1 %> COMPENDIUM FLORAE PHILADELPHICiE: CONTAINING A DESCRIPTION INDIGENOUS AND NATURALIZED PLANTS FOUND WITHIN A CIRCUIT OF TEN MILES AROUND PHILADELPHIA. BY WILLIAM P. C. BARTON, M. D. STJJIGEON IN THE U. STATES* NAVT, AND OF THE NAVAL HOSPITAL AT PHILADELPHIA; AND PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNITEB6ITT OF PENNSYLVANIA. EST TWO VOLUMES. f*\ < ;'"" /4 VOL. I. PHILADELPHIA: I ' > £ i ^ '> ■^ == > \e '-■ & PUBLISHED BY M. CAREY AND SON, «^. ' V / NO. 126, CHESNUT STREET. ^S^ S 1818. Eastern District of Pennsylvania, to -wit. BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the ninth day of July, in the forty-third year of the Independence of the United States of America, A. D. 1818, William P. C. Barton, M. D. of the said district, hath deposited in this office the title of a Book, the right whereof he claims as author, in the words following, to wit: "Compendium Florx Philadelphicx: Containing a description of the Indigenous and Naturalized Plants found within a circuit of ten miles around Philadelphia. By William P. C. Barton, M. D. Surgeon in the U. States' Navy, and of the Ni al Hospital at Philadelphia; and Professor of Botany in the University of Pennsylvania. In tioo volumes." In conformity to the act of the congress of the United States, entitled "An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the au- thors and proprietors of such copies, during tile times therein mentioned;" and also to the act entitled, "An Act supplemen- tary to an act entitled * An Act for the encouragement of learn- ing, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times there- in mentioned,' and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving and etching historical and other prints." D. CALDWELL, Clerk of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. TO ZACCHEUS COLLINS, Esq., A PATIENT AND SUCCESSFUL CULTIVATOR OF THAT SCIENCE, THE INTERESTS OF WHICH THIS UTTLE WORK IS DESIGNED TO PROMOTE; THESE PAGES, WITH ESTEEM FOR HIS TALENTS AND ATTAINMENTS, ARE RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED. PREFACE. THIS little work is offered te the public, with a sincere wish that it may be found to facilitate the study of Botany in this city. During the Author's frequent excursions with his Botanical Class, into the neighbouring country, he has been very sen- sible of the want of a local Flora of this nature. His Prodromus, which contained all the plants he had met with, at the period of its publication, was not only inconvenient from its size, but, a want of the localities of the plants enumerated, lessened its usefulness for the student. Besides, of that work, there remain but a few copies, the edition hav- ing been very small. The present work has been written entirely in English, the more easily to assist the tyro, and with a hope too, that it would be more likely to invite the attention of those to the study of botany, who might not be willing to encounter the laborious task of reading descrip- tions of plants in the Latin technical phraseology, always constrained, and never alluring, either from its elegance or purity. All the plants de- scribed in this Flora, with the exception of about twenty have been personally collected by the Author—and in all cases of doubt or difficulty, re- PREFACE. course has been had to the Herbarium* of the late Dr. Muhlenberg, in the American Philosophical Society, whereby all tbft certainty has been at- tained which a source so authentic could produce. The synonyms have been added to reconcile to the student, apparent confusion and incongruities. By the kindness of Mr. Nuttall, I have availed myself of the use of his work in quoting the genera. The enthusiastic devotedness of that gentleman to the study of American plants, and more particular- ly of their generic characters, are highly honoura- ble to his acumen, and his spirit of discovery and research; and have resulted in such a work as will doubtless accelerate a correct acquaintance with American Plants. • It is a matter of no little satisfaction that I mention as the property of the American Philosophical Society, this valu- able and authentic Herbarium consisting of Dr. Muhlenberg's entire collection of American plants. The well-known cir- cumspection and patience of that botanist, and the length of time in which the herbarium was arranged, add greatly to its value as authority. It is but due to those concerned, to remark, that at a period when this herbarium was eagerly sought after, not only by persons in distant states, but by foreigners, it was proffered by the son of Dr. Muhlenberg, whose property it became, to Mr. Collins, for the American Philosophical Society, at a price con- siderably less than might otherwise have been obtained for it; and this gentleman improving the occasion, promptly purcha- sed it with a view to its ultimate destination as a part of the mu- seum of that institution to which it has since been presented by Mr. Zaccheus Collins, Chief Justice Tilghman, Dr. Wistar, Dr. James, Mr. George Pollock, Mr. William Short, Mr. John Vaughan, Dr. Champan, and Dr. Dorsey. PREFACE. The author deems it a duty to himself to state, that the Flora Philadelphica, which he has pledged himself to the public to publish, on a large scale, and with original plates of most of the unfigured plants in our neighbourhood, he is still engaged in, and by gradual, slow, but sure steps, he hopes in a few years, to present such a work as Ameri- cans and foreigners have a right to expect in the Flora of Philadelphia, from its distinguished Uni- versity. Philadelphia, July llf/i, 1818. ABBREVIATIONS, &c. L. Linnaeus. Mich. Mich. fl. Boreal. Am. Mich.f. Mich, the younger, Arbres, forest. Willd. Willdenow's Species Plantarum. Willd. ennm. Willdenow's Enumeratio Plant, &c. Nutt. Nuttall, Gen. Am. Plants. Lam. Lamarck. Muhl. Muhlenberg's Catalogue, and when connected with grasses, his Descriptio Ubcrior, &c. B. is prefixed to the descriptions of the author. h designates trees and shrubs. MONANDRIA. CALLITRICHE. [ 2 j CLASS I. MONANDRIA. ORDER II. DIGYNIA. 1. Callitriche, L. Gen. PI. 17. (Najades.) Calix inferior, 2-leaved. Corolla 0. Seeds 4, naked, compressed. heterophyiia. 1. C. upper leaves spathulate-obovate ; lower ones linear, obtuse, and emarginated; occasionally all the leaves linear. C. verna. Willd. sp. pi. 1. p. 28. C. aquatica. Smith, Fl. Brit. C. autumnalis. Willd. sp. pi. p. 29. C. linearis. Pursh, Fl. Am.'Sep. vol. i. p. 3. A very varying plant, putting on at different seasons of the year, such amorphous appearances, that it has been described as distinct species by botanists, under the different synonyms ■ above enumerated. Dr. James Edward Smith first noticed the identity of C verna and C. autumnalis. I have adopted Pursh's specific name, as it sufficiently expresses the variations in the leaves ; but his C. linearis is nothing more than one of the ca- pricious states of this singular plant. «* The leaves of the calix are described by Desfontaines as being concave, and lunate, with the filament as long as the ca- lix : in the American plant the stem is compressed, and bifistu- lous, for floating ; the lower branches with narrower and often emarginated leaves, producing only male or female flowers, the central branches with retuse, spathulate oval, 3-nerved leaves, bearing those which are hermaphrodite, with the sta- mens much exserted." Nuttall. In springs, rivulets, and brooks, where the water is clear- along the Schuylkill, in such places—on the bank-walk to the Woodlands most abundant—in Jersey along the course of the Delaware, and elsewhere. Annual. Flowers from May to July- DIANDRIA LIGUSTRUM. VERONICA. LEPTANDRA. HEMIANTHUS. GRATIOLA. LINDERNIA. CATALPA. JUSTICIA. UTRICULARIA. LYCOPUS. CUNILA. HEDEOMA. MONARDA. SALVIA. COLLINSONIA. CIRCjEA. LEMNA. CRYPTA. [ 4 ] CLASS II. DIANDRIA. ORDER I. MONOGYNIA. 2. Ligustrum. Gen.pl. 23. (Jasmine*.) Cor. 4-cleft; berry with 2-cells, 2-seeds in each cell. vuigare. 1. L. leaves ovate-lanceolate, very entire sometimes blunt, sometimes a little pointed ; pannicle with 3-divisions. Icon. Eng. Bot. 764. Privet. Prim. Print. A shrub growing to the height of four or five feet. Leaves sometimes growing by threes. Berries black, persistent. Flowers in pannicles, white. Often met with in our neigh- bourhood ; and sometimes in situations where it has every ap- pearance of growing wild. It is, however, supposed to be iutroduced, though Dr. Muhlenburg has it in his catalogue as a native plant In hedges, on the margins of fields and woods. On the high hills of the Wissahickon, near the mill on the Ridge road. July. 3. Veronica, L. Gen. PI. 32. (Pediculares.) Cal. 4-parted. Cor. rotate, 4-lobed, unequal, the lower segment narrower. Caps. 2-cel- led, obcordate. Seeds few. JYutt. •fficinaiis. 1. V. lateral spikes pedunculated, leaves opposite, obovate,or roundish, hairy ; stem hairy and pro- cumbent. Willd. ■ Icon. Engl. Bot. 765. Fl. Dan. 248. Wood- ville's Med. Bot. DIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. 5 The
3, V. racemes lateral, leaves ovate, flat; stem re- beccabunga,
pent.
Icon. Engl. Bot. 655. Fl. Dan. 511.
Brooklime.
Leaves shining. Flowers beautiful blue. In clear springs
and rivulets, running through meadows. Tolerably frequent.
Perennial. June, July.
4. V. racemes lateral and alternate ; pedicels droop- icuteiiata.
ing, leaves linear, sometimes entire, and at others
serrated.
Icon. Engl. bot. 782. Fl. Dan. 209.
Scull-cap Speedwell. Narrow-leaved Marsh Speed*
•well.
In meadows with very moist bottom ; along- the margins of
rivulets and brooks ; on the borders of the Delaware, below the
navy yard. Common. Perennial. July and later. (This
species has been made a new genus, without good grounds.)
5. V. flowers solitary, leaves ovate, cut-serrate, agrestic
shorter that the peduncles; stem procumbent j
seeds pitcher-shaped. Smith. Fl. Brit.
Germander; Field-Speedwell. Forget-me-not.
Flowers blue- Annual. Rare. In fields when found. May.
2-*
6 DIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
peregrina. 6. V. flowers sessile ; leaves linear-lanceolate, den-
tate and sometimes very entire j stem erect.
Willd. &? Vahl.
V. Caroliniana, Walt. fl. Car. p. 61.
V. Marilandica, Murr. Com. Goett. 1782. p. 11.
t. 3.
V. Romana, AUionii, Trans. Lin. Soc. vol. i. p«
192.
V. Romana, Lin. Mantiss. 317.
V. Carnosula, Lam. illustr. 1. p. 47.
Icon. Murr. 1. c. Fl. Dan. 407.
Neck-weed. Knot-grass-leaved Speedwell.
An ordinary looking amorphous plant, found in and near
dirty ditches, and in cultivated grounds. Common, particu-
larly in the Neck. Flowers small, white, fugacious. Annu-
al. May to August.
4. Leptandra, Nuttall. Gen. Am. PI. (Antirrhinex.J
Cal. 5-parted, segments acuminate. Cor. tu-
bular-campanulate, border 4-lobed, a little
ringent, unequal, the lower lamina narrower.
Stamina and at length the pistillum much
exserted; filaments below, and tube of the
corolla pubescent. Capsule ovate, acumi-
nate, 2-celled, many-seeded, opening at the
summit? JYutt.
VT^inica. 1. L. stem erect, angular. Leaves verticillate, lan-
ceolate, serrate. Spikes somewhat terminal, long.
Veronica Virginica, auctorum. Icon. Pluk, aim. t.
70. f. 2.
Virginian Speedxvell. Tall Veronica.
This plant has been very judiciously, though boldly, sepa-
rated from the genus Veronica, where it always had a forced
alliance.
Stem from three to six feet high, angular. Leaves mostly
in threes, fives and sixes ; always verticillate. Flowers white,
DIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. 7
very numerous, on aggregatedspikes. Somewhat rare, though
Slentiful where found- Woodlands, on the bluff of a hill bor-
ering the Schuylkill; and in a shady wood near Potoclton. Pe-
rennial. July and August.
5. Hemianthus, Nuttall. (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Ph. Vol.
I. p. 119.) (Lisimachice.J
Cal. tubular, 4-toothed at the border, cleft on
the under side. Cor. monopetalous bi-la-
biate; tube gibbous, upper lip obsolete
truncate, lower lip 3-parted, curved inwards
in an arch, truncate. Stam. with bifid fila-
ments, the lateral stipes bearing anthers.
Style, bifid. Cap, 1-locular, 2-valved, many-
seeded. Seeds shining, ovate. Nutt.
1. H. Root fibrous. Stem dichotomous, filiform, micramhe-
repent, crowded with leaves. Leaves sessile, sub- moides-
elliptic, or oblong-elliptic, entire, opposite, and
ternate, obsoletely 3-nerved. Nutt. abr.
Herpestris micranthra Pursh ?
Icon. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Ph. Vol. I. t. 6.
fig. 2.
A minute, creeping, sub-aquatic plant, detected July, 1817,
first by Mr. Nuttall, and Uie succeeding day found plentifully
by him and myself, on the low gravelly shores of the Delaware,
at low tide, near Kensington. Grows in company with Isoetes
lacustris, Tillaea. Nutt. Limosella teuifolia. Nutt. Cryptamini-
ma, Nutt. Eriocolon fiavidulum, and Alismasubulata. Pursh.
Annual, flowers from the last of July to September.
6. GratiolaL. Gen. pi. 37. (Scrophularix.)
Cal. 5-parted, often bi^bracteate at the base.
Cor. tubulose, resupinate, and sub-bilabiate;
the upper lip, 2-lobed or emarginate; the
lower 3-cleft and equal. Filaments 4,—2
fertile, the other 2, for the most part, sterile.
Stigma 2-valved, many-seeded. Dissepi-
ment contrary to the valves.
•urea,
Muhl.
vjrginica.
anemia ta.
Mubl.
DIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
1. G. leaves broad-linear, sessile, very entire 3-nerv-
ed, spotted on their upper sides ; peduncles op-
posite nearly as long as the leaves, destitute of
abortive filaments. Pursh.
G. officinalis Mich. fl. am. 1. p. 6.
G. Caroliniensis Pers. ench. 1. p. 14.
Golden-Pert.
Flowers golden-yellow colour. Leaves yellow green. Plen-
tiful in the ditches of Jersey, particularly on the way-sides
of the road to Woodbury ; also in ditches near the swampy.
woods about a quarter of a mile from the ferry-house opposite
Gloucester point. It delights in sandy wet places, and dirty
ditches. Perennial. August.
2. G. leaves obovate-lanceolate, attenuated at the
base, dentated, nerved, smooth ; peduncles alter-
nate, very short; capsules pointed, longer than the
calix. Pursh.
G. acuminata, Vahl. enum. pi. 1. p. 92. exelus. Svn.
(Pursh.)
Virginian Hedge-hyssop.
Flowers whitish or rather ocroleucous. In pools, ditches,
and slow-running streams ; common. Perennial. June, July.
8. Lindernia. (Scrophularia.J
Cal. 5-parted, nearly equal. Cor. tubulose,
bi-labiate; upber lip short, emarginate ;
lower trifid, unequal. Filaments 4, the 2
longer forked, and sterile. Stigma bilamel-
late. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved; semini-
ferous dissepiment parallel with the valves.
Nutt.
1. leaves ovate, attenuated at the base.
A small plant very much branched, with short, ovate nar-
row-based leaves, and axillary, sessile purple flowers. Along
the margins of dirty ditches in sandy soil, Jersey. Plentiful
in such places, on or near the Woodbury road, about a mile or
two from Camden. I have never found it on the west side of
the Delaware. Annual. August.
DIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. 9
8. Cat alp a. Jussieu. (Bignonix.J
Cal. 2-parted. Cor. campanulate, tube ven-
tricose, border 4-lobed, unequal. Stam. 2,
fertile, filaments 3, sterile. Stigma bi-la-
mellate. Caps siliquaeform, long, cylindric,
2-valved; Dissepiment opposite to the
valves. Seed membranaceously margined
and tufted at the extremities. Nutt.
1. C. leaves cordate, flat. cordifoiia.
Bignonia Catalpa, Willd. sp. pi. 3. p. 289.
Catalpa svringaefolia, Sims in Bot. Mag. 1094, and
Pursh.' Fl. Am. Sep. Vol 1. p. 10.
C. bignonioides. Walt. fl. car. p. 64.
Icon. Schmidt, arb. t. 41. (Pursh.) Mich. fil. Ar-
bres Forest.
Catalpa-tree. Catawba-tree. Schawnes-wood.
A beautiful and ornamental tree. It grows rapidly, and not
only affords a fine shade by reason of its large leaves, but,
when in flower, affords a magnificent object for the sight.
The flowers are white, speckled with purple, yellow, and pale
pink. Mr. Nuttall, seems to doubt whether this tree is really
indigenous in the United States ; though lie says, on the au-
thority of Gov. Harrison, that it exists in considerable quanti-
ties in the forests of the Wabash, Illinois Tenitory, where its
wood is split for rails. It is therefore difficult to ascertain
whether it has not been originally planted near the places
where it is now so abundantly found, in the vicinity of this
city. In gravelly and stoney soil, seeming, however, to shun
lime-stone ground. On the banks of the Delaware, and Schuyl-
kill, and elsewhere ; common. July, August.
