind of its author; but perhaps the history of this grand figure might go in the follow-
ing terms. The ingenious Mr. Cruikshanks, with the design of explaining all that he or
Dr. Hunter had injected, of the lymphatic system, in one consistent view, took a delicate
and elegant drawing of the human body, and laid his lymphatics upon it, explaining at the
same time his intention, and making his apologies for this little plan; but he could not
foresee that the idea thus first suggested was to receive, in passing through a greater
mind, a grander form.—The expedient was tried again, and the second anatomist resolv-
ing to outdo at one stroke all his rivals, and knowing of no surer way than this, had an
engraving made of a most gigantic size! An Askapart! A figure of full six feet in height;
which (bating the clumsiness of conception) has turned out to be a drawing of such singu-
lar beauty, that it will not be rivalled; and as there can be no representation of the human
body of more than six feet high, it positively cannot be excelled.—All those who under-
stand the intention and effect of engraving, or who have any idea of the bold and free man-
ner which class drawings require, must wonder even at the report of such a thing; but not
as our poet Young wonders, " for wonder is involuntary praise;" if the emotion be involun-
tary, it will most likely be of another kind,
work,
work, and of course that proportion, which gives the full idea of the human
body; they want that elegant drawing, and careful engraving, which should
do any idea justice, which is so necessary in delivering the minuter parts
with character and truth; all is wanting that belongs to the idea of a grander
work; an idea, which the author could not but feel, yet durst not indulge.
But still he hopes they may be found simple, intelligible, and plain; having
whatever belongs to a little system of plates, intended merely to accompany
a book of anatomy, and chie#y designed for those who are entering on their
studies, and but little advanced; and he trusts that he will be indulged, in
trying fairly, whether by attending to the correspondence of ideas and
representations, whether by ordering his drawings so as to suit his book,
whether by a careful combination of descriptions, drawings, and plans, he
shall not be able to deliver a system of anatomy, intelligible, or perhaps easy
for his pupils; enabling them to enter the dissecting room with confidence,
and to leave it, not without instruction; and qualifying them also for under-
standing those illustrations, which he shall continue to give, or the corrections
and remarks of other teachers:—for that student has but a mean idea of the
value of his profession, who does not seek all means of instruction; and the
teacher must have a poor conceit of his present knowledge, who does not
hope, by his own diligence, to correct himself; or to receive lessons from
others, sometimes friendly, too often in this .world tinctured with its enmi-
ties and passion; such as are not pleasant in receiving, which still it is a
duty to receive.
WHILE
PREFACE.
xxv
WHILE I have ventured to speak so fully concerning the general design
of these plates, it is very natural for me to say also a few words concerning
the mechanical labour.
I have drawn my plates with my own hand. I have engraved some of
these plates, and etched almost the whole of them: Which I mention only
to show, that they have their chance of being correct in the anatomy, and
that whatever, by my interference, they may have lost in elegance, they
have gained, I hope, in truth and accuracy.—And while I mention this, I
must not be ungrateful to Mr. Beugo, whose skill will, I hope, be shown on
some higher occasion, and whose character must not be hurt by any thing
that may be seen here; for wherever in these plates all is fair and clean, it
is owing to his care; and those blots of execution, which are not fairly
covered, have not come through his correcting hand.—Whatever he has
done alone has been hurried, allowing no time for artful or laborious engra-
ving, though still all that is here, I hope, is correct and true.
I have endeavoured, also, to keep the explanation of these plates to the
most simple and natural form; knowing, by long experience, that anato-
mical descriptions are, even to the most earnest and diligent student, very
tedious and hard to be understood. The loading of such a study as Ana-
tomy with peculiar or affected language, and with needless terms of art,
Part I. D where
xxvj PREFACE.
where too many are really needful, has a tawdry and vulgar appearance, of
which we have much reason to be ashamed; it is a barbarous jargon, to
which our ear is subdued only by long and inveterate custom: and our
continual use of this trashy language in school books, presents to the stu-
dent rhe difficult and harassing task of learning at once a new science and a
strange language.
Swift, who commends simplicity of language, and enforces his lesson
by the most beautiful examples, says, " When the water is clear you will
" easily see to the bottom;" but anatomists have stirred up their techni-
cal terms so thick, that the student has but a poor chance of seeing to the
bottom, unless we shall agree in letting this sediment quietly subside
again.
The medical student is, indeed, so accustomed to hard words, that he can
scarcely think any book accurate or complete that is without them; and
however well he may understand its descriptions, cannot believe them true.
He is not only accustomed to know the most difficult parts by the hardest
names, but to have the detail given to him in such expletives, as the Pos-
terior, Anterior, Superior, Inferior;* and often after all, this Superior
* Our science in this country has got this vile farrago, of Anterior, Superior, &c. through
bad translations of Latin and French, where such words as Sufierieure or Superior are in
their place.
Anterior
PREFACE. XXVii
Anterior portion is but one extremity forsooth, or one portion of a part,
which having other posterior extremities, or anterior portions, has to pass
still through a long declension of these curious terms, which have not, like
the terms in any other science, the property of conveying more regular and
clear ideas, nor of saving superfluous words. They stand in place of the
simple expression of upper or lower ends.—Now this clutter of hard names
confounds the ear, as well as puzzles the judgment of the student, and is
truly a disgrace to the science;—it looks as if we believed Anatomy to con-
sist in strange terms, and that we could not write in true character of Ana-
tomists, but by departing as widely as possible from the language of gentle-
men. I have ventured, instead of " setting up this rank and file of tall opaque
" words betwixt the reader's imagination and my own conceptions," to
make every description as simple as may be,—using no hard words, but the
pure names; choosing rather that my book should be plainly understood,
than admired as a piece of unintelligible profound anatomy.
FIRST BOOK.
\
OF THE BONES.
KOjYES
cur lift/for PIj.1 .
II
JaeodJPloehf,. 9e>
Pub" by AntS Finlev Philade
/tO.YES
II
Jatob JPlooher Sr
P^J>" tyAnt/wnyFinfy Philud?
BOOK FIRST.
OF THE
BONES.
PLATE I.
Vwvwv%/vvwvw
This Plate explains the Text Book, from page 35, to page 52.
w\.vwvw«/wvw
IN this Plate are represented the Adult and Foetal Sculls, that they may be
fairly compared with each other;-----and there is explained here, not the
minute anatomy of the individual parts, but the general view pnly, viz.
the Bones of w;iich the Cranium is composed;-----the Sutures by which
the several bones are joined. And, in the Foetal Scull, the form and pro-
cess of Ossification; and the interstices called Fontanelles, which are
always left membranous, during the slow ossification of the child's head.
FIGURE I.
32
OF THE BOXES.
FIGURE I.
THE ADULT SCULL.
\ The Frontal Bone, where (a) shows the serrated edge which forms the Coronal
Suture;----(£) the flatter part behind the Eye, which is plain and hollow for lodg-
ing the Temporal Muscle;----(c) is the acute angle of the bone, which is called
the External Angular Process, from its forming the outer angle or corner of the
eye;----and (d) is that prominence over the Nose, under which there is a small
cavity within the bone, called the Frontal Sinus, which the surgeon avoids in per-
forming the operation of trepan; though it is rather from the difficulty of perforating
this part that he shuns it, than from any danger in the perforation.
B The Parietal Bone. The letter B points to that great line, which running ac-
cording to the length of the bone, with a rainbow-like arch, divides the sur-
face into two equal parts, of which the upper and smooth-part (e) is covered
with the thin expanded tendon of the Occipito-Frontalis Muscle, while the
lower part (f) has its surface radiated; and these radii are the impressions of the
particular bundles of which the Temporal Muscle* consists; so that " the white
" semicircular line (B) represents the origin of the temporal muscle; and the con-
" verging lines on the surface (/*) express the manner in which the fibres of
" the muscle are gathered into a smaller compass to pass under the jugum."
Vid. P. 61.—(g) points to a small hole in the back part of this bone, which
is sometimes large, sometimes wanting; and which gives passage to a small vein
of the integuments, (going inwards to the longitudinal sinus or great vein of
the head) and also to a small artery, which accompanies the vein: (A) marks
that corner which, running down sharper and longer into the temple, is often
called
BOOK FIRST, PLATE FIRST. -,
called the Spinous Process of the Parietal Bone; and this corner is the more to
be observed, that it is under it that the great artery of the Dura Mater runs.
C The Occipital Bone, of which but a very small part is seen in this direc-
tion.
D Is the Temporal Bone, seen full and direct from one side; where (i) marks
that thin upper edge, which forms the squamous suture; (6) the deep and flat
part of the bone, on which the temporal muscle lies; (/) the Mastoid or Mamil-
lary Process, named from its resemblance to a nipple; (m) the Styloid Process,
which stands out over the back part of the throat to give origin to several mus-
cles of the throat and tongue; (n) is the Zygomatic Process, which, joining
with a similar process of the cheek bone, forms the zygoma or arch; () marks
the Ring of the Meatus Auditorius Externus, or outward ring of the ear; and
(/>) shows a small hole, which, like that of the parietal bone, transmits a vein
passing from without into the great sinus or vein within the scull, and which be-
longs sometimes to the temporal, sometimes to the occipital bone, or sometimes
is in the suture betwixt them.
E The Os Malae, or bone of the cheek, which forms the lower and fore part
of the socket for the eye, and supports the cheek; and by its prominence or
flatness gives the form of the face;----one process (jf) is seen here going up to
meet the angular process of the frontal bone, and so is named the Angular Pro-
cess of the Cheek Bone; while (r) another process, called the Zygomatic Process
of the Cheek Bone, go|s^ meet the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
forming the complete jugum, or yoke, under which the temporal muscle passes;
and from that prominent part of the cheek bone, which is marked (i), there go
two remarkable muscles, one the Masseter or Grinding Muscle, which passes from
Part I. E this
l4, OF THE BONES.
this part of the cheek bone into the angle of the lower jaw to pull it upwards:
while another, a very slender and delicate muscle, goes from the same pomt
inwards towards the angle of the mouth, and is called Zygomaticus, or Distor-
tor Oris.
F points to the small bones of the Nose, named Nasal Bones; for there are
two of them forming the root of the nose, and the left one is seen here; the
small letter (?) points to what is called the Lateral Nasal Suture, which unites it
to the upright process of the upper jaw bone.
G Points to the Upper Jaw Bone, of which scarcely any thing is seen in this
view, except the circle called the Alveolar or Socket Process, in which the teeth
are set.
H Marks the Lower Jaw Bone; and the letter is placed upon that point of the
Bone which is called the Angle, into which the Masseter Muscle is fixed;----.
(u) marks that process of the jaw which is called Coronoid or Horn-like,
which goes up under the Zygoma to receive the great temporal muscle as it
passes under the arch;—and (t>) is the Condyloid Process, or that branch of the
lower jaw bone, which is crowned with the Condyle or head, forming the joint or
hinge upon which the jaw moves; which head of the jaw bone is felt by putting
the finger before the flap of the ear.
The Sutures are,
1. The Coronal Suture, running across the head, joWing the frontal to the parietal
bones, extending from ear to ear; and going down into the Temple, where it joins
the Squamous Suture, and, like it., is scaled, (z. e.) wants the indentations of a re-
gular suture.
2. The
BOOK FIRST, PLATE FIRST. 35
2. The Lambdoidal Suture, joining the occipital to the parietal bones; striding
over the occiput, resembling the Greek letter A.—But the resemblance is a little
hurt by the accident of an Os Wormianum, or irregular bone, such as is found
more frequently in this suture than in any other; sometimes single, as in the scull
from which this was drawn; but sometimes in great numbers, and not unfrequently
of the size of a crown piece; these Ossa Wormiana may displace the Lambdoidal
Suture so, that being out of the usual direction, it may be mistaken for a fracture.
3. The Sagittal Suture, joining the parietal bones to each other; extending from
the Lambdoidal to the Coronal Suture, as an arrow lies betwixt the string and
the bow.
4. The Temporal or Squamous Suture, belonging chiefly to the temporal bone;
and called squamous or scaled, because the edges of the temporal and parietal
bones are there extremely thin, and are laid over each other like the scales of
armour. One part marked (xv) lying betwixt the occipital and parietal bones, is
named the Additamentum Suturse Squamosa?, or Supplement of the Squamous
Suture.
5. Marks a part of the Sphenoidal Suture, joining the wing of the Sphaenoid Bone,
to the temporal, frontal, and parietal bones, for, in this hollow under the zygoma,
all these bones meet by thin scaled edges, and lap over each other; so that all
the sutures in the Temple are squamous.
6. The Transverse Suture, is one which runs across the face, through the middle
of the orbits, and over the root of the nose, and the end of it appears here,
joining the angular processes of the frontal bone, and of the cheek bone.
7. The Zygomatic Suture.
FIGURE II.
36
OF THF. BONES
FIGURE II.
THE FCETAL SCULL.
EXPLAINS the FffiTAL Scull;----where we find the holes, processes, and other
marks, very imperfect: Of course a shorter and more simple explanation will
serve.
\ Is the Frontal Bone; and the letter is so placed, as to mark the central point,
where the ossification begins; the ossification being more perfect at this point, and
going in a radiated form towards all the edges of the bone, leaves the ossification
very imperfect all round the edge of the bone; and at () there is a difference
betwixt this and the Adult Scull, for here the cavity of the Frontal Sinus is
not yet formed.
B The Parietal Bone;'where also the letter marks the centre of ossification; the
radii are very plain; and the edges are seen imperfect and membranous, leaving
all the sutures imperfect. The ridge, which divides the bone, is not yet formed;
for the Temporal Muscle has not yet begun to mark the bone.
C The Occipital Bone; where the letter again in this bone, points to an ossifying
central point.
D The Temporal Bone; where many parts, marked in the Adult Scull, as the
Styloid and Mastoid processes,—the small hole,—and the marks of the Temporal
Muscle, are all wanting. And the ring (o) of the Meatus Auditorius Externus,
is
BOOK FIRST, PLATE FIRST, 37
is merely a ring? is fixed to the bone only, and not joined with it; and is here
seen covered with the smooth membrane of the Tympanum, or Drum of the
Ear.
E The Cheek Bone; which, like all the other bones, is very round, and its edges
blunt and ill defined.
F The Small Bones of the Nose.
G The Upper Jaw Bone; where, since the teeth are not yet come up, the Alveolar
or Socket Process is not formed, nor even marked.
H The Lower Jaw Bone; where alsd the Alveolar Process is wanting, and where
the branch of the jaw bone does not rise from the basis, or lower line, with a
bold and acute angle, but goes obliquely off, more horizontal, and more in the
same direction with the rest of the bone.
And lastly, the chief point to be observed, in the scull of a child, is the open-
ings of the head; for the parietal bone is so incomplete round all its edges,
that it leaves all the sutures imperfect and membranous, and leaves some open-
ings particularly large, {a a a a) mark the four corners of the greater opening
upon the top of the head; which, from the hypothesis of its serving as a drain,
is called the Fontanelle, or Fountain of Moisture. It has four angles, is formed
by four crossing sutures; the Sagittal Suture, descending quite to the nose. The
Fontanelle is covered only with a thin and delicate membrane; it is named the
Greater Anterior, or True Fontanelle, the opening of the head.
(b) Marks
^8 OF THE BONES.
(b) Marks a lesser opening, which is formed by the meeting of the Lambdoidal
and Sagittal Sutures; but, as they do not cross, there are here but three converg-
ing lines; three angles or points of bone; no perceptible opening, but the bones
rather lapping over each other. It is over this point that the hair turns in a
sort of vortex, if we may be allowed to explain it so; and though the greater
Fontanelle was thought to present in labour, this back Fontanelle is the true pre-
senting point.
(c) Marks a small Fontanelle, or membranous interstice before the ear; and
(d) Marks another small Fontanelle behind the ear, in the place of the Additamentum
Suturse Squamosae; and it is the more to be remarked, as it is through this
little Fontanelle, that the accoucheur opefls the head in the rare coincidence of
preternatural posture of the child, and deformed Pelvis; where after delivering the
body, it is impossible to get the head out: and he prefers this opening, and shuns
the back Fontanelle, lest, in piercing there, he should cut the ligament of the
neck, and so lose his hold of the head.
r
PLATE II.
/J (LYES
pl i:
IV
fuUahtd by Anthmv FinJUy fhUadilphi.
BOOK FIRST, PLATE SECOND.
39
PLATE II.
VWVWVWVWVW
This Plate explains the Text Book, from page 52, to page 65.
w\»wwwwww
EXPLAINS the individual bones of the Cranium, the Frontal, Pari-
etal, and Occipital Bones.
F I G U R E S I. and II.
EXPLAIN the Os Frontis, or bone of the forehead. The nujttbers apply equally
to either figure; and every number wanting in the first figure, must be sought
for in the second.
1. The Superciliary Ridges, on which the eye brows are placed, and which form
the frontal sinuses. The skin is very firmly attached to the bone, all along this
ridge; and the Frontal Muscles arise here. The many small dots, which are seen
all along this ridge, are the marks of many little arteries, entering here to nourish
the bone.
2. Points to that hole which is called the Superciliary Hole, for it permits the
small Superciliary Artery and Nerve to come out from the socket of the eye to
tura
. (y) Marks the place where the Os Unguis should be seen; but it is pulled away
to show the numerous cells of the (Ethmoid Bone. These cells are divided into
two sets, one set attached to the Orbitary Plate, or flat square side of the (Eth-
moid Bone, the other set to the Spongy Bone.
6. (j1*) Figure IV. shows that set of the cells, which more particularly belongs to the
Spongy Bone, and (A) Figure III. shows the cells opened from, above, to give
a view of those, which more particularly belong to the Orbitary Plate.
Whatever farther is necessary to the demonstration of the (Ethmoid Bone, is to be
found in Plates V. and VI. where the cells are particularly well explained.
F I G U R E S V. and VI.
rliXPLAIN the Sphenoid, Pteregoid, or Wedge-like Bone; it is named Pteregoid
from its resemblance to a bat, and is so presented here, as to suggest the likeness.
Part I. G Figure
50 OF THE BONES.
Figure V. shows the back view of the bone, viz. that which is turned towards the
scull;__Figure VI. shows the front view, viz. that which is connected with the
bones of the face.
Its Processes are,
1. The Alae, or wings, commonly named the Temporal Processes, for they lie in the
Temples; the Temporal Muscles lie upon them, and their upper edge is squamous
like the edge of the Temporal bone, and forms part of the Squamous Suture.
2. Marks that smooth surface of this Temporal Process, which, being turned to-
wards the eye, enters into the Orbit, and so is named the Orbitary Process of the
Sphoenoid Bone.
3. The small and sharp Spinous Process.
4. The hook-like point of the Spinous Process, which is often named the Styloid
Process.
5. The External Pteregoid Processes; which are two flat and broad plates.
6. The two internal Pteregoid Processes; which stand off a little higher, and more
direct from the body of the bone; they are smaller; and terminate in a little
hook. The Pteregoid Muscles, which go to the lower jaw, arise from the processes
themselves; and the Tensor Palati Muscle turns round this little hook.
7. The Azygous, or single Process; which is single, because it stands out from the
middle of the bone. It forms part of the partition for the Nose, and is thence named
Nasal Process.
8. The
BOOK FIRST, PLATE THIRD. :, -
8. The two Anterior Clynoid Processes.
9. The two Posterior Clynoid Processes.
10. The space bounded by these four Clynoid Processes; which, from resembling
a Turkish saddle, is named Sella Turcica.
11. The two little wings of Ingrasias, called the Transverse Spinous Processes.
The cells, which occupy the body of this bone, lying under the Sella Turcica, arc
to be seen at (,§•) Figure VI. and again in Plate VI.
The Holes proceed next in order, and are marked also with a suit of numbers, that
the demonstration may be continued and entire. .
1. (a) The two Optic Holes, transmitting the Optic Nerves; which are the second
pair of the scull; for the first pair, viz. the Olfactory Nerves, pass through the
(Ethmoid Bone.
2. (6) The Foramen Lacerum; or wide hole, which permits the third, the fourth,
the first branch of the fifth, and the sixth pairs of Nerves to pass; for all these are
smaller nerves, destined for the Muscles of the Eye, and enter thus at the bottom
of the socket, while the second pair is the proper Optic Nerve.
3. (c) The Foramen Rotundum; it transmits the second branch of the fifth pair
which goes to the upper Jaw.
4. (d) Is
52 OF THE BONES.
4. (d) Is the Foramen Ovale, (larger than the Foramen Rotundum) which transmits
the third branch of the fifth pair, going to the lower jaw.
5. (e) The Spinous Hole, the Foramen Spinale, which is a small hole in the very point
or tip of the Spinous Process. It is not for the transmission of a nerve; but for the
entrance of that small artery which belongs to the Dura Mater, and which goes
along the inner surface of the Parietal Bone, marking it with its furrow. A bristle
is passed through this hole in one side, to show the course of the artery.
6. The sixth Hole. The Pteregoidean, or Vidian Hole, is not to be seen in this
view; but is to be seen in the next Plate, IV. where it is marked with its proper
number, 6.
(jf) Represents the rough surface where the cuneiform or wedge-like part of this Sphoe-
noid Bone has been broken off from the wedge-like process of the Occipital Bone.
(g) Marks the Cells of the Sphoenoid Bone, which are occasionally very large, as
in this Bone; and which make all the bone hollow under the Cella Turcica.
(li) Shows where the Palate Bone had adhered to the Sphcenoid;—and the Palate
Bone, being torn away, has broken, and left some of its small cells sticking
here to the Sphoenoid Bone.
Ar. B. The Cells of the Palate Bone are explained in the next plate.
This Bone is connected;----at (i) Figure VI. with the (Ethmoid Bone before;—at
(/) Figure V. with the Os Occipitis behind; at (1.) with the Temporal Bones in
the Temples. The Spinous Process (3.) is locked in betwixt the Temporal and
Occipital
BOOK FIRST, PLATE THIRD. 53
Occipital Bones;—and the Pteregoid Processes (5.) are joined to the Palate
Bone, and form the back of the Nostrils. Vide next plate, where the Pteregoid
Processes are seen in their place.
FIGURES VII. and VIII.
THE VII. and VIII. figures of this plate explain the Upper Jaw Bone; Figure
VIII. showing its Internal Surface, viz. that next to the nose, with the wide
opening of the Antrum, or Great Cavity of the Jaw. Figure VII. showing the
outside of the Bone, explaining the outside walls of the Antrum, or Great Cavity:
so that, by comparing the two sides of the bone, one can easily understand the great
extent of the Antrum, or Cavity; and how pulling a tooth will open the way
for matter flowing out from it.
1. The Nasal Process which rises up on each side to form the sides of the
nose. The Arch forms the sides of the nose; and the rough pointed ending of
this Nasal Process is connected with the Os Frontis.
2. Is the Orbitary Plate, or that plate which forms the floor of the eye, and
the roof of the Antrum, or Cavity.
3. The Malar Process, or that broad rough surface upon which the Cheek
Bone rests.
4. The
*
yiy OF THE BONES.
4. The Alveolar Process, or that projecting semicircle, which holds the teeth;
thence named Alveolar, or Socket Process.
5. The Palate Plate, or Process, of which we see the rough edge only, viz. that
edge by which the Middle Palate Suture, the suture in the roof of the mouth,
is formed.
N. B. The Palate Plate is seen full in Plates IV., V. and VI.
6. The Antrum Maxillare, or Higmorianum. This great cavity appears with a
very wide opening here in the naked bone; but this opening is covered in the
entire scull, both by the lower spongy bone, and by the nasal plate of the palate
bone. This nasal plate of the palate bone is left in this drawing covering a part of
the Antrum; the rest of this opening is naturally covered by a membrane, which
leaves but one small hole.
The Nasal Plate of the Palate Bone which is left sticking upon the Antrum is
marked (a).
(6) Marks the only Hole of the Upper Jaw Bone. It is named the Infra-Orbi-
tary Hole. A chief nerve of the face comes out here, named (with its hole)
the Infra-Orbitary Nerve.
The proper Infra-Orbitary Hole is marked (b); and the Canal by which the nerve
comes down is marked (c): at this place the nerve lies under the eye, upon the
floor of the orbit,—making a very large groove and hole upon this Orbitary
Plate of the Upper Jaw Bone; for arteries running along bones do not make deeper
grooves than the nerves do,
N. ^This
BOOK FIRST, PLATE THIRD. 55
N. B. This Infra-Orbitary Nerve is a chief branch dl the Superior iMaxillary
Nerve.
() Marks the Foramen Incisivujh; so named from its being just above the Incisores
or cutting teeth. It is also named Anterior Palatine Hole; it is complete only when
the two jaw bones are joined, as in Plate IV. Fig. III. at (/) which marks this an-
terior Palatine hole.
(e) Marks the course of the Lachrymal Duct, or tube which conveys the tears, which,
after having passed through the Os Unguis, makes this groove in the Nasal
Process of the upper jaw bone, and ends or opens into the Nose just where
this duct ends.
m
PLATE
/
UOXES
1>L l\
1 111 2
I
4H
VIII
Jabcob.J.PlccKtr-. Sc.
PubUttud by Anthony Fiitiey Philadelphia
BOOK FIRST, PLATE FOURTH
PLATE IV.
WVVIWVWVWVW
This Plate explains the Text Book, from page 85, to page 104.
) the two Lower Spongy Bones, which are independent bones hurig
by a hook upon the side of the Antrum Highmorianum, and consequently hanging
very low in the nostril.
FIGURES IV., V. and VI.
EXPLAIN the Palate Bones; where Figures IV. and V. show the two Palate
Bones separated from each other, and from the other bones. Figure VI. shows the
two Palate Bones joined. On these drawings, the same figures still mark the same
points,—the numbers marking Processes, and the letters running under them
marking as usual the lesser parts.
1. Shows
BOOK FIRST, PLATE FOURTH. 51)
i. Shows the Palate Plate, or Process of the Palate Bones; and in Figure VI. the
palate plates are joined, so as to form the back part of the middle palate suture:
(jf) is the broad rough surface by which the two palate bones are opposed to each
other, and which forms the Middle Palate Suture: (r) is the middle point, from
which the Uvula, Pap, or Gurgulion hangs down.
2. Is the Pteregoid Process of the palate bones, having a little hollow into which
the Pteregoid Processes of the Sphoenoid Bone are received.
3. Is the Nasal Plates, which lie within the nostrils; and which, by lying flat upon
the sides of the Antrum Highmorianum, close it in part.
4. Is the Orbitary Processes; for the Nasal Process lies up along all the side of the
nostril, and ends in a broader knob, which enters into the socket of the eye at its
deepest part, and is there named Orbitary Process.
5. Marks the Cell or Cells of the Palate Bone, which are in its Orbitary Process, and
which are joined to those of the Sphoenoid bone.
FIGURES VII. and VIII.
THE two Spongy Bones.
Figure VII. Explains the rolled and spongy appearance of the spongy bone. It repre-
sents that surface which is turned outwards, i. e. towards the septum of the nose.
Figure VIII. shows that flatter side which is turned towards the Antrum Highmo-
rianum, and closes it; and the letter (s) marks the small point, or hook-like pro-
cess, by which this lower spongy bone is hung upon the edge of the opening into
the Antrum Highmorianum. (t) is the fore end of the spongy bone, which is turn-
ed forwards in the nose, covering the lower end of the nasal duct; so that in
seeking to clear the duct with a probe, we must pass it under this point, (u) is
the other end of the spongy bone, which is turned backwards in the nostrils.
The
60 OF THE BONES.
The position of the spongy bone in the nostrils is well explained in Figure III.
and the fore part of the same spongy bone is seen in Plate VI. Figure II.
FIGURE IX.
Represents the vomer.
1. The Groove, in its upper part, by which it sits astride upon the Azygous Pro-
cesses of the (Ethmoid and Sphoenoid Bones.
2. Its Lower Groove by which it sits down upon the rising point of the Maxillary and
palate bones: and (r) Figure VI. shows how it stands upon the palate bones.
The letter (u) Figure VI. shows the Great Groove turned upwards to be fixed to
the Azygous Processes of the (Ethmoid and Sphoenoid bones, and the letter (n)
Figure III. shows the Vomer in its right place in the nose, dividing the nostrils.
3. The Ragged Grooved Surface, which looks forwards and receives the plate of
cartilage, which completes the artition betwixt the nostrils.
FIGURE X.
Represents the Cheek bone.
1. Shows the Upper Orbitary Process.
2. Marks the Inferior or Lower Orbitary Process.
3. The Maxillary Process.
4. The Zygomatic Process; and
5. Marks the plate which forms the lower and fore part of the socket for the
eye, and so is named the Internal Orbitary Process.
FIGURES
GOOK FIRST, PLATE FOURTH. tfl
FIGURES XL and XII.
EXPLAIN the lower jaw bone, in two views; but every Figure applies to each
bone, flti the Figures proceed in the order of the Text Book.
1. The Chin; the lines comprehend the Chin in their course, and they terminate so as
to mark the small Mental Holes on both sides of the Chin, where the nerves, after
having furnished the teeth, come out upon the face.
2. Marks the line of the Base of the Jaw, extending from the Chin to the Angle.
3. Marks the Angle of the Jaw, which is irregular and knotty, by the insertion of the
great Masseter Muscle.
4. The Coronoid Processes of the jaw.
5. The Condoloid or Articulating Processes; (z/) the great hole which receives the
lower Maxillary Nerve. We see here likewise the deep and wide groove that leads
to the nerve; and another deep, but smaller groove, which shows where the nerve
which belongs to the tongue, departs from the great nerve, and runs along the
inner side of the jaw bone betwixt it and the tongue.
6. Is the Alveolar or Socket Process, with the" teeth in it.
PLATE
HOXKS.
Oia/t'rt^for TV,. /
J Be// ri,l
Pub* by Anlhnny PinUv I'hjlad
Jn*,d s r/„r,,,r Sc
1851
HI LYES
EL . I
Jacob ./ Plocher. Srpt
Pub * bv Anthvnyfinlcy Philnd
BOOK FIRST, PLATE FIFTH
PLATE V.
VWWVVWVWVW
This Plate explains the Text Book, in all the Chapters upon the Scull.
VWVWWVVWVW
IS a general view of the Cranium,----explaining and connecting the de-
monstrations of the individual parts.
FIGURE I.
IN this view, where the Cranium or Scull Cap is cut off, and the basis seen from
within, the thing that first strikes the eye is,—the formal and regular division of
the Cranium into three hollows (1. 2. 3.); and each of these is like a stage Qr
deck, one lower than the other.
(1.) Is the fore part of the basis of the Scull, the shallowest and most superficial hol-
low. It is formed chiefly by the Frontal, (Ethmoidal and Sphoenoidal Bones. It is
marked with undulating lines, corresponding with the intestine-like convolutions of
the brain. .This division supports the Fore Lobes of the brain, and gives pas-
sage to the Olfactory and Optic Nerves.
(2.) Is a large hollow, cup-like, deeper than the first;----dying under the temple;
formed chiefly by the wings of the Temporal and Sphoenoidal, and by the corners of
the Frontal and Parietal Bones. This holds the Middle Lobes of the brain, contains
the Petrous part of the Temporal Bone;—gives out all the smaller Nerves be-
longing
04 OF THE BONES
longing to the Eye, and all the great nerves belonging to the Upper and Lower
Jaws; it gives also the Auditory Nerves, which enter here into the Petrous Por-
tion of the Temporal Bone.
(3.) Is a stage lower still, being the deepest hollow of the three; is formed chiefly by
the cup of the Occipital Bone, and by a small part of the Temporal Bones;—and as
the Cerebellum supports the back lobes of the brain, this hollow may represent
the back lobes, or the third division of the brain;—so this last hollow contains
the Cerebellum; gives out the Lingual Nerves, which pass through a hole of the
Os Occipitis; and sends out the Spinal Marrow through the Foramen Magnum, or
Great Hole.
FIRST DIVISION.
In the first division are seen the parts and holes of the Frontal, (Ethmoidal, and
Sphcenoidal Bones.
Frontal Bone.
(a) Marks the Cancelli, or Diploe of the Frontal Bone so cut as to make the Cancelli
appear very wide; but that proceeds from having cut the scull very low, which
has taken off the outer layer of the Orbitary Process. (£) Marks the regular or
proper Frontal Sinuses, which are thus understood to be like enlarged cells of the
Diploe; while (c) shows a part of the cells going down into the Orbitary Plates:
for the sinuses sometimes extend thus all over the eye, as in this scull; and the letter
(c), while it points to this extension of the Frontal Sinus, is so placed as to mark
the undulating forms, which the lobes of the brain give to this thin Orbitary
plate of the Frontal Bone.
(Ethmoidal
BOOK FIRST, PLATE FIFTH
t>.->
(Ethmoidal Bone.
There is incased betwixt (c c) the Orbitary Plates of the Frontal Bone, the Cri-
briform plate of the (Ethmoidal Bone;—where (d) marks the Cribriform Plate
with its numerous small holes for transmitting the Olfactory Nerves, (e) Marks
the Crista Galli, whence the falx begins. (/) Points to that hole which is called
the Blind Hole, which is as small as a pin's point, and which belongs in common to
the (Ethmoidal and Frontal Bones.
N. B. The small crack to which the lines running downwards from (d) point, and
which indicates the Suture surrounding the (Ethmoidal Bone and named (Eth-
moidal Suture, can hardly be mistaken.
Sphenoidal Bone.
The Sphoenoid Bone is known here by its two processes named Transverse Spi-
nous, or Little Wings of Ingrasias marked (,§•); the lines from the letter (,§•)
point to the Sphoenoidal Suture, which separates this Bone from the Frontal and
(Ethmoid Bones, (h h) Mark the two Anterior Clinoid Processes, (i) Marks
the Posterior Clinoid Process; for it is rather one Process terminating in two little
horns or knobs, (i) Is set down in the Sella Turcica in the very centre of the Cli-
noid Processes where the Pituitary Gland is lodged. (/ /) Mark the two Optic
Holes, which are scarcely seen, for they lie under the two Anterior Clinoid pro-
cesses, so as to be almost hidden by them:----The two lines going from the letter,
(w) mark the two wide grooves, which are formed by the Carotid Arteries as they
rise by the sides of the Sella Turcica; and the letter (m) itself sits upon a large
groove made by the Optic Nerves, where they enter into the Optic Holes.
Part I. I SECOND
66
OF THE BONES.
SECOND DIVISION.
This division shows points of the Sphoenoid also, but chiefly of the Temporal Bone,
and of the Corner of the Parietal Bone.
Sphenoid Bone.
(n) Shows the Foramen Lacerum under the Wing of Ingrasias, by which all the
smaller nerves enter into the socket for furnishing the eye-ball, (o) Shows behind
that, the Fpramen Rotundum for the nerve of the upper jaw: (/>) The Foramen
Ovale for the nerve of the lower jaw:—and (q) shows the Spinous Hole, which is
large here that it may be seen, (for naturally it is extremely small,) and the Groove
formed by the great artery of the Dura Mater as it enters by this spinous hole, is
also seen here (r) marked very hard and strong.
Parietal Bone.
It is upon the corner of the Parietal Bone, that this groove (r) is formed by the artery
of the Dura Mater.
Temporal Bone.
The point of the Petrous Portion of the Temporal Bone is seen here projecting into
the basis or floor of the cranium. The point of the triangular Petrous Portion is
marked (s); and the Internal Auditory Hole, by which the auditory nerve or 7th
nerve enters into the ear, is marked (?).
THIRD DIVISION.
In this third division nothing almost but the Occipital Bone is seen; and its parts are
these—(u u) The two great hollows in which the lobes of the cerebellum lie_____
(y) is
I
•
BOOK FIRST, PLATE FIFTH gy
(v) is the Ridge betwixt these two hollows, which rises very high, is called the
Internal Spine of the Occipital Bone, and has a small falx (somewhat like the
larger one) attached to it. (w) Marks the Foramen Lacerum, or wide irregular
hole betwixt the Temporal and Occipital Bones, through which the Lateral Sinus
passes to go down into the neck, where it forms the Great Internal Jugular Vein.
And the 8th pair of nerves, or Par Vagum, accompanies the vein through this hole.
(x) Stands upon the very middle of the Cuneiform or Wedge-like Process of the
Occipital and Sphoenoidal Bones; for the two bones meet here, without any deter-
mined or regular limits for either.—And (y) stands in the centre of the Foramen
Magnum, by which the Spinal Marrow goes down into the canal of the Spine. ,
FIGURE II.
XHIS drawing explains the Basis of the Scull, as it is turned towards the neck and
throat. But this surface is so rough, irregular, and confused, that it will not bear
that fair arrangement and complete enumeration of processes which the first figure
bears. The surfaces chiefly to be observed, and which may serve in some degree to
arrange the subject, are 1st, The Jaw and Palate Bones. 2d, The Root, of the
Temporal Bones. 3d, The Lower Part of the Occipital Bones.
1. About the Palate we observe,
(a) The Alveolar Process of the upper Jaw Bone, robbed of many of its teeth; (b)
the Palate Plate of the Upper Jaw Bone, forming a chief part of the roof of the
mouth; (c) the Palate Plate of the proper Palate Bone, which forms nearly one
third of the Palate; (d) the Transverse Palate Suture, which runs across the Palate,
joining the Palate Bone to the Palate Process of the Jaw Bone; (e) The Middle or
Longitudinal Palate Suture, which joins the bones of the opposite sides; (f) the
Foramen Incisivum, or Anterior Palatine Hole, lying just behind the first cutting
teeth, and common to both bones; (g) the posterior Palatine Hole, which permits
the
58 OF THE BONES.
the Palatine Nerve and Artery, to come down from the back of the nostrils to
the Palate.
The backs of the nostrils are formed by the rising plates of the proper Palate Bones, and
by the Pteregoid Processes. At the back of the nostrils, we see, (h) the Vomer,
so named from its resemblance to a plough-share, and standing exactly in the middle,
for it is the partition of the nose; (i) the Outer Pteregoid Process, forming the
back of the nostrils; (i) the Hook of the Inner Pteregoid Process, upon which the
tendon of the Tensor Palati Muscle turns: and a small tip of the Palate Bones,
which is at this point covered by these Pteregoid Processes of the Sphoenoid Bone,
is named, the Pteregoid Process of the Palate Bone. And (/) marks the appearance
outwardly of the Wedge-like Processes of the Occipital and Sphoenoidal Bones.
2. About the roots of the Temporal Bones we have,
(m) the Root of the Zygomatic Process, where the Condyle of the lower Jaw plays;
and (n) the Ridge just before the Condyle, upon the top of which the Condyle stands,
in a dangerous situation, almost out of the socket when the jaws are opened wide;
and which it slips over, getting into the hollow for the Temporal Muscle, when
the lower jaw is dislocated, (o) Is the Mamillary, and (p) the Styloid Process, of
the Temporal Bone, (q) Is the Oval Hole of the Sphoenoid Bone, for transmitting
the great nerve of the lower jaw. (r) Is the Spinous Hole of the Sphoenoid Bone,
for admitting the artery of the Dura Mater. (s) Is the hole near the point of the
Temporal Bone for the Carotid Artery, (t 11) The Crucial Ridges of the Os Occi-
pitis.—(«) The Posterior Tuber, or the Acute and Prominent Point of the Occipital
Bone.—(x) The Additamentum Suturse Lambdoidalis, which joins the back corner
of the Temporal to the Occipital Bone.
The Zygoma, as formed by the Zygomatic Processes of the Temporal Bone, and of
the Cheek Bone, is marked (y); and the hollow under the Zygoma for lodging the
Temporal Muscle and the branch of the lower jaw to which that muscle is attach-
ed, is marked (z); and is seen in this view on both sides full and large.
SUPPLEMENTARY
BOOK FIRST, PLATE FD?TH
69
SUPPLEMENTARY EXPLANATION TO PLATE V. OF THE BONES.
HAVING, in doing the outline to this plate, found it possible to mark the
points more correctly, I have added the following explanation in this sup-
plementary page; and that they may unite easily with the first explanation,
I repeat the essential points.
In the Upper Scull there are,
1. The Optic hole (/).
2. On each side of the letter (m), there is the likeness of a second Optic hole, but it,
is merely the impression which the last turn of the Carotid Artery makes.
3. (n) Is the Foramen Lacerum.
4. (o) Is the Foramen Rotundum.
5. (p) Is the Foramen Ovale.
6. (q) Is the Spinous Hole.
7. (z) Marks the round Hole by which the Carotid Artery enters the scull, after wind-
ing through a crooked canal in the Temporal Bone, about an inch in length.
8. The figure (8.) points to a great breach in the rocky part of the Temporal bone;
this breach is occasioned by the falling away of the Cartilaginous part of the Eusta-
chian Tube. Therefore this wide breach is found in every Church-yard scull; and
the hole for the Carotid Artery marked (z), opens where this breach ends.
9. It is observed of the great hole marked (xv), for the passage of the Jugular Vein,
that it is large and irregular; that it is almost divided into two openings, by a small
projecting point; the line extending from the letter (w), touches exactly this small
point.
70 °F THE BONES.
point. The eighth pair of nerves passes in the smaller opening before the point,
' the Jugular Vein passes in the greater opening behind it; a small bridle of the Dura
Mater goes across from this point, and makes the two holes distinct in the fresh
scull, and defends the eighth pair of nerves from the pressure of the Jugular Vein,
when, (as often happens) it is turgid with blood.
10. The number (10.) marks the hole under the Condyle by which the ninth pair of
nerves, the Lingual Nerve, goes out.
In Figure II. the chief points are these,
(f) Marks the Anterior Palatine Hole.
(g) Marks the Posterior Palatine Hole.
(ft) The Vomer, or bone forming the partition of the nose.
(i) The outer Pteregoid Process.
(k) The Inner Pteregoid Process.
(/) The Cuneiform Process of the Occipital Bone.
(1.) Marks the Foramen Lacerum, not that which is marked (n) in figure i. but ano-
ther Foramen Lacerum belonging also to the orbit, not for the transmission of
nerves, but for the lodging of fat.
(q) Marks the Foramen Ovale.
(r) The Spinous Hole.
(2.) Is that great breach which is left by the fading of the Cartilaginous end of the
Eustachian Tube.
(s) Is the hole for the passage of the Carotid Artery, which as on the inside of the scull
opens immediately behind the breach.
(3.) Marks the great Thimble-like hole, by which the Lateral Sinus comes out from
the Scull, to form the great Jugular Vein.
(4.) Is a hole seated behind the Condyle, the hole marked (10.) in figure i. is before
the Condyle, and gives passage to the nilyth or Lingual pair of nerves; this smaller
hole is behind the Condyle, and gives passage to a small vein of the neck.
PLATE
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Out//ttr Lor PL.M.
J Bill del
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Pit bluhed. InAmheny. finUy.Philadelphia
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Pub? by.Anthony.FmlevP'"1"'1'■
BOOK FIRST, PLATE SIXTH.
71
PLATE VI.
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This Plate explains the Text Book, in all the Chapters ufton the SculL
wwwwvwww
GIVES 1st, a general view of the Cranium, the reverse of the first plate;
and 2d, a vertical section of the Cranium, which shows the relation and
bearing of many important parts,—explains particularly the great train of
sinuses or cells, which make all the basis of the Cranium hollow,—ex-
plains also the spongy bones,—the Antrum Highmorianum,—the Nasal
or Lachrymal Duct,—and the Mouth of the Eustachian Tube, which is
seen here stuffed out, and dried, to make its opening immediately behind
the nostrils at the back of the palate more distinct.
FIGURE I.
OUTSIDE OF THE SCULL.*
A. TtlE Os Frontis; where (a) marks the bump of the Frontal Sinus; (b) The
Superciliary Ridge, dotted with marks of its Nutritious Arteries; (c) The Super-
ciliary Notch, and hole which the Frontal Nerve and Artery make.
B. The
* Let the reader remember that there cannot be a perfect correspondence of figures through
all the plates; that no more could be attempted in the anatomy of the Bones, (a subject so
irregular
r2 OF THE BONES.
B. The Parietal Bone, and the letter is so placed as to mark that semicircular ridge
where the Temporal Muscle arises.
C. Marks the Temporal Bone. Where (d) marks the Meatus Auditorius; (e) the
Mastoid Process; (/) the Zygoma; and (g) a Double Squamous Suture, as in the
scull from which this was drawn.
D. Marks the Cheek bone where all its connections are seen; (ft) with the Temporal
Bone; (i) with the Frontal Bone; (k) with the Upper Jaw Bone.
E. Marks the Wing of the Sphoenoid Bone, where it lies in the Squamous Suture; and
the four corners of bone forming the Squamous Suture, are (/) the corner of the
Sphoenoid; (m) the corner of the Parietal; (n) the corner of the Temporal; and (o)
the Corner of the Frontal Bone.
F. Marks the Small Bone of the Nose, where the middle Nasal Suture is seen.
G. Points to the Upper Jaw Bone. The letter is placed upon the Alveolar or Socket
Processes; and the small letter (p) marks the Infra Orbitary Hole.
H. Marks the Lower Jaw Bone, this letter touching the point of the chin; while the
small letter (q) marks the line of the basis of the lower jaw; (r) the mark of the
Masseter Muscle, the point into which it is inserted; (s) the Mental Hole by which
a twig of the lower Maxillary Nerve comes out upon the face, just as the twig
of the upper Maxillary Nerve comes out upon the face by the Infra Orbitary
Hole at (p).
In the Orbit, (t) marks the holes, which being within the orbit, (for arteries and nerves
passing down into the nostril,) are called Internal Orbitary Holes, to distinguish
them from the Supra Orbitary and Infra Orbitary Holes. Of these internal Orbitary
irregular) than just to make each plate systematic and orderly in itself, without reference to
any other plate. And so in each plate the great letters point to the general Bone, and the
lesser alphabet marks and arranges the indiTidual parts.
Holes,
BOOK FIRST, PLATE SIXTH. -3
Holes, one is named the Anterior, the other is named the Posterior, Orbitar)
Hole. So that in this drawing, there are seen all the holes around the Orbit, viz. (r)
the Supra Orbitary Hole, or Superciliary Hole; (p) the Infra Orbitary Hole;
and (t) the internal Orbitary Hole. In the Orbit is seen (u) the Transverse Suture
on the right side pure; on the left side also it is seen, but appears very irregular, as
it really is, for it joins together a great many irregular bones.
»
Within the orbit some other parts are also seen here, which are not so well explained in
any other plate.—The whole constitution of the orbit is seen;—(1.) Marks the Os
Unguis in its plain part, where the eye rolls upon it.—(2.) Marks the Groove of the
Os Unguis, where the nasal duct lies; (3.) the Os Planum, which is in fact the plain
side of the (Ethmoid bone as seen Plate III. Fig. III. at (e). (4.) Is the Orbitary
Process of the Upper Jaw Bone. (5.) Is the Orbitary Process of the Sphoenoid
Bone, which is exactly opposite to its Temporal Ala or wing (E.) (6.) Is the Orbi-
tary Plate of the Frontal Bone, which forms far the greater part of the Orbit; and
(7.) at the bottom of the Orbit is the Optic hole.
In the Nose, the letter (v) denotes the Vomer, the bone which forms the partition of
the Nose.
FIGURE II.
THE VERTICAL SECTION OF THE SCULL.
A Is the Frontal Bone; where (a) marks the Coronal Suture seen from within like
a mere crack, and not serrated or zig-zag, as on the outer surface of the scull;
(b) marks the small projecting Spine, to which the falx is attached, and which
projects sometimes half an inch, making it impossible to trepan safely at this point;
(c) the Orbitary Process, or plate, which lies over the eye; (d) the Bump mark-
Part I. K ing
r4< OF THE BONES.
ing the Frontal Sinus or cavity. (1.) The cavity or sinus itself, with a cross bar in
it, as there commonly is.
B The Inner Surface of the Parietal Bone; with the Artery of the Dura Mater, or
rather its impression or furrow seen.
C The Inner Surface of the Occipital Bone; where (e) marks the Winding Groove
of the Lateral Sinus; (/) that Groove ending in the thimble-like cavity, and the
thimble-like cavity ending in its turn in the Foramen Lacerum, by which the sinus
gets out; and there passes along with it through this wide slit, the Par Vagum, or
eighth pair of nerves, (g) Marks the thickness of the bone, at the place of the
Crucial Ridge; (/?) its thinness, where it is loaded and pressed by the lobes of the
brain, (i) Shows the section of the Foramen Magnum, (k) Marks the Cuneiform
Processes of the Occipital and Sphoenoidal Bones.*
D Marks the Temporal Bone, where (/) points out the Foramen Auditorium Inter-
num, where the Auditory Nerve enters; and (nv) marks the Styloid Process.
G Marks the Upper Jaw Bone, where it forms the Palate.
H Marks the Lower Jaw Bone, where (n) is the section, showing the Cancelli of the
Lower Jaw; (6) is the angle; and here upon the internal surface of the angle, the
Pteregoid Muscle is implanted; (p) the hole by which the proper nerve of the
Lower Jaw, the inferior Maxillary Nerve, gets into the heart of the bone; and
there going round, accompanied with an artery, a branch of each is given off to
every tooth; and what remains of the Nerve and Artery after this, comes out
by the Mental hole upon the chin.
The curious parts seen in this section are;—The Cells, Spongy Bones, and the
Eustachian Tube.
* There are two Foramina Lacera or wide holes, one belonging to the Sphoenoid Bone,
in the bottom of the socket for the eye; and this one betwixt the Temporal and Occipital
Bones, in the basis of the Scull over the neck or implantation of the vertebrae.
The
BOOK FntST, PLATE SIXTH 75
The Cells are marked (1, 2, 3;) for (1.) Marks the beginning of this long train of
cells, being the cells of the Frontal Bone, commonly called the Frontal Sinuses,
communicating with each other, and with the nose. (2, 2, 2,) Mark the Cells
of the (Ethmoid Bone lying under the Cribriform Plate, and seen here by the cut-
ting away of the Os Planum. (3.) Marks the Great Sinus of the Sphoenoid Bone.
It was pretty large in this scull, and is known to belong to the Sphoenoid Bone, b\
the Sella Turcica and Clynoid Processes, which are seen in profile above it.
(q) Marks^he back part of the Septum Nasi left; and looking past that, into the nostril,
the Spoig^ Bones are seen; (r) the Upper Spongy Bone is already described as a
mere process of the (Ethmoid Bone, hanging thus downwards into the top of the
nostril: (s) the Lower Spongy Bone, is an independent separate bone; small, as is
expressed Plate IV., and hooked upon the edge of the Antrum Maxillare at this
part; the opening of the Antrum is here marked (s).
The Lachrymal Duct ^s marked by the probe, (t)»passed upwards from the nostril,
and it is seen, by the direction of this probe, that the duct opens into the nose,
just under the point of the Lower Spongy Bone.
The Eustachian Tube is a large internal passage to the ear; which opens at (u) just be-
hind the back part of the Palate, and at the back opening of the nostril: here it is
well expressed, the drawing being taken from a scull which had the cartilaginous
opening of the tube stuffed out and dried.
PLATE
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BOOK FIRST, PLATE SEVENTH
PLATE VII.
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This Plate explains the Text Book, from page 105, to page 129.
'VWW\'W\,WVW\
EXPLAINS the Vertebra, with all their processes and parts; and as the
same parts return in each Vertebra, the several Vertebrae ought to be
explained rather by ranks and orders, than as individual BoneS.
FIRST ROW.
The first row, consisting of Figures I, II, and III, is drawn for the purpose of con-
trasting the three classes of Vertebrae, viz. the Vertebra? of the Back, of the Neck,
and of the Loins.
FIGURE I.
REPRESENTS a Vertebra of the Loins; and the peculiarities of the Lumbar Ver-
tebra? are these. •
(1.) The body is large and broad, thick, spongy and loose in its texture, and tipped
with a ring, (a) of harder bone.
(2.) The Articulating Processes, or, as they are called, the Oblique Processes, are large,
for they have to bear much force; they stand directly upwards and downwards; the
four
78 OF THE BONES.
four Articulating Processes, (the two upper, as well as the two lower,) are
marked 2, 2.
(3.) The Spinous Process, is short, flat, very broad, and stands horizontally and directly
out, so as not to embarrass the motions of the loins.
(4.) The Transverse Process is short, direct, and very strong; and the Articulating
Processes (2, 2) go off from the root of it.
In each Vertebra, there is formed by the roots of the Transverse and Oblique Pro-
cesses, where they arise from the body, a ring or circle of Bone, which is in each
drawing marked (*); it is for containing the Spinal Marrow.
FIGURE II. •
Is a Vertebra of the Back; where,
(1.) The body is shorter, and is a large segment (viz. nearly two thirds) of a small circle.
(2.) The Articulating Process is small and flat, and a little inclined, but not very
oblique.
(3.) The Spinous Process is long, aquiline, depressed to such an angle that the two
Spinous Processes almost touch each other, (as is seen in Fig. IV.) (3. 3.) and allow
of but a very limited motion.
(4.) The Transverse Process is long, stands directly outwards, or is inclined a little
upwards, and upon every dorsal vertebra there are two marks for the articulation
of the ribs; one (b) on the side of the vertebra itself, or rather betwixt the bodies
of two vertebrae, for the proper head of the rib, (Fig. X. and XI.) (1.); and again
there is another articulating surface (c) upon the face or fore part of the Transverse
Process, which is for the articulation of the little knob (Fig. X. and XI.) (3.) upon
the back part of each rib.
FIGURE
BOOK FIRST, PLATE SEVENTH
79
FIGURE III.
I HE Cervical Vertebra has these chief characters,
(1.) The body is small, firm, and of more solid and condensed bone than in the ver-
tebra? of the loins or back.
(2.) The Articulating Process is truly oblique.
(3.) The Spinous Process is short, and is forked.
(4.) The Transverse Process is short, forked, and has a large hole in it for a great
artery of the brain, which by its passing through this canal of the vertebra? is named
Vertebral Artery.
SECOND ROW.
This Row explains chiefly the connections of the Vertebra.
FIGURE IV.
SHOWS the manner in which one Dorsal Vertebra sits down upon another, so that the
Articulating processes (2: 2.) check upon one another, and the Spinous Processes
(3, 3) are seen to be long and aquiline, and lying so over each other as to prevent all
motion backwards or forwards, while the ribs limit the motion to either side. But
in this drawing the one Spinous Process is tilted up from the other a little, owing to
the want of that intervertebral substance which should lie betwixt the bodies. The
hole is seen here at (d) betwixt the two vertebrae, by which a nerve goes off at the
interstice between each vertebra: so there are in all twenty-four nerves of the Spine,
corresponding with the number of Vertebra? in the Spine.
FIGURE
80
OF THE BONES.
FIGURE V.
TWO Dorsal Vertebrae are here seen in their right position, connected by the inter-
vertebral substance; with the end of one rib in its place; and at (b) is seen one arti-
culating surface on the body of the vertebra naked. At (c) is seen the articulating
surface, upon the face of the Transverse Process, naked. At (d) is seen the head of
the rib covering the two articulating surfaces; connected at (e) with the body, and
at (f) with the Transverse Process of its own vertebra.
FIGURE VI.
IS a drawing of the Intervertebral Substance, which is of that ambiguous
nature, that anatomists choose this name, to avoid the dilemma of calling it either
Cartilage or Ligament, when it has not the character distinctly either of Cartilage or
of Ligament. It is shown here as it is found betwixt the Lumbar Vertebra?; and the
concentric circles of which it consists are better expressed towards the margin (g);
but towards the centre, and especially in the very middle, it becomes soft, pulpy, the
circles confused. The substance is so much softer in the centre, that there is almost
a hole at (ft); especially when the bone is allowed to spoil a little, as this one was. At
(i) is seen a slight indication of the Spinal marrow, (which was also corrupted,) going
down through the great hole of the vertebra.
THE THIRD ROW.
Explains the forms of the Atlas and Dentatus; the two Vertebra? by which almost
all the motions of the head are performed. Fig. VII. explains the Atlas; Fig. VIII.
explains the Dentatus; Fig. IX. shows the way in which the Atlas sits down upon
the tooth-like process and oblique shoulders of the Dentatus.
FIGURE
BOOK FIRST, PLATE SEVENTH
S>
FIGURE VII.
EXPLAINS the Atlas, or first Vertebra, where we find,
(1.) The body entirely wanting, and the place of the body supplied by Articulating Sur-
faces (2,2), so large as to give sufficient strength and thickness to the sides of the ring.
JV. B. At the place where the body should be, there is at (k) a smooth Articulating Sur-
face for the Tooth-like Process of the Atlas rolling. There is at (/) a little tip or
point, which is tied by ligaments to the margin of the Occipital Hole; at (tri) there
is a sort of straitening in the ring, and at this point a ligament goes across the ring,
dividing it into two, and holding firm the tooth-like process.
(2.) The Oblique or Articulating Processes of this vertebra are oval, and of a con-
verging form; and this peculiarity in their direction limits the motions of the head,
so that it cannot turn, but only nod, upon the Atlas.
(3.) The Spinous Process is wanting. A small knob represents the spinous process; and
the want of this spine enables the Atlas to turn freely in circles upon the Dentatus.
(4.) The Transverse Process, also ending in a little knob, and perforated by the large
hole for the Vertebral Artery.
FIGURE VIII.