9. Justicia, L. Gen. pi. 35. (Acanthi.J
Cal. 5-parted or 5-cleft, often with 3 bractes.
Tube of the corolla gibbous; border bilabi-
ate ; the upper lip emarginate, the lower tri-
fid. Filaments 2, each with a single or double
anther. Stigma 1. Caps, attenuated, be-
low opening with an elastic spring from the
10
DIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
summit to the base. Dissepiment contrary,
growing from the centre of each valve.
Seeds few, lenticular. Nutt,
peduncuiosa. 1. I. spikes axillary, flowers crowded; peduncles
long, alternate ; leaves lanceolate.
Dianthera Americana. Lin. syst. veg. 64.
D. ensiformis. Walt. fl. amer. 63.
Justicia linearifolia. Lam. illustr. 1. p. 41.
I. pedunculata. Persoon.
I. Americana. Muhl. Cat.
Icon. Pluck, aim. t. 423. f. 5.
American Justicia.
An herbaceous ordinary looking plant, always found near
water. Leaves opposite. Peduncles very long ; flowers pur-
ple. Quite local, though tolerably abundant where I have
found it, viz. on the shores of the Delaware above Kensington,
where the tide overflows.
10. Utricularia, L. Gen. pi. 41. ('Lisimachix-)
Cal. 2-parted, the lower division often emar-
ginate, rarely cleft. Cor. scarcely tubulose,
irregularly bilabiate, upper lip erect, entire,
or emarginate, staminiferous; lower larger,
entire, 3-lobed, or crenate; palate mtaf or
less cordate, rather prominent on the inner
side, calcarate at the base. Filaments of
the stamina incurved; anthers connate.
Stigma bilamellate. Caps, globular, 1-cell-
ed, many seeded (opening by a lateral fora-
men?) receptacle of the seed, central, un-
connected. Nutt.
vulgaris. 2* U. nectary conical, the upper lip reftexed, as
long as the palate, scape upright. Vahl. and
Willd.
DIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
U
Icon. fl. Dan. 138.
Common Bladder-wort, or Hooded-milfoil.
An aquatic plant, with the flowers alone appearing above
the surface of the water. Flowers large, yellow, with red
veins. In pools and ditches where the water is stagnant, in
Jersey. Very abundant near Woodbury; and on this side of
the Delaware on the road to Gloucester point. Perennial.
July.
1. U. scape with vesicular leaves, divided and ca- cemopbyiia,
pillary branched at their extremities. Vahl. Mich.
U. inflata. Walt. fl. car. p. 64.
Largest Bladder-wort. Horn-wort-leaved Hooded
Milfoil.
This very singular plant, is described by Mr. Nuttall, as the
largest American species. It is much larger in the southern
states than here Hitherto I have detected it in a single
place, and though there extremely abundant, covering the
surface of a large pool; it seldom attains a much greater size
than No. 2. Readily identified by the four or six long, inflated,
fimbriated leaves which proceed from the base of the scape,
and support the plant on the surface of the water. Flowers
yellow, and here, about the size of those of No. 2. In a stag-
nant pool, situated in a wood about half a quarter of a mile
east of the few last houses of the south end of the village of
Woodbury, Jersey. Perennial. July, August.
3. U. nectary gibbous and keeled; the mouth of minor.
the corolla open. Vahl. Willd.
Icon. fl. Dan. 128.
Flowers deep yellow, but smaller than those of No. 2. In
shaded swamps, and similar places with U. vulgaris, in Jer-
sey. Rare. I have never found it on the Pennsylvania side of
the Delaware. Perennial. August.
4. U. nectary gibbous ; the segments of the corolla &ibba-
roundisn ; sc.ip- one-flowered. Willd.
A small species, perhaps never exceeding one fourth the
size of either of the preceding. Flowers smaller than in No.
3, and lighter yellow. In quagmire bogs; and in shallow
stagnant pool*. In the Neck, about a mile from the city, and
no great distance from the Delaware. Very abundant near
the spot where the Cyamus flavicomus grows. Often floating,
12 DIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
but I have, in the place just mentioned, found hundreds of
specimens growing and flowering in the miry earth. Probably
annual. July.
11. Ltcopos, L. Gen; pi. 44. (Labiatx.)
Cal. tubular 5-cleft (or 5-toothed, acute or
acuminate). Cor. tubular, 4-lobed, nearly
equal; the upper segment broader and
emarginate. Stamina distant. Seeds 4. re-
tuse. Nutt.
Americans, 1. L. lower leaves incised, upper ones lanceolate,
mum. serrate, calices somewhat spine-pointed. Mich.
Willd.
L. Europseus, p. Mich.
L. Eurepreus, L.
L. vulgaris, Pers.
American water hore-hound.
A very common looking plant, of one or two feet height,
with small white verticillated flowers. Near the rivers, creeks,
and ponds of our neighbourhood, both on this and the Jersey
side of the Delaware. Frequent. Perennial. July and Au-
gust.
virginicui. 2. L. leaves broad-lanceolate, serrate narrow and en-
tire at the base ; calices very short and without
(8. points. Mich.
querdfoiiui, with leaves sinuate-pinnatifid.
Pursh. v
Oak-leaved water hore-hound.
A smaller plant than No. 1. Sometimes alogether purple.
Flowers white ; leaves smooth. Both varieties grow in our
neighbourhood, in company with No. 1. /3. is scarce. I
have found it in tiie low meadows of Jersey. Perennial. June.
12. Cunila, L. Gen. pi. 46. (Labiate.)
Cal. cylindrical, 10-striate, 5-toothed. Cor.
ringent, with the upper lip erect, flat, and
emarginate. Stamens 2-sterile. The 2-
DIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. 13
fertile stamens with the style exserted nearly
twice the length of the corolla. Stigma un-
equally bifid. Seeds 4. Nutt.
1. C. leaves ovate, serrate, sessile ; corymbs termi- Mamnt.
nal, dichotomous. Willd.
Icon. Pluk. mant. t. 344. f. 1. (Pursh.)
Dittany. Mountain-Dittany.
A very beautiful plant, with purple flowers situated in ter-
minal, and sometimes axillary corymbs. Leaves dotted. Com-
mon in all our dry hilly woods. The whole plant has a warm
aromatic scent, and perhaps considerable medicinal powers
as a tisan. Perennial. July, August.
13. Hedeoma, Pers. syn. 2. p. 131. (Labiate.)
Cal. bilabiate, gibbous at the base, upper lip
3- toothed, lower 2; dentures all subulate.
Cor. ringent. Stamina 2-sterile. The 2-fer-
tile stamens about the length of the corolla.
Nutt.
1. H. pubescent; leaves oblong, serrate ; pedun- puiegioide^
cles axillary and verticillate ; the lower lip of the
calix biseted j the bristles ciliated. Pers.
Cunila pulegioides. Willd. sp. pi. 1. p. 122.
Pennyroyal.
A very common and well-known plant, universally esteem-
ed for the peculiar, warm, aromatic, and grateful odour it pos-
sesses. Flowers pale-blue, small. Few indigenous plants
are more commonly used for medicinal purposes, than penny-
royal. It deserves its reputation. Very frequent every where
in fields, on dry hills, and by way-sides. Perennial. July.
14. Monarda, Gen. pi. 48. (Labiates. J
Cal. 5-toothed, cylindric, striate. Cor. rin-
gent, wi.ii a long cylindric tube, upper lip
linear, nearly straight and entire, involving
3
14
DIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
the filaments; lower lip reflected, broader,
3-lobed, the middle lobe longer. Nutt.
fiuuiosi. it ^ hirsute wjt]1 scattered hairs ; capilulums sim-
ple, proliferous, and leafy, exterior bracteas oblong,
acute, somewhat smooth, calices long bearded,
corolla hirsute, leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate ;
petioles long, ciliated; stem obtuse, angular,
smooth. Pursh.
Icon. Mill. icon. t. 122. f. 2.
Hollow Mountain Mint.
Two feet high. Flowers pale-purplish, and sometimes nearly
white. Quite local in habitat, though plentiful where I have
found it. Abundant near Landsdown and Breck's island, on
the Schuylkill. Also about five miles above the falls of
Schuylkill. Perennial. July, September.
punctata. 2. M. somewhat smooth, flowers verticillate, brac-
teas lanceolate, nerved, cordate, longer than the
whorl; leaves lanceolate-oblong, remote, ser-
rate, smooth ; stem obtuse, angular, white-villous.
Pursh.
M. lutea. Mich. fl. am. 1. p. 16.
Icon. Pluk. Aim. t. 24. f. 1. Bot. rep. t. 546.
{Pursh.)
About a foot high, and sometimes very much branched.
Base of the upper leaves red. Flowers yellow, spotted with
brown. On the borders of sandy fields, and the edges of dry
sandy woods, in Jersey. Opposite South and Christian streets
of this city, (Jersey side)—near the Delaware, abundant.
Perennial. August.
15. Salvia. Gen. pi. SO. (Labiate.)
Cal. subcampanulate, striate, and 2-lipped,
above 3-toothed, below bifid, Cor. tube
widening at the faux, limb bilabiate, the up-
per lip arched and emarginate, the lower 3-
lobed, the lateral segments narrower, the in-
termediate one larger and nearly round
DIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
15
(sometimes crenate). The 2 fertile fila-
ments transversely pedicellate. Nutt.
1. S. radical leaves lyrate and toothed, galla of the iyratt.
corolla very short; stem nearly without leaves,
hairy backwards. Vahl. Willd.
Icon. Moris, hist. 3. s. 11.1. 13. f. 27. (Pursh).
Lyre-leaved Sage.
This plant, in favourable situations, is not destitute of beauty^
It grows to the height of two feet, but is commonly one.
Flowers blue. In meadows, fields, and the borders offences,
and hedge-rows, every where near the city. Abundant.
Perennial. May.
16. Collinsonia. Gen. pi. 51. (Labiate.J
Cal. bilabiate, above 3-toothed, below bifid.
Cor. much longer than the calix, somewhat
funnel-formed, unequally 5-lobed ; the low-
er lobe longer, lacerately fimbriate (or
fringed). Stamina 2, sometimes 4. Seeds
4,—3 of them mostly abortive. Nutt.
1. C. leaves broad-cordate-ovate, smooth, calix canadensis.
teeth short-subulate, pannicle compound, terminal.
Pursh.
Icon. Lin. hort. cliff. 14. t. 5. (Pursh).
Horse-weed. Knot-root. Rich-weed- Horse-balm.
A very beautiful plant in full bloom ; from two to three,
rarely four, feet tall. Flowers large, yellow, leaves below
petiolated, above sessile. In rich soil, and generally in um-
brageous and hilly woods ; in the woods along the Schuylkill,
particularly the west side, from the upper ferry to the falls,
not rare. Also in the woods between Kingsess gardens
(Bartran\'s) and Gray's ferry, frequent. Perennial. July,
August.
16 DIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
17. Circea. Gen. pi. 31. (Onagra.)
Cal. short, 2-parted. Petals 2. Stigma emar-
ginate. Caps, ovate, hispid, 2-celled, not
opening ; cells 1-seeded. Nutt.
lutetiana* i. C. stem erect, leaves ovate, denticulate, opake,
? somewhat smooth. Vahl.
Zt.™' Icon. Eng. bot. 1056 ? (Pursh).
Enchanter's Nightshade.
From one foot to eighteen inches high. Flowers small,
reddish-white. Verycommon in damp shndy woods, and
particularly abundant along the Schuylkill, towards the falls.
Perennial. July.
18. Lemma. Gen. pi. 1400. (NajadesJ
Cal. of one entire leaf. Stamens alternately
developer!, seated upon the ovarium at its
base. Style cylindric, stigma funnel-form.
Capsule 2 to 4-seeded. Nutt.
minor. 1. L. leaves elliptical, flat both sides, cohering at
their b tse ; roots rarely solitary. Willd.
Icon. Eng. bot. 1095.
Duck-weed. Duck-meat.
A little floating aquatic plant of a beautiful green colour,
covering the surface of stagnant waters and ditches. Leaves
the size of a large spangle, two or three cohering together at
their base. Flowers very minute proceeding from a pouch*
like marginal division of the lamellae of the leaves. Very com-
mon ; and always abundant where found. In a pool, three or
four squares south of the Pennsylvania Hospital; and near Ken.
sington, most abundant. Ducks greedily devour it—hence
its name. Annual- June.
poiyrhiza; 2. L. leaves elliptical flat, cohering at their base,
roots bundled. Willd.
Icon. Vail. par. t. 2p. f. 2. (Pursh).
DIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
IT
Also called Duck-weed, and Duck-meat.
S omewhat larger than the preceding; and easily known
by the greater size and number of its roots. Rather rare.
Annual. July, August.
ORDER II. DIGYNIA.
19. Crypt A, Nuttall. (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Ph. VoU
I. p. 117.) (Portulacee.)
Cal. two-leaved below. Cor. 2 or 3-petalled,
closely lying over each other, closed. Style
none; stigmas 2 or 3, very small, in the
form of little points. Caps. 2 or 3-valved,
2 or 3-celled; the cells 4 or 5 seeded.
Seeds nearly cylindrical, the point incurved,
longitudinally marked with striae, and trans-
versely with dots. Nutt.
1. C. succulent; root fibrous. Stem dichotomous, minima.
decumbent, radicant, thick, cylindric. Branches Sutuv
assurgent. Leaves cuneate-oval, or obovate, op-
posite, sessile, entire, and lucid, one-nerved, bi-
stipulate at their base ; stipules membranaceous
and acuminated. Flowers axillary, solitary, ses-
sile, and alternate. Calix two-leaved, leaves ob-
long oval. Nutt. abr.
Icon. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Ph. Vol. I. t. 6.
% 1.
Peplis Americana. Pursh. fl. Am. Sep. Vol. X.
p. 238 ?
A very minute subaquatic succulent plant, three quarters
of an inch high, with opposite entire and stipulated leaves,
Flowers very minute; petals never appearing to expand. On
3*
DIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
the gravelly banks of the Delaware, subject to the overflowing
of the tide, a little above Kensington, both on the Pennsylvania
and Jersey shores. First discovered in July, 1817, by Mr.
Nuttall; shortly after, found on the Pennsylvania side, by my-
self. Grows with Hemianthus micranthemoides, and the
plants enumerated as accompanying that little aquatic herb.
July.
TRIANDRIA.
FEDIA.
IRIS
DILATRIS.
SISYRINCHIUM.
HETERANTHERA.
SCHOLLERA.
XYRIS
RHYNCOSPHORA.
CYPERUS.
DULICHIUM.
SCIRPUS.
MARISCUS.
TRICHOPHORUM.
ERIOPHORUM.
FUIRENA.
CENCHRUS.
MUHLENBERGIA.
TRICHODIUM.
LEERS I A.
AGROSTIS.
CINNA.
CALAMAGROSTIS.
ANTHOXANTHUM.
CRYPSIS.
PHLEUM.
ALOPECURUS.
PANICUM.
PENNISETUM.
DIGITARIA.
PASPALUM.
ARISTIDA.
STIPA.
ANDROPOGON.
AIRA.
HOLCUS.
POA.
BRIZA.
WINDSORIA.
DANTHONIA.
FESTUCA.
BROMUS.
DACTYLIS.
AVENA.
ARUNDO.
ELUSINE.
ANTHOPOGON.
ELYMUS.
LOLIUM.
MOLLUGO.
QUERIA.
LECHEA.
ERIOCOLON.
PROSERPINACA.
[ 20 J
CLASS III. TRIANDRIA.
ORDER I. MONOGYNIA.
20. Fedia, Gaert. de fr.etsem.2. p. 36. (Dipsacce.)
Calix 3 or 4 toothed. Corolla tubular, 5-cleft.
Capsule crowned with the persistent calix, 3-
celled; only one of the cells usually fertile.
Nutt.
radiat» 2. F. leaves spathulate-oblong, nearly entire ; fruit
pubescent, somewhat 4-sided, naked at the point.
Mich.
Valeriana locusta, radiata. Lin. sp. pi. 48.
Lambs'' lettuce. Corn-sallad. Lettuce Valerian.
A beautiful plant when in flower, and without doubt indige-
nous to this neighbourhood. I suspected, when I first met
with it, that it had escaped from the gardens, but have
repeatedly since found it in situations where it evidently
grew wild. Flowers light blue, sometimes white. This plant,
in its young state, when only the radical leaves have appeared,
constitutes the corn-sallad of our tables. It is cultivated in
great abundance in all the kitchen gardens near the city, and
»s to be found plentifully in our markets, during nearly the
■whole year. Often met with in fields west of the Schuylkill,
but most abundant between the upper-ferry bridge (near Le-
J?0"'1"*1.) and Kingsess Gardens, along the course of the
Schuylkill, and not far from its margins. In great profusion.
between Market street bridge and the upper-ferry, alone the
declivity of the high bank. Annual. June, July.