1 HE Dentatus, where the points of description are, „
(1.) The whole body of the Vertebra, rising gradually towards the apex or point of
its axis or tooth-like process, which is marked (m)P
(2.) The broad flat articulating surfaces, like shoulders, at the root of the tooth-like
process; upon which the atlas rests and turns.
Part I. L 3. Th<
82 OF THE BONES
(3.) The Spinous Process is short, thick, and forked.
(4.) The Transverse Process short, knobby, and perforated with the Vertebral Hole.
(n) Marks the Neck or Collar, the narrow part of the Tooth-like Process, where
it is embraced by the Atlas;----.and (m) marks the Apex or pointed extremity
of the Tooth-like Process.----(o) Shows how deep the ring of this particular
vertebra is, and how fairly triangular its great hole for the passage of the
spinal marrow is.
FIGURE IX.
EXPLAINS the manner of connection betwixt the Atlas and the Dentatus;
shows the ring of the Atlas set down upon the shoulders of the Dentatus;—and
here all the parts are marked with the same numbers as in the other drawings.
FIGURES X. and XL
ARE Drawings of the Ribs: where we see,—(1.) the Head of the Rib, by which
it is joined to the body of the vertebra.—— (2.) The Neck or straitening beyond the
head.—(3.) The Tubercle by which it is articulated with the Transverse Process.
(4.) Another little Tubercle, beyond this second articulating surface.----(5.) The
Angle of the Rib, or the point from which it begins to bend forwards, (p) the
Groove in which the intercostal artery lies, (q) The more spongy end of the rib,
with a sort of rude socket, which receives the cartilage that joins it to the sternum.
FIGURE XII.
Represents the whole length of the sternum.
(1.) Marks the Upper Part of the Sternum; where (r) shows the pointed part of this
first
BOOK FIRST, PLATE SEVENTH, 83
first bone turned downwards to meet the second piece of the Sternum, (s) Is a hollow
which makes way for the Trachea, &c. (t t) Are two articulating surfaces, by which
the clavicle of either side is joined to this piece of the sternum.
(2.) The second piece of the Sternum, of great length, receiving the cartilages of most
of the ribs; and the sockets for receiving the cartilages are seen, though not very
fully, all*along its edge at (u u), &c.
(3.) Is the Ensiform Cartilage, which in most bodies is straight pointed, as in this
drawing, but sometimes bifurcated;—sometimes bent down, or on the contrary
turned remarkably upwards; very seldom ossified, except in those persons who are
extremely old.
PLATE
liOXES
PL VIII
Jacob J Ploch er Sc
Puhi by AiUh-ny PhOey Jfii Uul '
BOWK FIRST, PLATE EIGHTH.
85
PLATE VIII.
VWWVVWVVX.W-W
This Plate explains the Text Book, from page 105, to page 147.
IW>'W\'W\WWA
IS a general view of all the Bones of the Trunk. It is chiefly useful by
showing the general position of Bones which have been already minute-
ly explained, and requires only a very loose and general explanation, be-
cause it is a general plate merely, upon which the parts and processes
need not be minutely told.
A. The Ring of the first Vertebra or Atlas.
B The Tip of the Tooth-like Processes of the Dentatus.
C The Bodies of the Cervical Vertebra?.
D Their Transverse Processes.
E The Holes betwixt the Vertebrae, by which the Cervical Nerves come out from
the canal of the spinal marrow.
F The First Rib, lying flat and level here; and it is at this place, betwixt the clavicle
and the first rib, that the subclavian vessels come out.
G The General Convex of the Thorax, formed by the middle of the ribs___(a a a)
Mark the ends of the ribs which receive the cartilages, by which the ribs are joined
to the sternum.
G Marks the Seven True Ribs.
H Marks the three first False Ribs, whose cartilages run into the cartilage of the
seventh rib.
I Marks
86 OF THE BONES. •
I Marks the Two Loose or floating Ribs, whose cartilages do not join the other carti-
lages, nor are united to the sternum; but standout' in the flanks, free and independent,
their cartilages being buried in the thick flesh of the abdominal muscles.
K The Cartilages of the Ribs. •
L The First or triangular piece of the Sternum.
M The Second or long piece, which receives almost all the Cartilages.
N The Third piece, as it is usually called; though it is merely Cartilage, to extreme old
age.—This third piece N is the Cartiiago Mucronata, Ensiformis, or Sword-like.
O The Clavicle, or Collar Bone, as it lies upon the top of the chest; and here it is seen
how the bone by its proper position, keeps off and supports the scapula or shoulder-
blades.
P Marks the lower border of the Scapula, (b) Marks the Acromian Process, to which
the Clavicle is connected.—(c) Is the Glenoid or Articulating Cavity, for holding
the shoulder bone; (d) is the Caracoid Process, showing how it projects on the in-
side of the joint, in the hollow under the arch of the Clavicle.—It is plain from this
position of the process, that it should be felt on the breast just above the border of
the Axilla.
Q. The bodies of the Lumbar Vertebra?, thick and massy to support the weight of all
the parts above.
R The Transverse Processes of the Lumbar Vertebra?, (z z) touch the Spinous Pro-
cesses, where they appear in the interstices of the Transvere ones.—(e e e) Mark the
intervertebral substances, or rather represent the putty, which is put betwixt the Ver-
tebra? (in making our skeleton) to stand, in place of the intervertebral substance.
S The Os Sacrum; where (ff) represent the holes of the Sacrum disposed regularly
in pairs.—(gg) Represent the white lines, which were cartilaginous in the child, di-
viding the Sacrum into five pieces, but are now consolidated into white lines of pro-
minent bone particularly hard and firm.—(ft) Represents the joining of the Sacrum
to the Os Ilium at either side, which joining is named the Sacro-Iliac Symphysis.
TThat
BOOK FIRST, PLATE EIGHTH, ^7
T'That division of the Os Innominatum, which is called the Os Ilium; where (i)
marks the hollow bosom of that expanded wing, which lying obliquely outwards
like the wing of a chariot, is called the Ala Ilii: the Iliacus Internus Muscle, arises
from this surface.—(&) Is the circle called the Spine or Ridge of the Os Ilium.—(/)
Is the sudden sharp point, by which the Spine ends, and which is there named the
Spinous Process, to which the name Anterior is added, to distinguish it from others,
which lie concealed in the joining with the Sacrum. This Anterior Superior Spi-
nous Process has another under it smaller and marked (m), which is called the An-
terior Inferior Spinous Process.—It is merely a small Bump, over the top of the
socket for the origin of the Rectus Muscle, (n) Marks the back or Dorsum Ilii,
from which the Glutaei Muscles arise.
U U These two letters intersect all that part of the Os Innominatum, which is called
Ischium; where (0) marks the body of the bone, where it forms a chief share in the
socket, (pi) Marks the Spinous Process, which is seen through the opening of the
Pelvis projecting towards the Sacrum.—(q) Marks the Tuberosity or Bump of the
Os Ischium, the lowest point of the Pelvis, and the part upon which we rest in sit-
ting; and (r) marks the Ramus, or branch of the Ischium, as it rises to meet a like
branch of the Pubis.
V Marks the third piece of the Os Innominatum, viz. the Pubis;—where (s) is
the body, where it forms part of the socket for the thigh-bone;—(t) the highest
point named Crista Pubis;—(u) points to the Symphisis Pubis, or joining of the
opposite bones;—(v) marks the leg of the Pubis, descending to meet the leg of the
Ischium. The Rami of the Ischium and of the Pubis form, with the other parts of the
Os Innominatum; first the Arch of the Pubis;—secondly, the Thyroid Hole; and the
Rami are said to meet one half belonging to the Pubis, and one half to the Ischium,
because they are in fact separate in the child; a clear transparent cartilage, being
interposed betwixt them.—-(x) Marks this Thyroid Hole; and (y) marks the Ace-
tabulum or socket for the thigh-bone.
PLATE
/i(>x/:s
EL IX
Jacob J. Ploclier. Sc.
. Pi, blished. byAltJwtiy. Pinley. Philadelphia..
37
m
BOOK FIRST, PLATE NINTH. 89
PLATE IX.
vwx/wvwvwvw
This Plate explains the Text Book, from page 147, to page 158.
WW*%fVWWWW
Represents the thigh Bone, Tibia, and Fibula.
FIGURES I. and II.
m
REPRESENT the fore and back views of the Thigh Bone.—And in order that the
letter press may proceed in the regular order of a little description or demonstration,
the small figures are put upon each drawing; so that any number that is wanting on
one drawing, must be found on the other.
The First Figure shows the Back Part of the Thigh Bone, which is marked by our
seeing here, from behind, the length of the neck of the bone;—the manner of its
rising out of the two great processes, the Trochanters;—the projection and rough-
ness of the Linea Aspera, and the deep hollow betwixt the Condyles.
The Second Figure, or the fore view, is exceedingly simple, having no strong marks.
The Linea Aspera is turned almost out of sight. The chief peculiarity of the fore
view is, that it shows the bending form of the bone.
Part I. M The
•
90 OF THE BONES.
The Points of Description are,
(1.) The Body:—very thick, strong, of a cylindrical form, bending outwards with a
gentle curve.
(2.) The Head, which is very smooth, and very fairly circular. It is a large segment
of a small circle, and is let pretty deep down into its socket. There is a dimple at
(a), which marks the place where the central ligament once was.
(3.) The Neck of the Bone, long, and almost horizontal, to set the shaft of the bone
the wider off from the Haunch Bone, that it may move freely.
(4.) The great Trochanter, a large bump or process for the insertion of the Gluta?i
Muscles.
(5.) The lesser Trochanter, a smaller process, for the insertion of many muscles which
move the Thigh Bone inwards.
(6.) The Linea Aspera, or j-ough line, from which much of tiro* Muscular flesh that
covers the thigh arises.—And this Linea Aspera, or rough line, begins at (b) in
a forking form from the roots of each Trochanter:—the two lines meet, and the
Linea Aspera becomes single in the middle of the thigh, (c)—Towards its lower
end (d) it forks again to go off towards each Condyle.
(7.) The two Condyles, which form the great articulating surfaces of the Thigh Bone,
where it lies in the knee-joint.—In Fig. II. we see that the inner Condyle (e) is
the larger one; being larger to compensate for the oblique direction of the thigh
bone. At (/) Fig. II. we see, covered with cartilage, the fiat polished surface
upon which the Rotula or knee-pan rolls.—And in Fig. I. at (g) we see the
very deep notch betwixt the two Condyles, in which the crucial ligaments of
the knee-joint lie.
FIGURE
BOOK FIRST, PLATE NINTH
91
FIGURE III.
The Tibia.
1 HIS is a drawing of the right Tibia, seen from before. The upper end belonging
to the knee is large and broad, and is likened to the trumpet end of a pipe.—The
lower head belonging to the ancle is small, and has one projecting point, viz. that
which forms the inner ancle, and which is thought to resemble the flute-mouth of a
pipe. The whole bone has the triangular or prismatic form of the Ulna and Radius.
(1.) Is the Upper head of the Tibia belonging to the knee joint; where (ft) marks a lit-
tle tubercle or rising, which divides the two articulating surfaces from each other.
It is from the back part of this tubercle, that the cross ligaments of the knee joint
arise, (i i) Mark the two lunar hollows, upon which the two Condyles of the thigh
bone rest, and in which the semilunar or moveable cartilages of the knee joint lie.
(k) Is that rough circle^ which bounds the articulating surface, and from which the
Capsular Ligament arises. (/) Is the tubercle or bump of the Tibia, upon which we
rest in kneeling, and into which the great fore tendon called the Ligament of the
Patella is fixed: and (m) is the prominent ridge of the shin, which begins from this
tubercle, and goes downwards in the waving form of an Italic^ (u) Is that part of
the Tibia which receives the upper end of the Fibula.
(2.) Is the middle part of the bone, which is of a triangular or prismatic form, and
the figure (2)*is repeated upon each of the three angles.
(3.) Is the lower and smaller head of the Bone belonging to th&ancle joint; where (n)
marks the smooth hollow which receives the bones of the foot, and which is named
(like the articulating surface of the Radius), the Scaphoid, or Boat-like Cavity of
the Tibia, (o) Marks the projection or process of the inner ancle, which guards the
joint, preventing luxation inwards, (p) Is the small cavity on the side of the
Tibia, which receives the lower head of the Fibula, in the way that is represented
in next plate*
FIGURE
go OP rl'HE BONES.
FIGURE IV.
IS a drawing of the Fibula, which is a long slender bone, so extremly simple in its
form, that there needs be no further description than this, that the shaft of the bone
(q) is exceedingly slender,—is much longer than the Tibia,—and is triangular like
the Tibia. The upper end (r) is laid under the projecting head of the Tibia, at (u
Fig. III.) and it is laid flat upon it; so that this articulating and smooth surface (r)
is smooth only for the sake of a very slight degree of shuffling motion.
The lower end (s) is the larger.—It unites with the lower end of the Tibia (p Fig.
III.) to form the ar.cle joint. This guards the ancle joint without, as the Process
of the Tibia guards it within. And this smooth articulating surface (t) is for re-
ceiving the side of the Astragalus, that bone of the foot by which chiefly the ancle
joint is formed.
PLATE
BOXES
PL X
Jacnh J Plcchei- Sc
Publishedby.1i-1■' /•inlnPhilad'?
BOOK FIRST, PLATE TENTH 9S
PLATE* X.
WV\A/VVWVWVW
This Plate explains the Text Book, from page 153, to page 166.
vwvwwvi/wvw
«
EXPLAINS the Connections of the Tibia and Fibula, and all the
Bones of the Foot and of the Toes.
FIGURE I.
SHOWS the Tibia and Fibula laid to each other as they lie in the leg; and here
all the letters and figures, explaining the Tibia and Fibula of the last plate, are put
upon the very same points; so that no new letters nor figures are required, except
(v), to mark that space betwixt the Tibia and Fibula in which the Inter-osseous
Membrane lies; and (x) to show the arch which is made by (o) the process of the
inner ancle, and (s) the lower head of the Fibula forming the outer ancle: for the
deepness of the arch, and the projection of these two points, show how very secure
the ancle joint is; the smooth head of the Astragalus marked (a PI. X. Fig. IV.)
being received deep into this arch.
FIGURE
94
OF THE BONE*.
FIGURE II.
bHOWS the Outer Surface of the Rotula or Patella, which is rough, and marked
with many points where its nutritious arteries enter.
FIGURE III.
bHOWS the Lower Surface of the Patella, vizr that which is turned towards the
cavity of the joint; and here there is seen a rising line at (#) which lies in the great
hollow betwixt the two Condyles;—while the two hollows on each side of this
rising move upon the convexities of the Condyles. In short, this smooth inner sur-
face of the patella is moulded as it were upon the surface marked (f) in the last
plate, Figure II.
F I G U R E S IV. and V.
EXPLAIN all the Bones of the Foot, viz. of the Tarsus or instep, of the Meta-
tarsus, and of the Toes.
The bones of the Tarsus are seven in number, fewer and larger than the bones of the
Carpus.
(1.) The Astragalus is that great bone which immediately forms the ancle joint;—
where (a) marks the great ball or cartilaginous puUy which is received into the
arch formed by the Tibia and Fibula.—(b) Is the flat side of the bone upon which
the processes of the inner and outer ancles lie, embracing the joint closely.—(c) Is
a little flat neck or projection which lies over the heel-bone.—(d) Is the neck of that
large round head which makes a ball and socket joint with the" Os Naviculare,
which is marked (3).
(2.) The
BOOK FIRST, PLATE TENTH. 95
(2.) The Os Calcis lies under the Astragalus, and is the largest of the Tarsal Bones,
supporting all the weight of the bodv; and here these points chiefly are seen.—(e)
The tip of the bone, which looks upwards, receiving the Tendo Achillis, or great
Back Tendon.—(f) The lowest rough point; the point of the heel upon which
we stand.—(g) The head, by which the Os Calcis is joined to the Os Cuboides,
marked (7.) the Os Cuboides being received at this part into a large hollow socket
of the Os Calcis.
(3.) Is the Os Naviculare or Scaphoides, which has been so named from its resem-
blance to a boat. But if there be any such resemblance it is effectually concealed
in all these views. The Os Naviculare has rising edges and a fair round socket,
which is turned towards the Astragalus (1.) to receive the large round head of
that bone.
(4, 5, and 6.) Are the Cuneiform or Wedge-like Bones; and in this view the square
external surfaces chiefly are seen;—and these Cuneiform Bones, ought just to be
reckoned simply according to their order, the first, second, and third cuneiform
bones, beginning with that which supports the great toe.
(7.) The Os Cuboides is a large square or cube-like bone, as its name implies, but
by no means a regular cube.—It forms a larg^share of the Tarsus, and supports
the Metatarsal Bone of the Little Toe.
The Cuneiform Bones are less easily understood, and I have therefore made a second
drawing of the foot, Fig. V. (where the same letters and marks are still preserved,)
in which I have shown the point of the Cuneiform Bones, the Metatarsal ones
being taken away. In this figure the faces of the Cuboid and of the Cuneiform
Bones are directly seen. And it is understood why they are called Cuneiform or
wedge-like bones, for the upper surfaces marked (4, 5, 6,) are broad and square;
__while their lower surfaces at (*) are small and pointed; these smaller ends
of the wedges being turned inwards or towards the soal of the foot. In Fig.
IV. (h) marks the five Metatarsal Bones; so named from their being placed on
the
•
•JO OF THE BONES.
the Tarsus.—(i) Marks the first rank or phalanx,—(k) the second,—(/) the third
rank of the bones of the toes.
FIGURE VI.
bHOWS the foot in profile, and explains particularly well the large head of the Astra-
galus (d). These drawings are just half the size of nature, whence it may easily be
understood how large this head of the astragalus is;—as large fully as the head of the
shoulder bone:—and the socket of the Os Naviculare, (3), into which this head of
the astragalus is received, is both larger and a deeper circle than the Glenoid Cavity
of the Scapula, into which the head of the shoulder bone is received.
The manner in which the process (c) of the Astragalus is joined with the Os Calcis,
(2) so as to allow of a shuffling motion, is also explained here. The great length of
the first bone, or Metatarsal Bone of the great toe (ft) is also to be observed, be-
cause it is sometimes to be cut away; and it should not be forgotten that it goes
very deep into the foot.
The small bone, commonly called Sesamoid Bone, from its resembling, or being thought
to resemble, a grain of Sesamurir (though it is much larger), is seen here at (m)
lying under the ball of the great toe, where it is connected with the tendons of the
short flexor muscles of the great toe.—There are commonly two under the ball of
each great toe, and there are occasional Sesamoid bones under the other toes, and
sometimes under the great joint of the thumb.
The several Phalanges, as they are called, or ranks of bones in the toes, need not again
be explained.
The only important point remaining to be explained, is the double arch of the foot;
for there are two arches. First (n) the great and general arch;—the two points of
which are the tip of the heel, and the ball of the great toe. These points alone of all
the foot touch the ground.—The elasticity of this arch, proceeding from its nu-
merous
•
BOOK FIRST, PLATE TENTH 97
is supported under the weight of the whole body, both by the particular ligaments
belonging to the individual joints of the foot,—and more particularly by the Great
Fascia or ligament, (I would call it,) of the sole of the foot, which from one point
(the heel) extends to the root of each toe individually.
But there is also a second and particular arch, which the bones of the Tarsus form
among themselves. This arch is explained by showing a large central hole, which is
expressed in each of these drawings, and is marked (0).—In Fig. IV. there is only
a darkness showing where this central hole is.—In Fig. V. the hole is seen fair (by
the Tarsus being turned round) and is marked (0).—In Fig. VI. it is explained by
a broken pencil, (0) thrust up through this central opening.
Part I.
N
PLATE
hox/:s
J>], XI
Jacob . J. Plocher. Sc.
Pa blijud ■ by. Anthony. Pinley. Philadelphia.
BOOK FIRST, PLATE ELEVENTH
99
PLATE XI.
VWVWW\A/V%fVV*
This Plate explains the Text Book, from page 166, to page 177,
VWVWWVVWVVXi
OF the Scapula, Clavicle, and Arm Bone.
FIGURES I. and II.
EXPLAIN the Scapula, showing, 1st, its internal,—2dly, its external surface.
The Scapula or Shoulder Blade, is of a triangular shape, (a) Marks its flat surface,
which is turned towards the ribs, hollow, to suit the convexity of the ribs.—And
the letter (a) is repeated all over the surface, to show the little risings of this sur-
face; for this is the part upon which the Sub-scapular Muscle lies; and these risings
are the marks of its fibres.
(b) Shows the Outer Surface of the Scapula, which is in its turn a little convex;—is
crossed by the Spine, or that high ridge (8) which divides it into two surfaces;—
the lower surface (c) holding the infra-spinatus;—the upper surface (d) holding the
supra-spinatus muscle.
The Lines and Process of the Scapula are these;
(1.) Is the upper Costa or border of the Scapula, where (e) marks a notch, which is
sometimes a complete hole, or when incomplete it is made out by a ligament. It
gives passage to the Scapular arteries and nerves,
(2.) Is
400 0F THE HONES.
(2.) Is the Lower Costa or border, which is round, and at the place (/) gives origin
to the Teres Major and Teres Minor muscles.
3.) This long side is called the Basis of the Scapula, and has the great Trapezoid and
Rhomboid Muscles implanted into it from above and behind; while the Serratus
AnticUs is implanted into it from before and from below.
(4.) Shows the Upper Angle which receives the Levator Scapula? Muscle.
(5.) The Lower Angle.
(6.) The Glenoid or Articulating Cavity, which is particularly small and superficial,
considering how large the head of the shoulder bone is.
(7.) The Neck of the Scapula so called; it is the smaller part which supports the head,
though, properly speaking, there is no neck;—and when the head of the shoulder
bone is said, in a luxation, to lie upon the neck of the Scapula, it lies upon the place
marked (g).
(8.) The Spine of the Scapula, which divides the upper surface, and which, rising
higher as it goes forwards, terminates at last in the Acromion Process.
(9.) Is the Acromion Process; it is just the end of the spine, which turns its flat
side towards the head of the shoulder bone, and overhangs the shoulder to defend
the joint, and prevent luxations upwards.
(10.) And there is still a farther security; for the Coracoid Process (10) stands upon 1
the inner side of the joint, and defends it within. It is named Coracoid Process,
from its being crooked like the beak of a crow.
FIGURE III.
EXPLAINS the Clavicle or Collar Bone: a bone which is extremely simple in its
form, and has few or no parts;—and in which the letter (ft) marks the middle,
the roundest part of the bone, that point which is most prominent in trie breast;
the part most frequently broken, (i) Marks the end nearest the Thorax, and shows
the
BOOK FIRST, PLATE ELEVENTH. l0T
the circular articulating surface, by which it is joined to the Sternum; and under this
end a small moveable cartilage lies, (k) Marks the outer end, or that which is
turned towards the shoulder blade: the Clavicle is flattened at this end, and touches
the Acromion by one single point only.
FIGURE IV.
1 HE Os Humeri, Shoulder Bone, or Arm Bone.
(1.) The head is large,—flat,—is a small segment of a large circle,—seems quite dis-
proportioned to its socket, (6. Fig. I. II.)
(2.) Is the neck as it is called; though there is no proper neck; there being no length,
nor narrower part betwixt the body and the head of the bone.
(3.) The Greater Tuberosity.
(4.) The Lesser Tuberosity;—-the Greater and Lesser Tuberosities being two knobs,
for the insertion of those muscles which come from the Scapula.
(5.) Is the Groove betwixt these tuberosities, for the passage of the long tendon of the
Biceps Muscle, which runs here as a rope does in its pulley.
(a) Marks the roughness about one third down the arm bone, into which the tendon of
the Deltoides is implanted.
(b) Marks the place, where (a little below its middle) the Os Humeri turns flatter, be-
cause it is to terminate flat and broad, to favour the hinge-like joining of the bones
of the fore arm; and
(6.) Shows one ridge on the inner side of the arm bone;
(7.) Shows another similar ridge or edge of the bone, on its outer side-—each ridge
running down towards its own Condyle.
(8.) Is the external Condyle, smaller and less projecting, because it gives origin only
to the extensors of the hand and fingers, a set of muscles which dp not need much
power nor the advantage of a long lever.
(9.) Is
102 OF THE BONES.
(9.) Is the inner Condyle, which is very long and very prominent, to give a greater
power to those muscles which bend the hand and fingers.
The elbow joint, being a very strict and limited hinge, has a long articulating surface:
—and there are properly two surfaces, one for the Radius, and one for the Ulna.
(10.) Is the longer articulating surface, to which the Ulna is so joined as to perform
none but hinge-like motions.
(11.) Is a neat small round knob, tipped with smooth articular cartilage; and to this
small knob, the face of the button-like end of the Radius is applied; and by the
roundness of this knob the radius is enabled to perform not only the hinge-like
motions to accompany the motion of the Radius; but also its own free circular
motions, by which the. hand is carried round.
(12.) Is that very deep hole which the Coronoid Process of the Ulna checks into.
(13.) There is a similar one marked (13,) which belongs to the demonstration of the
fore part of the shoulder-bone, and is to be seen by turning to the next plate.
PLATE
/tiXAX
) X
ill
IV
t'uMCrhed by Aruh/>n\: finle^i J^fiHaci':
BOOK FIRST, PLATE TWELFTH
103
PLATE XII.
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This Plate explains the Text Book, from page 177, to page 190.
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EXPLAINS the Radius and Ulna, Carpus and Fingers.
FIGURE I.
IN the drawing of the Os Humeri, all the descriptions and letters belonging to the last
plate belong equally to this. This drawing were superfluous, but for the important
purpose of showing the back part of the articulating surface, where we do not find
that round surface marked (11) in the last plate, and which is called the Lesser
Head of the Humerus, but only the hinge-like surface for the articulation of the
Ulna. And the chief object of this drawing, is to show, that here also upon the
back part of the bone, there is a deep hollow betwixt the Condyles; on the fore part
of the bone the hollow is for receiving the Coronoid Process of the Ulna, which
checks into that hollow when the arm is bent forwards; but here upon the back part,
this deep hollow marked (13,) receives the Olecranon, or great process of the Ulna,
when the arm is extended. It is also to be observed, that in this drawing the twisted
form of the bone is well expressed.and truly, not caricatured; for the edge does in
fact turn thus round.
FIGURE
104
OF THE BONES.
FIGURE II.
The Ulna.
1 HE Ulna is the longer of the two bones which lie in the fore arm. The whole bone
is of a triangular shape, with three sharp edges; the upper end is larger, and belongs
to the elbow joint; the lower or Little Head belongs to the wrist. The bone has
these points of description.
(1.) Is the great cavity, which receives the lower end of the humerus to form the elbow
joint, and this is called the Greater Sigmoid cavity.
(2.) The Olecranon, a large tubercle which marks the point of the elbow upon which
we rest, and guards the Sigmoid Cavity behind.
(3.) The Coronary Process which stands up, and guards the Sigmoid Cavity before.
(4.) The Hollow, where the side of the smaller button-like head of the Radius rolls,
called the Lesser Sigmoid Cavity.
(5.) The Prominent Roughness, into which the tendon of the Brachialis Internus is
implanted; and it leads to the sharp ridge.
(6.) The Sharp Ridge, from which the Inter-osseous Membrane goes off.
(7.) The Lower Head of the Ulna, which is small, and button-like; for it is received
into a hollow on the side of the Radius, and it is upon this point, viz. the little head
of the Ulna, that the radius turns in the continual motions of the hand.
(8.) Is the Styloid Process of the Ulna, which is pointed, as the name implies; from
it ligaments go off to strengthen the joint of the wrist.
FIGURE III.
EXPLAINS the relative position of the Radius and Ulna. The Ulna is marked with
figures according with the above description; the Radius is also marked with its
points of demonstration.
l. (a. a. a.)
BOOK FIRST, PLATE TWELFTH. H)j
l. (a. a. a.) Repeated on the three sides of the Radius, explain the general triangular
form of the bone, marking particularly its three edges.
2. (b) Marks the upper head of the Radius, flat, round, and button-like, with the side
rolling upon the Lesser Sygmoid Hollow of the Ulna.
3. (c) The neck of the Radius or straighter part, which immediately supports the head.
4. (d) The Bump or Tubercle of the Radius, into which the tendon of the Biceps
Muscle is implanted.
5. (e) The Lower Head of the. Radius; the Bone is thus gradually enlarging towards
its lower end.
6. (/) The Scaphoid, or boat-like Cavity on the lower end of the Radius for receiving
the two largest bones of the Carpus;—forming the wrist joint.
7. (g) The Styloid Process of the Radius, which bounds the wrist joint towards the
side of the thumb: and here it is seen how the little head of the Ulna (7) is received
into the hollow socket on the side of the Radius.—The two sharp edges of the Ra-
dius and Ulna are opposed to each other, showing how the Inter-osseous Membrane
stretches from the one bone to the other, filling up all the space marked (h). And it
is here seen that the Radius is somewhat arched towards the Ulna, so as to roll
round it without touching it, or hurting or disordering the numerous muscles, &c.
which lie upon the Inter-osseous Membrane.