21. Iris, Gen. pi. 97. (Irides.)
Corolla 6-parted, large; three of the lamina
erect; the other 3-reflected, with or without
a crest or beard on the inner side, and bear.
TRIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. 21
ing the stamina at their base. Style short;
stigmata 3, petaloid, oblong, large, usually
arched. Stamina incumbent, covered by
the stigmata. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved,
many-seeded. Seeds ilat, triangular; (in
some species nearly round or spherical.)
Nutt.
1. I. flowers beardless; stem two-edged, many Virginia.
flowered, longer th^n the leaves ; leaves sword-
shaped, interior segments of the stigma shorter,
capsule oblong: with angular furrows. Pursh.
I. hexagona, Walt. fl. car. 66.
Icon. bot. mag. 703. Jacquin ic. rar. 2. t. 223.
(Pursh.)
Virginian Iris. Common blue-flag, orfleur-de-luce.
A common and elegant plant, two feet high, well known
to every person. Flowers purple, bottom of the outside petals
yellow. Every where abundant on our river and creek-shores,
in meadows, wet grounds, and the neighbourhood of water.
Perennial. June.
2- I- flowers beardless, stem round, flexuose, of the versicolor.
length of the leaves ; leaves sword-shaped, interi-
or sements of the stigma equal, capsule ovate ; an-
gles obtuse. Willd.
Icon. bot. mag. 21. Dill. elth. t. 155. f. 187.
(Pursh.)
Resembling No. 1. at first sight. In similar situations,
but rare. On the Delaware about four miles above the city.
Perennial. June, July.
3. I. flowers beardless, stem solid, round, as long as pmmatica,
the leaves ; leaves very narrow and long; cap- Pursh'
sules long, in the form of a prism, narrowed at
each end. Pursh.
Icon. bot. mag.
A very beautiful species, from 2 to 3 feet high, with pale
purple flowers, first discovered and described by Pursh. Ea-
sily recognised by its long and very narrow leaves ; and in fruit,
22 TRIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
by its prismatic capsule, which has given rise to the specific
name. Quite local. Jersey. In a moist coppice, or shrub-
bery, on the margin of a sandv field, a garter of a mile north
of Kaighns' point, and about'the same distance from the De-
laware. Perennial. July.
22. Dilatris, Pers. Gen. pi. 82. (hides.)
Calix superior, petaloid, externally hirsute,
deeply 6-parted, nearly equal, erect, and
persistent. Stamina erect, a little unequal.
Style declining; stigma minutely trifid.
Capsule round, 3-celled, few-seeded; (3-6
in each cell.) Nutt*
H«ritieia. 1. D. petals lanceolate, villose externally, pannicle
corymbous, tomentose, leaves long, linear, na ked.
Pursh.
D. tinctoria.
D. Caroliniana Lam. illustr. 1. p« 127.
Anonymos tinctoria. Walt fl. car. 68.
Heritiera Gmelini. Mich. fl. am. 1- p. 21 •
Lachnanthes. Elliot.
con. Mich- fl. Am. 1.1» 4.
Red-root.
A downy, or woolly plant, about twelve inches high, with
leaves like those of iris, and a terminal corymbose pannicle of
flowers, petals downy outside, and yellow internally. Very
fc rare, and confined to a single locality. Jersey. In a swampy
meadow, near Cooper's creek, about a mile and an half from
Cooper's ferry (opposite Market street). Root a delicate rose-
pink ; hence the common name. Perennial. July.
23. Sisyrinchium, Gen. pi. 101. (Irides.)
Calix petaloid, tube short, border divided like
6 flat petals. Stamina, for the most part,
united below. Capsule roundish, trique-
trous, pedicellate beyond the spathe; (lami-
nae in several species aristate.) Nutt.
TRIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
23
1. S. leaves and scape simple, and somewhat bristly, mucronatum;
spathe coloured ; the odd valve ending in a long
point. Pers. ench.
Sword-pointed Blue-eyed Grass.
From one to two feet high. Leaves long, bluish-green.
Flowers delicate blue, smaller than in No. 2. In damp mea-
dows of Jersey, common. Perennial. June, Jul/.
2. S. scape simple, winged, spathes unequal. Pers. ance^t.
S. gramineum, Lam. and Curtis.
S. Bermudiana, Mich.?
Icon. Bot. Mag. 464.
Two-edged Blue-eyed Grass.
A lower species than the preceding, having short leaves of
a darker green colour. Flowers blue, larger than No. 1. In
fields not unfrequent, particularly on the Woodlands. Peren-
nial. July.
24. Heteranthera, Beauvois. Trans. Am. Philo. Soc. 4.
(Narcissi.)
Spathe 2 to 4 flowered. Cor. tubular; limb
6-parted, segments equal. Stigma tubular.
1. H. leaves somewhat roundish, kidney-form, renifonnis.
acute ; spathe three or four flowered, smooth.
Leptanthus reniformis, Mich. fl. amer. 1. p. 25.
Heteranthera acuta, Beauvois, Willd. Vahl. and
Pursh.
H. Peruviana, Pers.
H. Virginica, Pers.
Kidney-leaved Heteranthera.
An aquatic plant, with broad kidney-shaped floating leaves,
and white stellate flowers. The leaves vary much in size, and
are sometimes heart-shaped. The flowers are from two to four,
and I have seen six, in number; and so very evanescent, that
they are seldom seen; and the plant is generally supposed to
flower but rarely. This, however, is not the case. I was of
that opinion myself, till I watched by the side of a muddy
stream, containing an abundance of the plant, from sun-rise till
one o'clock. During this period hundreds of specimens openeft
:*
TRIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
their flowers, which continued expanded dim.g the noon-day
heat, and then quickly closed. This singular plant is evidt ntly
augmenting its range in this vicinity. Within a^fe^ j,vnrs
past, it was located in two or three places ; now it is plenU-
fully found in numerous dirty shallow ponds, on clayey soil,
on the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware, and I last summer
detected it in profusion in Jersey. I am inclined to thin* it is
not so circumscribed in its geographical range, as Mr. Nuttall
says it is, for I have found it in small quantities in the state of
Delaware, on the road from New Castle to Frenchtown, and
also in Maryland, on the Baltimore road, about two miles from
Wise's tavern, (23 miles from Baltimore). In the neighbour-
hood of Philadelphia, common; in the stagnant shallow waters,
on yellow clayey soil, opposite to the entrance to the Wood-
lands, and close to the road, abundant; in ditches in the Neck,
and on the road to Lemon hill, frequent. In a ditch on the
south side of the road from Market street ferry to Cooper's
creek, Jersey, and about three quarters of a mile from the
ferry, in great profusion. Perennial. July, August
25. Schollera. (Narcissi.)
Spathe 1-2 flowered. Capsule 1-locular.
framineu.. 1. S. stem slender, floating, dichotomous ; leaves
sessile, narrow-linear. Mich.
Leptanthus gramineus, Mich. fl. am. 1. p. 25.
Schollera graminifolia, Muhl. Cat.
Commelina dubia, Jacquin.
Anonymos aquatica graminifolia, Clayt. num.
814.
Icon. Mich. fl. am. t. 5. fig. 2.
Grass-leaved Schollera. Yellow-flowered Channel-
grass. Low-water Star.
An aquatic submersed plant, looking like long grass,, arid
generally mistaken for it, found every where in the greatest
profusion, in the shallow water of the Schuylkill, but particu-
larly abundant opposite to Belmont. It flowers at low-tide, or
rather its flowers are expanded and visible at that time. They
are of a beautiful yellow colour, and have a pleasing appear-
ance when fully opened on the surface of the stream. I have
collected many specimens of this plant, in company with Dr.
Eberle, on the banks of the Conestogoe creek, near Lancaster,
rooting and flowering in the earth. Perennial. Always in
full flower about the 20th of July.
TRIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
26. Xyris, Gen. pi. 89. (Graminee.)
Flowers in an ovate-cylindric capitulum.__
Calix glumaceous, 3-valved, valves unequal,
the outer coriaceous. Corolla 3-petalled,
equal. Stigma trifid. Capsule 1-celled, 3-
valved. Seeds very numerous, and minute.
Nutt.
1- X. heads closely imbricate; calix shorter than the flexuosa,
bracteas, sparingly feathered; leaves long, sword- MuM-
shaped, twisted. Elliot.
X Caroliniana, Walt, Lam. and Poir.
X. Jupicai, Mich.
X. anceps, Pers. ?
Waved-stemmed Xyris. Tellow-flowering Rush.
From ten inches to 2 feet high. Leaves linear, stem anci-
pital flexuose. Flowers yellow, in an imbricated terminal
capitulum. In marshy meadows and wet places with sedge
and other grass, common, particularly in Jersey. July.
27. Rhyncosphora, Vahl, enum. pi. 2. p. 229. (Cyperiodee.)
Scales of the calix collected into a spike, the
inferior ones empty. Corolla 0. Style per-
sistent" at base. Bristles at the base of the
Seed.
1. R. Spikes in corymbose clusters ; stem above, «iba.
3-angled ; leaves linear channelled; bristles of
the seed 10. Ait. Kew. 1. p. 127.
Schoenus albus, Mich. 1. p. 34.
White bog-rush.
From one to two feet high. Glumes whitish. In the bogs
and marshy places of Jersey, every where very common. Pe-
rennial. July.
2. S. spikes clustered in corymbs, very distant, by s'omerata.
pairs i stem obtuse-angled ; leaves linear. Vahl.
4
26 TRIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
Brown bog-rush.
This species, Mr. Elliot remarks, is obscure, n the neigh-
bourhood of this city, it is one of our commonest inhabitants of
bog-meadows, and the neighbourhood of ditches. From one
to two feet high. Glumes of a chesnut-brown colour. Pe-
rennial. July and August.
28. Cypercs, Gen.pl. 93. (Cyperoidea.)
Spikelets compressed, distinct. Calix scales
imbricated in two rows. Corolla 0. Stig-
mata mostly 3. Seed 1, naked. Willd.
(Stamina 2 and 3. Nutt. J
minimus, !• C. culm capillary, spike solitary and in pairs; in-
Thunberg. volucre one-leaved. Thunb. prod. 18.
This interesting plant was first discovered as an inhabitant
of this country, about four years ago, in Monmouth county,
Jersey, by Zaccheus Collins, Esq.
On the Pennsylvania and Jersey side of the Delaware, with-
in three or four miles of this city. Dr. Cleaver.
aaveiceni. 2. C. stem obtusely 3-angled ; umbels compound ;
spikelets crowded, lanceolate; glumes acute.
Elliot.
C. culm triquetrous leafy. Culm leaves linear,
acuminated, alternate, smooth, 2 or 3, umbel
3-leaved, simple, nearly 3 radiated. Involucrum
3 or 4 leaved, leaflets nearly alternate. Pedun-
cles entirely simple, unequal and without bracteas.
Spikelets alternate 3 to 4, compressed, obtuse,
17-flowered, lanceolate, with a four-sided rachis.
Cal. glumes 1-valved, obtuse, brown in the centre.
Stam. 3, with persistent filaments. Pistil, bifid,
red. Seed ovate, beardless, black, rough. Muhl.
D esc rip. Uber. Gram. p. 16.
Yellow Cyperus.
From 6 to 8 inches high. I have carefully compared the
above species, with specimens in my possession*, labelled in
* From a portion of the Herbarium of the late Dr. Muhlen-
berg, which I put chased from bis son.
TRIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. 37
the hand-writing of Willdenow and Schader, and it appears
to me that there is a very considerable, if not specific distinc-
tion, between the European and American plants known by
the name of C flavescens. I have not, however, ventured to
alter the specific name at present, but will leave it for future
consideration. The European species is a much smaller plant,
from an inch and an half to three inches high. The spikes
are conglomerated ; the spikelets ovate, not compressed. The
form of the glumes likewise differs considerably. Sept.
3. C. umbel compound, rachis angular. Spikelets bicoior.*
compressed, lanceolate, acute. Scales lanceolate,
purple on the margin, obtuse. Pistillum long,
bifid. Seed oval, ash coloured, smooth. Invo-
lucrum 3-leaved, much longer than the umbel,
Muhl. Descrip. Uber. gram. p. 17.
This plant is described, as above, by Dr. Muhlenberg, as a
" co-species" Spikes in a compound umbel. Spikelets lan-
ceolate, reddish-purple and yellow. A larger species than
No. 1- about ten inches or a foot high. In damp or wet pla-
ces, on the borders of rivulets and springs, common. August.
4. C spikes oblong loose ; spikelets subulate, ex- strigoms.
panding, a little remote ; small involucrums gene-
rally wanting ; partial umbels, with alternate rays.
Vahl. enum.pl. 2. p. 358.
Mr. Elliot describes this species as attaining the height of
three feet. In this neighbourhood I have never seen it be-
yond eighteen inches or two feet. Stem 3-sided, or angled.
Leaves very long. Three or more of the leaves of the involu-
crum generally longer than the umbel. Very common on the
margins of swamps and ditches, and not unfrequently in san-
dy corn-fields of Jersey, near meadow-ground. Perennial.
August.
5. C. culm erect nearly naked, striated, smooth tri- pbymatode*,
quetrous. Radical leaves lanceolate, sheathing at M '
the base. Umbel simple or decompound. Invo-
lucrum 3-9 leaved, unequal, three leaves longer
than the others, rough on the margin. Peduncles
altogether unequal, compressed, spikelets two-
rowed, linear, compound below, simple above,
long 15-flowered, opposite, alternate, yellowish,
with a linear bractea. Calix glume, 1-valved ob-
28
TRIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
long, somewhat obtuse, green on the back, margin
white, scarious, nerved. Stam. 3, with yellowish
anthers. Pistillum trifid, white. Seed brown
three-sided oblong, beardless. Root fibrous, ter-
minating at the end in a globose tuber. Muhl.
Gram. Deserip. Uber. p. 22.
C. repens, Elliot.
This beautiful species of cypress-grass, is, for thefirst time,
described by Dr. Muhlenburg, in his " Descriptio Uberior
Graminum." It grows to the height of three feet in this vi-
cinity, but seldom exceeds two.
Whole plant glabrous ; having only the margins of the invo-
lucre-leaves scabrous. Mr. Elliot is, I think, right, in his
suspicion of the identity of his C. repens and the above species.
A careful examination of the C. plymatodes of Muhlenberg
(of specimens given me by the doctor), by Mr. Elliot's de-
scription, leaves no doubt in my mind, that the plants are the
same. Whether the C. tuberosus of Vahl. as quoted by Pursh,
is also identical with these two, I cannot say.
It delights in moist places. In the damp meadows, near rivu-
lets, in Jersey, near Woodbury, and along the course of the
Delaware, about five miles below Philadelphia. Not very fre-
quent. Perennial. August.
parriflorui. 6. C. culm triquetrous nearly naked. Radical leaves
" linear-lanceolate, smooth, culm solitary. Umbel
compound. Invohicrum 3-leaved longer than the
peduncles. Peduncles smooth, numerous (6—10)
triquetrous. Involucellum three leaved, pedi-
cels numerous, spikelets three, compressed, alter-
nate, ovate, 8-flowered. Calix glumes ovate, acute,
brown, nerved on the margins. Stam. 3, yellow.
Pistillum trifid. Seed three-sided, white, beard-
less. Root creeping, terminating in tubers. Spike-
lets very often viviparous, and then cylindric,
scales nerved, acuminated. Muhl. Deserip. Ube-
rior. Gram. p. 19.
Readily distinguished by its small conglomerated peduncu-
lated spikes, of a bay-colour. About one foot or eighteen
inches high. Very rare. On the banks of Timber creek,
Jersey, not more than a mile from the Woodbury road. Pe-
rennial. August, September.
autumnalis, 7. C. stem round, naked, thick, pointed. Radical
leaves broad and smooth. Umbels three leaved,
compound, terminal. Involucrum three-leaved,
TRIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
29
short, folioles ovate, erect, nerved. Peduncles
unequal, proliferous. Spikelets small, long-linear,
many-flowered. Calix glumes lanceolate, brown.
Pistillum trifid. Root fibrous. Muhl. Deserip.
Uberior Gram. p. 18.
C\ perus nodosus. Willd. ?
Cyperus juncoides, Lam. Illustr.
Cyperus complanatus, Willd. sp. pi. 1. p. 270.
Icon. Rott. gram. t. 17. f. 3. (Pursh.)
In similar places with the preceding, near this city, in Jer-
sey. Mr. Nuttall; Dr. Stuve.
6. C. capitulum, somewhat globose, glomerated ; uncinatus,
spikelets linear about 8-flowered. Valves lanceo- Pursh"
late, acuminated backward, involucrum about
two-leaved, very long. Pursh.
A very small plant flowering from an inch to two inches in
height. On the gravelly banks of the Delaware, Jersey side.
Mr. Nuttall. Biennial. June.
29. Dulichium, Richard, Pers. ench. 1. p. 65. (Cype-
roidee.)
Spikes somewhat racemose, axillary. Spike-
lets linear-lanceolate, rather compressed.
Calicine scales subulate, almost distichally
sheathing. Style very long, bifid. Invo-
lucellate setas long and scabrous. Seed acu-
minated by the base of the style. Nutt.
1. D. stem columnar, with leaves pointing in three ipathaceus.
directions, spikelets expanding, subulate, in axil-
lary racemes. Elliot.
Cyperus spathaceus, sp. pi. 1. p. 289.
Scirpus spathaceus, Mich. 1. p. 32.
Pleuranthus floribundus, Richard, (Pursh.)
Schoenus angustifolius, Vahl. enum. 2. p. 225.
(Pursh.)
Icon. Pluk. aim. t. 301. f. 1.
Sheathed Dulichium.
4#
30 TRIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
Stem a foot or eighteen inches high. Leaves linear lan-
ceolate. On the margins of rivulets, meadow-drains, and
ditches, in Jersey, common ; rather more rare this side of the
Delaware. Perennial. July, August.
30. Mariscus. Vahl. enum. pi. 2. p. 372. (Cyfieroidee.)
Spikelets few-flowered, almost imbricately ag-
gregated in roundish or subcylindric heads.
—Common calix of the spikelets 2-valved,
(3 to 6, or 8-fiowered). Flowers 1 valved,
sub-imbricate. Style trifid. &?«/trique-
trous. Nutt.
echinatm. l. M. culm obtusely 3-angled, glabrous; umbels
simple; heads globose; spikes linear-lanceolate,
8-flowered, expanding. Elliot.
Schoenus umbellatus, Jacquin. collect. 1. p. 113.
Kyllingia ovularis, Mich. fl. am. 1. p. 29.
Scirpus echinatus, L. and Muhl. Cat. and Decrip.
Uber.
Icon. Pluk. aim. t. 91. f. 4. Jacq. ic. rar. 1.1.
10? (Pursh)
Rough Spiked Mariscus.
From one to two feet high. In wet sandy fields, and on
sandy road-sides, in Jersey, not rare. Perennial. July.
rstrofractus. 2. M. culm obtusely 3-angled, pubescent; umbels
simple; heads obovate ; spikes subulate, 1-flow-
ered, reflexed. Elliot.
Scripus retrofractus, Willd. sp. pi. 1. p. 304.
Icon. Pluk. aim. t. 415. f. 4. (Pursh.)
About a foot high. In cultivated fields, common. Peren-
nial. July.
gicmentat, 3. M. spikes cylindrical, imbricated backward, in-
volucrum many-leaved. Vahl.
Mariscus glomeratus, Bart. Prod. fl. Ph. p. 18* and
Muhl. MS.
Scirpus cyperoides, Lin. Mant 181. ?
TRIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
31
S. cvperiformis. Muhl. Cat. and deserip. Uber.
Gram.
S. lupulinus, Sprengel.
Mariscus umbellatus. Pursh, fl. Am. Sep. vol. 1. p.
59.?
Kyllingia umbellata. Lin. suppl. 105. ?
From 6 to 14 inches high. In the sandy roads, wastes, and
fields of Jersey, common. On the high sandy hills below
Gloucester point (Jersey side) ; common. In a stony field,
two miles above the falls of the Schulkill, west side, frequent.
31. Scirpus, Gen. pi. 94. (Cyperoidee.)
Calix scales chaffy, imbricated on all sides in
a spike. Corolla 0. Style filiform, un-
bearded, deciduous. Seed 1, naked, or sur-
rounded with involucellate setze or threads.
Nutt.
1. S. culm erect, naked, compressed, cespitose. eapitatm.
Base of the sheath retuse, mucronated, whitish.
Spike terminal, ovate, obtuse. Cal. glume ovate,
obtuse, brown, margin white. Stam. 3, anthers
white. Pist. bifid. Seed shining, oval, smooth.
Muhl.
S. ovatus. Willd.
S. tuberculosus. Mich. ?
S capitatus. Schreb. and Swartz.
S. ovatus. Bar. Prod. Fl. Ph. p. 17.
From a careful comparison of original specimens from Shchre.
ber, Willdenow, and Swartz, in my Herbarium, witli our na-
tive plant, I have added the above synonyms. It varies in
height, but is generally a foot tall. Perennial. Common in
muddy ditches and shallow ponds, every where. August.
2. S culm acicular, two inches high, four angled, trichodci,
purple at the base, cespitose. Sheath truncate, Muh1,
obtuse. Spike terminal, ovate, acute, 1, 4, 6 flow-
ered ; bractea one, obtuse. Cal. glume, some-
what obtuse, brown on the margin, keel green.
Stam. 3, white. Pist. bifid. Seed triquetrous,
white or yellowish, shorter than the bristles.
TRIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
Bristles white, 4, a little longer than the seed.
Root fibrous. Muhl.
S. capillaceus, Mich.
S. pusillus. Vahl. and Pursh quoting him.
S. acicularis. Pursh.
Not S. capillaceus, Elliot, who quotes Michaux's
plant, which this really is.
This little plant has the habit of S. acicularis of Europe, and
a comparison of it with genuine specimens of the foreign
plant, convince me that the two are very closely allied. In
Jersey, surrounding the pool containing Utricularia cerato-
phylla (see page 11) in great profusion, forming a kind of
grass-plot. In other similar places in Jersey also frequent.
More rare on the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware. Annual.?
June.
3. S. culm naked, four angled, with a purple sheath
below. Sheath truncated, nearly pointed. Spike
terminal elliptic, acute at both ends, bibracteate.
Bracteas ovate, obtuse, black with white margins.
Cal. scales 1-valved, resembling a bractea, black,
obtuse, margin white. Stam. 3. Pist. trifid,
white. Seed roundish, brown, rough, two or
more bristles at the base. Root horizontal, creep-
ing. Muhl.
S. quadrangulatus. Muhl. Cat. ed. 1st. ?
S. tenuis, ditto, ed. 2d.
S. quadrangulatus. Bart. Prod. Fl. Ph.
S. tenuis. Muhl. Deserip Uber. Gram.
Mr. Elliot describes a plant under the name of Scirpus
quadrangulatus, for which he quotes Michaux's name and
description. The size of the plant, and the spikes, which he
says are an inch, or more long, together with other characters,
sufficiently prove that it is different from Willdenow's and
Muhlenberg's tenuis. The latter used to consider Michaux's
plant under the name quoted by Mr. Elliot, and the tenuis of
Willd. as identical, and so published them in the first edition
of his Catalogue. In the seconded, he retains the name quad-
rangulatus, and that of tenuis as a synonym disappears. 1 his
leaves some doubt of the plant designated in the second edi-
tion, by the name quadrangulatus ; probably it is the same
described by Mr. Elliot under that name. In the Descriptio
Uber. Gram, however, the S. tenuis is described, and the
quadriwimilatus is It-ft out. The plant described in that work,
as the tenuu, as quoted above, is the same as the European
TRIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
33
plant under that name ; for I have accurately compared
Willdenow's specimens, both with the above description, and
the plant which grows in this neighbourhood. In boifs com-
mon. Perennial. May, June.
4. S. culm triquetrous, a span high, nearly naked, pianifoih,.,
cespitose, leaves nearly radical alternate, linear MuhU
flat, kneeled, scabrous, the lower ones broad,
short nerved pointed, the rest, three-nerved,
equal in length to the stem. Spike terminal,
ovate, acute, 6-flowered, bracteated ; bractea yel-
lowish, ovate, spit-pointed, longer than the spike.
Cal. glume, ovate, pointed, yellowish, keel green.
Pist. bifid and trifid. Seed brown, triquetrous,
bristles 3, as long as the seed. Muhl.
This very strongly characterised, and pretty species, is easi-
ly recognised by its three-sided culm, flat, broadish, compress-
ed leaves, and bay-coloured terminal spikes. In Jersey, near
Woodbury, on the margins of the woods, bordering the road,
very rare. May.
5. S. culm 5 feet high, terete naked, attenuated to- ueutrw.
wards the point (Muhl.) ; spikes oblong, scales
glabrous, mucronate : styles trifid; umbels de-
compound ; culm terete. Vahl.
Icon. fl. Dan. t. 1142.
Tall bull-rush.
From 3 to 12 feet high, and very thick. Along the margins
of the Delaware, both sides of the river, common. Perennial.
July.
6. S. culm 4 feet high, naked, round, equal above (in «cutm,
thickness), not attenuated, full of spots ; the spots Muhl"
brown, oblong. Spikes sub-lateral, pedunculated,
numerous, oblong, sub-umbelled. Peduncles
compressed, unequal. Cal. glume brown, keeled,
mucronated, pubens. Stam. 3. Pist. bifid. Seed
obovate. Muhl.
Very like No. 5 easily distinguished, however, by the spots
and spikes. Grows with it. Rare. Perennial. June, July.
7. S. culm accutely 3-?ngled, sides concave ; spikes American^
ovate, lateral, sessile ; seed accuminate. Elliot. Per''
U TRIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
Scirpus triqueter, Mich- and Muhl. Deserip..
Uber. Gram.
Three-sided Rush.
Easily known by its simple acutely 3-angled culm, and one
two or three sessile conglomerated spikes. This and the pre-
ceding species are worked into bottoms for fancy, <>r what are
called, rush-bottomed chairs. Grows with No. 5, frequent,
July, August.
mtunmaiu. 3. S. culm compressed, 2-edged ; spikelets lanceo-
late. Elliot.
S. mucronulatus, Mich 1. p. 31.
Autumnal Scirpus.
A very pretty species from 6 to 10 inches high, readily iden-
tified by its lanceolate deep brown spikelets. The numerous
stems radiate from the root, in a beautiful manner. In sandy
roads and fields, in Jersey, near Kaighn's point, abundant.
Annual. ? August.
•»pmari»,L. 9. S. culm bristle-form, two inches, triquetrous,
nearly naked, cespitose. Leaves sub-radical, alter-
nate, bristly, sheathed at the base. Sheath hairy
at the mouth. Spikes lateral near the point of the
culm, 1—4, one sessile, the rest pedunculated, in-
volucrum 1—2 leaved. Calix glumes 1-valved,
the lower ones awl shaped, the rest obtuse, brown-
purple, the keel green or white. Stam. 3. Pistillum
trifid. Seed nearly triquetrous, white, beardless,
somewhat rough, transversely nerved. Root
fibrous, Muhl.
5. capillaceus, Elliot. ?
This plant, so accurately described above, has at first view
the appearance of No. 2. It is also allied, as Dr Muhlenberg
remarks, to Scirpus autumnalis, and near to Scirpus capillaris,
of Swartz. It inhabits different places from No. 2, being
generally found in sandy roads and wastes, and never, or sel-
dom, near water. Dr. Muhlenberg describes it as two inches
high. Though generally it does not exceed that height, I
have specimens in my herbarium six inches tall. Compared with
Willdenow's specimens of the Europe an-plant in my possession,
these do not, however, differ, except in size. Jersey, frequent;
this side of the Delaware, rare. Annual. July.
TRIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
S*
10. S. culm exactly triquetrous, leafy at the base, macron*.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, nerved, keeled smooth, chy°»*
longer than the culm, sheathing at the base, trans- Muhl"
versely nerved. Ligula none. Sheath smooth,
striated. Involucrum long unequal, 3-leaved.
Spikes sessile, and pedunculated, 6 or 12, scales
ovate. Muhl.
S. maritimus p macrostachyos, Mich.
S. robustus, Pursh.
S. maritimus, Elliot.
From three to four feet high, stem acutely 3-angular. Spike-
lets very large, and of a light brown, or what painters call sienna
colour. This plant, is, as Pursh remarks, certainly specifi-
cally distinct from S. maritimus. I have specimens in my
herbarium of the latter plant, marked by Willdenow and Schro-
der, and have accurately compared them with the American
plant. On the marshy shores of the Delaware, about two
miles below Gloucester point. Very scarce. Perennial.
August.
11. S culm three-sided, striate, three feet high leafy. atroTireiw,
Radical leaves lanceolate carinated long, those ofwilld'
the culm alternate lanceolate, carinated scabrous.enum'
Sheath striate smooth transparent. Panicle ter-
minal proliferous involucrate. Involucre 3-leaved,
margin and carina, scabrous. Branches of the
panicle or peduncles unequal, from 3 to 6, pedi-
cels 12. Spikelets glomerated numerous (12)
ovate acute reddish-brown. Calix glumes 1-
valved imbricate ovate acute reddish-brown cari-
nated, pubescent. Stam. 3. Pistillum, trifid.
Seed triquetrous white very small, bristles short,
4. Muhl.
From one to three feet high. In bogs near Woodbury,
Jersey; and near the spot where Cyamus flavicomus grows
in the Neck, this side of the river. Perennial. July, August.
12. S. culm naked, erect, a little channelled, cespitose, debiiii.
sheathing at the base. Spikes lateral, sessile, ovate,
1—3—9, many flowered, without bracteas. Calix
glume ovate, obtuse, and acuminated, margin
white, keel green. Pistillum bifid. Seed nearly
triquetrous or obovate, shining black, rough or
36 TRIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
dotted. Bristles 3—5, white, hispid a little longer
than the seed. Muhl.
S. lupulinus, Smith.
Near to S. triquetrum, Swartz,'(Muhl)
The plant I have found in thig neighbourhood is suggested
by Mr. Collins to be a variety of Scirpus debilis ; and on com-
paring it with the latter plant, a specimen of which I have re-
ceived from that gentleman, it does really appear to be so. It
is not, peihaps, the S. debilis of Pursh ; or if so, it is imper-
fectly described by him ; neither does it appear to be the plant
intended by Mr. Elliot, under that name, referring to the
debilis, Muhl's Cat. Dr. Muhlenberg seems to describe it,
under his debilis ; for his description extends evidentlyto two
varieties, if not species. I have, however, for the present
quoted his characters, and referred my plant to his name. In
the same bog where Furiena squarrosa, and Eriophorum polys-
tachium grow, Jersey. August.
32. Tricophorum, Pers. ench. 1. p. 69. (Cyperoidee.J
Spikelets ovate, imbricate on all sides, with
scales. Bristles of the seed hairy, longer
than the glumes, 6 in number.
cyperinum. 1. T. culm obtusely 3-angled, leafy ; panicle su-
pra-decompound, proliferous; spikelets generally
by threes.
Eriophorum cyperinum, sp. pi. 1. p. 313.
Scirpus Eriophorum, Mich. 1. p. 33.
Scirpus thyrsiflorus, Willd.
Brown Cotton-grass.
From three to four feet high ; sometimes five, easily dis-
tinpuished when in fruit, by its large, loose, brown or fulvous
cottony panicles. In bogs every where very common. Pe-
rennial. In July and August.
33. Eriophorum, Gen.pl. 95. (Cyperoidee.)
Glumes chaffy, imbricate on all sides. Corolla
0. Seed 1, surrounded with very long
wool.
TRIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
37
1. E. culm terete, leafy; leaves flat; spikes cluster- virginicum.
ed, nearly sessile, shorter than the involucrum.
Vahl.
Icon. Pluk. aim. t. 299. f. 4.
Virginian Cotton-grass.
Two feet high. Identified with facility, when in fruit, by
its faint copper-coloured tufts of cotton. In boggy grounds,
common. On the Woodlands, abundant. Perennial. July.
2. E. culm leafy, terete ; leaves triquetrous, chan- angrustifo-
nelled, spikes pedunculated, seeds ovate. Roth, hu^,•
Willd.
Icon. Eng Bot. 564.
Easily distinguished from No. 2. by its pedunculated spikes,
and white cotton ; but extremely like E. polystachium, speci-
mens of which I have, labelled by Willdenow. I erroneously
supposed this plant, the polystachium /3. of Michaux, and so
called it in my Prodromus. Its triquetrous leaves, however,
shew that it is the plant designated as E. angustifolium. In
a deep spongy swamp or bog, surrounded with woods ; about
a quarter of a mile south-east of Kaighn's point, Jersey. Rare.
Perennial. May.
34. Fuirena, Gen. pi. 90. (Cyperoidee.)
Spikelets composed of mucronate scales imbri-
cated on all sides. Corolla 0. Seminal m-
volucellum broad, chaff-like, scales cordate,
(stipitate) often awned. Stigmata 2 and 3.
{Seed triangular). Nutt.
1. F. leaves narrow, lanceolate, short; heads many, sparrow,
(5—6) clustered ; valve of the corolla cordate,
ovate, with short awns. Elliot.
Rough-headed Fuirena.
A beautiful grass, also quite local, though abundant where
found. Grows in the same spot specified as containing Erio-
phorum angustifolium. Perennial. I Jul/.
5
38 TRIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
35. Cenchrus, Gen. pi. 1574. (Graminee.)
Involucrum laciniate, echinate, 3—4 flowered.
Calix 2-valved, 2-flowered, 1 fertile the other
sterile. Style bifid, (sometimes 2).
echinatui. 1» C. culm ancipital, leafy, branched. Leaves lan-
ceolate, nerved, smooth. Sheath smooth. Spike
lateral and terminal. Involucrums alternate lan-
ceolate echinate pubescent, villous internally.