FIGURE IV.
EXPLAINS the Bones of the .Carpus or Wrist, as they are seen from the outside,
or back of the hand.
The Bones of the Carpus are eight in number, they are divided pretty regularly into
two rows;—and we rather choose to count and demonstrate them according to their
rank, than as individual and separate bones: for as separate bones there is nothing
very particular in any one; but by their combination and form, and as they relate to
Part I. O die
106 op THE BONES.
the wrist joint, or to the fingers, it surely must be important, I should rather say,
necessary, for the surgeon to remember them.
FIRST ROW.
Farming the Wrist Joint.
m
(1.) The Scaphoid Bone, where the figure (1.) marks the regular round surface,
which forms a chief part of the ball and socket-joint of the wrist. And (a) marks
the great hook-like projection of this bone, whence that strong ligament which
braces down the tendons of the Carpus arises.
(2.) The Lunated Bone, where the figure is so placed as to mark the large ball-like
surface of this bone which joins with the Os Scaphoides to form the ball of the wrist.
And the lunated part of the bone is concealed, when thus joined with the others.
(3.) The Cuneiform Bone, of which only the broad or square surface is seen on the
back of the wrist, while the narrower part of the wedge is in the palm.
(4.) The Pisiform Bone, so named from its roundness, this bone is a little removed
from the direction of the row to which it belongs.
SECOND ROW.
Receiving the Metacarpal Bones.
(5.) The Os Trapezium; or first bone of the upper row named Trapezium, from its
square and angular form. It has the ball of the thumb planted upon it, and the
figure points directly to that socket which receives the thumb.
(6.) The
BOOK FIRST, PLATE TWELFTH. 107
(6.) The Trapezoides, so named from its resemblance to the last.
(7.) Os Magnum, for it is the greatest; and it has a curious head which is in this view
concealed under the Os Lunare; for the head of the Os Magnum is received into
the semicircular hollow of the Os Lunare, forming a ball and socket joint with
that bone.
(8.) The Os Unciforme, or hook-like bone; the hook of which is towards the palm,
and therefore not seen in this view.
N. B. In this drawing of the Carpus, Fig. IV. this group of bones is made to rest
chiefly upon two of t|re corner bones, viz. the hook of the Os Scaphoides, and the
id
Os Pisiforme.
FIGURE V.
IS also drawn chiefly with the intention of explaining the carpus; and here the same
numbers may serve, for the position of the Carpus is very little changed.
(1.) Is the Scaphoid Bone. (2.) The Lunar Bone, forming with the Scaphoid the ball
for the wrist joint. (3.) The Os Cuneiforme. (4.) The Os Pisiforme is out of sight.
(5.) The Trapezium which supports the thumb; (6.) (7.) (8.) The Trapezoides,
Magnum, and Unciforme, supporting all the other fingers; and here the Os Magnum
(7.) is seen a little fuller; so that the round head of it can almost be seen jointed
with the Os Lunare. The 1st, 2d, and 3d Phallanges or rows of bones belonging to
the several joints of the fingers, need not be explained; and the round heads for the
joints of these finger bones explain themselves.
FIGURE VI.
PRESENTS the Carpus in a new direction; showing those bones which are less perfect-
ly seen in the other drawings;—and it is necessary to observe, that the group of the
Carpal
108 OF THE BONES
Carpal bones is now turned, so as to show that face of them which receives the
Metacarpal .Bones;—and the group now rests chiefly upon the points of the two
upper Corner Bones, viz. the Trapezoid and Unciform Bones; as in the other
view it rested upon the lower Corner Bones, viz. the Scaphoid and Pisiform Bones.
So that here there is only the upper row fairly demonstrated, viz.—(5.) The Os
Trapezium;—(6.) the Os Trapezoides;—(7.) the Os Magnum;—(8.) the Os Un-
ciforme. (b) Marks a small pointed projection of the Os Trapezium, whence the
Carpal Ligament arises.—(c) Marks the great Unciforme or hook-like process of the
Unciform Bone, which is another point whence the sanje cross ligament of the
Carpus rises.—(d) Marks the arch which the Carpal Bones make, and the Tendons
of the wrist lie in this arch, and are bound down by the cross ligament crossing
from the one corner point, to the other.
#
*
ENGRAVINGS
!>!•' TUB
MUSCLES ANT) JOINTS,
•
ENGRAVINGS
OF THE
BONES, MUSCLES AND JOINTS.
BY JOHN BELL, SURGEON.
PART SECOND.
CONTAINING
ENGRAVINGS OF THE MUSCLES AND OF THE JOINTS.
THE FIRST AMERICAN EDITION FROM THE SECOND LONDON EDITION.
PHILADELPHIA:
PUBLISHED BY ANTHONY FINLEY.
William Fry, Printer.
1816.
jirsrL/js
I'L.I.
ui. by : -.-dey FkticuL1" ItilS
BOOK SECOND.
OF THE
MUSCLES.
PLATE I.
MUSCLES OF THE FACE.
This Plate explains the Text Book, from page 191, to page 213.
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THIS Plate explains the chief Muscles of the Face; and there are seen
here several Muscles also of the Neck, Throat, Shoulder, and Breast.—
It was drawn from a subject that had been hanged, and the neck being
broken, the head lies flatter upon one shoulder, than it should do even
in the dead body; for the Atlas and Dentatus, the two first Vertebrae
of the Neck, were fairly broken loose from each other.—The muscles
are more distinctly seen on the left side; on the right side they are
thrown into shadow, and are but faintly indicated—The muscles of the
outline are truer in point of Anatomy; while, in the full engraving, the
general
4 OF THE MUSCLES.
general appearance, the thinness and delicacy, and the undefined con-
nections of the muscles, are well expressed; and it is to be particularly
noticed, that the Levator Anguli Oris (7.) is not so true in the engraving,
while it is, I believe, very true and correct in the outline.
(1.) Is the Occipito Frontalis, which covers the Occiput and forehead, with its two
fleshy bellies, and the crown or top of the head with its thin flat tendon- The Occi-
pital Belly is not seen here. The thin Tendon sometimes mistaken for the Pericra-
nium, is marked (a); the Frontal Belly is marked (b); or rather there are two
Frontal Bellies marked (b b). Each Frontal Belly sends a small slip of fibres, or a
peak, down upon the back of the Nose marked (c).* The Frontalis is connected
chiefly with the skin, but little with the bone; is chiefly for furling up and wrink-
ling the skin of the forehead.
(2.) Is the Corrugator Supercilii, more connected with the Orbicularis Oculi,
than with the Occipito Frontalis, and lying under the Occipito Frontalis.
(3.) Is the Orbicularis Oculi; arising by a small white Tendon («f),from the Nasal
Process of the Jaw Bone. Its fibres go in regular circles round the eye, and they
are continued circles which return to the white Tendon in the corner of the eye,
whence they first arise; the whole muscle is thin, flat, broad, very distinct, shuts
the eye-lids, compresses the eye, squeezes out the tears.f
* This Nasal Peak of the Occipito Frontalis is not the slip which is fixed into the Os
Frontis; that lies deeper, while this Nasal Peak is superficial, runs down the back of the Nose,
expanding upon it, and forming with the muscles below a sort of fascia, or Tendinous expan-
sion, which covers the Nose. This Nasal slip is implanted rather into the skin of the Nose,
and wrinkles it; while the General Muscle corrugates the skin of the forehead.
t The whole of what we call the Orbicularis Oculi, is named by Walther, Corrugator Oculi;
and he seems to divide it into an upper and lower portion, by the names of Musculus Semi-
circularis Palpebrae Superioris, and Musculus Semicircularis Palpebral Inferioris.
BOOK SECOND, PLATE FIRST. 5
The Corrugator Supercilii (2.) arises from the Os Frontis betwixt the Eye-brows,
andlies under that Peak of the Frontalis which expands upon the back of the Nose.—
This Corrugator may almost be considered as merely a slip of the Orbicularis Oculi
(3.); for in fact the fibres of the Corrugator go round the orbit with the upper
fibres of the Orbicularis Oculi, and mix with them, so as to form the upper edge
of the Orbicularis; and thence the names of Corrugator and Orbicularis are some-
times interchanged.*
(5.) fls the Levator Labii Superioris, and Al,e Nasi; This muscle arises by a
small double Tendon, from the Nasal Process of the Upper Jaw Bone, and has one
little slip (e) going into the Ala Nasi for dilating it; and another (f) going into
the uppar lip, for drawing it upwards.:):
(6.) Levator Labii Superioris Proprius, arises from the Jaw Bone at the very edge
of the Orbit, and above the Infra Orbitary Hole§. It has two slips of fibres, one
(g) coming from the bone, from under the Orbicularis Muscle, and another slip,
(ft) which is continued from the lower fibres of the Orbicularis Muscle itself. So
this is a Biceps Muscle; it lies superficially; it draws the middle of the lip up-
wards; it is often named as a Biceps or two headed Muscle.||
* Walther, in his description of his own and Sanctorin's Plates, draws into the explanation
of this Corrugator Muscle, all the upper part of the Orbicularis Oculi; as if it were but a part
•A the Corrugator.
t It will be observed here, that the suite of the numbers 1,2, 3, &c. is not regularly followed,
because it was impossible to explain absolutely every muscle in any set of drawings, however
full.
\ "Maxime hunc in usum habent ilii, qui detractores contemptoresque sunt aliorum, et
fc( forte haec verba in uno vel alteio eundum motum excitabunt."
§ This is the Musculus Pyramidalis of Walther.
|| Eustachius draws the muscle with these two heads. Albinus describes the little head (h),
as a distinct part of the muscle, both in his explanation of Eustachius, and in |his own plates.
OF THE MUSCLES.
7.) Levator Anguli Oris; arises above the dog tooth, and is tnence named Caninus-
This muscle arises under the Infra Orbitary Hole, as the last arose from above it; this
of course lies under the last, and so is less perfectly seen here. Its direction is different
from that of the Levator Labii; as it runs more perpendicularly, or runs rather
outwards than inwards. It is short; two headed like the last; rises properly from
the Socket Process of the first Grinder. It lifts the Angle of the mouth, whence
its name; and it operates on both lips, whence it is named, Levator Communis.
(8.) Zygomaticus Major; arises from the Zygomatic Process of the Cheek Bone;
goes inwards to the corner of the mouth; is long, slender, oblique in its direction.
It passes over that hollow in the Cheek Bone, which is filled up with fat, and so
when the muscle is dissected, it falls into this loose flaccid and bending form*.
(9.) The Zygomaticus Minor, like it, but not always found.
(10.) The Buccinator, is seen here to lie deeper; it forms the flat part of the cheek;
it arises from the Coronoid Process of the Lower Jaw, and from the roots of the
back Grinders. It goes forward with direct fibres, (as seen here,) towards the
corner of the mouth.
(11.) The Triangularis, is neat, small, triangular; its base arises from the Jaw, its
point ends in the corner of the mouth.—It draws the corner of the mouth down,
and is named Depressor Anguli Oris, or the Depressor Communis Labiorum.
(12.) Is the Depressor Labii Inferioris Proprius. This muscle arises from the
line of the Jaw, touches and crosses its fellow under the middle of the lower lip.
They pull the lip downwards,
(13.) The Orbicularis Oris, is thick, broad, and fleshy; forms the fleshy part of the
lip;
Cant observes this separate part proceeding from the fibres of the Orbicularis, so particu-
larly, as to reckon it almost a distinct muscle, a depressor of the lower Eye-lid; saying " Ex
" conspectu ilium habere decet pro depressore Musculo Palpebral Inferioris." Cantii Impetus.
* This Zygomaticus Major,is sometimes split into two insertions at the angle of the mouth.
BOOK SECOND, PLATE FIRST. y
lip; is in the red part of the lip, but is much broader than the red part. Its fibres
are gross and strong, they go in a circular direction fairly round both lips, the}- are
not interrupted at the angles of the mouth; they send up a small slip, which passing
in the furrow of the lip, and mounting upon the Septum of the Nose, is named
Nasalis, and is marked (i).
{15.) The Constrictor Nasi, is here distinctly marked running over the point of
the Nose*.
(30.) Is the Temporal Muscle; which is seen here, lying under its fascia. The fascia,
or Tendinous expansion of the Temple being here entire, and nothing cut away
but the Membraneous Muscles of the ear, the Anterior and the Superior Auris.
(31.) Is the Masseter, which is a short, thick, and fleshy muscle; and to lay it en-
tirely open, the Parotid Gland which is marked (/£), is dissected up from the cheek,
so that the head of the Masseter is seen arising from the Cheek Bone; and its lower
end is seen implanted into the Jawf.
(m) Marks the Fascial Artery, or Labial Artery, as it is called, the Artery of the
face, crossing over the angle of the Jaw.
Thus we see in the dead body, those muscles which give form and character to the
human countenance, tying all dead and flaccid. The mouth open, the lips loose and
shrivelled; the angles of the mouth dropping down, the cheek sunk; and the eye
also closed, and sunk down within its orbit.—All the countenance is deformed,
and the traits of individual character or beauty, quite gone:—but still enough re-
mains to explain to us what those muscles are, upon which chiefly the interesting
variety of expression and form depends. The Occipito Frontalis wrinkles the
forehead:
* This is the Transversus Nasi of Walther. The action of this muscle is very distinctly
seen, in the agony of an Asthmatic fit; it is seen also in violent distortion, produced by rage,
or despair. Cant compares it to that muscle in the dog, by which he curls the Nose, and
shows the te-eth in snarling.
t This is sometimes called, the Musculus Manso&.
8 OF THE MUSCLES
forehead: the Corrugator Supercilii knits the brows: the Levatores Labioruni
lift up the lip, spread wide the nostrils, and open the mouth; the Depressores
Labiorum depress the lip; the Triangular Muscles draw down the corners of the
mouth; the Zygomatic Muscle distorts the cheek, and the Orbicularis Oris antago-
nises all these, and closes the mouth.—These muscles, while they are performing
more important offices, also express the passions, and mark the countenance with
traits never to be effaced, the true study of those who would be Physiognomists; who
talk but idly, when they speak of expression in those immoveable features, which are
formed rather by the Contour of a bone. " The sagacious forehead or (economical
" nose," are the rhapsodies of an Enthusiast, not the serious observations of a sedate
man, studious of that subject, which is interesting above all others.
The shapes of the bones determine the general form of the face. One great muscle, the
Masseter, gives the rounding of the cheek; the rest are all delicate and moveable
muscles; and the great characters of the face, center round the mouth and nostrils
where these muscles converge. The lean and delicate face, gains in expression where
the cheek is hollow, the angle of the mouth moveable, the lines strong; but in
those who are bloated, the cheek is fuller, the lines obliterated, the delicate turnings
of thought and feeling are lost; all but the more violent strains of passion are hur-
ried in the mass. The great lines of character, are the line of the Zygomatic Mus-
cle, coming from above, and of the Triangular Muscle coming from the chin; and
the moving point towards which they all act, is the corner of the mouth. In chear-
ful emotions the features arise all towards the eye, which becomes full and turgid.
In the depressing passions the features sink, the eye is languid, and the whole coun-
tenance gets a thoughtful serious cast. But still it is the corner of the mouth, that
is the central point of all these changes.
The corners of the mouth are continually supported by the action of the Levator, and
of the Zygomatic Muscles; they are raised high in smiling, so as to form a dimple
there. They are raised higher in laughter, so as to swell the cheek, wrinkle the
eye-
b-OOK SECOND, PLATE FIRST. g
^hardness to all the features; and saliva and foam proceed from the universal pres-
sure upon all the glands,
B MUSrLEK
i
OF THE MUSCLES
MUSCLES OF THE EYE.
Figures XII. and XIII. of Plate II. Explain the Muscles of the Eye.
The origin of the Muscles at the bottom of the Orbit, being once understood, all theii
mechanism will be very plain and easy, for this single point has been the chief diffi-
culty from the first. Galen counted the Levator Palpebral, as one of the proper
muscles of the eye; Vesalius understood better than Galen the origin of the Recti
Musculus from the bottom of the Orbit, but like Galen he has drawn the eye from
Brutes, and has described its muscles, and drawn them in so confused a way,
that it is not easy to comprehend that muscle of his, " which adheres in all its
" course to the Optic Nerve. (Septimus Oculi Musculus, nulla ex parte a visorio
" nervo liberatus.") But even after this discovery of the true origin of these muscles,
one author of very high reputation, Mr. Lieutaud, denied the origin of these muscles
around the root of the Optic Nerve; believing that the fixed point, or center of all
these muscles, was a point a little to the outer side of that hole, by which the
Optic Nerve enters the socket.
But now this point, of their general origin from the bottom of the socket, is universally
acknowledged; and the chief dispute is, whether these five muscles, in arising
round the root of the Optic Nerve, begin from the periosteum of the socket; or
from the bone itself, or from the outer coat (the Dura Mater) of the Optic Nerve;
or whether they do not arise by a particular ring, which surrounds the root of the
Optic Nerve; for Valsava believed that these muscles began by a sort of ring, which
as it surrounded the root of the Optic Nerve, he chose to call Circulus Moderato-
rius Nervi Optici. But in this dispute, as usually happens, both parties are right,
and both are in some degree wrong; for two of the five muscles arise more properly
from the outer coat of the Optic Nerve, while the three others arise plainly from
the
BOOK SECOND,PLATE FIRST. j j
file Dura Mater where it forms the periosteum of the Orbit; the Dura Mater gra-
dually assuming the nature of a common tendon, from which those three muscles
arise.
The place where this tendon begins, is the inner end of that Foramen Lacerum which
belongs to the Sphoenoid Bone, and which admits the smaller nerves to enter for
the muscles of the eye; for when the Dura Mater has come out by this hole from
the Cranium into the Orbit, it assumes, just where it covers that hole, a hard and
tendinous nature, becomes white, assumes the appearance of a tendon, and is in
fact, the common Tendon by which three of the muscles arise; and as this hole
is below the Optic Nerve, and toward the outer side of it, the muscles which arise
by this common tendon are chiefly those which pull the eye outwards or down-
wards; and so this common tendon gives origin to the Abductor, Deprimens and
Adductor.
But those muscles again which cover the upper part of the Optic Nerve, arise close
round the margin of the Optic hole; they touch the nerve and adhere to it; by ad-
hering to the nerve, they may be said to arise from the nerve or from that Angle
of the Dura" Mater where it comes through the Optic hole, to go over the Optic
Nerve. So the Levator and the Obliquus Superior arise from the Dura Mater,
where it forms the sheath of the Optic Nerve; while the Deprimens, Abductor, and
Adductor, arise by one common tendon from the Dura Mater where it covers the
Foramen Lacerum, forming the periosteum of the orbit.
This is all seen at (a), Figures XII. and XIII. where (a) shows the fringed edge of the
Dura Mater surrounding the root of the Optic Nerve; (b) the origin of the Levator
and Obliquus Superior, in the angle where the Dura Mater turns backwards. And
(c) shows the origin of the Abductor and Deprimens coming from the Periosteum
of the Foramen Lacerum, a little to one side of the great Nerve.
The only other difficult point, and which is more important still, since it explains the
relative size, and shape, and course of these muscles, is the true place of this
central
12 OF THE MUSCLEs
central point from which the muscles rise, or in other words, the true place of
the Optic hole by which the Optic Nerve enters, and from the margins of which
all these muscles rise. This will be easily explained by the marginal plate, which
shows the holes within the socket; the position of the eye with regard to those
holes, and so explains the relative length of each of-the muscles.
1st, The eye is placed in the socket, as I have represented by the circle (a), not direct-
ly in the middle, but a little to one side. The eye does not look out from the
Orbit in the direction of the Axis of the Orbit; for the axes of the two orbits
meet almost in the bottom of the socket, crossing in the Cella Turcica,* but
both the eyes look directly forwards. The plane of the fore part of the Orbit
being oblique, and falling off towards the temple, while the eye looks directly
forwards; the axis of the Orbit, and of the eye can not coincidef. This is the
reason of the Pupil, being nearer to one angle and not in the center of the socket,
for which we have the best authority, that of measuring the eye when we please.
But the authorities of books on this point are these; Heister makes the Pupils
distant three inches from each other. Camper makes the Pupils distant two in-
ches and a half. But the eye being compared not with the other eye, but with
its own socket, it is found that the center of the Pupil is eight lines from the outer
angle of the eye, and seven lines from its inner angle^:. These are my rules for
placing the eye in its socket, in this plan. And the eye being thus regularly
placed, we find by this drawing, (not geometrically true, but still sufficient for
proving and illustrating so plain a matter as this is), that the Foramen Opticum
and the larger end of the Foramen Lacerum are much above the center of the
orbit, and towards the inner side; whence it is plain that the Optic Nerve in going
towards the ball of the eye, mores a little outwards and descends. And it is also
very
* Camper.
f Winslow, Academie des Sciences
$ Petit Academie des Sciences.
a OOK SECOND, PLATE FIRST. 1 ■<
very manifest, that since the muscles, to get at their insertions must go round the
globe of the eye; those which go round by the outer side of the eye, or pass under
it, must be longer, while their antagonists which keep to the inner side of the eye
or go over the globe, must be shorter. And so the Adductor Muscle which is on
the side next the nose, is the only straight muscle; it is the shortest, while the Ab-
ductor is the longest. The Abductor and the Deprimens Oculi, are the longer
muscles of the eye: The Adductor and the Levator Oculi, are the shorter muscles.
In this plan, the center of the socket (a) is marked by the crossing of its two dia-
meters. The center of the Pupil is marked at (b) nearer the inner angle of the eye,
the Foramen Opticum is marked (c), and the inner end of the Foramen Lacerum
is marked (d).
In
PLAN FOR THE MUSCLES OF THE EYE.
14 OF THE MUSCLES.
In Figure XII. these points are seen; (a) the ring which the Dura Mater forms,
where it comes from the brain into the Orbit, accompanying the Optic Nerve; (6) the
origin of the Obliquus Superior and Levator, from this part of the Dura Mater
surrounding the Optic Hole, (c) The origins of the Abductor and Deprimens, but
the letter (c) points more particularly to the origin of the Abductor, which is here
seen to be a Biceps, or two-headed muscle, having two Tendons, and the smaller
nerves which belong to the muscles of the eye are seen at (d), passing betwixt these
two tendinous origins of the Abductor. For it is to be remembered, that this Ab-
ductor along with two of the Recti, rises from that part of the Dura Mater which
covers the Foramen Lacerum; and that the small nerves enter the socket by the
Foramen Lacerum.
From this root round the Optic Nerve, the muscles are seen going forwards.
1. The Obliojjus Superior or Trochlearis (29) uppermost, the longest muscle of
the eye, with its slender Tendon passing through the Cartilaginous Pulley (e), which
is left still in its place attached to the Superciliary Ridge of the Frontal Bone ( f).
2. The Obliojjus Inferior, (30) is seen, the shortest muscle of the eye, arising from
the lower part of the Orbit, and going backwards to antagonize the last.
3. The Rectus Superior, (25) next to the Rectus Internus which it hides, is the
shortest muscle.
4-. Rectus Externus (28) or Abducens Oculi, is the longest of all the straight
muscles of the eye.
5. The Rectus Inferior or Deprimens Oculi (26) is shorter than the Abducens
(28) but longer than the Rectus Superior (25), because the Optic Nerve enters a little
above the center of the Orbit. The tendons of these Recti Muscles are seen expand-
ing flat and broad upon the forepart of the eye; where by shining through that thin
and Transparent skin, which covers the forepart of the eye, they form what is called
the Albuginia, or white coat of the eye.
There
BOOK SECOND, PLATE FIRST, 15
There remains but one muscle belonging to the eye, and that is, the Levator Palpe-
BRiE Superioris (4); which is explained in Figure XIII. where it is seen rising
from the upper part of the Optic Hole at (a), along with the other muscles; it
lies over all the other muscles, and expands into a thin and membraneous flesh (b),
which runs imperceptibly into the substance of the upper eye-lid; and seems to end
in (c) the Tarsus, or Cartilaginous hoop of the eye-lid.
The XIV Figure of this plate, explains the muscles of the outward ear, as they are
expressed by Cowper. Where (17) marks the Superior Auris or Atollens; and
(19) the Posterior Auris or Retrahens, as they are explained in the book of the
muscles, p. 240.
PLATE
~n.n.
BOOK SECOND, PLATE SECOND. 17
PLATE II.
VWiVWVWWWW
This Plate explains the Text Book, from page 212> to page 231.
vwwwwvwvw
THIS plate belongs chiefly to the Throat; explains the Cartilaginous
and bony parts, of which the upper part of the throat and especially
the flute part or Larynx is formed; shows the Os Hyoides; the Thy-
riod, Cricoid, and Arytenoid Cartilages; the Epiglottis; and the Mem-
branes and Muscles by which these Cartilages are connected, so as to
form a rigid tube consisting of parts moveable upon one another, and yet
so firm upon the whole, as to be a protection to all the more delicate
parts of the throat, and to be the center of all the motions of the Jaws, and
Tongue, and Windpipe, and Gullet; or of the Larynx and Pharynx, as
they are called.
THIS Plate explains first all the individual parts one by one; and then joins them,
showing how the whole is composed; without which regular form of demonstration,
nothing could be clearly understood of parts so very intricate and difficult, and
having so long a catalogue of hard names connected with them.
FIRST
C
18
OF THE MUSCLES.
FIRST ROW.
The first row gives the parts single and entirely dissected; and there is represented,
(1.) The Os Hyoides, which resembles jn its general form the lower Jaw Bone of a
child, or what is called the Thought Bone of a fowl; (a) is its basis, (b) its horn,
(c) the Cartilaginous joinings of the horns and body, and two little Tubercles
stand perpendicularly up at the place of this joining, which are called the Cornua
Minora or lesser horns, or Appendices of the Os Hyoides. These Cornua Minora
are here represented in outline. The Os Hyoides is named also the bone of the
Tongue, and its connections are especially to be observed, viz. that it lies in the
root of the tongue; forms in a manner the top piece of the Trachea, is tied by a
membrane to the Thyroid Cartilage, has the Epiglottis (5.) or valve of the wind-
pipe planted upon it. And that these connections may be understood, this bone is
marked with this figure (1.) in all the other drawings.
£2.) Is the Thyroid or Shield-like Cartilage; which is indeed the shield of the
Throat, for it is broad, flat, and very deep, and a full inch in length; it is thick,
and often ossified. And accordingly it is this broad Cartilage that defends the more
delicate parts; its upper horns (d d), are tied to the Os Hyoides by a long liga-
ment; its lower ones (e e) closely embrace the Cricoid Cartilage. In this drawing,
the Cartilage is set so as to rest upon its two lower Cornua, and to support and
balance it a common pin marked (*), was thrust into it.
(3.) Is the Cricoid Cartilage; which is not, like the Thyroid, a semicircle merely,
i. e. wanting at the back part, but is an entire ring which forms, as it were, the
uppermost and firmest ring of the Trachea, but which still belongs properly to
the Larynx. It is shallow before, and very deep in the back part of its circle,
plainly for the purpose of raising the Arytenoid Cartilages, (those small Cartilages
which
BOOK SECOND, PLATE SECOND. 19
which form the Rima Glottidis or opening of the windpipe); and by this deepness
at its back part, the Cricoid Cartilage raises the opening of the Glottis so high, (as
is seen figures vii. and viii.) that it is behind the very center of the Thyroid Car-
tilage where it is well defended and safe. The Articulating Surfaces upon which
the Arytenoid Cartilages sit down, are marked (f).
(4.) The Arytenoid Cartilages, are the small and moveable ones, which are of a
Triangular form; they are set down upon the upper border of the Cricoid Cartilage,
by their base (g) with a very moveable articulation; and (g) points to the socket
surface of the Arytenoid Cartilage by which the articulation is formed. For here
the two uppermost drawings of the Cartilage are set opposite to each other, almost
in their natural positions, and resting upon their basis, while the lowest drawing of
the three, is turned up so as to show its joint. The two sharp points of the Ary-
tenoid Cartilages stand perpendicularly upwards, and give the shape and opening of
the Glottis. The tips of the two Arytenoid Cartilages are seen over the Thyroid
Cartilage in figure viii. and the Cartilages are seen full in figure vii. settled in their
place, and forming the Rima Glottidis or chink of the windpipe, which is narrower
or wider as they are moved by their muscles.
(5.) Shows the Epiglottis, which may be compared to an Artichoke leaf. It flaps
down like a small tongue or valve, and, by clapping neatly down upon the Rima
Glottidis, makes the food and drink glide clear over the Glottis, and into the
Gullet or Pharynx. The Epiglottis is represented in this drawing, so as to explain
its connection with the Os Hyoides, and of course with the root of the tongue.
SECOND ROW.
The connections are explained in the figures of the second row; each part preserves
its peculiar marks (1. 2. 3.) &c. and it is seen in figure vi. in what succession these
parts stand.
(1.) The
20
OF THE MUSCLES
FIGURE VI.
(1.) The Os Hyoides, connected by its long horns with the upper horns of the Thyroid
Cartilage. It is a ligament (ft) of a full inch in length that connects them. And
the common membrane of the Trachea is continued from the Os Hyoides, to the
Thyroid Cartilage, so that the gap betwixt them is filled up by a strong, but thin
membrane (i).
(2.) The Thyroid Cartilage is next, it stands forwards in the throat to defend the
other parts; is distinctly felt without; is the most prominent part of the throat; and
named Pomum Adami.
(3.) Is the Cricoid Cartilage, which in this profile of the throat, is seen to be very
shallow before, as it is deep behind.
The Arytenoid Cartilages, (4.) are necessarily hidden in this view; and the Epi-
glottis (5.) is cut away, to make this drawing more simple and easy.
The Thyroid Gland is marked (6.) the chief part of it is seen on the nearer side of the
Trachea, and a part also of the right lobe is seen coming round from the other
side behind the Trachea, and almost surrounding it. (7.) Marks the Trachea, and
the figure is here made to point to the uppermost ring, that the true place of the
Thyroid Gland might be understood, for it lies not upon the Thyroid Cartilage
(2.) nor upon the Cricoid Cartilage (3.) as might be supposed, but upon the second
ring of the Trachea, leaving the first one free.
FIGURE VII. and VIII.
Are chiefly useful in explaining the places of the two Arytenoid Cartilages, and the
way in which they form the opening of the Glottis.
Figure VII. The Os Hyoides is cut away. The Thyroid Cartilage (2.) is seen in
its
BOOK SECOND, PLATE SECOND. 21
its place, defending and concealing the Arytenoid Cartilages; or at least the tips
only of the Arytenoid Cartilages are seen (4.) peeping over the border of the Thy-
roid Cartilage. (3.) The fore-part of the ring-like or Cricoid Cartilage, is seen
connected with the upper ring of the Trachea; but leaving an interstice (£) of a
triangular form, at which point, (and not betwixt the rings of the Trachea), Mr.
Vique D'Azir proposes to perform the operation of Bronchotomy.
Figure VIII. Shows the back view of the same dissection. The Os Hyoides is
shown in outline, and in its true position with its small ligament which connects it
with the upper horns of the Thyroid Cartilage; and here it is explained how
(1.1.) the two horns of the Os Hyoides project far beyond the Larynx. They
belong more properlv to the Pharynx, " and hold the Pharynx extended, as we
" hold a bag open with the finger and thumb."
(2. 2.) Show how deep the Thyroid Cartilage is; how fairly it incloses the Cricoid
Cartilage, and conceals and defends the Arytenoid Cartilages and the opening which
they make; and here it is seen, that the edges of the Thyroid Cartilage belong
also to the Pharynx, for the borders of the Thyroid Cartilage do, in fact, form
part of the sides of the Pharynx; they assist the horns of the Os Hyoides, in
keeping the bag of the Pharynx extended. And the Constrictor Pharingis, (54.
55.56.) the great Circular Muscle which embraces the Pharynx, arises chiefly
from the tips of the horns of the Os Hyoides, and from this projecting edge of
the Thyroid Cartilage.
(3.) Is seen the great deepness of the Cricoid Cartilage behind, and it is seen by (4.)
how the Glottis (which is just the opening betwixt the two Arytenoid Cartilages),
is raised by this deepness of the Cricoid Cartilage, in its back parts.
The third row of figures exhibits the more important of those delicate muscles by
which the Cartilages are moved upon each other; but before these muscles are
explained, it is necessary to observe the place and effect of the Epiglottis, which
is well seen in figure x. and by the assistance of this figure joined with the de-
monstration
02 OF THE MUSCLES
monstration of figure vi. the succession of parts is very fairly explained.—1. The
Os Hvoides.—2. The Thyroid Cartilage.—3. The, Cricoid Cartilage follow each
other in figure vi.—4. The Arytenoid Cartilages, figure vii. and viii.—5. The
Epiglottis, figure x.—6. The Thyroid Gland, figure vi.—7. The rings of the
Trachea, betwixt which rings, and below the Thyroid Gland, the operation of
Bronchotomy is to be performed.
This x. figure then compleats those connections of the parts of the throat; and the
effects of accidental wounds, or of the attempts of Suicides, or of our operation
of Bronchotomy will be easily understood. Suicides in their attempts very com-
monly cut so high in the throat, immediately under the jaw, that they seldom
wound the Carotid Artery; nor do they even hurt the more material parts of
the throat; for they strike so high, (commonly above the Thyroid Cartilage), that
they do not touch the Trachea, nor injure the Glottis. They only cut off the
Os Hyoides from the Larynx; they do not so properly cut the throat as the tongue;
and when the food passes by the wound, it does not come from a cut of the
Oesophagus across the Trachea, but comes merely from the root of the tongue.
These Lateral views explain also how idle it is to talk of performing Bronchotomy above
the Thyroid Cartilage, since the Thyroid Cartilage is not in the Trachea, and since
the obstruction is below that point, being commonly in the Thyroid Gland, which
is here marked (6).—Mr. Vique D'Azir is not more correct in his Anatomy, where
he advises Bronchotomy to be performed betwixt the Thyroid and Cricoid Carti-
lages, in the Triangular Membranous space marked (k): for, that is exactly by the
side of the Sacculus Laryngis, or Sac of the Larynx, a mucous secreting bag, which
lies here on the inside of the Trachea; and the Trocar would lie almost in the opening
of the Glottis, or so near it, that the irritation could not be endured. The Larynx
cannot bear the operation of Bronchotomy, because it is moveable, furnished with
many muscles that are easily excited; and the least irritation near the Glottis, throws
them into violent contractions. But the Trachea itself, can easily bear to be
transfixed
BOOK SECOND, PLATE SECOND. 23
transfixed with the Trocar, which neither excites contractions, nor gives pain: Be-
sides the obstruction which requires Bronchotomy, is seldom in the tongue or
mouth; more commonly in the Larynx; not unfrequently in the Thyroid Gland.
So that almost all the occasions that can be supposed, are such as keep us down to
the very lowest point of the Trachea, viz. That nearest the chest.
THIRD ROW.
This row is for demonstrating the chief muscles of the Larynx, and Pharynx; and
of course, the motions of these several parts upon each other. And it explains,
first, the muscles which lie immediately upon the Cartilages of the Larynx, and
which move the parts of the throat upon each other; and these lead to a know-
ledge of those longer muscles, which come from the jaws, or chin, or sternum
or shoulder; and by which the whole throat is moved. These are represented care-
fully in the middle figure of this third row, and also in the next plate.
Figure IX. Explains chiefly the Hyo-thyroidsei, and Crico-thyroidsei Muscles; for
first, The Crico-thyroid^i (42), arise by a small pointed origin, (/) from the
fore part of the Cricoid Cartilage; go upwards and obliquely outwards about an
inch in length; are implanted by a broad insertion (m), into the lower border
of the Thyroid Cartilage, and where they end, the next muscle begins. For the
Hyo-thyroidjEus (41), is a long, flat, and fleshy muscle, about an inch and a half,
or two inches in length; lying flat upon the smooth face of the Thyroid Cartilage;
rising from the lower border of the Thyroid Cartilage below, and implanted broad
and fleshy above, into the basis of the Os Hyoides a little to one side, and to a
part of the horn. Sometimes this muscle is divided into two slips, as it is drawn
by Cowper, but more commonly it is single, as represented here, and the upper end
of the Sterno-hyoideus (34), is seen here marked with its proper number.
The
24 OF THE MUSCLES.
The Sterno-thyroideus is implanted into the Thyroid Cartilage, at the point where
the Crico-thyroideus (42) ends, and the Hyo-thyroideus (41) begins; so that the
Crico-thyroidseus is in part covered by the Sterno-thyroideus; and the Hyo-thyroi-
deus again looks like a continuation of the same muscle.
In Figure X. are seen chiefly the small muscles by which the Cartilages of the
Larynx are moved upon each other, modulating the voice. And the chief of these
are, first, the Crico-Arytenoideus Posticus, and secondly the Arytenoideus
Transversus.
The Crico-arytenoideus Posticus (45), " is a small Pyramidal Muscle, which rises
" broader from the back part of the Cricoid Cartilage, where the ring is broad
" and deep; and going directly upwards, is implanted with a narrow point into the
" back of the Arytenoid Cartilage. This pair of muscles pulls the Arytenoid
" Cartilages" backwards and outward, so that they at once lengthen and wTiden
the slit; enlarging the opening of the Glottis. Under this lies the Crico-aryte-
noideus Lateralis, the smallest of these muscles, which arises from the rim of the
Cricoid, and is inserted into the root of the Arytenoid Cartilage, and plainly sepa-
rates the Arytenoid Cartilages, and widens the Glottis.
The Arytenoideus Transversus, (43) is seen here. It is seen crossing betwixt :h<
two Arytenoid Cartilages, going from the root of the one, to the root of the other:
its natural office being to contract, or occasionally to close the Glottis.
The Arytenoideus Obliojjus, is a very delicate muscle which lies under this, in the
same way that the Arytenoideus Lateralis lies under the Arytenoideus Posticus*.
The XI. Figure explains the Constrictores Pharyngis, and the Styloid Muscles; for
(n) represents the Velum Pendulum Palati, cut off from the roof of the mouth,
and
* The young student should carry the throat to his room, wash it in a hand bason, steep
and dissect there.—A piece of Anatomy, which with these drawings he will easily manage,
which is hardly uncleanly, and cannot but be very important. It is indeed neglected only
from being thought impracticable.
BOOK SECOND, PLATE SECOND. 25
and hung out by strings; (o) is the Uvula or Pap, in the centre of it; (p) is the
Anterior Arch of the Palate; (q) is the Posterior Arch; (r) is the Tonsil lurking
betwixt the arches at the side of the root of the tongue; (s) is the tongue; (1.)
is the Os Hyoides; (2.) is the Thyroid Cartilage; (3.) the Cricoid Cartilage; (6.)
the Thyroid Gland; (t) the Trachea; (u) a piece of wood thrust up through the
Oesophagus, and appearing again in the throat at the back part of the tongue; and
the great constrictor muscle, is seen going in waves round this piece of wood; or
in other words, coursing round the upper part of the Oesophagus, i. e. the Pha-
rynx; and (v) is the last point of this demonstration, and the most important,
for it is the Styloid Process, whence (39.) (53.) and (58.) the three Styloid
Muscles arise*.
The muscles then which are to be seen in this drawing of the throat are, 1. The set
of the three Styloid Muscles; 2. the Constrictor Pharyngis; and 3. the Vaginalis
Guise.
The Styloid Muscles are, the Stylo-glossus (58.) arising from the forepart of the
Styloid Process and going forwards into the substance of the tongue, stretching
forwards into its point for drawing it back into the mouth.
The Stylo-hyoideus (39), which begins rather from the backpart of the Styloid
Process, and goes here into the side of the Os Hyoides, being slender at its be-
ginning, and broad towards its insertion, as all the Styloid Muscles are.
The Stylo-pharyngeus (53.) lies behind or under the Stylo-hyoideus; for it lies
close upon the Gullet or Pharynx, expands upon that part of the bag where it is
held extended upon the horns of the Os Hyoides; so that the Stylo-pharyngeus,
when it expands upon the Pharynx, touches the horn of the Os Hyoides, which
is marked (x), and as the middle constrictor of the Pharynx arises especially from
that
* The Stylo-glossus I had described in my book of the muscles; but after classing it in
the general arrangement, I had forgotten it in the description of individual muscles.
D
26 OF THE MUSCLES
that point of the Os Hyoides, the lower fibres of the Stylo-pharyngeus run along-
side of the upper fibres of the middle constrictor, so that they almost mix.
Fhese three Styloid Muscles perform the first movement in the act of swallowing,
for they all coincide in lifting up the throat, pressing back the root of the tongue
against the palate, (to straiten the Arches of the Fauces;) and confining the morsel.
By compressing the morsel, they push it down, and so begin that action, which is
completed by that strong Muscle of the Pharynx, which is next seen.
For the Constrictor Pharyngis, (55.) is a very large and fleshy muscle, which
covers five inches (in length) of the Oesophagus, and pushes down the morsel, which
is already pressed by the contractions about the top of the Pharynx, and chiefly by
the action of the Styloid Muscles. The Constrictor is fairly enough divided into
three muscles, (54. 55. and 56.) of which the upper one, which cannot be seen here,
rises about the back of the jaws, and from the basis of the skull, and from the
root of the tongue.
The Middle Constrictor, marked (55.) rises from tips of the horns of the Os
Hyoides alone, and goes in a diverging form upwards, till it almost touches the
skull, and downwards pretty low upon the Gullet.
The Lower Constrictor (56.) arises from the borders or wings of the Thyroid
Cartilage, and from the ring of the Cricoid Cartilage. This is the thickest and
fleshiest of all the Constrictors; it is very large, and goes obliquely upwards,
covering the lower part of the middle Constrictor, and a small space is left, a
kind of angle betwixt the two Constrictors, which is thin and membraneous,
and there the tips of the horns belonging to the Thyroid Cartilage, are faintly
indicated, as shining through the thin membrane.
The Oesophagus is still farther covered with a sheath of muscular fibres, which run
in a perpendicular direction longitudinally along it, till they expand at last upon
rhe stomach itself. This sheath of muscular fibres is called the Vaginalis Gul.£.
and is marked (57.)
PLATE
BOOK SECOND, PLATE THIRD.
27
PLATE III.
vwvwvwvwvw
This Plate explains the Text Book, from page 317, to page 220.
VWVWVWVWWV
IHIS Plate explains the connection of the muscles of the throat; it
explains chiefly the greater muscles coming upwards from the breast
and shoulder; or downwards from the Styloid Process, pulling the
throat upwards towards the jaws, or downwards towards the Sternum;
and these muscles, though they belong chiefly to the throat, do occasionally
move the jaws.
In Figure I. which represents the head of an old man, the skin of the neck is dissec-
ted off, and cut away, nearly in the line of the Jaw Bone; so as to show, (a) the
Jaw Bone; (b) the Parotid Gland, lying behind the angle of the jaw; (c) the Sub-
maxillary Gland, lying under the corner of the jaw; (d) the Great Carotid Artery,
which carries blood to the head; (e) the Great Jugular Vein, by which that blood
is returned; (g) is the Thyroid Gland, which consists of two lobes, one lying upon
the right side of the Trachea, the other upon the left side, the two lobes are joined
by a narrow slip of the Glandular substance which lies upon the fore-part of the
Trachea, and is called the Isthmus, i. e. neck betwixt the two lobes, joining together
the two lobes of the Gland. The Gland is large, where the bulk of it can lie at
either side of the Trachea; but its Isthmus marked (g) is very thin, and almost
membranous.
28 OF THE MUSCLES.
membranous, where it lies upon the fore-part of the Trachea. We find the Gland
smaller in men, larger in women; of great variety in respect of size; very generally
so large, as to be distinguished'by the fingers on the outside of the throat; very
often enlarged, and often descending deep behind the Trachea, so that the two op-
posite lobes almost meeting behind, surround that Tube, and explain to us how ter-
rible and how incurable (by any operation at least), that suffocation must be, which
proceeds from a swelling of this Gland. This form of the Gland almost surround-
ing the Trachea, the two opposite lobes nearly meeting behind, is better explained
in the Trachea, drawn at Figure vi. Plate ii.
The parts of the Trachea, with which the muscles are more immediately connected; are,
(1.) The Os Hyoides, which lies in the root of the tongue.
(2.) The Thyroid Cartilage, where it projects to form the Pomum Adami.
(3.) The Cricoid Cartilage, which is above the Thyroid Gland. Therefore the Thyroid
Gland is hardly entitled to the name of Thyroid, since, in place of resting upon the
Thyroid cartilage, it lies quite below both the Thyroid and Cricoid Cartilages,
upon the first, or rather upon the second ring of the Trachea.
The Muscles are these,
(137.) Is the Sterno-Mastoideus, the great muscle of the neck; thrown back to
expose those smaller muscles which belong properly to the throat; and there is seen,
(34.) The Sterno-Hyoideus, coming up from the Sternum, going upwards to the Os
Hyoides, long, flat, ribband-like, and bending where it passes over the Thyroid Gland.
(35.) The Sterno-Thyroideus, coming also upwards from the Sternum; stretching
towards the Thyroid Cartilage; lying under the last named muscle; like it flat and
ribband-like; covering also the Thyroid Gland, and bulging a little where it passes
over the chief bulk of the Gland.
(36.) The Omo-Hyoideus, coming upwards from the shoulder. It is a digastric or
two-bellied
BOOK SECOND, PLATE THIRD. 29
two-bellied muscle. The belly (36.) is fixed into the Os Hyoides. The middle ten-
don (ft) is seen under the Mastoid muscle; and the lower fleshy belly lies too deep
to be seen, for it rises from the Scapula near the Coracoid Process.
These are the chief muscles which pull the throat downwards.
The muscles which pull the throat upwards are the Mylo-Hyoideus, the Bi venter,
and the Stylo-Hyoideus muscles.
(37.) The Mylo-Hyoideus arises from the whole length of the Jaw Bone, from the
chin to the angle; and it arises not from the lower border of the jaw; but rather
from the inner surface of the jaw-bone, almost as high as the sockets for the
teeth. It is thick and fleshy; but still it is flat and broad; and goes downwards in
a radiated or fan-like form, to be implanted into the basis of the Os Hyoides.
Within this muscle lies hidden the Genio Hyoideus; without, lies the fore belly of
the Digastric Muscle; the Sub-maxillary Gland (c) is an external Gland, and lies
under the corner of the jaw without, (i. e.) over the Mylo-hyoideus; the Sub-
lingual Gland is an internal Gland which lies under the tongue beneath this muscle.
The Mylo-hyoidei muscles of opposite sides are united to each other by a rapha or
tendinous seam or line, which is seen at (i), and which goes down from the center
of the chin to the center of the Os Hyoides.
(40.) The Biventer Maxilla Inferioris belongs after all more properly to the
throat than to the jaw; it is called Biventer from its two bellies, which are indeed very
distinct and beautiful; one belly (k) arises from the root of the Mastoid Process,
and so is seen here coming out from under the Parotid Gland; the fore-belly (/) is
seen arising from under the chin; the middle tendon has the number of the muscle
(40.) put upon it at that point where it passes the side of the Os Hyoides, and there
it is attached to the Os Hyoides, not merely by running through a sort of Cartila-
ginous loop on the side of that bone, but also by running through a loop made by
the flesh of the Stylo-Hyoideus muscle, which forks at its insertion.
(39.) Is the Stylo-Hyoideus coming from under the Parotid Gland, and implanted in-
to
OF THE MUSCLES
II. The muscles which pull the throat upwards are,
(40.) The Digastricus, of which the first belly (40.) is seen coming out from under the
Thyroid Gland, while the fore belly (n) being cut away from the chin, hangs down.
(39.) The Stylo-Hyoideus Muscle, which is seen turning over the tendon of the
Digastricus, and tying it down in its place.
(53.) The Stylo-pharyngeus, which lies very deep behind the other Styloid Muscles,
passes down under the arm or branch of the Os Hyoides, and expands upon the
Pharynx.
xV. B. In this drawing, the Styloid Muscles are dissected upwards very nearly to that
point (under the Parotid Gland,) where they rise small and delicate, from around the
roots of the Styloid Process.
III. The muscles which compose the chief bulk of the tongue, are these,
(58.) The Stylo-glossus, which comes small and delicate from the root of the Styloid
Process; expands as it goes towards the tongue, and whose office is to pull the
tongue down into the mouth.
(59.) The Hyo-glossus, which I have represented as one single flat muscle, rising
from nearly the whole length of the Os Hyoides*.
(60.) Is the Genio-glossus, so named from its rising from that point of the lower jaw
bone (o), which is called the chin; its fibres go into the tongue in a radiated form,
in every direction, capable of performing all kinds of motions, of lolling the tongue
out, and also of retracting it again; whence this muscle has by way of pre-eminence
been
* From its arising in three fasciculi or distinct bundles, viz. one from the basis, one from
the horn, and one from the Cartilage of the Os Hyoides, it has been called the Basio-chon-
dro-cerato-glossus, or each fasciculus has occasionally been described, as a distinct muscle.
BOOK SECOND, PLATE THIRD. 33
been named Musculus Linguae Pollychrestus. And (r) is the tongue itself, com-
posed chiefly of these muscles, and covered with its membrane.
The Genio-hyoideus (38.) is a muscle rising from the same point (o), of the chin;
is implanted into the Os Hyoideus. This muscle which rises from the point of the chin
only, lies under the Mylo-hyoideus (37.) (vide Figure i.) which rises from the whole
length of the jaw; and these together pull the Os Hyoides, and of consequence the
throat upwards.
So that there is seen by these two drawings, first, how the Mylo-hyoideus, (37.) figure
i. and the Genio-hyoideus, (38.) figure ii. pull the throat upwards. Secondly, how the
Diagastric Muscle (40.) and the three Styloid Muscles, figure ii. pull the throat up-
wards and backwards. Thirdly, how the Sterno-thyroidei, Sterno-hyoidei, and Omo-
hyoidei pull the throat downwards. And it is lastly very plain, that these at the same
time that they are properly muscles of the throat, are occasionally muscles of the
lower jaw, the only ones indeed which pull it down; little force is needed for this,
the jaw dropping almost by its own weight; but, as the motion must be quick
and voluntary, it must be done by muscles; and when the muscles from the
Sternum fix the throat or pull it down, the Genio-hyoidei, Mylo-hyoidei and Bi-
venter depress the jaw; so that the motions of the jaw and throat, or in other words,
the action of chewing and swallowing have this consent, that they are partly per-
formed by the same common muscles, so that we cannot chew and swallow at once;
the jaw which moves in chewing the morsel, must be fixed when it is to be swal-
lowed; and so the motions for chewing and swallowing alternatively succeed each
other.
E
PLAIT
BOOK SECOND, PLATE THIRD.
$5
PLATE III.
This Plate explains the Text Book, from page 217, to page 220.
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THIS explains the greater muscles, coming upwards from the breast or
shoulder, and downwards from the chin and Styloid Process; and by which
the whole throat is moved. And these muscles though they belong chiefly
to the throat, do occasionally also move the jaws.
In Figure I. is seen,
1. The Os Hyoides, where it lies in the root of the tongue.
2. The Thyroid Cartilage, where it projects to form the Pomum Adami.
3. The Cricoid Cartilage, which is above the Thyroid Gland; therefore the Thyroid
Gland is hardly entitled to that name; since in place of resting upon the Cartilages
of the Larynx, it lies quite below both the Thyroid and Cricoid Cartilages, properly
upon the uppermost ring of the Trachea, or upon the first and second ring; then
(a) is the Thyroid Gland which consists of two lobes, one lying upon the right side
of the Trachea, the other upon the left side; the two lobes are joined by a narrow
slip of the Glandular substance which lies upon the forepart of the Trachea, and is
called the Isthmus, i. e. neck betwixt the two lobes, joining together the two lobes
of the Gland. The Gland is large, where the bulk of it can lie at either side of
the
OF THE MUSCLES.
the Trachea; but its Isthmus marked (a) is very thin, and almost membranous,
where it lies upon the forepart of the Trachea. We find the Gland smaller in men,
larger in women, of great variety in respect of size; very generally so large, as
to be distinguished by the fingers on the outside of the throat, very often enlarged,
and often descending deep behind the Trachea; so that the two opposite lobes al-
most meeting behind, surround that Tube, and explain to us how terrible and how
incurable (by every operation at least), that suffocation must be, which proceeds
from a swelling of this Gland. This form of the Gland almost surrounding the
Trachea, the two opposite lobes nearly meeting behind, is better explained in the
Trachea, drawn at Figure vi. Plate ii.
The Muscles here are,
First, the Mylo-hyoideus, (37.) which arises from the whole length of the jaw,
i. e. from the chin almost to the angle; and it rises not from the lower border
of the jaw, but rather from the inner surface of the jaw, almost as high as the
sockets for the teeth. It is thick and fleshy, but still is flat and broad; it goes
down to the Os Hyoides, is implanted still fleshy, and with radiated or fan-like
fibres, into its upper border. The Genio-hyoideus lies within this one; the fore-
belly of the Digastricus lies flat upon it without; the Sub-maxillary Gland (b),
is an external gland and lies (under the corner of the jaw,) above the flat belly of
this muscle; but the Sub-lingual Gland lies under the root of the tongue, is an inter-
nal Gland, and lies under the belly of the Mylo-hyoideus Muscle. The Mylo-
hyoideus of each side is united with its fellow by a tendinous line (c), or rapha
which goes down from the point of the chin, to the center of the Os Hyoides.
Second, the Digastricus, (40.) or Biventer, is a muscle having two bellies, one rising
from under the Mastoid Process, another arising from the tip of the chin. The fore-
belly and the middle tendon only are seen here; the back belly, viz. that which rises
from
BOOK SECOND, PLATE THIRD. 37
from the root of the Mastoid Process, being hidden by the Sub-maxillary Gland
(d). The fore-belly of the Digastricus rising from the chin, is marked (e); the
middle tendon is marked (/). At this place it runs through a loop of ligament, and
so is attached to the side of the Os Hyoides.
Thirdly, the Sterno-hyoideus (34.) is seen here coming from the Sternum, going
to the Os Hyoides; passing flat and ribband-like over the Thyroid Gland, and bulg-
ing a little where the chief bulk of the gland lies below.
Fourthly, the Sterno-thyroideus (35.) rises like it a little deeper and behind it; is
like it a flat and ribband-like muscle; like it covers the Thyroid Gland, and bulges a
little over the place where the chief bulk of the Gland is. And where this Sterno-
thyroideus ends, the Hyo-thyroideus (41.) begins, and is like a continuation of
that muscle.
Fifthly, the Omo-hyoideus (36.) once named Coraco-hyoideus, comes upwards from
the shoulder, from near the Coracoid Process. It crosses the neck obliquely, and
is inserted along with the other muscles, into the side of the Os Hyoides.
And lastly, the Sterno-mastoideus (137.) the great muscle of the neck which
runs obliquely across, forming the Contour of the neck, and the chief muscle which
appears outwardly, is seen here lying flaccid and ragged, still connected with the
skin and flesh; and dissected clean, at its lower part only, where it rises by (g) a
small round tendon from the Sternum, and by (ft) a broad fleshy origin from the
clavicle, of which (i) indicates the broken end. The whole muscle, passing oblique-
ly across the neck is implanted under the ear into the Mastoid Process, and from
its origins and insertions, it is named the Sterno-cleido-mastoideus Muscle,
THE SECOND HEAD,
Is the drawing of a freer dissection of all these muscles; where all the Anatomy7 of the
throat is seen, for the Parotid Gland, the Carotid Artery, the Jugular vein, the
eighth
3g OF THE MUSCLES.
eighth pair of nerves, and the chief muscles both of the throat, and of the tongue
are here.
The Face is laid open, so that some of its thin cutaneous muscles are seen; as the Or-
bicularis Oculi, (3.) slightly indicated; the thick mass of the Masseter (31.) is
seen; the Temporal Muscle (30.) is seen, not dissected, but lying under the thick
Fascia of the temple, and (a) the great Parotid Gland, is seen lying before the ear,
the lower corner of the Gland being dissected up from the deep hollow under the
angle of the jaw, in order to shew the place of the Styloid Process, and the muscles
rising from it. (b) Marks the great internal Jugular vein, (c) Marks the Carotid
Artery, (d) Marks the Par Vagum, or eighth pair of Nerves, which comes out
along with the Jugular vein, and runs down the neck betwixt the Jugular vein and
the Carotid Artery^ inclosed along with them in a sheath formed out of the com-
mon cellular substance; and (e) marks the Thyroid Artery, which is the first
branch of the Carotid Artery, and takes this sharp turn backwards, to go down to
the Thyroid Gland.
The Muscles are,
i. The Sterno-mastoideus, (137.) which is lying flaccid, being dissected and laid
aside to uncover the Artery and the vein which lie under it.
2. The Digastric Muscle, (40.) of which the upper belly is seen drawn out from its
true direction by a thread, and it is thus displaced a little in order to show the Styloid
Muscles; and that belly (g) which comes from the chin, and which is seen in its place
in the first figure, is here seen cut up and turned backwards, and hanging by that
point at which the middle tendon is attached to the side of the Os Hyoides.