Cal. smooth 2-valved, 5-nerved, 1,2, 3, flowered.
Cor. glume 2-valved, longer than the calix. Stam.
3. Seed one round. Muhl.
Cenchrus tribuloides. Bart. Prod. Fl. Ph.
Cockspur-grass. Hedge-hog-grass.
There is some confusion between this species and C. tribu-
loides of Michaux. The plant just described, I have till lately
mistaken for the C tribuloides, and so called it in my Pro-
dromus ; but, having since compared it with the C echinatus
of Willdenow (a specimen of which I have in my herbarium,
marked with his own hand) ; and having received a specimen
of the C tribuloides, from Mr. Nuttall, which he collected on
the sea-shore, Cape May, I find that the plant growing in this
neighbourhood is the echinatus, though the spike is neither
so long nor so dense as in the European plant. The C tribu-
loides, is, I suspect, confined altogether to the sea-coast. The
most striking discrepancy of these two similar species, is the
white pubescence on the margin of the sheath, and the dense
white villous glumes, in the C. tribuloides, while the C echi-
natus is destitute of both. The plant described by Mr. Elliot
under the name of tribuloides, appears to be the same brought
by Mr. Nuttall, from Cape May. I have already said this is
, not identical with the species growing so abundantly in the
vicinity of this city, on the Jersey side of the Delaware, unless
its maritime situation should create the villous pubescence,
which from anah> we may admit to be probable. Close to
Camden, not unfrequent. In the sandy road from Kaighn's
point towards the Haddonfield road ; and on the high sandy
exposed banks of the Delaware, between Kaighn's point and
the ferry-house, opposite to Gloucester point; abundant.
Annual. August.
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
39
ORDER II. DIGYNIA.
36. Muhlenbergia, Schreber. Gen. pi. 103. (Graminee.)
Calix very minute, truncated, 2-valved, une-
qual. Corolla 2-valved, hairy at the base,
exterior valve terminating in a slender awn.
(Style 1?) Nutt.
1. M. culm compressed smooth branched, jointed, diffus*.
joints smooth. Branches alternate spreading or
erect. Leaves linear-lanceolate, smooth, keeled,
dotted, transparent. Ligula obsoletely ciliated.
Sheath striated, pubescent at the mouth. Pani-
cle narrow divided thread-like, peduncles and
pedicels rough. Cal. 1-valved, small, lateral, 1-
flowered, persistent. Cor. 2-valved, one of the
valves awned, the awn terminal, purplish rough,
a little longer than the corolla. Stam.3, anthers
white, as long as the corolla. Pist. 2, styles
white, stigmas feathery purplish. Seed oblong,
acuminate. Muhl.
Dilepyrum minutiflorum, Mich.
Spreading Muhlenbergia.
In dry fields not uncommon. Near the Buck-Inn, on the
Lancaster road, abundant. Perennial. July and August.
2. M. culm erect three feet high simple jointed, erectw
joints pubescent. Leaves lanceolate alternate
nerved. Ligula short, serrated at the apex.
Sheath decurrent, striated, smooth. Panicle nar-
row, simple. Cal. lateral, linear, 1-valved, mi-
nute. Cor. 2-valved, green, one valve 9-nerved,
pubescent with a terminal awn, three times the
length of the corolla ; the other smaller bifid at
the point, grooved on the back, carinate internal-
ly, awned at the base. Stam. 2, filaments white,
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
anthers white. Pist. 2, white, plumose. Necta-
ry white 2-leaved gibbous. Seed oblong accu-
minate transparent. Muhl.
Dilepyrum aristosum, Mich.
Erect Muhlenbergia.
In the woods of Jersey, near Haddonfield and Woodbury,
rare. Perennial. June
37. Trichodium, Mich. fl. am. 1. p. 41. (Graminee.)
Calix 2-valved, valves equal acute, keel some-
what hispid. Corolla shorter 1-valved,
awnless. Stigmata nearly sessile, a little
hispid. Muhl. Desc. Ub. Gr.
1. T. culm erect; leaves and sheath scabrous ; pa-
nicle diffused, with the branches trichotomous ;
flowers fasciculate, terminal. Elliot.
Cornucopia hyemalis, Walt. fl. car. 73.
Agrostis scabra, Willd. sp. pi- 1. p. 370. ?
Agrostis laxa, Schreb. gram-
Icon. Mich. fl. Amer. 1.1. 8.
Loose-flowered Hair-grass-
A very beautiful and delicate grass. In dry fields and grassy
places, common. Perennial. May.
2. T. culm smooth a span or half-foot high, genicu-
late at the base, branched; the branches erect.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, striate, scabrous on the
margin, flat. Ligula white bifid acute. Sheath
striate smooth. Panicle diffuse very much
branched. Branches of the panicle verticillate,
divaricate, pedicels near the calix thick, scabrous,
flexuose. Calix 2-valved, valves unequal 1 flow-
ered larger than the corolla. Corolla 1-valved,
white awnless smooth, rarely awned. Stam. 3,
anthers white. Pist. 2, white, stigmas hispid.
Seed acuminate deciduous. Muhl.
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
41
Agrostris scabra. Willd.
This beautiful grass is very common on the margins of, and
roads through woods, and flowers two months later than the
preceding. All the specimens I have collected, are taller than
described by Dr. Muhlenberg. Perennial. July to October,
38. Leersia, Swartz, Gen. pi. 105. (Graminee.)
Calix 0. Corolla 2-valved, closed: valves
compressed, boat-shaped, without awns.
(Stamens 1, 2, 3, and 6.) Nutt.
1. L. panicle loose, with scattered branches, small; virginicai
flowers appressed ; monandrous, scabrous; the
keel of the glumes sparingly ciliate. Elliot.
L. oryzoides, Swartz. 20.
Virginian Rice-grass. White-grass.
About two or three feet high, very slender. On borders of
swampy woods and near shaded rivulets, in Jersey ; also in the
woods back of the Blue-bell Inn, Darby-road. Rare. Peren-
nial. August.
2. L. culm 5 feet high jointed very scabrous, joints oryxoidei,
pubescent. Leaves lanceolate nerved ciliated
scabrous. Ligula short retuse. Sheath striated,
carina hispid backward. Panicle diffuse ; branch-
es of the panicle spreading, the lower ones in
fours, the rest in pairs and solitary, inflated at the
base, flexuose. Pedicels adpressed. Cor. glume
bivalved compressed. Stam. 2 and 3 white.
Pist. 2.
Cut-grass- Sickle-grass.
On the margins of ditches, field-drains, and rivulets, in Jer-
sey and on this side of the Delaware. Not very common.
Perennial. August.
5*
42 TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
39. Agrostis, Gen. pi. 111. (Graminee.)
Calix 2-valved, 1-flowered, valves acute.
Corolla 2-valved. Stigmata longitudinally
hispid or plumose.
itri«ta. 1. A. panicle long upright, corollas shorter than the
calix. Willd.
Upright bent-grass.
In meadows and on the borders of woods, not uncommon.
Perennial. June.
Mosieana. 2. A. panicle oblong compact, calices and corolla
acuminate, nearly equal, awnless. Willd.
A. lateriflora ? Mich.
Mexican Bent grass.
Root creeping, jointed or soboliferous. One of my speci-
mens of this grass was sent to me by Dr. Muhlenberg, under
the above name, wilh A. lateriflora, Mich, as a synonym.
In his Deserip. Uber. Gr. he seems not to be certain of this,
and says "compare them." Pursh has both plants, with his
mark v. v., and his particular remarks on the A. lateriflora,
would seem to indicate a certainty in his opinion, of the dif-
ference of these plants. On the banks of the creeks in Jersey,
and this side of the Delaware. Common. Perennial. Sep-
tember.
decumbem,
Gaudin,
&
Muhl.
»lba.
3. A. culm decumbent; panicle pyramidal;
branches semi-verticillate, horizontally expand-
ing : flowers crowded j corolla half the length of
the calix. Elliot.
Bastard Fiorin-grass.
In the damp fields and borders of woods and meadows neaf
Woodbury, Jersey, not rare. Mistaken there for Fiorin-grass.
Dr. Muhlenberg thinks this plant hardly different from the
A. stolonifera of Thouin, Perennial. June, July.
4. A. culm erect striate smooth, geniculate at the
base, not stoloniferous, simple. Leaves linear-
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA. 43
lanceolate, nerved, scabrous. Ligula white acu-
minate, apex 4-fid. Sheath striate smooth. Pani-
cle at length diffuse. Branches verticillate Cal. 2-
valved acute equal carinated, carina rough, green.
Cor. 2-valved less than the calix, white, smooth at
the base, valves unequal, awnless. Stam. 3, anthers
yellow. Muhl.
A. alba, Schrader.
A. hispida, Willd.
Herds-grass.
Wild in woods, and also much cultivated. Dr. Muhlenberg
hints that this species may be identical with A. dispar, Mich.
and A. alba, and vulgaris, of the Hortus Kewensis.
5. A. culm erect; panicle finally diffuse purplish.vulgar^
Branches verticillate, and the little branches sca-
brous. Cal. 2-valved equal glabrous. Cor. 2-
valved smaller than the calix. Muhl.
Red-top.
Very frequent in similar places with No. 4. in Jersey, and
also in the Neck, this side of the river. Perennial. June.
6. A. culm erect, terete, jointed, joints smooth, landestina.
Leaves linear very long, nerved, stiff, somewhatMuW*
rough on the margins, glaucous. Ligula none or
small. Sheath long, hairy at the mouth. Panicle
narrow terminal and lateral, hidden, and often
somewhat spike-formed. Branches alternate,
with the smaller ones smooth. Cal. 2-valved,
, valves white unequal, carinated smooth. Cor. 2-
valved, twice the length of the calix.
Perhaps Agrostis aspera, Mich.
Varies in size from nine inches to two feet. In this vicinity
it is of low stature, seldom exceeding nine or ten inches ; but
I have seen it on the borders of the Conestogoe creek, near
Lancaster, two feet high. On the high gravelly banks or hills,
near the canal road, and the Reservoir or Basin. Very rare.
Perennial. September.
44 TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
40. Cinna, L. (Graminee.)
Calix 2-valved, compressed, nearly equal.
Corolla linear, compressed, shortly stipitate,
naked at the base, dorsal valve including the
inner, with a small awn near the summit.
Stamen 1, style 1. Seed somewhat oblique.
Nutt.
Miindinacea. 1. C panicle large weak; leaves broad-linear smooth,
one valve sub-awned below the apex,stem gla-
brous. Pursh.
Agrostis Cinna, Pursh.
Reed-like Cinna.
Near the ferry-house opposite Gloucester point, and at the
mouth of Timber creek, Jersey. Not common. Perennial.
August.
41. Calamagrostis, Roth. (Graminee.)
CaUx 2-valved, 1-flowered, valves acute or
acuminate. Corolla 2-valved, mostly short-
er than the calix, surrounded with a pubes-
cence of long wool at the base, the dorsal
valve with or without awn. Nutt.
eeiorata, 1- C. panicle oblong swelled compact, glume acumi-
sibthorp. nated. Pers- ench.
Arundo colorata, Ait. Hort. Kew. 2. 1. p. 174. and
Smith, Fl. Brit. 174.
Phalaris arundiuacea, Lin.
Phalaris Americana, Elliot.
Icon. Engl. bot. 402.
Coloured Calamagrostis, or Reed grass.
A beautiful grass, easily known by its long dense purplish-
red panicles. On the bank walk from the Navy Yard to
Gloucester point, frequent; also on the bank walk from Gray's
ferry to Kingsess gardens, in prolusion. Sparingly elsewhere.
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
45
A beautiful variety with white, green and blue striped leaves,
is cultivated in the gardens, and known by the names Ladies
traces ; ribbon-grass, &c. On Mr. Pratt's grounds, at Lemon-
hill, it is abundant, but I have never seen more than a slight
approximation to these stripes, in the wild plant. Perennial.
July, August.
2. C. panicle oblong, calices one-flowered, lanceolate, cinnoide*.
carina rough pubescent, corolla awned at the
back.
Arundo cinnoides, Muhl.
A. canadensis, Mich, and Pursh.
A. confinis, Willd. enum.
Reed-like Calamagrostis.
In bogs and at river sides. From three to four feet high.
Rather scarce. Near the spot I have particularised as the
habitat of Iris prismatica. Perennial. August.
42. Anthoxanthum, Gen. pi. 58. (Graminee.)
Calix 2-valved, 1-flowered. Corolla 2-valved;
valves unequal, acuminate, awned from near
the base. Stamina 2. Nutt.
1. A. spike oblong, ovate ; flowers on short pedun- odoratum.
cles, longer than awn. Sp. pi.
Icon. Fl. Dan. 666. Engl. bot. 647.
Sweet-scented Vernal-grass. Sweet Anthox-
It is the fine odour of this grass, which gives to hay, its sweet
scent. Naturalized. In meadows and grass-plots, common.
Perennial. May.
43. Crypsis, Lamarck.
Calix 2-valved, oblong, 1-flowered. Corolla
2-valved, longer than the calix. Stamina 2
or 3. (Spike surrounded at the base by the
sheath of the leaf; or the flowers collected
into a leafy capitulum.) Nutt.
46
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
virginic, C. spikes oblong, thick, and lobed, generally sheath-
iruttau. ecj jjy the inflated vagina of 2 short leaves ; culm
procumbent, geniculate, nodes numerous, approx-
imating ; leaves involute, rigid, and pungent;
calix carinate, shorter than the corolla.
Leaves short, filiform subulate, rigid and divaricate, almost
entirely smooth, and somewhat glaucous; culm decumbent
branched from the base ; spikes closely sheathed, axillary and
terminal, about an inch long, sometimes oblong-ovate, lateral
spikes often very short and roundish, rachis thick and angular
at the base ; calix nearly equal, compressed carinate, acute,
shorter than the corolla, ciliate on the carina (seen through a
lens) ; corolla valves often rather unequal, inner valve some-
what obtuse, naked at the base ; style exserted, long. Nutt.
I first detected this plant growing in the streets of the su-
burbs, and vacant corner lots of this city, and gave specimens,
in 1816, to Mr. Collins, and subsequently to Mr. Nuttall, who
has described it as above. Since the year 1816, I have found
it more abundantly in this neighbourhood, on the turnpike
road-sides, and in the crevices of pavements and stony ways.
It comes very near to Cripsis aculeata, of Europe, compared
with specimens in my herbarium; but the leaves are not pun-
gent. It is, however, a distinct species, but is certainly not
Agrostis virginica of Willd. and Pursh ; for the specimens in
my possession of this latter plant, marked by Schrader, are
not spiked ; but bear their flowers in a dense narrow panicle.
Indeed it it is entirely unlike the A. virginica, in every respect;
as Mr. Nuttall has acknowledged, on seeing my specimens,
since the printing of his work, and, though the specific appella-
tion Virginica, was added by Mr. Nuttall, under the impres-
sion that the plant in question, and Agrostis Virginica, were
the same, I have not thought it expedient to change it. Pro-
bably introduced. Perennial. July, August.
44. Phleum, Gen. pi. 128. (Graminee.)
Calix 2-valved, 1-flowered, valves linear with
a retuse point, prominently carinate, each
terminating in a cusp (or short awn). Corolla
included within the calix. Nutt.
Prat«nse. 1. P. spike cylindrical, very long, ciliate; stem
erect. Sp. pi.
Icon. Host. Gram. 2. t. 31. (Pursh.)
Timothy-grass.
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA. 47
A well known and important grass, not a native, but now
completely naturalized in this country. Every where among
grass, particularly in meadows, quite common. Perennial.
June, July.
45. Alopecurus, Gen pi. 102. (Graminee.)
Calix 2-valved, 1-flowered. Corolla 1-valved,
awned from the base.
1. A. culm erect, glumes oval, obtuse, the awn subarhtatus.
scarcely exserted. Mich.
A foot high, leaves smooth, spike very long. On the mar-
gins of pools, in Jersey, near this city. Rare. Perennial.
46. Panicum, Gen. pi. 107. (Graminee.)
Calix 3-vaIved, exterior valve often very small,
1-flowered, (mostly with the rudiments of a
sessile, neutral or masculine floret.) Corolla
(hermaphrodite) 2-valved, cartilaginous and
persistent. Nutt.
1. P. spikes alternate and verticillate by pairs; spike- cms gaiu.
lets subdivided ; glumes awned hispid ; rachis
five-angled. Sp. PL
P. hirtellum, Walt.
var. a. muticum, valves of the calix without awns.
/3. aristatum, just described.
Cocksy-foot Panicum.
A strong rough plant two feet high, with dark brown co-
loured panicles. In damp places, very common. Perennial.
Flowers all summer.
2. P. culm assurgent, geniculate, very glabrous ; eenicuiatum,
pauicle terminal and axillary, diffuse and expand- Mu
ing ; sheaths or' the leaves inflated. Elliot.