3. The Styloid Muscles lie in a group, round the root of the Styloid process; the
Styloid Process itself is marked (m); and the Stylo-glossus (58.) is seen going to-
wards the tongue. The Stylo-pharyngeus (53.) is seen going down towards the
Pharynx,
BOOK SECOND, PLATE THIRD. 39
Pharynx, covered by the Stylo-hyoideus, (39.) which is fixed into the side of
the Os Hyoides; and which forking into two, where it touches that bone, embraces
the middle tendon of the Digastricus, so as to let it run as a rope in a pulley.
4. The set of muscles composing the tongue, and making up its chief bulk and sub-
stance, are also explained here. The Genio-hyoideus (38.) is seen lying in the
root of the tongue, coming from the point on the inner surface of the chin, and
inserted into the Os Hyoides. The Genio-glossus, (60.) is next seen, going
from the same point into the substance of the tongue, with fibres radiated
in every direction; some fibres going backwards, some upwards, and some again
forwards, it is capable of performing all the various motions of the tongue,
hence it has been called Musculus Pollychrestus. Then the Hyo-glossus, (59.)
which rises from the Os Hyoides, I have represented as one single muscle, and
have given it here the most simple name. It is drawn as rising from the whole
length of the Os Hyoides*.
5. The set of muscles coming upwards from the Sternum or shoulder, are also well
explained here; for the Sterno-hyoideus, (34.) is seen running up along the
forepart of the Trachea, bulging out a little where it passes over the Thyroid Gland,
which in this woman was very large; and bending the more because the muscle
(which is full six inches long), is here fully dissected, and so lies quite flaccid and
loose. The Sterno-thyroideus, (35.) is seen very distinctly, also covering the
Thyroid Gland lying behind, and under the last named muscle.
N. B. The Hyo-thyroideus, (41.) is seen continuous with this one, beginning where
it ends like a continuation of the same muscle. Lastly, The Omo-hyoideus, (36.)
is seen coming obliquely upwards from the shoulder, and here it is very distincdy
seen that at (n), the place where this muscle runs under the belly of the great
Sterno-
* From its arising in three fasciculi or distinct bundles, viz. one from the basis, one from
the horn, and one from the Cartilage of the Os Hyoides, it has been called the Basio-chon-
dro-cerato-glossus, or each fasciculus has occasionally been described as a distinct muscle.
40 OF THE MUSCLES.
Stemo-Mastoideus Muscle, it is not fleshy, but small, delicate and tendinous. Then
this muscle has a middle tendon which though very short, (being but an inch in
length), is yet very distinct and very constant; so that the Omo-hyoideus is pro-
perly a Digastric Muscle, as fairly as the Digastricus Maxillae Inferioris. It has
one belly from the shoulder, near the root of the Coracoid Process; one at the
throat, from the Os Hyoides; and the middle tendon (n), runs under the belly of
the Sterno-mastoideus.
So that there is seen by these two drawings, first, how the Mylo-hyoideus, figure i. and
the Genio-hyoideus, figure ii. pull the throat upwards. Secondly, how the Digas-
trict Muscle, and the three Styloid Muscles, figure ii. pull the throat upwards and
backwards. Thirdly, how the Sterno-thyroidei, Sterno-hyoidei, and Omo-hyoidei
pull the throat downwards. And it is lastly very plain, that these at the same time
that they are properly muscles of the throat, are occasionally muscles of the lower
jaw, the only ones indeed which pull it down; little force is needed for this,
the jaw dropping almost by its own weight; but, as this motion must be quick
and voluntary, it must be done by muscles, and when the muscles from the
Sternum fix the throat or pull it down, the Genio-hyoidei, Mylo-hyoidei and Bi-
venter depress the jaw; so that the motions of the jaw and throat, or in other words,
the action of chewing and swallowing have this consent, that they are partly per-
formed by the same common muscles, so that we cannot chew and swallow at once;
the jaw which moves in chewing the morsel, must be fixed when it is to be swal-
lowed; and so the motions for chewing and swallowing alternatively succeed each
other.
PLATE
HOOK SECOND, PLATE FOURTH.
41
PLATE IV.
wwwvwvwvw
This and tlw two following Plates explain the Text Book, from Page 232, to Page 285,
www vw WWW
THIS plate explains those broad muscles, which, belonging to the Scapula,
lie flat upon the back, covering the whole of the trunk, and which
are very remarkable in beautiful statues. The muscles are chiefly the
Trapezius, and the Latissimus Dorsi; and this drawing is not so much
of value as a piece of Anatomy, as in explaining to the student the
first appearance of his disseGtion of the back; and by explaining the
great muscles of the Scapula, it marks a good, beginning for the Anatomy
of the arm.
The Trapezius Muscle, (62) " is one of the most beautiful muscles of the body, of
" a Lozenge-like form. Covers all the back and neck quite round to the fore-part of
" the shoulder; the two muscles extend from the tip of the one shoulder, to the
" tip of the other, and from the nape of the neck quite down to the loins." The
strong middle tendon by which the two muscles of the opposite sides are connected,
is marked (a), the insertion into the Occiput is marked (b), and the insertion
into the spine of the Scapula, is marked (c).
"The Latissimus Dorsi, (70.) it is the broadest not only of the back, but of the
u whole body, covering all the lower parts of the back and loins." Its broad, flat,
and
F
42 OF THE MUSCLES.
and glistening tendon is marked (d), the chief belly of the muscle is marked with
its number (70.); the place where its fibres cross is marked (e), and it then runs
under the arm into the deep shadow, being implanted into the arm bone to pull the
arm backwards.
The Deltoides (71.) next appears, the skin being thrown down carelessly, so as to
show where this muscle rises from the Spine of the Scapula; and especially its
origin is seen; for it rises from the Spine of the Scapula (c), and in part from that
line of the Scapula into which the Trapezius Muscle is inserted.
A small part of the Teres Major, (76.) is seen in the space betwixt the Deltoides,
and the Latissimus Dorsi; a small part of the Infra-spinatus, (74.) is seen lying
upon the Scapula, under this (the back) part of the Deltoid; and also a small part
of the Rhomboides, (65.) is seen under the edge of the Trapezius Muscle. Upon
the haunch, the upper part of the great Gluteus Muscle (163). is seen uncovered
of the skin, which hangs like a scroll over the edge of the table.
PLATE
BOOK SECOND, PLATE FD?TH.
43
PLATE V.
This Plate with the IV. & VI. explains the Text Book, from Page 232 to Page 285.
vw WWW WWW
1 HIS plate shows the arm in that posture into which it naturally falls,
when thrown out upon the table, viz. standing upon the lower angle
of the Scapula, the shoulder joint raised, and a little supported, the elbow
touching the table, the fore-arm lying flat along the table, the wrist raised
by the box of knives thrust under it, and the hand dropping over the box,
so as to touch the table again, with the knuckles.
Figure I. describes the outermost layer of Muscles. Figure II. (a fuller dissection,)
explains those which lie under, and contains every muscle quite down to the bone.
The two drawings are explained as one, since they are indeed two drawings of the
same arm in one posture; and the most natural arrangement for this explanation is,
1. Of the muscles lying on the Scapula, and moving the shoulder bone. 2. Muscles
lying on the arm, and moving the Radius and Ulna, the two bones of the fore-arm,
and 3. The muscles which lie upon the fore-arm, and which move the wrist, and
fingers, and thumb.
I. Muscles
44, OF THE MUSCLES.
I. Muscles lying upon the Scapula.
There is seen here, the part of the Serratus Major Anticus Muscle, (66.) which
lies upon the fore-part of the chest, which goes backwards under the Scapula, be-
twixt it and the ribs; and which is implanted, as is seen here, into all the line of
the Basis of the Scapula, to pull it forwards. The place where the Supra-spina-
tus (73.) lies, above the Spine, is seen filled with its muscle in the upper drawing,
and the place of that muscle is seen empty, and with only naked bone in the lower
drawing.
The Infra-spinatus, (74.) is seen both in the upper and in the lower drawing, co-
vering all that part of the Scapula, which is below the Spine.
The Teres Minor, (75.) is seen both in the upper and in the lower drawing, lying in
its place not much dissected, and so little separated from the Infra-spinatus (74.)
that it looks rather like a particular fasciculus of that muscle, as indeed it is; but
though the Teres Minor is not in its fleshy belly easily distinguished from the
Subscapulars, yet it has its tendon very distinct.
The Teres Major (76.) is neither like the Teres Minor, nor is it round as its
name imports, but is a large, flat, and long muscle which comes along with the Teres
Minor, from the angle of the Scapula, and being here fully dissected, and hanging
flabby, it is seen, that it twists under the shoulder bone, and is implanted, not like
the Teres Minor, which goes into the knob on the outside of the head of the shoul-
der bone; but low down, and upon the shaft of the bone, almost as low as the in-
sertion of the Deltoid Muscle; so that the shoulder bone is embraced betwixt the
two Teretes Muscles, even in the natural condition of the parts; and in the aukward
twistings of a luxation, the head of the bone is often closely embraced and strangled,
as it were, betwixt the two Teretes muscles, and not unfrequently under the sub-
scapulars; an accident which makes the bone more difficult to reduce; but very often
the
BOOK SECOND, PLATE FIFTH. 45
the joint is not at all embraced by the muscles, but is quite loose and moveable, and
its being easily reduced, is rather perhaps to be considered as a sign of the joint
being much hurt and all these muscles torn away.
(71.) Is the Deltoides, the last muscle which proceeds from the Scapula on this side
of the arm. It is seen here rising from the Spine of the Scapula (a), from the tip
of the Acromion Process (b), and also it has an origin from a part of the clavicle. It
is seen here implanted in the arm bone at (d), about one third down. In the
upper drawing it lies in its place; in the lower drawing it iscut up and turnedjback-
ward, to show the head of the bone, and the insertion of the Teres Minor.
But there are still two other muscles which rise from the Scapula, to be implanted into
the arm bone, viz. the Subscapulars, (77.) and the Coraco-brachialis, (72.)
w hich are both seen in the next plate.
II. The Muscles moving the fore-arm, and which lie upon the arm, are the Triceps
and Anconeus behind, and the Biceps and Brachialis Internus before.
The Triceps (80.) was once described as three muscles, but is now accounted as one
muscle, having three heads; (e) the first, a long head, which rises from the
lower edge of the Scapula, near the Glenoid Cavity; and, coming down betwixt the
Teres Major, and the Teres Minor Muscles (75.) and (76.) meets the second head
which is shorter; for the second head of the Triceps (f), rises from the shoulder
bone, a little below the head of the bone, and takes a long origin from almost the
whole length of the humerus. In these two drawings, the first and second head only
of the Triceps is seen; but in the next plate, the third or shortest head (g) of
the Triceps is seen, coming rather from the inner side of the bone, and lower down.
The Anconeus, (81.) or Muscle of the Elbow, is a small muscle not very easily found
nor understood. It lies exactly upon that part of the elbow on which we rest in lean-
ing upon the arm. It is seen in the upper drawing only, and is marked with its
number (81.)
(78.) The
i6 OF THE MUSCLES.
(78.) The Biceps, the Thick Muscle of the fore part of the Arm, is seen in the upper
figure. But the middle of its belly only is seen; its heads lying under the Deltoid
Muscle. The Brachialis Internus, (79.) which lies under the Biceps, is seen
in the upper drawing, but it is better seen in the lower drawing; and the manner of
its rising from the fore part of the shoulder-bone is tolerably well expressed. Neither
of the heads of the Biceps can be seen in the upper drawing, because of the
Deltoid Muscle; but in the lower drawing, where the Deltoid is cut up from
the Scapula, and reclined backwards, the longer head of the Biceps is seen
raised upon the blow-pipe, (ft) which is passed under it just where the tendon is
coming out from the Capsule of the shoulder joint; for this head of the Biceps is
a long and slender tendon, which comes from within the cavity of the shoulder joint.
and goes down under the belly of the Deltoid Muscle, being tendinous quite to the
middle of the arm.
The muscles of the Fore Arm are arranged in my description of the Muscles under
two classes.
I. The Extensors of the wrist, fingers, and thumb, which all keep the outer round
side of the fore-arm, arising chiefly from the outer Condyle.
II. The Flexors, or Benders of the wrist, fingers, and thumb, which lie all upon the
inner flat side of the fore-arm, rising in their turn, chiefly from the inner Condyle.
In these drawings the extensors only can be seen; in the drawings of the next plate
all the flexors are seen.
To begin then with the Muscles lying upon the upper or radial edge of the fore arm,
there is,
(92.) The Supinator Longus Radii, which turns the palm of the hand up; for it rises
from the shoulder bone, above the elbow joint, and goes down the fore-arm with a
long flat tendon, which is marked (i) to be planted into the Radius at its fore-part.
(102.) The Supinator Radii Brevis, is a deeper Muscle, and therefore it is seen
only
BOOK SECOND, PLATE FIFTH. 4r
only in figure ii. where it is seen lying close upon the Inter-osseous Ligament,
rising from the Ulna, going across to be inserted broad and fleshy into the Radius,
and turning the Radius upon the Ulna, so as to throw the palm upwards.
The two next muscles keep also very exactly to the Radial edge of the arm; belong to
the wrist; are the extensors of the wrist on the Radial side of the arm; and are
named Extensores Carpi Longior et Brevior.
(93.) The Extensor Carpi Radialis Longior, rises from the arm bone just under
the place of the Supinator Longus (92.); has a strong fleshy belly like it; and its
long tendon accompanies the long tendon of the Supinator, and is implanted near
the root of the thumb, at (k), to bend the wrist back.
(94.) The Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevior, rises also from the shoulder bone,
but lower, and thence it is shorter; but it is in all other respects like the former;
like it has a short thick fleshy belly; a long and slender tendon, running along the
wrist, is implanted into the back of the hand, at the root of the fore-finger, at (/);
and like the former it bends the wrist backwards.
These three muscles, the Supinator, and the two extensors, form the chief flesh of the
fore-arm just under the elbow joint, and the three bellies make three dimples and
three curious swellings, which are drawn by the painter with great care, for they
make the chief marks of the fore-arm; and the true drawing of the fore-arm (in
its bendings and fore-shortenings, and especially in its strong exertions of pulling or
grasping,) consists chiefly in the right placing of these three bellies, where they
cover the joint; and it is the rising belly of the Supinator, which (in the drawing),
joins the fore-arm rightly to the arm. These three muscles are seen lying in their
places in the upper drawing, but flaccid. In the lower drawing, the Supinator,
(92.) is cut away, and the place, whence it was cut out from the arm-bone, is
marked with its number (92.), while the long Extensor (93.) and the short Extensor
(94.) are both left in their place; but they are much dissected, and allowed to hang
over
48 OF THE MUSCLES.
over by their own weight to the inner side of the fore-arm, so that in this lower
drawing their tendons are less perfectly seen.
(95.) The Extensor Carpi Ulnaris is seen in the upper drawing dissected very
clean, lying loose and flabby, but yet not separated from the Ulna; whereas in
the lower drawing it is so fully dissected, as to fall away from the Ulna, leaving
the bone at (m) naked.
And so there remains of all the muscles on this side of the fore-arm, those only which
extend the fingers and thumb; and they are all seen, in the upper drawing, dissected,
but still in their places. In the lower arm they are all thrown loose.
(96.) The Extensor Communis Digitorum is seen in the upper drawing thick and
massy; covering the other slender muscles. This muscle goes to all the fingers, by the
tendons (n n) which are seen on the back of the hand. In the upper figure the Ex-
tensor Communis is in its place; in the lower drawing it is cut up, and thrown out
upon the table.
(97.) Extensor Digiti Minimi vel Auricularis is seen only in the lower drawing, for
in the upper drawing it is covered by the Extensor Communis. It is like a slip of
the Extensor Communis, and consequently it is cut up here along with the Ex-
tensor Communis.
The slender tendons of the Extensor Communis are marked (nn). The slender tendon
of the Auricularis is marked (o). But the fore finger also has a particular Extensor,
which is named Indicator, and the thumb has three Extensors, named 1st, 2d, and 3d.
(98.) The Extensor Primus Pollicis is the first upon the edge of the arm, passing
obliquely over the Radius (99.) The Extensor Secundus is next to that; and the
Extensor Tertius (100.) is next to that again. These three Extensors are seen
fully dissected in the lower drawing, hanging loose, and their slender tendons distinctly
seen. In the upper drawing they are less dissected; and the manner in which the three
tendons cross obliquely over the wrist, and the manner of their coming up to the thumb
touching the great joint of it, is well explained. It is seen here that these tendons are
bound
BOOK SECOND, PLATE FIFTH. 49
bound down by the Annular Ligament (*); and by raising the thumb strongly in our
own hand, we can compare it with this dissection, for we see the starting up of these
tendons of the thumb, and we see at the same time the point distinctly marked at
which the ring of the Annular Ligament holds them down.
The Indicator (101.) lies next to the Extensor Tertius Pollicis; it rises from the Ul-
na; its slender tendon goes up to the fore-finger to extend it. This muscle is seen
only in the lower drawing. In the upper drawing all the muscles are in their na-
tural places, the tendons being bound down by the Annular Ligament which is
marked (*). It is a tendinous expansion, thin, flat, and ribband-like, and the mus-
cles extending the fingers are seen through this transparent band. It is called the An-
nular, or ring-like Ligament of the wrist.
G
PLATF
J500K SECOND, PLATE SIXTH
51
PLATE VI.
This Plate explains the Text Book, from page 217, to page 220.
vwwwwwww
THIS Plate explains all the flexor muscles of the hand, wrist, and fingers,
by a drawing taken when the arm was set up for the figures of the last plate,
and consequently the postures are expressly the same; and the parts, as the
Scapula, the Clavicle, and the position of the fore-arm, must be easily
understood.
The Seratus Major Anticus (66.) is still seen hanging down from the basis of the
Scapula. Part of the Supra-spinatus (73.) is seen above the Spine.
The Subscapularis (77.) is seen filling the whole of the hollow of the Scapula, lying
under the Scapula, betwixt it and the ribs.
The Teres Major (76.) is seen here also hanging down flaccid from the place, where
it is implanted into the shoulder bone.
That part of the Deltoides (71.) which arises from the Clavicle (a) is seen here.
The Biceps Brachii (78.) is seen in the upper drawing with the belly marked (78.),
lying in its place. Its longer slender tendon which comes from within the shoulder
joint is marked (b). Its shorter tendon which still is very long but thick and fleshy,
is
52 OF THE MUSCLES.
is seen marked (c), coming from under the Deltoid muscle where it rises from the
Coracoid Process. Its flat tendon, which expands upon the fore-arm, and strengthens
the general fascia of the arm, is seen spreading out over the muscles at (d), and the
ragged edges of the fascia are seen lying out upon the muscles, for the muscles both
above and below are dissected clean, while the fascia of the arm is left only at (d),
that the connection betwixt this fascia and the Biceps tendon might be explained.
In the lower drawing the shorter head of the Biceps (c) is seen cut away from the Cora-
coid process (e), and hung up by a string. The longer head (b) is pulled upwards
by a string, that it may be seen how it comes from under the clavicle, where it rises
within the shoulder joint. The Coracoid Process whence the shorter head arises is
marked (e), and it is seen that there are three points of muscles sticking to the apex
of the process; for the little pectoral muscle (67.) is implanted into it; and the
Coraco-brachialis (72.) and this shorter head of the Biceps rise from it.
The Brachialis Internus (79.) is seen in both arms, lying under the belly of the
Biceps, and rising from the bone.
The Coraco-brachialis (72.) is seen in both the drawings. In the upper drawing it
is touched by the short head of the Biceps, which makes it less distinct. In the low-
er drawing the short head of the Biceps is tucked up. The Coraco-brachialis is
fully dissected, and is left flaccid and hanging away from the arm bone; and its ori-
gin from the Coracoid Process (e) and its insertion into the middle of the shoulder
bone at (g) are both well seen.
Over the middle of the bending of the Coraco-brachialis there is seen the remains of a
flat and broad tendon, (69.) sticking to the arm bone, which is the cut tendon of the
great pectoral muscle, which is implanted thus low upon the Os Humeri, to give it
the advantage of a lever in pulling the shoulder bone inwards. I have used the
mark (69.) of the pectoral muscle to point out its tendon.
The Triceps (80.) is also well seen, especially two of its heads, viz. the longest head
( f), and the shortest head (g), while the head which is of a middle length lies upon
the back part of the bone, and cannot be seen in this view.
The
BOOK SECOND, PLATE SIXTH. 53
The muscles of the Fore-arm, i. e. all the Flexors of the hand, fingers, and thumb,
are shown here; in the upper drawing, they are in their natural position, in the
lower drawing, they are separated for demonstration, and some of them are hung out.
In the upper drawing, the muscles of the fore-arm are few and simple,lying regularly
in their places; and so are easily understood.
One muscle belonging to the outside of the arm is seen here, viz. the Supinator Radii
Longus, (92.) the belly of which is seen lying upon the Radial edge of the arm,
above the elbow; the next to that is the Pronator Teres, (82.) It rises at (ft),
from the internal Condyle; is implanted into the Radius at (i), and turns the hand
prone, (/. e.) flat down. It is called Pronator Teres, because it has a round fleshy belly,
very opposite in shape to the Pronator Quadratus; for the Pronator Quadratus,
(91.) which is seen in the lower drawing, is of a square form, lying flat upon the
Inter-osseous Membrane, rising from the Ulna, implanted into the Radius, and
having only one direct office, viz. that of turning the Radius.
The next muscle to the Pronator Teres, is the Flexor Carpi Radialis, (85.) or the
bender of the wrist, on the side of the Radius. Its head is covered in part by the
expanding tendon of the biceps at (d); then the rest of the muscle is naked; and
its long tendon is seen as it goes along the Radial edge of the fore-arm marked (£).
The Palmaris Longus, (83.) is a long, slender, and delicate muscle; it is merely a
bender of the wrist; and comes by a small head from the inner Condyle of the Hu-
merus, and its small tendon runs down the middle of the arm till it touches the
Annular Ligament of the wrist, to be implanted into it. This Annular Ligament I
have marked (*); but though it has the same mark with the Annular Ligament on
the outside of the arm, it is not a continuation of the same Ligament, nor is it
like it, but is a short, thick, and very strong ligament passing across from the
Pisiform, to the Scaphoid bone of the Carpus. It is shorter and stronger than the
Annular ^Ligament of the outside; it has a firmer origin from two particular bones,
and
54 OF THE MUSCLES.
and has a deeper arch under it: for the tendons which it binds down are very
numerous, and connected with much stronger muscles than those on the back of
the hand.
The Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, (86.) lies along the ulnar edge of the arm; is a penni-
form or feather-like muscle, very fleshy; rises from the inner Condyle along with
the Palmaris Longus, (83.) and is implanted by a strong round tendon into the
projecting Pisiform Bone.
The Flexor Digitorum Sublimis, (87.) is a very large thick bellied muscle. It is
called Sublimis, because it is the outermost of the two flexor muscles. It is seea
here lying in its place, thick and fleshy in its belly; its tendons passing under the arch
of the Annular Ligament, appearing in the palm of the hand, to go to all the fingers;
there are four distinct tendons, which are here supported upon a blow-pipe marked
(m); and the place of the Flexor Profundus, which lies under, it is seen at (88.)
In the lower drawing, the muscles of the fore-arm are seen much freer and better.
The Pronator Teres (82.) is seen in its place, thick, round, and fleshy.
The Palmaris Longus, (83.) is thrown out upon the table; by which it is seen how
short and delicate its muscular belly is; how long, slender, and delicate its tendon (n)
from which it has got its name. And the Palmar Apponeurosis, or tendinous web,
(/), which covers the palm of the hand, and which like the palm is of a triangular
form, is here cut up and left connected with its tendon.
The Upper Flexor of the fingers, or Flexor Sublimis, (87.) is supported by a liga-
ture, so as to draw its four tendons nearly into a straight line, showing how they
are split near the fingers, whence this muscle is often named Perforatus.
The deep Flexor, Flexor Profundus, (88.) is left at its origin. Its belly is raised
and drawn out a little, and held extended by a pin; and the three tendons of this
muscle are seen going through the loops, or splits of the tendon of the last muscle,
whence this one is named Musculus Perforans.
These
BOOK SECOND, PLATE SIXTH 5j
These tendons of the Perforans and Perforatus are also well seen in the uppermost figure,
where the perforating tendons are raised over the blowpipe (o), and the perforated
tendons are also supported upon another blowpipe (m).
The muscle marked (88*) which seems to go with a particular tendon towards the fore-
finger, as if it were a particular Flexor for the fore-finger, is merely that head of
the general Flexor which goes to the fore-finger, it is a part of the Flexor Profundus;
and this particular appearance is produced merely by dissecting this belly a little too
high up; for this muscle, and the Flexor Sublimis also, are divided or diviseablc
into four distinct bellies, for each of the four distinct fingers which they serve.
The Flexor Longus Pollicis, (90.) is a large and strong muscle for bending the
last joint of the thumb; its tendon is seen going in under the two short muscles of the
thumb, and is seen again at (q) escaping from betwixt the short Flexors, and going
forwards to the point of the thumb.
The Pronator Quadratus, (91.) is seen lying flat upon the Interosseous Membrane
which is marked (p).
The muscles of the Hand are not fully explained, but yet the chief muscles are seen.
The Abductor Brevis Pollicis, (103.) is seen in the upper drawing rising from the
outside of the Annular Ligament.
The Flexor Brevis Pollicis, (105.) is seen rising also from the Annular Ligament
Another head rises deeper in the hand, but is not seen here, there is seen only the
tendon of the long Flexor, passing betwixt these two heads of the short Flexor.
The Opponens Pollicis, (104.) cannot be seen here, because it does not move any
of the joints of the thumb. It belongs only to the Metacarpal Bone of the thumb;
and of course it lies under these two.
The Adductor Pollicis, (106.) or, that which carries the thumb towards the fore-
finger, is also seen here; but so much under shadow, that it is not to be distin-
guished from the Abductor Indicis, (110.) For the Adductor Pollicis and
Abduct.ii
j6 OF THE MUSCLES.
Abductor Indicis lie close upon each other, and are of the same flat and trian-
gular shape.
The muscles of the little finger are the Abductor and the Flexor Minimi Digiti;
but it is the Abductor Minimi Digiti (107.) only that is seen here, lying on
the edge of the palm, under the little finger; which we feel acting, when we
spread wide the little finger, or when taken with that slight cramp which we often
feel upon the lower edge of the palm.
PLATE
\trx l /:>
1*1. A II
fJu&iyy /'•./■L-U/y /'///^/-/." ///.
BOOK SECOND, PLATE SEVENTH.
57
PLATE VII.
>V\A'W\'VW\*«VV\*.
This Plate explains the Text Book, from page 235, to page 31o
wwwwvvww«
THIS plate represents the Trunk of the body in various drawings; explaining
those muscles of the Scapula, which lie flat under the Trapezii Muscles;—also
the serrated muscles, which raise or depress the ribs in breathing; the Lon-
gissimus Dorsi, and Sacro-Lumbalis, the chief muscles which support
the Spine; and it also explains the Intercostal Muscles; the Levators of the
ribs; the lesser muscles of the neck and Spine; and the Recti Capitis, the
small nodding muscles of the head.
It explains a set of muscles, which are found in the book from page 235, to page
310. From page 235 of the book, forwards, are explained the chief muscles of the
Scapula; as the Levator Scapulae, the Rhomboid Muscles, and the Serratus Anti-
cus; and these three are the chief outermost muscles in the dissection represented
in figures i. and ii.
The Levator Scapula, (63.) is seen in Figure I. on both sides, rising from the
Transverse Processes of the upper Vertebrae of the neck, and going downwards to
be implanted into the upper corner of the Scapula, whence it is named Musculus
Angularis Scapulae.
The Rhomboid muscles, (64. and 65.) are two flat muscles which come with a thin
flat tendon from the Spines of the neck and back, and are implanted quite flesh)-,
H but
58 OF THE MUSCLES.
but still thin and flat, into the whole length of the basis of the Scapula. The divi-
sion betwixt the cervical portion of this muscle, (64.) which is the Rhomboides
Minor, and the larger portion coming from the Spines of the back, and which is
named Rhomboides Major, (6.5.) is very slight.
Part of the Infra Spinatus, (74.) is seen here; the Deltoides, (71.) is also seen;
the Serratus Major Anticus, (66.) or great muscle for moving the Scapula
forwards, is seen lying upon the side of the chest, rising from the ribs to pass under
the Scapula, where it is implanted into the whole length of the Basis of the Scapula,
exactly opposite to the insertion of the Rhomboides. But in Figure II. the Ser-
ratus Major Anticus is represented again lying under the Scapula; and the Scapula,
to show it, is cut almost away from the trunk, and is thrown out into a very
unnatural position, and the confluence of the separate heads or Serrae by which this
muscle rises from each of the ribs i9 indistinctly marked.