P. dicotomiflornm. Mich. ?
P. miiiaceuui, Walt.
48 TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
Water-panic-grass.
Decumbent at the base. Always found near waler. On
the borders of the Schuylkill common. Annual. August.
rostratum, 3. P. culm compressed, sheathes hairy, ancipitous ;
MubK panicles racemose, pyramidal, with the flowers
appressed ; branches frequently divaricate. Elliot.
P. anceps, Mich.
Two-edged panic-grass.
Two or three feet high. On the borders of ditches, and
field drains, and other wet places, common. Perennial. Au-
gust.
virgatum. 4. P. culm and leaves very glr.brous ; panicle diffuse,
very large ; glumes acuminate, smooth. Elliot.
P. coloratum, Walt.
A beautiful grass from three to six feet high. On the road
from Kaighn's point to the Woodbury road (Jersey), along the
fences; also along the fences of fields, near Woodbury; to-
lerably frequent. Perennial. August and later.
dichotomum. 5. P. panicle very simple few flowered ; glumes obo-
vate, leaves linear lanceolate divaricate smooth,
base andneck bearded,stem dichotomous. Pursh.
Under a foot high. In dry woods frequent, particularly in
Jersey. July and August.
rapiiiare. 6. P. panicle capillary very much branched, loose ;
flowers small, all pedicellated, solitary oblong-oval
acuminate, awnless. Leaves and sheathes very
hairy. Mich. Willd.
Said by Pursh to vary in height from 3 inches to 5 feet. With
us it seldom attains a greater stature than eighteen inches. In
sandy fields, particularly in Jersey, quite frequent- Annual.
June and July.
minor. 0- culm smooth, half a foot high, nearly purple, joint-
ed, joints white. Lea\es linear-lanceolate pubes-
cent and hairy. Ligula white, beard-form. Sheath
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
40
hairy, panicle erect. Inferior branches of the
panicle opposite, the upper alternate. Cal. Car.
Stam. Pist. Seed as in the preceding. Muhl.
Very common; and rather more I think than a variety.
7» P. panicle with the lateral racemes simple ; leaves latifoiium.
ovate-lanceolate, hairy at the throat. Sp.pl.
/3. panicle few flowered enclosed in the sheath. Willd. ciandesti-
num,
A foot high. In dry shady places, common. Perennial.
All summer.
8. P. panicle expanding, few flowered ; flowers very pauciflorum,
large ; leaves narrow lanceolate, ciliate at theE,liot-
base ; sheaths hairy. Elliot.
In wet places, not uncommon. Perennial. May.
9. P. culm half a foot high branched below, slender, verrucosus,
geniculate, nodes smooth inflated. Leaves alter- Muhl-
nate remote linear-lanceolate, spreading nerved,
smooth. Sheath long striate, hairy or ciliate on
the margin. Ligula scarcely any, beard form.
Panicle terminal spreading. Cal. 3-valved, one
more acute, two ovate acute equal very green
verrucose (not pubescent) three nerved. Cor.
equal. Stam. 3, anthers reddish^brown. Pist. 2,
blackish. Seed white. Muhl.
In Jersey, about a mile from the river, opposite the city.
Rare. August.
10. P culm two feet high, erect smooth compressed, agrostoides.
jointed, joints smooth. Leaves lanceolate alter-
nate carinated smooth long. Sheath striate smooth.
Ligula obsolete short. Panicles terminal and late-
ral, branched. Cal. 3-valved, base bristly, the
third valve short acute, the rest equal acuminate
three nerved, 1—2 flowered, smooth, finally pur-
ple. Cor- 2-valved, less than the calix. Stam. 3,
6
liiim,
Elliot.
50 TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
anthers black. Pist. 2, black purple. Seed ash-
coloured and white, smooth. Muhl.
A tall purplish grass. Rare. In watery places. Near to
the ferry house opposite Gloucester point, Jersey. Perennial.
August.
angustifo- 11. P. panicle few-flowered, expanding; leaves
scattered, linear-lanceolate, glabrous underneath,
sparingly ciliate. Elliot-
In dry places, Jersey, rare. June;
pauciflorum, 12. P. panicle expanding, few-flowered, flowers
Elliot ? very large ; leaves narrow lanceolate, ciliate at
base ; sheaths hairy. Elliot.
Also in Jersey, but more common. Perennial. May.
emifoiium, 13. P. plant small, glabrous, leaves ovate-lanceolate,
Bald. very acute, expanding; panicle small, lew-flower-
ed ; flowers somewhat ovate, pubescent. Elliot.
About 12 inches high. On the high gravelly hills, near to
Lemon-hill (canal road), Schuylkill. Perennial. May.
muitiflorum, 14. P. culm erect, simple, glabrous; leaves broad,
Eiiiot ? lanceolate, hairy at base ; panicle much branched,
expanding ; flowers small, pubescent. Elliot.
About two feet high. Leaves long and broad. Rare. Jersey,
in shaded places. Perennial. May, June.
strictum, 15. P. panicle solitary shorter than the terminal leaf;
pursh. branches simple flexuose, glumes alternate pedun-
culate obovate, turgid; valves numerously striated
acute, leaves linear upright gradually becoming
very acute, striated and scabrous above, hairy un-
derneath, with long hairy sheaths. Pursh.
About eight inches or a foot high. On the banks of the
Delaware, opposite Philadelphia, not uncommon. Annual.
July-
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA. 51
47. Pennisetjjm, Richard.
Involucrum composed of many setze (or bris-
tles.) Calix 2-valved, valves unequal, 2-
flowered ; one of the flowers hermaphrodite,
the other masculine (or rarely neuter) both
sessile. (Flowers spiked, polygamous.)
Nutt.
1. P. spike cylindrical: involucels two-flowered,giaucum.
hairy, fasciculate ; seeds crossed by undulate
wrinkles. Sp. pi.
Panicum giaucum, Willd.
Very common, flowering all summer. Annual.
2. P. spike terete sub-compound, undivided, invo- viride.
lucels bristly small, seed nerved. Willd.
Panicum viride, Willd.
Not common, and seems to be introduced. Annual. July.
3. P. spike verticillate, the little racemes in fours, verticiiia-
involucels one-flowered two-bristled,culm diffuse.tua"
Willd.
Panicum verticillatum, Willd.
This species also seems to be introduced, common. Mr.
Elliot has given Panicum alopicuroideum, of Walt., as a sy-
nonym to No. 1., and Pursh adds it to the present species,
saying, he has seen it in the herbarium of Walter. Annual.
48. Digitaria, Haller, Richard.
Calix 2 or 3-valved, concave; exterior valve
minute, or none, second variable, the inner-
most as long the corolla. Corolla 2-valved,
oblong ovate, terete, and awnless. Style
very long. Nectary cleft. Nutt.
1. D- spikes expanding ; spikelets 2-flowered ; one sanguinis.
sessile ; stem decumbent, creeping.
52 TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
Panicum sanguinale, L.
Syntherisma precox, Walt.
Puspalum sanguinale, Lam. Ency. 5. p. 33.
Icon. Curt. Lond. 4. t. 7-
Purple Crab-grass.
Very common every where in cultivated ground. Annual.
All summer.
Hfcrmis, 2. D. culm erect, leaves somewhat glabrous ; spike-
lets erect, 3-flowered ; flowers all on footstalks ;
valves of the calix nearly equal. Elliot.
D. pilosa, Mich. ?
Panicum filifornie, Herb. Lin. according to Smith;
scarcely different from Milium panicum, Swartz,
(Mtml.)
Paspalus filiformis, Flugge.
Syntherisma serotina, Walt. ?
Panicum debile, Desfontaines.
Erect Digitaria.
A more delicate grass than the preceding; and more scarce.
Annual. August, September.
49. Paspalum, Gen. pi. 107. (Graminee.)
Calix 2-valved, equal, mostly orbicular. Co-
rolla 2-valved, of the same figure and mag-
nitude. Stigma plumose. Nutt.
sfincoum, l, P. culm erect; leaves and sheaths villous ; spikes
generally solitary, flowers in 2 rows.
P. pubescens, Muhl. Deserip. Uberior Gram.
P. dissectum, Walt.
Slender Paspalum.
A very slender and delicate grass, from 10 inches to a foot
high. In Jersey, not uncommon. Annual. June, July.
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
53
2. P. culm erect; leaves short, very glabrous; i*ve,
spikes alternate ; flowers 2-rowed, glabrous Mich-
large.
P. lentiferum, Lam. Ency. 5. p. 30.
P. membranaceum, Walt.
P. lentifer, Flugge.
Occurs about as frequently as the preceding. August.
Aristida, Gen pi. 125. (Graminee.)
Calix 2-valved, 1-flowered. Corolla 1-valved,
terminated by 3 awns.
1. A. culm setaceous, erect, somewhat dichotomous; dichotoma.
calix longer than the corolla; the lateral awns very
short, the intermediate longer, contorted. Elliot.
Branching, or forked Aristida.
A very ordinary looking grass, about a foot high, common
on gravelly road-sides and stony commons. Frequent. On
the Canal road to Lemon-hill, abundant. Mr. Nuttall says
the larger contorted awn of this species, is hygromelric.
Perennial. September.
50. Stipa, L. (Graminee.)
Calix 2-valved, 1-flowered. Corolla shorter
than the calix, 2 valved; valves involute and
truncate. Awn terminal, very long, deci-
duous, and contorted at the base. Nutt.
1. S. leaves convolute-filiform, panicle few-flowered: bicoior,
branches simple, 1, 2-flowered, calices oblongVahl"
acuminate scarcely longer than the seed, corolla
stipitated : stipe bearded. Vahl.
S. barbata. Mich. fl. Am. 1. p. 53. but not of Des-
fontaines.
S. Virginica, Pers. ench. 1. p. 99.
S. Avenacea, Walt, not of Linnaeus.
6*
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
S. Avenacea, Muhl. Deserip. Uber. Gram.
Clayton, p. 15. No. 621. (Elliot.)
Two-coloured feather-grass.
A very singular and beautiful grass from two to three feet
high. Along the borders and open parts of the woods on the
road from Camden to Woodbury. Not unfrequent. Peren-
nial. July, August.
51. Andropogon, Gen. pi. 1566, (Graminee.)
Flowers in pairs, polygamous ; the hermaphro-
dite sessile : the masculine or neutral flow-
er, without awn and pedicellate.—Herma-
phrodite. Calix 2-valved, 1 flowered.
Corolla of 3-valves ; the second valve smal-
ler and awned, the third interior minute.
Stamina 1 to 3. Receptacle or rachis most-
ly villous. Involucrum^ a fasciculate vil-
lus at the base of the flowers. (In many
species the leaves are boat-shaped, or like
tumid sheaths.) Nutt.
1. A. leaves and sheaths smooth, panicle naked
somewhat pyramidal-oblong many flowered,
flowers rufous triandrous, one valve of the glume
villous, awn very much contorted. Mich.
A. ciliatus, Elliot.
A. nutans, Muhl. but not of Elliot, nor A. nutans
L.
Fringed beard-grass.
There appears to have been some confusion between this
species, and the A. nutans of Lin.; and Dr. Muhlenberg con-
sidered them as identical. In his Descriptio Uberior Gram.
he has A. nutans, with the A. ciliatus of Mr Elliot, and the
A. avenaceum of Michaux, as synonyms. But Mr. Elliot
himself describes the nutans, as distinct from his ciliatus. In
the grass intended above, which grows in profusion in Jersey,
and in the neighbourhood of Lancaster, I have never seen
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
the panicle drooping, but always erect- The same thing has
been observed by Mr. Nuttall respecting the plant in ques-
tion, and he informs me he is well acquainted with the true
A. nutans, which is entirely distinct from the A. avenaceum
of Michaux. I have therefore, supported by his authority,
together with the fact of Mr. Elliot describing both plants,
been induced to insert the above synonyms. In an excursion
with the late Dr. Muhlenberg in the vicinity of Lancaster, I
remember our collecting the same plant intended above, and
his informing me at the time, that there was " some confusion
respecting that plant and the A. nutans, but that he believed
they were the same." I therefore made them synonymous in
my Prodromus. In dry fields in Jersey, particularly near
Woodbury, abundant. Perennial. September.
2. A. culm erect 3 feet high compressed below, purpuras-
above nearly round, purplish, with smooth joints.cens'
Branches remotely alternate bearing spikes at the
apex. Leaves lanceolate acuminate somewhat
mucronate, glaucous, hairy at the base, scabrous
on the margin* Sheaths nerved, hairy below,
smooth above. Ligula retuse. Spikes simple,
peduncles in pairs and by threes, upright, lateral
and terminal. Rachis ciliated. Cal. hermap.
2-valved acute longer than the corolla, woolly at
the base. Cor. hermap. 2-valved purplish smooth,
or under a lens, ciliated on the margin, one valve
emarginated awned. Stam. 3, anthers purplish
or yellow. Pist. 2, purplish feathery. Seed
purplish, oblong.
A. scoparius, Mich.
Purple beard-grass.
In arid soils both on the Pennsylvania and Jersey side of the
Delaware, common. Perennial. August.
3. A. culm 5 feet high semi-terete, erect smooth, furcatus,
jointed ; joints smooth. Branches ' alternate. MuhU
Leaves lanceolate hairy at the base, margin sca-
brous. Sheaths hairy. Ligula bearded at the
apex. Spikes terminal conjugate and digitate ;
peduncles solitary, rachis hairy. Cal- hermaph.
glume 2-valved pubescent on the margin, lateral-
56
TK1ANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
ly excavated. Cor. hermaph. glume 2-valved
smooth, one valve awned. Stam. 3, anthers yel-
low and purple. Pist. 2 feathery. Cal. masc.
glume 2-valved, equal, pedicel hairy. Cor. masc.
2-valved, awned. Stam. 3, yellow. Pist. 2,
abortive. Muhl.
In similar places with No. 2. Perennial. August.
4. A. panicle clustered ; spikes conjugate, clustered,
the flowers in pairs ; sheaths of the leaves sca-
brous, the margins hairy. Elliot.
Cinna glomerata, Walt. p. 59.
Cluster flowered Beard-grass.
Three feet high. In the low damp grounds and boggy
places of Jersey, every where common. Perennial. Sept.
dissitiflorus, 5. A. panicle slender, appresse^d ; spikes solitary,
Mich* conjugate, as long as the sheath; flowers by
pairs ; the hermaphrodite awned ; with the awn
straight, scabrous, caducous. Elliot.
A. Virginicus, L. and Muhl. Des. Ub.
Cinna lateralis, Gr. Walt.
Slender-spiked beard grass- Common Broom-grass.
Indian-grass.
From two to three feet high. Every where in dry and
poor soils very abundant. On the west bank of the Schuyl-
kill, just above Market street bridge, frequent. Perennial.
September.
52. Aira, Gen. pi. 112. (Graminee.)
Calix shining, 2-valved, 2-flowered. Corolla
awnless, or awned from the base, 2-valved.
Florets without a third rudiment between
them.
macrouros,
Mich.
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
57
1. A. culm small cespitose. Leaves linear setaceous, precox.
Sheath long smooth. Ligula white bifid. Pani-
cle narrow ; flowerets awned on the back. Muhl.
Icon. Fl. Dan. 383.
Early flowering Hair-grass.
From two to four inches high, seldom exceeding a span.
In Jersey on sandy elevations not uncommon. Near Camden
and Woodbury frequent. Perennial. May.
2. A. panicle expanding, trichotomous ; peduncles flexuosa,
flexuous; awn geniculate ; leaves setaceous j
culm nearly naked. Sp. pi.
Icon. Eng. Bot. 1519. Fl. Dan. 157".
Flexuose Hair-grass.
A very beautiful grass, about twelve or fourteen inches
high, shining, when in flower, with a purple and pearly hue.
On the shaded banks of Cooper's creek, in a right line from
Arch street ferry. Perennial. June.
3. A. leaves flat; panicle contracted; flowers obtusata,
smooth, obtuse ; the interior valve of the calix ob- Mich<
liquely truncate. Elliot.
A. truncata, Muhl.
Holcus striatus, L. ?
Obtuse-flowered Hair-grass.
From fourteen inches to two feet high. Leaves long. In
dry places on this and the Jersey side of the Delaware fre-
quent. Perennial. June.
53. Holcus, Gen. pi.1565. (Graminee.)
Calix 2-flowered, 2-valved (opake and nervose).
Corolla smaller, 2-valved, the exterior yalve
awned. Nectary linear, 2-parted. Stigma
nearly sessile. Nutt.
1. H. leaves lanceolate soft, woolly. Sheath woolly, lanatus.
Ligula white serrated. Panicle narrow. Branch-
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
es solitary and in threes, hairy and flexuous. Calix
glumes 2^valved pallid, 2 flowered, the hermaph-
rodite flower sessile, the male pedicellated, valves
ciliated three nerved dotted. Cor. hermaphrodite
2-valved glabrous awnless. Stam. 3. Pist. 2,
feathery. Cor. male 2-valved aristated. Muhl.
White-Timothy. Salem grass.
About twelve inches high. Whole plant ^oft and woolly,
with the panicle often purple. Grows in moist meadows in
Jersey, abundantly; the Pennsylvania side of the river more
rare. It makes good fodder. Perennial. June.
54. PoA, Gen. pi. 114. (Graminee.)
Calix 2-valved, many-flowered. Spikelets
more or less ovate, without awns, valves
somewhat acute, discoloured, with scariose
margins. Nutt.
1. P. panicle diffuse; branches expanding at right
angles; spikelets obtuse, 5-flowered ; stem oblique
compressed- Sp. Pi.
Icon. Host, gram. 2. t. 64. Lears. fl. hab. t. 6. f. 1.
(Pursh.)
Annual Meadow-grass.
One of the commonest grasses every where ; in grass plots
abundant. Annual. Flowers from April till autumn.
2. P. culm a foot high compressed, often oblique.
Leaves linear, carinated, nerved, smooth, bluish.
Ligula white, short ovate acute emarginate.
Sheath smooth. Panicle coarctate nearly erect,
glabrous. Branches of the panicle short in pairs ;
spikes terete, sessile, jointed at base. Calix 2-
valved, 3—8 flowered. Cor. 2-valved, margin
purplish, smooth and sub-villous at the base.
Muhl.
Icon. Eng. Bot. 365.
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
59
Blue-grass. Wire-grass.
A well-known grass. It makes excellent hay. Root peren-
nial and repent. Middle of June.
3. P. panicle fasciculated ; spikes very long, nearly reptam,
sessile, many-flowered ; flowers oblong acuteMich<
loose; leaves short pubescent; culm branched,
creeping. Mich.
P. hypnoides, Lam. encycl. 5. p. 87.
Icon. Mich. t. 11. (excellent.)
Creeping Meadow-grass.
A most delicate and beautiful little grass, about a span high,
with a dichotomous, creeping geniculate, assurgent culm * and
subulate opposite leaves. Close to the margin of the Schuyl-
kill, on the western shore, towards the falls, rare. July, and
August.
4. P. panicle loose, expanding, capillary; spike 3— capillar*.
5 flowered ; flowers pubescent ; leaves hairy ;
culm very much branched. Sp. pi-
P. angulata, Walt ?
Hair-panicled Meadow-grass.
Generally under a foot high, but varying in size exceedingly.
©ne of the most common species. Infields. Annual. Au-
gust.
5. P. culm a span high oblique and procumbent, piiosa,
jointed, somewhat angular. Leaves linear lanceo- Muhl*
late, 5-nerved, hairy at the base. Ligula bearded.
Sheath striate glabrous, hairy at the neck. Pa-
nicle erect, at length diffuse. Lower branches of
the panicle aggregated 4—6, the upper ones soli-
tary flexuous, with joints hairy at the base. Calix
2-valved, 4—-6—8—12 flowered, purplish at the
apex. Cor. 2-valved, the valves somewhat obtuse,
inflated, purplish, smooth at the base. Muhl.
P. pectinacea, Mich.
Hairy Meadow-grass.
60 TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
Easily recognised by its dingy purplish colour, and obliquely
decumbent culms. Along sandy and gravelly way-sides, com-
mon both this, and the Jersey side of the Delaware. Annual.
July, August.
pratemi,. 6. P. panicle diffuse, spikes four-flowered, glumes
lanceolate 6-nerved, ligula short obtuse. Smith.
Willd.
Icon. Engl. Bot. t. 1073.
Common Spear-grass.
Introduced, and naturalized, being found every where in
grassy fields. Perennial. June.
triviaiis. 7- P. panicle diffuse, spikes 3-flowered, glumes lan-
ceolate 5-nerved, ligula long. Smith. Willd.
Icon. Engl. Bot. t. 1072.
Rough stemmed Spear-grass.
Also introduced and naturalized. In meadows and fields
common with the preceding, and very like it; easily distin-
guished, however, by ihe ligula, which is short, truncate or
obtuse in No. 6, and long, more inclining to acute in the pre-
sent species. Perennial. June to August.
»mdis, 8. P. leaves flat, linear, abruptly acute ; panicle
MuU' somewhat crowded; spikes ovate, acute, four-
flowered. Elliot.
P. angustifolia, Smith. ?
P. pratensis, Schrader.
Green Meadow-grass. Green-grass.
About twelve or eighteen inches high, with leaves of a re-
markably deep green colour. In meadows and grass plots,
common. It affords good fodder. (Muhl.) Root perennial,
ere eping. M ay, J une.
nervata. 9. P. culm 3 feet high, terete, striate, glabrous point-
ed. Leaves alternate amplexicaule horizontal,
lanceolate smooth striate, carinate. Ligula short
ovate. Sheath smooth, striate* Panicle terminal
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
branched, when young upright, further advanced,
nutant. Branches of the panicle in pairs or threes ;
the smaller branches scabrous. Cal. 2-valved
acute less than the corolla, 5-flowered. Cor. 2-
valved equal obtuse nervose smooth. Stam. 3
and 2, anthers red. Pist. 2. Seed ovate, brown,
shining. Muhl.
P. striata, Mich.
In swamps and bogs, rare. In the spongy swamps near
Kaighn's point, where Fuirena Sqtiarrosa grows. Perennial.
June.
10. P. root somewhat cespitose and perennial; culm cuspidata.
partly ancipital, about a foot high. Radical leaves
erect, long, and narrow ; leaves on the culm ge-
nerally 2, flat, oblong, lanceolate, scabrous only
on the margin, the lower about an inch long, the
upper just visible ; all erect and carinate, with a
coarctate pungent point; stipula truncate, lacerate,
sometimes abruptly acuminate ; sheaths long, but
a little shorter than the nodes. Panicle small, se-
miverticillate, alternate, horizontally spreading,
terminating in an almost simple raceme; branch-
es capillary, mostly by twos or threes ; fasciculi 3
or 4. Spiculi crowded towards the extremities
of the ramifications, cuneate-ovate, or lanceolate,
before flowering somewhat acute, 3 or 4-flowered.
Calix smooth, inner valve acute. Corolla ovate
lanceolate, a little obtuse and scariose at the point,
villous at the base, obsoletely 5-nerved, 3 of the
lesser nerves ciliately pubescent below. Stamina
exserted, tremulous, bifurcate at either extremity.
Styles sessile, complicately plumose, white. Nutt.
P. autumnalis, Elliot.
P. flexuosa, Muhl. ?
A very early flowering grass, admirably described above.
As I think the name autumnalis an inappropriate one, I have
proposed that of cuspidata, from the spit-pointed, or pungent
leaves. On the high rocks bordering the Schuylkill af Le-
mon-hill, and also on those a mile south of the falls, frequent.
April.
7
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
11. P. panicle branching, expanding, capillary;
spikes 3-flowered, glabrous, on long peduncles;
leaves linear, very long. Elliot.
Slender Meadow-grass.
An exceedingly delicate and slender plant, well described
by Mr. Elliot. About a foot high ; not unfrequently of lower
stature. In the shaded low woods of Jersey, common ; this
side of the river in similar places, less frequent. Perennial.'
August.
12. P. culm erect, smooth, jointed, striate. Leaves
linear-lanceolate scabrous on the margin, nerved.
Ligula white, bifid, retuse. Panicle crowded
and narrow. Branches of the panicle 2-3, con-
ferted. Cal. 2-valved, less than the corolla, 5-7-
flowered with valves white at the apex obtuse
or acute. Cor. 2-valved, exterior valve ovate ob-
tuse 5-nerved smooth. Stam. often 2. Seed ob-
long and obovate. Muhl.
Not the Poa obtusa of Nuttall. Perhaps Briza vi-
rens, Walt. ? but certainly not of L.
Blunt-flowered Meadow-grass.
In the same spongy swamp, near Kaighn's point, already
particularly mentioned. Perennial. September.
PhUadeiphi- 13- P. panicle elongated, almost simply branched
c* at the base, branches erect; spikelets compressed,
oblong-ovate, obtuse, upon very short peduncles,
8 to 15-flowered ; valves of the calix acute, near-
ly the length of the 3-nerved flowers, inner valve
with one nerve, the outer with three ; culm rather
weak and compressed ? leaves flat and smooth,
stipula obsolete, softly bearded.
Culm simple, about 18 inches high ; leaves few, rather long,
flat, and smooth, a little asperate on the margin ; panicle
about 4 or 5 inches long, simply branched near the base, run-
ning out almost into a raceme above; flosculi closely imbrica-
ted, compressed ; outer valve 3-nerved, truncate at the point;
stamina 3, short; styles slender, simply pennate.
62
tenui,,
Elliot.
obtusa,
Muhl.
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
63
Briza virens P Walter. Flor. Car. 79.
Closely allied to the B. Eragrostis, (Poa megastachya, J but
readily distinguished by its unbranched weak, and compres-
sed stem, the length of its leaves, which are not involute and
rigid, the scattered few-flowered panicle, and particularly the
obtuse points of the flower glumes, and lastly by the calix, in
which the larger valve is 3-nerved, and consequently similar
to the corolla, while the calix glumes of the Poa megastachya
have each but a single nerve, a character which not only dis-
tinguishes it well from the present species, but also from the
P. Eragrostis, in which the larger valve of the calix is also
3-nerved, similar to the corolla. Nuttall.
P. obtusa, Nutt.
I detected this plant in the neighbourhood of this city two
years ago, and gave specipens to Mr. Nuttall, who has de-
scribed it as above. I have changed his specific name, be-
cause it was previously given by Muhl. to No. 12. July.
56. Briza, Gen. pi. 115. (Graminee.)
Calix 2-valved, many-flowered. Spikelets dis-
tichous, valves ventricose, cordate, obtuse;
interior valve minute. Nutt.
l.B. culm geniculate, jointed. Leaves lanceolate«r..g.osti..-
nerved alternate, scabrous on the margin, some-
times hairy. Ligula white, beard-form. Sheath
striate, neck hairy. Panicle spreading. Lower
branches of the panicle solitary, upper ones in
pairs and threes, hairy in the axil. Spikelets
ovate-lanceolate pedicellate. Cal. 2-valved, 12__
20-flowered. Cor. 2-valved, valves striate trans-
parent unequal; the interior less, pubescent. Muhl.
B. Canadensis of Mich, according to Swartz.
Poa megastachya.
Poa Caroliniana, Walt. ?
The spikelets of a leaden, or bluish-green colour. In Jer-
sey very common in the sandy roads. Annual. July, Au-
gust. '
2. B. culm erect glabrous ; leaves long, scabrous on caaadewu.
the back. Spikelets ovate erect. Cal. 2-valved
lanceolate less than the corolla 7-flowered unequal
small. Cor. 2-valved the exterior ovate acute 5-
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
nerved glabrous, the interior orbicular, a little
shorter and broader. Muhl.
Grows in the same place with Fuirena Squarrosa, near
Kaighn's point. July-
57- Windsoria, Nuttall, Gen. Am. pi. vol.i. p. 70. (Gra-
minee.)
Calix carinate, many-flowered, 2-valved;
valves rather large, scariose, uninervial, acute
or cuspidate. Spikelets thick; flowers
closely incumbent, and distichally imbrica-
ted ; nerves of the dorsal valve mucronate,
with intermediate dentures, ciliate below :
inner valve mostly naked, emarginate. Styles
slender, with simply pectinated stigmas.
Seed calciform, corrugate, impressed with a
flat, central, oval hilum near its base. Nutt.
1. W. spikelets mostly 5-flowered, exterior valve of
the corolla ovate, convex, tricuspidate, with 2 in-
termediate teeth, inner valve with 2 setaceous
points, smooth. Nutt.
Poa Sesleroides, Mich.
Poa quinquefida, Pursh.
Poa flava. L.
Poa subverticillata, Lamark ?
Festuca purpurea, Schreber.
Red-top.
About two feet high, generally of a reddish purple, but I
have collected specimens of a yellow colour, and some tew
nearly white. In barren woods and on the borders of cultiva-
ted fields, not uncommon. Perennial. August.
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA. 65
58. Danthonia, Decandolle. (Graminee.)
Calix 2-valved, many flowered, very large,
equal to or exceeding the included spikelet.
Exterior valve of the corolla concave, with
the points emarginate, mucronate, awned, or
unarmed and then trifid. Nutt.
1. D. leaves subulate, short, those of the root often «picata.
hairy on the upper surface ; stipula obsolete, cili-
ate ; raceme simple, or subdivided near the base ;
spikelets 4 to 9 ; calix longer than the spikelet;
flosculi 6 or 7. Nutt.
Avena spicata, L. not of Elliott.
From one to two feet high ; leaves 2 to 4 inches long. In
dry coppices every where frequent. Perennial. April.
2. D. culm erect; raceme compounded, branches 2 sericea,
and 3-flowered ; spikelets 9 to 13, 8 and 9-flow-NuttaUl
ered, somewhat shorter than the calix ; corolla
valves very unequal, outer lanceolate, densely vil-
lous on the margin, setosely bifid at, the point,
with a central contorted awn ; inner valve ciliate,
much shorter. Nutt.
Avena spicata, Elliot.
Avena glumosa, Mich. ? and Muhl. ?
This beautiful species, first described by Mr. Nuttall, as
an inhabitant of Carolina, was last summer found both by him,
and myself, in Jersey within a mile or two of this city. Not
common. July.
59. Festuca, Gen. pi. 119. (Graminee.)
Calix 2-valved, many-flowered. Spikelets
compressed, distichal, acute at either extre-
mity. Outer valve of the corolla entire,
generally terminating in an awn. " Seed
growing to the corolla. "Schrader.
7*
66 TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
teneiia. i, F. panicle simple, leaning one way; spikelets ge-
nerally*8 flowered, awned. Sp. pi.
Festuca octoflora, Walt.
F. bromoides, Mich.
An upright, simple-stemmed little grass, about nine or ten
inches high, with the panicle leaning to one side Near Cam-
den in the sandy grass-lawns bordering the woods frequent;
and in the neighbourhood of Woodbury along all the roads
running through dry sandy woods, abundant. When old it
assumes a deep brown colour. Annual. May.
myuru«. 2- F. panicle slender, appressed ; spikelets 4-flower-
ed, awned, hairy ; flowers monandrous. Elliot.
F. quadriflora, Walt.
Hairy -flowered Festuca.
A small, slender grass, from 1£ to 4 inches high, generally
found growing with Aira precox, in the sandy soils of Jersey.
Not rare. Biennial. June.
fiuitani. 3. F. panicle long, loose, branches simple, spikelets
adpressed, round-linear many-flowered, flosculi
awnless striate, culm decumbent, leaves very
glabrous. Willd.
Icon. Eng. bot. 1520.
River-Festuca.
In ditches and purling rivulets in Jersey, about ten miles
south-east of this city, and somewhat east of Woodbury. Pe-
rennial. June.
eiatior. 4, p. panicle somewhat diffuse, nutant, very much
branched, loose ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate acute,
flosculi cylindric obsoletely nerved. Smith.
F. pratensis, Willd.
Icon. Engl. bot. 1593.
Tall Fescue-grass.
In meadows and moist low grounds, everv where common.
Yields fine fodder. Perennial. Beginning of July.
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA. 67
5. F. panicle with branches on one side, nodding, nutans.
scabrous ; spikelets ovate, compressed, generally
6-flowered ; flowers acute, unawned ; leaves li-
near-lanceolate. Willd.
Nodding- Fescue grass.
Two or three feet high. In woods common. Perennial.
June.
6. F. culm triquetrous, or semi-terete, jointed, joints brevifoiia.
pubescent or hairy above, cespitose. Leaves short,
distichal, lanceolate, striate, convolute at the apex.
Sheath long striate. Panicle terminal flexuose,
and concealed at the base. Cal. 2-valved, valves
lanceolate nearly equal awnless, carinated, one
serrated at the apex. Qor. white 2-valved ? .hairy,
one 3-nerved sub-bifid, the other hairy at the
apex. Stam. 3. Pist. 2, blackish plumous- Seed
oblong naked. Root long very slender. Muhl.
Short leaved Fescue-grass-
Grows in and near water ; in Jersey not uncommon. Pe-
rennial. July.
60. Bromus, Gen. pi. 120. (Graminee.)
Calix 2-valved, many-flowered. Spikelets ob-
long, distichal. Outer valves of the corolla
often bifid at the point, and awned below the
summit; interior glume pectinately ciliate.
Nutt.
1. B. panicle nodding ; spikelets ovate, compressed ; seeaiinu*.
glumes naked, distinct; awns subulate, short,
Straight. Sp. pi.
Icon. Host. gram. 1.1. 12. (Pursh)
Cheat-
68 TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
A well known grass, called as above, from its resemblance
to rye. In rye-fields frequent, and in the neighbourhood of
barns, on all the farms within ten miles of Philadelphia. In-
troduced. Annual* July.
nuitffiorui. 2. B. panicle spreading; peduncles nearly simple,
spikelets ovate lanceolate compressed 15-flower-
ed, flosculi sub-imbricated roundish. Smith.