Thus the Serratus Anticus is seen to be a muscle belonging to the Scapula; but the
Serrati Postici, (113. 114.) are muscles of the ribs belonging chiefly to respira-
tion, and they are seen in Figure I. and these muscles of the ribs are explained in
the book from page 285, to page 290. The upper Serrated muscle lies flat under
the Rhomboides; the lower Serrated muscle lies in like manner flat under the La-
tissimus Dorsi muscle; but they cover the Longissimus Dorsi and Sacro-lum-
^alis muscles, the lower Serratus covering their fleshy bellies, and the uppermost
covering their tendons.
The Serratus Superior Posticus (113.") is seen lying flat upon the side of the neck;
on the right side the Rhomboides covers it; on the left side it is seen naked. It be-
gins by a neat flat shining tendon, resplendent like the colours of a fish turning in
the water; and this flat tendon (which is exactly like the flat tendon of the Rhom-
boid muscle) comes from the three lower Spines of the neck, and divides into three
neat small fleshy heads which are marked (a a), and these are implanted into three
of the ribs; and bv raising three ribs it is plain that they must raise the whole chest.
The
BOOK SECOND, PLATE SEVENTH 59.
The Serratus Inferior Posticus (114.) is the exact antagonist of this, and exactly
like it in all respects, only that it goes obliquely from below upwards, to pull the
ribs down. It arises by a silvery shining tendon like the upper one; the tendon is very
strong, but thinner than a sheet of paper. It ends in three heads, which are thin flat
slips of flesh, inserted into the three or four lower ribs a little beyond their angles.
The Levatores Costarum, (115.) are concealed by these muscles, but are seen in
the next dissection, Figure II. where they are seen to be in number twelve pairs
corresponding'with the number of the ribs. The nine uppermost are seen to be short;
the three lower pairs are seen to pass one rib, and to take hold on the rib below.
Whence they are named Levatores Costarum Longiores.
The Levatores Costarum are these twelve distinct muscles, rising from the transverse
process of each vertebra, and going down to lay hold upon each rib; and so they lie
flat upon the outside of the ribs, and keep close to the Spine, and are short. But there
are besides regular plans of fibres lying in the interstices of the ribs, which go from
the edge of one rib to the edge of the other, and fill up the space betwixt the ribs and
hence are named Intercostals. The internal intercostals exactly resemble the ex-
ternal intercostals. The external intercostals only can be seen here, and they are
seen best in the left side of figure ii. marked (116.) the three lower internal inter-
costal muscles lying upon the three lower ribs are longer than the others, just as the
lower Levators are longer; but it is not so in the outer layer of intercostals which
(except in a few straggling fibres) are all of equal length.
The muscles which raise the trunk from the stooping posture, and especially the Qua-
dratus Lumborum, Sacro-Lumbalis, Longissimus Dorsi, Transversalis
Colli, and Cervicalis, are explained from page 297, to page 301, and they are
all pretty distinctly marked in figures i. and ii.
In Figure I. the Longissimus Dorsi (126.) and the Sacro Lumbalis (127.) are seen
only in the middle of the back; for they are covered by the Rhomboid and Serratus
superior
(30 OF THE MUSCLES.
superior muscles above, and in the same way by the Serratus inferior Posticus be-
low; but in figure ii. the three great muscles of the Spine, viz. the Quadratus
Lumborum (125.) the Longissimus Dorsi (126.) and the Sacro-Lumbalis (127.)
are seen quite uncovered, and in their whole length; for their tendinous origin in
the loins at (d), their middle bellies at (126, 127.) and their long tendinous inser-
tions at (c), are all distinctly seen; and also their connection with the Cervicalis
Descendens (128.) is explained.
The Quadratus Lumborum, (125.) which is cut away on the right side, is seen dis-
tinctly on the left side, arising big and fleshy from the spine of the Ilium, and insert-
ed partly into the transverse processes of the loins, but chiefly into the lowest rib.
The common tendon of the Longissimus Dorsi, and of the Sacro-Lumbalis, is seen at
(d); it is a firm, thick, and strong origin, which is thus entirely tendinous without,
but fleshy within; it rises from the Sacrum, Ilium, and transverse processes of
the Vertebras, and fills up all the hollow upon both sides of the Spine.
The belly of the Sacro-Lumbalis (127.) parts from the belly of the Longissimus
Dorsi, (126.) at the top of the loins, nearly opposite to the lowest rib.
The Longissimus Dorsi keeps closer by the Spine, and is inserted by a double row of
tendinous feet; but they lie so under its own belly, and under the belly of the Sa-
cro-Lumbalis, that they are hidden from the view. The tendinous feet of the Sacro-
Lumb alis are well seen, spreading out wider from the Spine and attaching themselves
to the ribs; and these tendons marked (c c) are seen in figure i. lying flat and regu-
lar, each in its right place; but in figure ii. they are more dissected, are torn up a lit-
tle from the flat surface of the ribs, and hang somewhat loose and flaccid. On the
right side of the neck is seen the Cervicalis Descendens, (128.) rising from the
transverse processes of the neck, going down to be implanted tendinous into the back,
(z. e.) into the ribs. The Cervicalis is inserted under the upper tendons of the
Sacro-Lumbalis, and the Longissimus Dorsi, on the other hand, is seen to send a
delicate slip of tendon up into it; so that the Cervicalis seems equally connected with
both
BOOK SECOND, PLATE SEVENTH. 61
both of these muscles, but it is rather more beholden to the Longissimus Dorsi, for
this slip; while the accident of the Cervicalis rising under the tendinous feet of the
Sacro-Lumbalis makes hardly any connection.
On the left side again there is seen, the Transversalis Colli (129.); which rising
from the Transverse Processes of the back, ascends towards the Transverse Pro-
cesses of the neck; it is rather strong and fleshy, has little connection with any other
muscle; the Cervicalis Descendens lies under it, while this the Transversalis is in
its turn covered by the Splenitis and Complexus*.
The
* There are three slender muscles in the neck, which are in danger of being confounded,
viz. the Trachelo-mastoideus, the Transversalis Cervicis, and the Cervicalis De-
scendens. It is impossible to give a perfect drawing on so small a scale, nor indeed is it
possible by any drawing, to represent them so that they shall be easily found, and distin-
guished; perhaps they will best be found by following this order of dissection. 1. The Tra-
pezius and the Rhomboides, the two large flat external muscles belonging to the Scapula,
are to be cut away; and then the Serratus Superior where it covers the lower part of the
Complexus is to be raised. 2. The Splenitis and Complexus are to be dissected and laid
aside; and 3. the Trachelo-mastoideus, and the two other muscles come into view. Of these,
First, there lies immediately under the Complexus the Trachelo-mastoideus, large and
fleshy, rising from the Transverse Processes in the back and lower part of the neck, by ten-
dinous and fleshy feet, and going obliquely upwards and outwards till it is implanted fleshy
into the Mastoid Process; and though it is more fleshy than the two muscles which come
next, it still is so much a mixture of tendon and flesh, as to be named the Complexus Minor,
Secondly, there is the Transversalis Cervicis, which lies immediately under the Tra-
chelo-mastoideus, keeps close to the Spine, i. e. lies in the hollow by the side of the Spinous
Processes. It rises from the Transverse Processes of the back to be implanted in the Trans-
verse Processes of the neck; is immediately covered by the Trachelo-Mastoideus; and
covers in part the Cervicalis Descendens.—Thirdly, there is the Cervicalis Descendens,
which lies more to one side than the Transversalis Cervicis; it therefore lies more properly
under the Trachelo-Mastoideus; its feet or tendinous origins begin from the tips of the
Transverse Processes of the neck, just where the feet or small tendons of the Levator Sca-
pulas begin; it is very slender and is a confused mixture of tendon and flesh, being chiefly
tendinous, though it is fleshy in part. It is necessary to give this warning, that not even the
argest drawing can make this piece of dissection perfectly easy; perhaps it may be the easier
for this description and arrangement.
62 OF THE MUSCLE?
The rising slip of the Longissimus Dorsi has led to this explanation of the
Transversalis, and of the Cervicalis Descendens; but naturally before these, there
should have been explained the two larger muscles which cover them, viz. the
Splenius and Complexus, which are best seen in figures i. and iii. In figure i. are
seen, the Splenii (118.) straight and flat, lying along the side of the neck, like
the legs of the letter V. and in the interstice or place of their forking, is seen
the chief belly of the Complexus, (119.) where it is implanted into the Occiput,
lying under the Splenii. In figure iii. the Splenii are cut away, the Complexus
only is seen, the chief belly of the Complexus where it is implanted into the Os
Occipitis is marked with its proper number (119.); while its feet (partly tendinous
and partly fleshy), by which it rises from the Transverse Processes of the neck and
back, are marked (e e).
The muscles belonging exclusively to the Spine, are next seen in figure iii. for the
chief of them are these two, First, the Spinalis Dorsi, (131.) or long muscle be-
longing to the Spinous Processes of the back. It runs along the whole back from
spine to spine; it is very slender and almost entirely tendinous, and is marked
with its number, (131.) Secondly, the Multifidus Spin^, (133.) which is a
confused mixture of tendon and flesh, but thick and massy enough to fill all the
hollow over the Oblique Processes of the Vertebra, and betwixt the Spinous and
Transverse Processes.
Three of the four small muscles which perform the quick turning and nodding motions
of the head, are explained upon the head, figure iv. where the two small muscles
called Recti Capitis are seen dissected fairly, and laid over a blow-pipe; and here
it will be observed that the two Recti Minores (121.) are smaller, and lie deeper
betwixt the Atlas and the Scull, that the Rectus Major (122.) is not as its
name implies, a straight muscle, but is truely oblique. One of the Oblique
muscles is also shown here, for there are two oblique muscles, somewhat like the
Recti or straight ones. The Oblique Muscle (123.) which is here shown, is the
Obliquus
BOOK SECOND, PLATE SEVENTH. 63
Obliquus Superior, which rises from the Transverse Process of the Atlas, to be
inserted into the Occiput. The Obliquus inferior, which rises from the Dentatus
to be fixed into the Atlas is here cut away, for only the Atlas is left in this
drawing.
PLAT*:
BOOK SECOND, PLATE EIGHTH
fc>5
The drawings and plans which are numbered, VIII. IX. X. 8c XI. explain chapter vi. and vii. of
the book, containing t/ie Abdominal Muscles, the Diaphragm, and the muscles of the Perineum.
Plate VIII. gives a general view of the Abdominal Muscles, as they are first laid open. Plate IX.
gives a second dissection of the Abdominal Muscles, showing the successive layers of the great
Muscles which cover the abdomen. Plate X. explains the general appearance of the Diaphragm,
and its relation to the body. Plate XI. explains by plans and drawings, the Diaphragm and
the muscles of the parts of generation.
PLATE VIII.
EXPLAINS the first dissection of the Abdominal Muscles in a lateral view;
and the chief intention of the drawing is, to show the general appearance
of the belly when uncovered of its skin; to show the great size of the
Musculus Obliquus Externus, " and how it covers all the side with
" its fleshy belly, and all the fore-part of the Abdomen with its thin
" expanded tendon;" to explain the two great lines or marks, the
Linea Alba, and Linea Semi-lunaris, and to show the ring of the Abdo-
minal Muscles, and the ligament of the thigh in their true shapes, with
the exit of the great arteries of the thigh, and the passage of the Sper
matic Cord.
The description then of these few parts needs hot be tedious.
First, the great belly o£ the External Obliqjje Muscle of the Abdomen is marked
with its proper number (143.); and it is seen here how it covers the side, how it
lies out upon the fore-part of the Thorax, and how it rises from the ribs by indigita-
I 'ions.
66 OF THE MUSCLES.
tions, which are marked so dark that they can be understood only by the indigita
tions (a a a) of the Serratus Major Anticus Muscle, in the interstices of which
they rise.
The belly of this muscle covers only the side, stops suddenly at (bb), which represent
the flat tendon, the fibres of which go obliquely from above downwards and in-
wards, whence it is named Obliojjus Descendens. The letters (ccc) show the
line which is called Linea Semi-lunaris; and the letters are so placed, as also
to point out the intersections or tendinous lines which divide the Recti, or straight
muscles of the Abdomen, into four or five distinct bellies; and consequently the
letters (ccc) also mark the several bellies of the Rectus, shining through the thin
expanded tendon of the External Oblique.
(*) Marks the head of the Rectus Muscle, where it rises from the border of the
Thorax, touching the Pectoral Muscle (69.), and at the place of this mark (*),
the muscle is uncovered of its sheath; this mark serves also another use, for it is
repeated again below near the navel, so that these two marks show the whole
length of the Linea Alba, or white line, which is seen running down all the center
of the belly from the Sternum quite to the Pubis, passing through the navel, and
formed by the meeting of the tendons of all the muscles. And it is perhaps
worth notice, that the small holes marked very dark, which are neat, small, and
round, and which appear in every dissection, like Oilet Holes, and are espe-
cially frequent over the surfaces of the Recti Muscles, are just the openings by
which the great Cutaneous Veins of the Abdomen pierce the flat tendon of the
External Oblique Muscle, to get to the bellies of the Muscles which lie under it, or
rather to come back from them, returning chiefly the blood of the Epigastric
Arteryf.
The
t I question whether it be not truly a wound of one of these large veins, (and they are
greatly dilated in dropsy of the belly), which occasions that kind of bleeding, which so often
happens in tapping the belly.
LOOK SECOND, PLATE EIGHTH. 67
The tendency of the Oblique fibres of the Abdominal Muscle to split is easily seen, and
the manner of its splitingto form the Ring of the Abdominal Muscles is faithfully
represented, where (d) marks the lower pillar of the ring; (e) the upper pillar of
the ring; and it is plain that (d) while it forms the lower pillar of the ring, is at
the same time the Ligament of the thigh, (f) Marks the Spermatic Cord
coming through the opening of the ring; (g) marks the femoral Artery coming
from under Poupart's Ligament, or the Ligament of the thigh. Whence it will be
understood how Bubonocele or Hernia of the Groin, following the course of the
Spermatic Cord, will proceed obliquely inwards, and must (in attempting to re-
duce it), be pushed from within outwards: and how a femoral Hernia will by
coming out from under the femoral Ligament, be lodged fairly in the thigh, far
from the Groin; lying very deep, apt to be concealed from the Surgeon; and how
by following the course of the great vessels of the thigh, the Femoral Hernia will
proceed from within obliquely outwards, so that, in attempting to reduce this
Hernia, we must push from without obliquely inwards.
PLATK
BOOK SECOND, PLATE NINTH
69
PLATE IX.
This Plate along with the former explains the Text Book, from page oil, to page 323.
(»/WWWWVW\/V\
EXPLAINS the second dissection of the belly; where the muscles being
cut and thrown out upon the thighs, may seem irregular and confused,
though it is truly the natural order and true appearance of the dissection.
The view is not foreshortened enough to make a pleasant drawing, because
it was necessary to look from a high point, as in seeing a dissection from the
seats of a Theatre, in order to have a full view of all the belly, from the Pu-
bis to the Sternum.
1. The External Oblique Muscle, (143.) is entirely cut away, and no part of it
remains on either side.
2. The Internal Oblique Muscle (144.) is seen on both sides; on the leftside of the
body it is cut up from its insertion, and is thrown down upon the thigh, showing
chiefly how thick and strong its fleshy belly is; but on the right side of the body it
is left in its place, where the obliquity of its fibres is well seen, and where the
chief points of the description are fulfilled in the drawing, viz. that the chief
belly of the Obliquus Internus is at the Iliac Spine, that the central fibres only are
direct, going across the Abdomen to the Linea Alba; and that the higher fibres
ascend
70 OF THE MUSCLES.
ascend towards the Sternum, while the lower ones go obliquely downwards to the
Pubis. This is the muscle which gives that muscular covering of the Spermatic
Cord, strong in animals, though weak in man, which is named Cremaster. The
testicle of the right side is torn up from the Scrotum, and thrown out upon the
thigh, that the connection of the Spermatic Cord with this the Internal Oblique
Muscle, might be seen; and although it could not be distinctly expressed in so
small a figure, without exaggerating and departing from the true drawing, yet there
is a conical form of the Spermatic Cord at its upper end, which shows where the
Cremaster Muscle joins it.
3. The Transversalis Abdominis, (145.) is seen on the left side. It looks at first
sight much like the Internal Oblique, but it is to be remembered, that the Internal
Oblique of this side (144.) is thrown down over the thigh. The Transverse
sends all its fibres directly across the Abdomen; and it is seen to belong to the
inner surface of the Thorax, as much as the External Oblique Muscle belongs to
the outer surface of it. (a a) Represent the place where the flesh of this muscle
ends, and the tendon begins; and the tendon at this point is strongly attached to
the tendon of the inner Qblique Muscle. The letters (a a) mark the edge where the
two thin tendons adhere to form the sheath for the Rectus Muscle; the letter (b)
is placed in the sheath itself; the sheath is seen again on the left side empty, and
marked (bb), with the bowels of the Abdomen shining through the back part of the
sheath, which though very dense and strong, is yet thin and almost transparent.
But at the lower part (c), it is less perfect, or rather is wanting; the thinner mem-
brane of the Peritoneum only being found there.
4. The Rectus Abdominis, (146.) of the leftside remains in its place; it is dissected
on its fore-part, so as to show the tendinous intersections (dd), where the fore-
part of the sheath adheres; but at the back of the sheath, (i. e.) at (b) there are
no such adhesions, and though the Rectus is so attached at the fore-part, as to be
very
BOOK SECOND, PLATE NINTH. 71
very difficultly dissected; it lies at its back part so loosely, that it is easily turned
out of its sheath with the point of the finger, or the handle of the dissecting knife.
The Rectus Abdominis of the right side, (146.) is thrown down like a strap over
the thigh, so fully that its tendon by which it is fixed into the Pubis is seen, but
not very distinctly here, because the tendon is small, when the Pyramidal Muscles
are found, as in this subject.
The Pyramidal Muscles, (147.) which are as Supplementary Muscles, are seen fully
dissected, with neat, small, and fleshy bellies, of a very regular Triangular form;
the base of the Triangle being the origin of the muscle from the Pubis; the Apex
of the Triangle being its insertion into the Linea Alba, and the mark (*) is put
upon the place of the Symphisis Pubis.
PLATE
1
BOOK SECOND, PLATE TENTH
73
PLATE X,
This Plate explains the Text Book, from Page 323, to Page 328.
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BOOK SECOND, PLATE TWELFTH
PLATE XII.
This Plate and the next explain the Text Book, from Page 336, to Page 384.
IWIWVIVMMWVV
OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY.
IN this plate are explained the chief muscles of the Thigh, Leg, and Foot.
The limb is hung by a rope, the foot swinging in the air, the ball of
the great toe touching the ground. The leg is presented twice. In a fore
view showing the great fascia of the thigh dissected back, and the mus-
cles naked, Fig. i. And again, in a back view, Fig. ii. showing the
cavity of the Pelvis; the hollow betwixt the Ham-string muscles, and the
bellies of the Gastrocnasmii with the great Achilles Tendon. The explana-
tions cannot be orderly, and therefore they should be short.
In Figure I. (a) marks the Spine of the Ilium; (b) the crest of the Pubis; (c) the li-
gament of Poupart which runs betwixt these two points; (d) the Femoral artery pas-
sing under the ligament. The' muscles wrhich appear on the fore-part of the thigh
are these.
The Rectus (171.) lying in the middle of the thigh, having a white and tendinous
part in the center, and the fleshy fibres going in towards it.
The
84 OF THE MUSCLES.
The Vastus Externus (173.) makingall the flesh on the outside of the thigh.
The Vastus Internus (174.) making that cushion of flesh, which is so prominent
upon the inner side of the knee joint, and which makes so particular a mark in the
drawings of the thigh: and all these three muscles, viz. the Rectus, Vastus Exter-
nus, and Vastus Internus, are inserted together into the Patella, which is marked (e).
Then the Sartorius (175.) is seen rising from the highest point of the Os Ilium; cros-
sing the thigh, long and slender like a strap, and bending down the Vastus Internus
Muscle.
The head of the Gracilis (176.) where it rises from the Pubis is here seen;—next to
that is seen the first head of the Triceps (161.); and next to that the Pectinalis
(160.) with the artery of the thigh lying flat upon its belly.
These are the chief muscles on the fore part of the thigh; they are naturally covered
with the Fascia, or broad tendinous expansion, marked (f), and the Fascialis
Muscle, which, from its making this vagina tense, is named Tensor Vaginae Femoris;
is marked with its appropriated number (136.), and is drawn out along with the
fascia, and is seen rising from the same point of the Os Ilium, from which the Sar-
torius rises.
In the Leg, (g) marks the Tibia; and the muscles are,
The Gastrocnemius, (181.)
The Tibialis Anticus (187.), which comes from the fore part of the Tibia, crosses
the ancle obliquely, goes over the side of the foot to be implanted into the root of
the great toe; and this is the tendon which makes that sharp angle on the fore-part
of the ancle where the buckle lies.
The Extensor Pollicis (196.) lies next to the Tibialis, and its tendon passes like that
of the Tibialis Anticus under the Annular Ligament of the ancle, which is marked
(ft); and next to the Extensor Pollicis lies the Extensor Longus Digitorum Pedis
(193.) which lies deeper still, and more towards the outside of the leg. Its tendons
are seen going out to each of the toes, and these tendons are accompanied with the
tendons
HOOK SECOND, PLATE TWELFTH. 85
tendons of the little muscle the Extensor Brevis Digitorum Pedis (195.),
which is seen lying under the tendons of the long muscle.
Behind the Extensor Digitorum, and hiding it in part, is the Peroneus Longus Mus-
cle (184.), which belongs to the brawn of the Leg, and the tendon of which passes
down behind the outer ancle.
In the foot, Fig. II. lying under this one, is explained the Plantar Aponeurosis, or that
fascia which belongs to the sole of the foot; and which is described in the Book of
Muscles, page 382. It is seen here to consist of three general divisions, the middle
one (i), the lateral one (i) on the outside, which covers the Flexor, and the Ab-
ductor Minimi Digiti; and the lateral one (/) on the inside, which covers the Flexor
and the Abductor Pollicis.
The general Fascia where it covers the thigh is marked (/), but it is merely a con-
tinuation of the same fascia that covers the leg; and where it covers the leg it is
marked (*); and it is still the same fascia which being continued over the fore-part
of the foot, is there strengthened by its adhesion to the outer and inner ancles, by
which, taking a new form it becomes the Annular Ligament, so that the Annular
Ligament is merely a strengthening of the common fascia.
FIGURE III.
This view shows chiefly the muscles upon the back part of the thigh and leg. The
Vertical Section of the Os Sacrum is marked (m); the hollow of the Pelvis is
marked (n); the Vertical Section of the Os Pubis is marked (o); and the letter (p)
is put down upon the Tuberosity of the Os Ischium, which could not be clearlv
marked. And the muscles are,
The Psoas Magnus (157.); crossing the brim of the Pelvis, to go down into the thigh.
The Gracilis (176.), which is seen coming from the arch of the Pubis, and going
down to be inserted by a delicate and slender tendon, into the head of the Tibia.
The
86 OF THE MUSCLEb.
The first and second heads of the Triceps, (161.) are seen from behind.
The Semi-membranosus (178.) is next seen; but the whole of it is not seen; nothing is
bare here but the middle and lower parts of the muscle; but there is enough of it to
show that it is not as its name imports, a muscle having a membranous appearance,
it has on the contrary a very thick fleshy belly.
The Semi-tendinosus (177.) is next to it, and the reason of its being named Semi-
tendinosusis seen in the length of its tendon (a). The Semi-membranosus and the Se-
mi-tendinosus form together the inner ham-string. The outer ham-string is formed by
the Tendon of the Biceps Cruris Muscle; and the belly of the Biceps (180.) is seen
held out by three sticks, so as to show the deep hollow betwixt the ham-strings, in
which is seen hanging the great Sacro-Sciatic Nerve (r); where it is going
down the back of the thigh, to pass down under the heads of the Gastrocnemii
Muscles.
The Great Gluteus Muscle (163.) is seen upon the hip dissected, so as to show the
order of its fibres, and hanging like the rest of the leg all loose and flaccid.
The Vastus Internus (174.) is also seen making a fleshy belly just over the knee-joint.
The two bellies of the Gastrocnemius Muscle (181.) are seen rising each from its
own Condyle of the thigh bone at (ss), and meeting together to be joined into the
great Achillis tendon (t); which grows gradually smaller as it goes downwards to
be implanted into the heel at (u), where still it is very thick and strong.
The great belly and tendon of the Flexor Pollicis (188.) is also seen passing be-
hind the inner ancle.
A part of the belly of the Soleus (182.) is seen lying under the belly of the Gastroc-
nemius.
The foot in this drawing is left covered with skin, and puffed, and ill shaped, as it
naturally is, while under dissection.
PLATE
A/rsr/^s
PL.XIII.
II
IS*,.
y /I.Fwli.y f-hj'Aitl:'1815
BOOK SECOND, PLATE THIRTEENTH,
87
PLATE XIII.
This Plate explains the Text Book, frontpage 336, to page 384.
«£ while its longer head (i) is seen coming out round and small from the cavity
of the joint: The flesh of the Coraco-brachialis (72.) is seen black, and lying
in shadow behind the two heads of the biceps. The two heads of the biceps are
not joined to each other till they pass the middle of the arm, i. e. below the point
where (78.) the number of the biceps is placed.
Lastly, The chief point in this drawing is the Bursa Mucosa marked (m); which lies on
the outside of the Capsular Ligament of the joint; it is very large, and is surround-
ed by many smaller ones. This is sufficient to explain the appearance of a Bursa
Mucosa; the use of this great one, lying betwixt the Capsule of the joint and the
Acromion Process is easily conceived, and the nature of the smaller ones lying
under the point of the Coracoid Process, and under each of the tendons, as of the
Teres Major, Latissimus Dorsi, &c. need hardly be explained*.
FIGURE IV.
Explains the Elbow-joint; and also shows the Wrist, but imperfectly.
The three bones which form the Elbow-joint are, the Humerus (a); the Radius (b);
• and the Ulna (c.) They are all connected with each other by the general Capsule
or bag of the joint (d), which is derived from the Periosteum, coming off from
the shoulder bone above those hollows which receive the Olecranon and Coronoid
Processes; which is in itself thin, and delicate, but is crossed by lateral and trans-
verse Ligaments, so that it does not appear like a distinct bag; and therefore the
chief demonstration is of the bands, which go across the Capsular Ligament to
strengthen it in various directions.
1. The Coronary Ligament of the Radius is not, as might be supposed, any distinct
ligament, but merely a particular form of that part of the General Capsule.
The
* This is the Bursa which I had seen distended with a prodigious quantity of glairy fluid,
and producing a tumor upon the shoulder. Vid. Book upon the Joints, page 431.
BOOK THIRD, PLATE FIRST. 103
The Coronary Ligament (e) is just that part of the General Capsule, which belongs
to the head of the Radius. In attaching itself to the neck of the Radius, it seems
a little radiated or pursed up at the root (d); a little higher as at (e), where it goes
over the plain button-like head of the Radius, it is braced very firm; it is in-
deed hard and cartilaginous, particularly hard and smooth within; and at this
point, it is especially strengthened by two Accessory Ligaments; the one (m),
named the Anterior Accessory Ligament, is hardly to be distinguished from
the fore-part of the General Capsule, which is irregular and very lax. This Ac-
cessory Ligament is almost mixed with the lower part of the Capsular Ligament;
being in fact but a stronger band of the general Capsule, the Capsule being
stretched over the point of the Coronoid Process of the Ulna. But there is
another strengthening of the Capsule, which forms a more distinct and stronger
Accessory Ligament for the Coronary Ligament of the Radius: This Accessory
ring of Ligament is marked (n), and rises from the sharp edge of the Coronary
Process of the Ulna.
And lastly, the two Internal Lateral Ligaments, or the strengthenings of the
Capsule by slips of Ligament, which come from the Condyle, are marked (o o ).
There are generally two as here represented; but sometimes they are united into one
larger Ligament. These two small but strong slips of ligament go from the inner
Condyle of the Os Humeri to the root of the Coronoid Process, where it rises
from the body of the Ulna.
The Inter-osseus Ligament, which passes betwixt the Radius and Ulna, is marked
(p); its stringy fibres are seen, and also the holes by which arteries and veins pass
from the fore to the back parts of the fore arm. One particular slip of ligament
marked (q), is named Chorda Transversalis Cubiti; and is always found of
this form, stretching from the Radius below its Tubercle, to the Coronoid Process
of the Ulna.
In the lower part of the same drawing we have the wrist-joint, where (r) marks the
Scaphoid
104 OF THE JOINTS.
Scaphoid Cavity of the Radius (s). The moveable Cartilage, small and Triangular,
which represents the head of the Ulna in this joint (t), points out the oval form pf
this cavity by circumscribing it; (u) shows the round head of the Os Scaphoides;
(v) shows a similar round Articulating Surface of the Os Lunare; and it is here
seen, that these two are the chief bones on the part of the Carpus, and that they
form together an oval head, which, corresponding with the oval form of the Sca-
phoid Cavity of the Radius (r), makes the wrist-joint a regular hinge, not capable
of lateral motions.
The Capsule of the wrist which incloses these bones, to form them into a joint, is seen
here with its cut edges marked (t); for the lines from (t) serve at once to circum-
scribe the joint, explaining its oval form, and to mark the cut edges of its Capsule.
(x) Marks the cross Ligament of the wrist which binds the tendons down into the
deep hollow, which is represented here; and (103.) marks the Abductor Pollicis.
PLATE
JOIXTS
FLU
Fully A.EnLyFktiad.? 1815
OTW/JJ .'/C.
BOOK THIRD, PLATE SECOND.
105
PLATE II.
This Plate explains the Text Book, from page 239, to page 452.
WWW WWW vw
J HE two first figures of this plate explain the Hip-joint; of which the chief
parts are the socket, the head of the bone, the Capsule, and the Central
Ligament of the joint.
The Os Ilium is marked (a); the crest or spine of the Ilium is marked (b); the
Posterior Spinous Processes of the Ilium (c); the Anterior Spinous Processes are
marked (d); the Spinous Process of the Ischium, is marked (e); and the Tuberosi-
ty of the Ischium, the lowest point of the Pelvis, upon which we sit, is marked (f);
the Ramus or leg of the Ischium, joining the leg of the Pubis, is marked (g); the
Thyroid hole (ft); the Symphisis Pubis (i); and the crest of the Pubis (k); the shaft
of the thigh bone is marked (/); the great Trochanter is marked (m); and the head
of the bone is marked (7).
The parts of the joint are marked with numbers, thus,
(1.) Is the bony margin of the Socket where it is formed by the Tuberosity of the Os
Ischium; there the socket is very deep.
(2.) The Cartilage which encircles the brim of the socket, making it still deeper and
more secure.
(3.) A part of the circle of the socket opposite to the Thyroid hole, where the socket
O is
lob OF THE JOINT?
is exceedingly shallow, or where rather the bony margin of the socket is wanting,
and its place is supplied by a Ligamentous substance.
(4.) Is the Capsular Ligament of the hip, which is the strongest in all the bod)-. The
thick cut edges of the Bursal Ligament are seen here; and the ligament is seen to
come off at (n), from the Cartilaginous borders of the Acetabulum, being truly
(as it is explained in the description of this joint) a continuation of the Perichondri-
um, or membraneous covering of the Cartilage, consisting of two Lamellae, one of
which comes from the Internal Surface of the Socket, while the other comes from
the outer surface of the bone, and both of them are condensed into the Bursal Li-
gament.
(5.) Is a strengthening of the General Capsule, or what may be called the Accessory-
Ligament, coming down from that little Bump which is named the Inferior An-
terior Spinous Process of the Os Ilium; and this Accessory Ligament is best
seen in figure ii. where the Capsule is preserved entire, chiefly for the purpose of
showing this strengthening or supplementary band.
(6.) Is the Central Ligament, which is commonly called the round ligament, though
it is truly of a Triangular form; rising by a broader basis at (6.) from the center
of the socket, and implanted small, neat, and round into that dimple which is seen
in the drawings of the thigh bone, in the very center of its globular head; indeed
the dimple made by the insertion of this ligament is well seen here at (7.)
(8.) In the deep part of the socket, where this figure is placed, we see dimples irregu-
larly hollow, which are the beds for lodging the Mucous Ducts of the joint, or
what has been called, though not truly, the Synovial Gland; and at these hollows
there are Frenulae, or little tongues of the inner membrane of the socket, which
hold these Mucous Ducts in their place; there are also little Frenulae round the
neck of the bone, especially at its root, which conduct the Mucous Ducts, which
lie there.
These are the Frenulae, or little ligaments, which I meant to enumerate in page 440.
by
BOOK THIRD, PLATE SECOND. 107
by saying " that there are two Internal Ligaments belonging to this joint, viz. the
"great Internal Central, or round ligament as it is called, and these smaller
" Mucous Ligaments."
(9.) Is the root of the Bursal Ligament, for it embraces not merely the head, but
also the neck of the bone; and it is here explained how the Periosteum (o), which
is seen torn up from the shaft of the thigh bone, goes off from the bone at (9.) in
the form of Bursal Ligament, so that the Bursal Ligament and the Periosteum are
continuous, being different modifications of one membrane.
FIGURES III. and IV.
Are drawings of the outside of the knee-joint, for explaining the General Capsule of
the joint, and especially for explaining the strengthenings of the Capsule, which are
known by the names of Lateral and Posterior Ligaments.
Figure III. shows the inner side of the knee-joint, with the great Internal Lateral
Ligament, (a) Marks the thigh bone; (b) the Tibia, and the letter is placed upon
that bump, which receives the tendon of all the Extensor Muscles; (c) the Patella
appearing through the tendinous expansions which cover all the joint.
There is left here apart of the fleshy belly of the Vastus Internus Muscle (174.) This
belly expands into the form of a thin tendinous fascia, which goes over the common
Capsule of the joint at (d), to strengthen it. It is at (e), that the broad tendon of
the Vastus Internus is inserted into the Patella; and (f) is the strong Ligament of
the Patella, which comes down from the pointed lower end of the Patella, which
though it is called Ligament, is merely the thick and tough tendon by which all
the muscles, which extend the leg, as the Rectus, Vasti, and Crureus, are fixed
into the knob (b), upon the head of the Tibia, (g) Marks that margin of the
head of the Tibia upon which the Semi-lunar Cartilage plays, and this sharp edge
108 °F THE JOINTS.
is seen here shining through the Capsule of the joint, (i) Marks the Capsule of the
joint itself, thin and delicate at this point (by the side of the Patella), (k) Marks the
great Internal Lateral Ligament, which is sometimes named Ligamentum
Latum Internum, from its great breadth. It is not merely a strengthening of the
common Capsule, as the Lateral Ligaments of the elbow-joint are, but is a firm and
distinct ligament, bright and glistening with silvery lights upon it like mother of
pearl, of full three inches in length, very regular and formal, of a triangular shape,
rising by a broad basis from the inner Condyle of the thigh bone, inserted by a
smaller and more pointed end into the head of the Tibia; and stretching down the
bone, so as to mix gradually with the Periosteum, and with the General Fasciae or
Tendinous Expansions, which go out over the fore parts of the Tibia. And that it
may be understood, how little this Ligament is connected with the Capsule, and
how fairly it is entitled to the name of Lateral Ligament, I have dissected it so as
to thrust a piece of Bougie (/), under the middle of the ligament, where it passes
over the middle of the Capsule. Behind this at (m), there is a band of ligament lying,
and in the direction of the greater ligament, which might almost be named as a
lesser Internal Lateral Ligament, but which is described only as a strengthening of
the greater one.
Figure IV. at the same time that it explains the Posterior Ligaments, represents also
the Lateral Ligaments on the outer side of the joint, (a) Marks the thigh bone;
(£)the Tibia; (n) the Fibula; (i) the Bursal Ligament of the joint, so cut as to ex-
pose the inner Condyle of the thigh bone, naked and shining.
This Bursal Ligament is strengthened every where behind, by irregular strings of li-
gament passing over it in all directions, but chiefly oblique, and one of these ob-
lique Fasciculi or bands is generally so very strong, as to deserve the name of Liga-
mentum Posticum. So I have marked the irregular Fasciculi (o), and I have
marked the more formal Ligament the Ligamentum Posticum Winslowii (p)»
Tlr
BOOK THIRD, PLATE SECOND. 109
The great Laterial Ligament on the outer side of the knee-joint is marked (q). It
is here seen, that the External Lateral Ligament is not so flat as the Internal
one, that it does not lie so fairly as the Internal one upon the side of the joint, but
that it inclines a little towards the back part; and it is seen in the drawing as I
have explained it in the book, that the proper External Ligament, the Ligamentum
Laterale Externum Longum (q), is a large and strong ligament, proceeding
from the outer Condyle of the thigh bone, and fixed into the head of the Fibula; but
that the Ligamentum Externum Laterale Brevius vel Minus (r), has not
the true form of a Lateral Ligament coming down from the Condyle, but is a
mere strengthening or outward band of the Capsule, rising upwards from the knob
of the Fibula.
So that in these two drawings, iii. and iv. are seen, all the chief parts on the outside
of the knee-joint.
1. The bones as, (a) the thigh bone; (b) the Tibia; (c) the Rotula or Patella; (n) the
Fibula; and (/) the strong Ligament of the Patella, a part which is properly
arranged with the bones.
2. There is the Capsule and parts connected with it, as (i) the thin membrane of the
Capsule itself; (d) the Fascia or expanding tendon of the Vastus Internus spread-
ing over it, to strengthen it.
3. The Lateral and Posterior Ligaments, as (&) the Internal Lateral Ligament,
flat, strong, and almost triangular; with a small ligament (m) to strengthen it; (q)
the great External Lateral Ligament rounder and more oblique; which (in
its turn also) is strengthened by a smaller ligament (r). And lastly, the strengthen-
ings on the back part of the joint, which are irregular at (o), and which form
sometimes a more regular Ligament at (p), the Ligamentum Posticum Wins
lowii.
This Anatomy of the knee-joint is continued in the two first figures of next plate.
PLATE
PL III
joLvrs
Fui. by. A.2inley FAzla/2
BOOK THIRD, PLATE THIRD
PLATE III.
vwwwwvww^
This Plate explains the Text Book, from Page 443, to Page 452.
WWWWW/WVW
I HE Anatomy of the knee-joint is continued in this plate. It explains the
internal parts, the knowledge of which is more valuable than of the external
parts, in proportion as internal diseases of this joint are more frequent than
luxations, which never happen except in those terrible injuries, where all
the soft parts belonging to the joint, are entirely torn up by the roots, so
that the limb cannot be saved. The chief parts to be observed within the
joint are the fat, and Mucous Membranes, which lubricate the joint, the
Ligaments or Frenulae, which order and regulate the motions of these fatty
masses and fringes, the Semi-lunar Cartilages which, like friction-wheels
facilitate the motions of the joint; and lastly, the great Crucial Ligaments
by which the joint is strengthened within, the Crucial Ligaments alone
being stronger than the whole of those Ligaments which are to be seen on
the outside of the joint.
1. The Fat.
The fat which is for lubricating the knee-joint, though it is not entirely confined to
the circle of the Patella, yet it chiefly surrounds it; and with the fat there are
many
112 OF THE JOINTS.
many fringes of the Mucous Ducts; much fat is found at each side of the Patella
at (a a), but the chief collection is at the lower part of the Patella. At (b) figure i.
this fat appears peeping out from under that ligament, by which its motions are
regulated; but at (b) in figure ii. the ligament is cut away, and all the fat is
freely seen.
This collection of fat and Mucous Ducts makes a rising upon each side of the Patella,
marked with a deep and smooth sulcus round the edge of the bone; and this
hanging of the fat on each side of the Patella, is named by Weidbright the Liga-
mentum Alare Majus, where it hangs in the inner side of the Rotula; and Ligamen-
tum Alare Minus, where it projects less at the outside of the Rotula; (Vid. (a d)
figure i.) But all this is quite arbitrary; these are not ligaments, nor do they tie any
other part; they are but looser foldings of the inner coat of the Capsule, where it
rises over the inner surface of the Patella, and where it holds larger globes of fat,
ot conducts the fringes of the Mucous Follicules.
2. The Mucous Ligament.
These bundles of fat are tied by a true ligament (c), which properly belongs to them.
But to understand this ligament and its names, it must be observed, that the two
Lunar Cartilages are moveable; that the two horns of the Lunar Cartilages are
tacked together by a little Transvere Ligament; and that this Transverse Ligament
is again connected with the little mass of fat, which lies under the lower border of
the Patella; and lastly, it is to be remembered, that these fatty bundles are chiefly
intended for conducting and defending the Mucous Ducts or fringes. Now the li-
gament (c) figure i. which regulates at once the positions of all these parts in the
various motions of the joints, has been named " Ligamentum Mucosum," by Ve-
salius, he referring it to the Mucous Membrane; it is named " the Ligament moving
the Semi-lunar Cartilages" by Chesselden; it is named, " Ligamentum Internum
" Longitudinale,"
BOOK THIRD, PLATE THIRD. 1U;
" Longitudinale" by Walther, because of its running down exactly in the middle
of the joint; it is named not unfrequently " Ligamentum Gracile," from its delica-
cy. Weidbright seems to call it (in one place at least)" Frenulum Pinguedinis
" Glandulosae;" and he concludes with a question, whether this in place of being
a distinct Ligament be not rather a continuation of his two Aliform Ligaments.
But the nature of this ligament is very distinct. It is a regular ligament of a very con-
stant form, and having very curious uses; it is a ligament tolerably thick, but of a
soft and membranous nature. It is small and pointed above as at (d), where it rises
from the interstice betwixt the two condyles of the thigh bone; it gradually broad-
ens downwards, so as to acquire rather a triangular form, terminating by a broad
base near the root of the patella at (ee). It lies in the fore part, or rather perhaps
in the centre of the joint in the middle behind the patella, and before the Crucial
Ligaments. Its basis spreads out into two limbs (e e ); one going to the right side,
and the other to the left, and this forking of it is named by Walther Ligamen-
tum Transversum Semicirculare*; calling the upper and smaller part of this li-
gament the Longitudinal Ligament; while he names the basis and broader part of
the ligament the Transverse Ligament, and it is under this root or transverse part
of the mucous ligament that the fat which it confines is seen peeping out at (b).
This ligament then, (which in place of dividing thus curiously into Longitudinal and
Transverse or Alar ligaments, may be described under the general title of Mucous
Ligament), is of considerable size, being almost of the thickness of the little finger,
and is the part that is seen when the joint is first opened; not firm and hard like those
ligaments which tie the bones, but soft, delicate, and membranous, fit for its office of
conducting the mucous ducts in safety, and regulating the motions of the fatty bun-
dles. It is small at (d), where it comes off from the great Sulcus betwixt the con-
dyles.
* So Walther names as Transverse Ligament those parts which Weidbiight marks by the
names of Ligamentum Alare Majus and Minus.
P
114 OF THE JOINTS.
dyles. It grows broad at its root, being there so large as to fill up all the empty
space in the joint. It assumes at its lower part a triangular or prismatic form, with
one flat side directly forwards, and the other angle of the prism looking backwards in
the joint, and covering the crucial ligaments which lie in the back part of the cavi-
ty. After enlarging at its basis, it degenerates into a soft mucous or mem-
branous covering for the fat and mucous glands; thus it is connected at its root
with the lower edge of the patella; with the fat and mucous fringes, and with the
fore horns of the Semilunar Cartilages. So that this ligament moves in every mo-
tion of the joint, as the thigh-bone from which it rises moves, it is moved the more
from its connection with the patella, and as this ligament moves along with the
patella, it in its turn moves the Semilunar Cartilages and the bundles of fat, and
keeps them fixed, or draws them forwards; for were the fat permitted to move back-
wards, it would be bruised directly betwixt the bones with a force that would destroy
it; and thus the mucous ducts not only by the elasticity of the fat which surrounds
them, start out from betwixt the bones when they press too closely; but the fat toge-
ther with all the glands which belong to it is so held forward by this mucous lig&-
ment as to lie always in the free and open part of the joint.
This ligament was thought by the ancients to be sometimes wanting, though this
cannot be true of a part so essential to the sound constitution and free motions of
the joint. It is believed by some, that it may be torn in sudden and violent
bendings of the knee; it surely is the part the most subject to disease, since we find it
in ulcerated joints quite coroded. It is plain that this part must be most peculiarly
subject to inflame, since it is continually working in every motion of the joint; it is
not only delicate in itself, but is connected with all the more delicate parts; for the
inner membrane of the capsule is continuous with this Mucous Ligament; the fat that
surrounds the patella is continuous with it; it conducts the fringes or ducts of the chief
mucous glands; it is itself a secreting surface, and the moveable or Semilunar Carti-
lages
BOOK THIRD, PLATE THIRD. H5
iages are tied to it; by all which circumstances it becomes too important in the
economy and diseases of this delicate joint to be passed slightly over.
3. The Moveable Cartilages.
The two Moveable Cartilages are not seen in Fig. i. because the mucous ligament
which covers them is entire. In Fig. ii. they are marked (mm.) The letters (mm)
touch the outer edges of the cartilages, where their outer margins adhere to the
inner surface of the capsule.
The parts and connexions of these cartilages are better explained in Fig. iii. where
(?n m) still mark the outer circles which adhere to the inner surface of the capsule.
The letters (n n) mark the thinner edges, and show the space in the center of each
cartilage which holds the condyle of the thigh-bone, (p p) Mark the two posterior
horns and the little tags of ligament by which they are tied to the crucial ligaments
behind. And (q q) mark the two anterior horns, and the little tags of ligament by
which they are tied to the root of the mucous ligament before. And (r) marks a
little cross ligament by which the two anterior horns are connected with each other,
and which is named Ligamentum Transversals Commune.
4. The Crucial Ligaments
Are well seen in Fig. ii. where (c) marks the part from which the pointed origin of
the mucous ligament was cut away. And by cutting away that ligament, the Crucial
Ligaments which, in Fig. i. are covered by the mucous or central ligaments, are in
this drawing brought into view.
The Crucial Ligaments lie both in the back part of the joint, and touch that part of
the Capsule, which lies in the Ham; but one of them (s) lies behind, whence it is
called the Posterior Ligament, and the other (t) though it lies flat upon the Posterior
Ligament,
116 OF THE JOINTS.
Ligament, and in contact with it; yet being before it, is named the Anterior
Ligament.
The reason of this Anterior Ligament being represented as coming so far forwards as
to touch in a manner the root of the Patella, is plainly this; that to take a sure hold
of the Tibia it does actually rise over the tubercle in the center of the joint, and
goes out flat over all the face of the joint, and the reason of the Posterior Ligament
seeming to follow this one, and to come also far forwards in the joint, is, that the
ligaments of the horns of the Lunar Cartilages climb upon the fore-part of the Pos-
terior Ligament, and so it is more properly the Ligament of the Lunar Cartilage
that is seen at (u), while the head only of the Posterior Crucial Ligament is seen at
(s). But both the true direction and extent of these ligaments and their true office
will be better understood by the following plan; for there is this one thing very
singular in the effect of these ligaments, that it is not the Posterior Ligament that
checks the leg and prevents it going too far forwards; nor the Anterior Ligament
that prevents it being strained backwards, but quite the reverse; for the Posterior
Ligament is most stretched when the knee is bended; the Anterior Ligament again
is stretched when the leg is extended.
Figure I. Shows the leg extended.
Figure II. Shows the knee bent.
in Figure 1st, (a) is the Thigh-bone; (b) the inner Condyle; (c) the Outer Condyle;
(d) the head of the Tibia; (e) the knob in the center of the Knee-joint; and (l} is
the Anterior Ligament arising from the Outer Condyle, (viz. the one nearest the eye
in this drawing), and going out over the fore-part of the Tibia, and inserted properly
into that hollow (f), which receives the Condyle; (2.) is the Posterior Ligament,
rising rather from the center of the Thigh-bone betwixt the Condyles, and going
down over the back-part of the Tibia at (g).
And
BOOK THIRD, PLATE THIRD. 117
And in figure ii. it is plain by the change of the position of the bones, that when the
knee is bent, the Posterior Ligament (2.) is stretched, and the Anterior (1.) re-
laxed. And of course, as in figure i. that when the leg is extended, the Anterior
Ligament (1.) will be stretched, and the Posterior (2.) relaxed.
In
PLAN FOR THE CROSS-LIGAMENTS OF THE KNEE JOINT.
118 OF THE JOINTS.
In these three drawings, all the internal parts of the knee-joint are explained.
1. The Fat which is collected chiefly round the Patella, which perhaps does not exude
nor mix with the fluid of the joint, but serves rather by its Lubricity and Elastic
nature, to conduct and defend the fringes or Mucous Ducts.
2. The Mucous Ligament, which is the first part that is seen upon opening the joint;
which lies in the center of the joint; is of a soft and mucous nature; conducts
many of the Mucous Fringes; and which, descending from the middle of the thigh
bone betwixt the Condyles, is attached to the lower edge of the Patella, and to
the Semi-lunar Ligaments, and so it moves along with the Patella, and moves in
its turn the Cartilages and the fat. It regulates the motions of the Cartilages,
and it draws forwards the fat, preventing it going backwards, so as to be bruised
betwixt the bones.
3. The Semi-lunar Cartilages, which are like the labels which are put round the
neck of a wine flask. They are tied at the horns by ligaments, as the label is
hung by its chain; lie flat upon the Tibia, to facilitate its motions, and enable, at
the same time, the Condyles of the thigh bone to change their centers of motion,
according to the various postures of the joint.
4. The Cross Ligaments, which are very thick, and strong, lie chiefly in the back
part of the joint, and by their going the one over the face of the Tibia, and the
other down along the back of the bone, they limit both its motions, the one check-
ing it in too violent bendings of the knee, the other limiting its extensions. So that
the motions forwards and backwards are limited by these Cross Ligaments within
the joint, while it is secured from irregular Lateral motions by the strong Lateral
Ligaments without.
FIGURES
BOOK THIRD, PLATE THIRD.
119
F I G U R E S IV. and V.
Explain the Ligaments of the ancle joint, and of the foot. All the great Ligaments
belonging to the ancle joint, or to the Tarsal Bones, are drawn in figure iv. and in
figure v. are seen the two great ligaments lying in the sole of the foot.
FIGURE IV.
The Ligaments belonging to the ancle joint are these,
(1.) A strong Ligament tying the Fibula to the Tibia. It is large and very strong;
commonly it is divided, as here, into two, sometimes into three slips; sometimes
they all adhere. It is named the Ligamentum Anticum Superius. There is on the
back part of the Fibula a ligamentous membrane, which is like this one, and is
named Ligamentum Fibulae Posticum Superius.
These ligaments connect the Tibia and Fibula so firmly to each other, that they are
as one bone with two processes, viz. the inner and outer ancles.
k 2.) Is the Middle Perpendicular Ligament, a very strong ligament, which de-
scends directly from the point of the outer ancle, to tie it firmly to the side of
the Os Calcis. There are three ligaments tying the outer ancle to the foot; viz.
first, this middle one; second, the anterior one; and, third, one behind the joint, a
posterior ligament, which is not seen. This Middle Perpendicular Ligament, so
named from its position, descends directly from the very point of the outer ancle,
and it is implanted into the side of the heel bone. It holds the ancle from yielding
to one side, and from bending too much; assisting rather the posterior ligament
than the anterior one. It lies close upon the Capsule, and strengthens it; while the
tendons of the Peronaei Muscles glide and rub across it.
(3.) The
120 OF THE JOINTS
(3.) The Anterior Ligament of the outer ancle is for tying the outer ancle to the
Astragalus, as the perpendicular one ties it to the heel bone. It goes sometimes in
two distinct bands, as represented here. Very often they are scarcely divided; it ap-
pearing as one strong uniform ligament, white and glistening, passing obliquely for-
wards from the lowest point of the Fibula to the neck of the Astragalus.
These three are the chief ligaments of the ancle; and the order of ligaments which
come next, is of those* which tie the Astragalus to the Os Calcis and to the Os Na-
viculare.
1st, (a) Is a ligament, or rather two or three ligaments, which cross the great hole,
which, in the drawings of the bones of the Tarsus, is marked with a pencil thrust
up through it. This is called the Cavitas Sinuosa; and so these irregular ligaments
are named Ligamenta, or Aparatus Ligamentosus Cavitatis.Sinuose. They
are merely irregular ligaments, hying deep in this hollow, and tying the Astragalus
to the Os Calcis.
2d, (b) Is a ligament which ties the Astragalus to the Os Naviculare. It begins at the
neck of the Astragalus; touches the Os Naviculare; goes still forwards, and spreads
a little upon the cuneiform bones; and, from this expanding form, is named Liga-
mentum Latum. Though there are several bands of ligament on the inner side,
they7 are not so particular, nor so formal in their shapes or uses, as to have any ap-
propriated name.
3d, (c) There are ligaments tying the Os Calcis, in its turn, to the Os Naviculare and
to the Os Cuboides. The letter (c) is placed upon that prominent point of the Os
Calcis whence those ligaments go off; and they go somewhat in a star-like form,
just as I have drawn them, and not very distinct. And those bands which go up-
wards tie the Os Calcis to the Os Naviculare; those which go downwards tie it to
the Os Cuboides; for the chief articulation of the heel-bone is with the Os Cu-
boides.
4th, (d) There goes a little slip of ligament, not much noticed from this same point of
BOOK THIRD, PLATE THIRD. 121
the heel bone, to that part (e) of the metatarsal bone of the little toe, which is very
sharp and prominent; and is in all positions and drawings the most remarkable point
in the foot.
The ligaments again, which tie the several bones of the Tarsus, as the cuboid and
cuneiform bones, together, are flat, shining, star-like, and very numerous; and, from
their lying upon the back of the foot, are named Ligamenta Plana Dorsalia.
They are marked (r r r); and are too irregular in their form, and too general in their
uses, to need any more accurate indication; for these are the ligaments which are
so crossed and interwoven, " that they form what we may call a web of ligaments,
" consisting of shining and star-like bundles," of a cartilaginous hardness, adher-
ing closely to the whole surface, and passing from bone to bone over all the surface
of the foot, (t) Is the Ligamentum Longum, which is marked (3.) in the 5th draw-
ing, and is explained in the letter press of that figure.
The ligaments which tie together the Tarsus and Metatarsus are also seen here, at the
roots of the metatarsal bones. There are lateral ligaments which tie each metatarsal
bone to the one next it. But the ligaments which appear chiefly upon this upper
surface, are a continuation of the irregular web of ligament belonging to the Tarsal
bones; and as this web takes particular shapes in passing along to the several heads
of the Metatarsal bones, these are best named, in general terms, Ligamenta Dor-
salia, the Dorsal Ligaments of the Metatarsal bones; and they are marked (sss).
IN FIGURE V.
The Ancle joint is seen opened. The Tibia and Fibula (a and b) are turned back-
wards. Their strong ligament (c), which binds them together, is seen; the Cap-
sule, which is clean dissected, is marked (d), which shows its cut edges, (e) Shows
•hnr
Q
122 OF THE JOINTS.
that it is a reflection of the Capsule that lines the cavity of the joint; and the process
(/) of the inner ancle being turned back, the great head, or the cartilaginous pulley
of the Astragalus (g), is exposed covered with its smooth cartilage. The flat side
of the Astragalus within the joint is also seen at (ft), where it was embraced by the
inner ancle or process of the Tibia (/). There is but one ligament to be noticed
in this drawing; for
1st, Is a band very strong indeed, which passes from the Astragalus to the Os Cal-
cis. It has, as is seen here, the distinct form of a ligament. It ties the Astra-
galus and Os Calcis strongly together; and so it has also the office as well as the
mere form of a ligament. But it happens, that the tendon of the Flexor Polli-
cis runs through this ring; therefore its office as a ligament (which it truly is) is
very little noticed.
2d, There is a ligament of the inner ancle, like the perpendicular ligament of the outer
ancle. It is of a triangular form; and is hence named Ligamentum Deltoides. A
process of this ligament binds down the Tendons of the Tibialis Posticus, and of the
common flexor of the toes. Therefore the ligament marked (2), at the same time
that it binds the bones of the foot together, holds down the flexor tendons.
3d, The figure (3) marks the great ligament of the sole of the foot. It proceeds smal-
ler from the point of the heel bone; it enlarges towards its insertion into the Os Cu-
boides. It binds these two bones particularly; and, by binding them, it supports
very powerfully the whole arch of the foot; and this ligament, which is also very
thick and strong, is of such particular length, (the longest ligament of all* the Tar-
sus), that it is called Ligamentum Calcis Longius. It is seen under the edge
of the foot in the drawing, figure iv. marked (t).
But the truest support of any joint is not its ligaments so much as the muscles which
bend it; and it is thus with all the flexor muscles which pass under this great arch of
the foot—How could the arch of the foot be sustained, by ligaments of any kind,
under
BOOK THIRD, PLATE THIRD. 123
under the whole weight of the body, and its exertions? Surely it coidd not be sus-
tained otherwise than by the strong action of the Tibialis Posticus and the flexor
muscles of the toes; and when a man stands under a burden, as well as when he
walks, this arch is sustained by the continual action of those muscles the tendons
of which pass under the arch.
FINIS.
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