B. secalinus. Leers. 36. t. 11. f. 2. Lightf. 1086.
Linn. Fl. Suec ed- 2. 96. var. 2. (Smith.)
Many-flowered Cheat.
Resembles the preceding in habit, very much ; and is, in-
deed, very nearly allied to it. Grows in similar places. Along
the bank-walk from Gray's ferry to Kingsess-gardens, fre-
quent. Most probably introduced. Annual. June.
purgans. 3* B. panicle nodding ; leaves naked ; sheaths vil-
lous ; glumes hairy. Sppl-
Cathartic Broom-grass.
In neglected fields in Jersey, frequent. Perennial. Au-
gust.
61. Dactylis, Gen. pi. 117. (Graminee.)
Calix 2-valved, many-flowered, compressed,
one of the valves larger, and carinate, some-
what awned. Corolla 2-valved.—Spikelets
aggregate and capitate. Nutt.
giomerata. 1. D. panicle secund, clustered. Sp.pl.
Icon. Host. gram. 2. t. 94. Schreb. gram. t. 8.
f. 2. (Pursh.)
Orchard-grass.
A well-known grass by the above English name. Intro-
duced, but now naturalized. In all fields, meadows, and
woods common. Perennial. June*
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
69
62. Avena, Gen. pi. 122. (Graminee.)
Calix 2-valved, 2, 3, or many-flowered. Co-
rolla, exterior valve lanceolate, somewhat te-
rete, furnished with a dorsal awn. Awn ge-
niculate, and contorted. " Seed for the
most part invested by the corolla." Schrader.
(Glumes of the calix membranaceous, re-
sembling follicles.) Nutt.
1. A. culm 3 feet high, jointed, joints oblong smoth. eiatior.
Leaves lanceolate. Branches of the panicle soli-
tary and ternate divided. Cal. 2-flowered, 2-
valved, valves unequal, with one flower awnless,
the other awned. Cor. glume 2-valved, the awn
bearded at the base. Stam. 3 with yellow an-
thers. Pist. 2 white plumose. Muhl.
Found frequently in cultivated fields, interspersed with
grass and grain. Introduced .with grass-seeds from Europe,
but now naturalized. Perennial. June.
2. A. culm half a foot high jointed, joints smooth, paimuk.
Leaves linear-lanceolate nerved smooth. Sheath
striate smooth. Ligula small bearded. Panicle
narrow ; branches unequal 4—6, 1-flowered and
many-flowered smooth. Cal. 2-valved acute
marginated 2-flowered, one flower sessile, the
other pedicellated, the pedicel pubescent. Cor-
2-valved, acuminated in the sessile flowers ; the
awn of the pedicellated flowers oblique at the
apex. Muhl.
Aira pallens. Muhl.
A. Pennsylvanica. Sprengel.
This beautiful grass occurs with and without awns. The
aristated variety is most common. In Jersey, in damp woods
and moist low grounds, frequent. Also occurs on this side
of the river, but less often. Perennial. May,
79
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
63. Arundo, Gen. pi. 124. (Graminee.)
Calix 2-valved, many-flowered. Corolla
smooth, surrounded at the base by a long
villous wool. Nutt.
einnoidM. l. A. culm terete glabrous, erect, simple, 3 feet high.
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate nerved, above hairy,
smooth below. Sheaths nerved, backwardly pu-
bescent Panicle erect narrow green, branches in
threes scabrous. Cal. glume 2-valved 1-flower-
ed, valves sub-equal, acuminate, purplish, carinate
at the apex. Cor. less than the calix 2-valved,
purplish at the apex, carinate. Muhl.
A. Canadensis, Mich.
A. confims, Willd.
Cinna-like Reed.
A very handsome large grass, with a parti-coloured long,
heavy dense panicle. Near where Iris prismatica grows, Jer-
sey. Rare. Perennial. August.
64. Elusine, Gxrt. Lamark. (Graminee.)
Spikes digitate.—Flowers awnless, disposed
on one side of the rachis (or receptacle.)
Calix carinate, many-flowered, dorsal valve
larger, 5 to 9-nerved. Corolla 2-valved,
awnless. (Flowers all hermaphrodite.) Nutt.
indica. I.E. culm erect andprocumbent,compressed, jointed.
Leaves alternate, lanceolate nerved hairy. Ligu-
la white, short sub-serrate. Sheath striate smooth,
hairy at the mouth. Spikes terminal 2—4, rare-
ly solitary, flosculi secund. Cal. 2-valved, 2—6-
flowered, valves ovate awnless, something smaller
than the corolla. Cor. 2-valved compressed awn-
less. Muhl.
Cynosurus Indicus, L-
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA. j\
Crab-grass. Crop-grass. Tard-grass. Crow-foot-
grass.
Very common every where on road-sides and even in
the crevices of the bricks on our pavements in this city. Pe-
rennial. July.
65. Anthopogon, Nuttall, Gen.Am.pl. 81. (Graminee.)
Flowers polygamous, irregularly alternating
upon setaceous spikes disposed in a panicle.
—Calix 2-valved, 2-flowered, one of the
flowers in the form of an abortive pedicellate
seta, valves rigid, subulate, and unequal,
growing to the impressed angular rachis.
Corolla, hermaphrodite, 2-valved, outer
valve terminated by a long and straight awn.
Neutral rudiment pedicellate, of one minute
valve going out into an awn. Seed linear-
oblong, internally marked with a longitudi-
nal furrow. Nutt.
1. A. culm 18 inches to 2 feet high, decumbent at Lepturoides.
the base, upwards assurgent and erect, leafy with
short and numerous articulations Leaves short,
ovate-lanceolate, very acute, smooth, flat. Pani-
cle sub-verticillate; spikes or racemes numerous
(20 to 30) simple, setaceous and very long ; ra-
chis angular, scabrous. Flowers interrupted, ap-
proximating towards the extremities, appressed to
the rachis. Cal. 2-valved, 2-flowered, growing to
the rachis. Cor. hermaphrodite, 2-valved. Stam.
3, exserted. Styles 2. Stigma plumose. Seed
naked, linear-oblong. Nutt.
A. ambiguum, Mich.
A singular and pretty grass, for specimens of which I am
indebted to Mr. Nuttall, not having met with it myself. In
the woods of Jersey a mile or two from the Delaware. Mr.
Nuttall. Perennial.
72 TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
66, Elvmus, Gen. pi. 128. (Graminee.)
Cafe*lateral, 2-valved, many-flowered, aggre-
gated by pairs, in the manner of a 4 leaved
involucrum. Corolla 2-valved. Nutt.
virginicus. j, £t spike erect, spikelets 3-flowered, awned, gla-
brous, by pairs ; calix lanceolate, nerved, as long
as the spikes. Willd. enum.
E. Carolinianus, Walt.
Virginian Rye-grass.
Three feet high. Between Market street bridge and the
Woodlands, near the Schuylkill, frequent—elsewhere not so
common. Perennial. July.
hystvix. 2. E. culm erect; spikelets expanding, destitute of
an involucrum. Sp. pi.
Asprella hystrix, Willd.
A very handsome species of Rye-grass two or three feet
high. On the shaded woody banks of the Schuylkill near
Breck's Island, frequent. I have not found it elsewhere. Pe-
rennial. July.
viiiosus. 3. E. culm erect four feet high terete jointed, the
joints smooth. Leaves lanceolate smooth, scabrous
on the margin. Ligula obsolete. Sheaths hir-
sute ; strigose ; the upper ones smooth. Spike
sub-erect, rachis hairy, nutant at the apex. Spike-
lets somewhat spreading binate, 2—3-flowered.
Involucre 4—6-leaved, leaflets linear two-nerved
aristated hairy-ciliated, 4—6-flowered. Cor. 2-
valved hairy in the margin, one-valve awned, the
awn upright, longer than the involucre, hispid.
Stam. 3. Pist. 2. Muhl.
A large species. On the rocky eminences near the
Schuylkill, west side, between Market street bridge and the
Woodlands. Rare. Perennial. July.
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA. 7
67. Lolium. Gen. pi. 38. (Graminee.)
Calix of one leaf, fixed to the rachis, many-
flowered. Flosculi distichally imbricated.
Seed coated by the corolla—spike simple.
Nutt.
1. L. spike awnless, spikelets longer than the calix, perenne.
flosculi lanceolate. Smith.
Darnel.
Frequently occurring in grassy lanes and fields, probably in-
troduced. Perennial. June.
Mollugo. Gen. pi. 139. (Caryophillee.)
Calix 5-leaved, coloured inside. Corolla 0.
Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved.
1. M. leaves verticillate, wedge-shaped, acute ; verticiiiata.
stem somewhat divided, decumbent; peduncles
1-flowered—Sp. Pi.
Icon. Pluk. mant. t. 332. f. 5.
Carpet-weed. Indian Chickweed.
Quite appressed to the earth, sometimes in favourable situa-
tions covering a circle eighteen inches in diameter. It is
generally smaller. In cultivated fields very common, particu- «
larly along the neglected borders of such places. Sometimes
met with growing between the brick pavements of our streets
where they are little used. Annual. From Spring till Autumn.
68. Queria, L. (Caryophillee.)
Calix connivent, 5-parted, segments oblong,
apex subsaceate (or furnished with an arched
callosity.) Corolla none. Filaments of the
anthers distinct; intermediate, setae none.
Stigma subcapitate. Capsule utricular, not
opening. Seed 1, subreniform. Nutt.
8
74
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
canadensis, l. Q. stem erect or spreading, dichotomous, much
branched, retrorsely pubescent j leaves nearly gla-
brous, cuneate-oblong, acute; flowers erect,
shorter than the stipules. Stamina 3, rarely 5 j
leaves (through a glass) sub-ciliate. Nutt.
Anychia dichotoma, Mich.
Icon. Ort. dec. t. 15. f. 2. (Pursh.)
An humble plant of mean appearance, every where common
on the borders of woods, and by way-sides, in poor and lime-
stone soil. In Jersey abundant. Along the turnpike roads
running from this city, and sometimes among the stones, fre-
quent. Annual. July—August.
capiiiacea, 2. Q. erect and glabrous, dichotomously and dif-
fusely branched, branches capillary ; leaves ovate,
very smooth, attenuated towards the base, rather
obtuse ; flowers spreading, longer than the sti-
pules. Stamina 3, rarely 5. Nutt.
A genuine and well marked species, hitherto confounded
with the preceding. I have long noticed the specific differ-
ence between these two plants, and once called the attention
of the late Dr. Muhlenberg to it. With his usual caution
however he said *' he wished to see further." I have observ-
ed them both in several parts of the United States, and found
them always retaining the same character. No. 2. is very
abundant on the high and woody hills near what is called
Hand's pass, on the Lancaster road. It is also very common
on the great hills between York and Baltimore, and there the
other species is more rare. Both species are common in the
vicinity of the city of Washington. In the neighbourhood of
this city No. 1. is more frequent than No. 2, which however
is far from being rare. In grassy woods, near and above the
falls of Schuylkill. In the copses of the Neck ; and in the woods
back of the Blue-bell Inn, on the Darby road. Annual. July,
August.
69. Eriocaulon. Gen. pi. 132. (Junci.)
Common calix many-leaved, many flowered;
proper calix superior of 2 or 3 leaves.—
Male flowers central. Corolla monopetalous,
cloven.—Female flowers marginal; corolla
TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
75
of 2 petals. Stigmas 2 or 3. Capsule of 2
or 3 cells, cells 1-seeded. Nutt.
I.E. scapes aggregated, somewhat pubescent; leaves flaviduium;
short, subulate ensiform, nerved ; capitulum con-
vex ; involucre scales sub-orbiculate j flosculi
scarcely papillous. Mich.
A diminutive and unhandsome plant, from one to two inches
high, with inconspicuous flowers in blackish capituli. On the
gravelly shores of the Schuylkill, opposite to Lemon-hill, to be
observed only at low ebb-tide. On the gravelly shores of the
Delaware below high water mark, above Kensington, in com-
pany with Isoetes lacustris, Hemianthus micranthemoides,
Crypta minima, and Alisma subulata, abundant. Annual. July.
70. Lechea, Kalm. Gen. pi. 142. (Caryophillee.)
Calix 3-leaved. Petals 3, linear. Styles 0,
stigmata 3, plumose. Capsule 3-celled, 3-
valved, with as many other interior valves.
Seeds 1 in each cell. Nutt.
1. L. radical branches prostrated, villous; leaves major.
lanceolate, mucronate, hairy ; panicles small, flow-
ers clustered ; stem erect. Elliot.
L. major, Mich. Willd. and Muhl.
L. villosa, Elliot.
Larger Lechea.
About a foot or fifteen inches high. In Jersey, on the
neglected borders of sandy cultivated fields, and by the sides
of roads through sandy woods, abundant. Perennial. July,
August.
2. L. smoothish, leaves linear-lanceolate acute (cili- minor.
ated) ; panicle leafy ; branches long every where
bearing flowers ; flowers shortly pedicellated;
stem assurgent. Willd and Pursh.
L. minor, Willd. Mich. Muhl. Pursh.
Icon. Lam. illustr. t. 52, f. 1.
Lesser Lechea.
76 TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
I know not whether this is the L. minor of Walter, which
Mr. Elliot has made synonymous with the L. racemulosa, but
on comparing my specimens with the Muhlenbergian Herba-
rium in the Philosophical Society, I find that it is the real
minor of Muhl. and Willd.; and consequently of Mich, and
others, though not of Linnaeus.. It is very nearly allied to the
L. racemulosa, good specimens of which are contained in
that herbarium. The chief discrepancy is in the racemous-
like inflorescence of the latter plant. The character mention-
tioned in the books, as discriminative, viz.*the ciliated leaves,
is fallacious, and ought to be left out of the specific descrip-
tion, for the ciliation is nearly as remarkable without a lens, in
the minor, as in the racemulosa. Another difference between
these two plants is the greater length, and more unequivo-
cally linear leaves in the racemulosa, than in the minor, as I am
iinformed by Mr. Collins, he has frequently seen in the former,
glowing in Virginia. The leaves, however, vary considerably,
and the specimens of the racemulosa in the herbarium above
mentioned, are in one or two instances, particularly in the
young plant, oval-lanceolate, and in others, further advanced,
very linear. I have never seen the racemulosa growing.
L. minor (above) is found on dry sandy or gravelly places,
in Jersey, and on this side of the river. Common. Perennial.
Proserfinaca. Gen. pi. 134. (Hydrocharides.)
Calix superior, 3-parted, persistent. Corolla 0.
, Nut triquetrous, 3-celled. Nutt.
paiustris. 1. P. « upper leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate ; low-
er ones pinnatifid. Willd.
In a swampy wood back of Laundreth's gardens. Also in a
pool west of the south end of Woodbury, New Jersey. Abun-
dant. Perennial. ? July.
je:tinata. j3 leaves all pectinate. Mich.
This is hardly more than a variety I think, for I have ob-
served a very gradual approach from one to the other. I have
not observed the difference in the form of the seed noticed by
Mr. Elliot; and in ouf plant, I doubt if it ever occurs ; or if
• it does, whether it be constant.—In a^pool near Woodbury,
Jersey, and close to the spot just mentioned as the habitat of
the preceding. Rare. Perennial-? August.
[ 77 ]
ADDENDA.
(To be added to the genus No. 52. p. 57.)
No. 4. Aira triflora, Elliot.
panicle slender, erect; valves of the calix
acute ; the upper spikes 3-flowered ; leaves
short, flat. Elliot.
Three-flowered Hair-grass.
About fourteen inches high. Grows with Aira obtusata,
but more rare. In Jersey. Perennial. April, May,
Genus Poa, No. 54, page 58, the species No. 3. 5. 9. 12.
13. are to be referred to a section as follows :
Brizoma. Spiculi erect, closely imbricated, flower
glumes often angularly 3-nerved ; without a con-
necting villus; valves short, ovate, obliquely
pointed, (sometimes producing the appearance of
marginal serratures j, inner valve small, seeds more
or less spherical. Nutt.
ERRATA.
Page 40. In the two last lines of the observation to Crypsis Virginica,
omit the words "probably introduced."
Page 43. Marginal note to No. 6, for landestina read clandestina.
Page 55. Add Muhl. to the specific description of No. 2.
8*
TETRANDRIA.
CEPHALANTHUS.
DIPSACUS.
GALIUM.
SPERMACOCE.
HOU6TONIA.
MITCHELLA.
LUDWIGIA.
ISNARDIA.
CORNUS.
PLANTAGO.
ANDREWSIA.
OBOLARIA.
AMMANIA.
SYMPLOCARPUS.
HAMAMELIS.
ILEX.
TILL^A.
POTAMOGETON.
CUSCUTA.
[ 80 j
CLASS IV. TETRANDRIA.
ORDER I. MONOGYNIA.
72. CEPHALANTHUS, L. Gen. pi. 147. (Rubiacee.)
Common calix 0; proper superior, small and
angular, 4-cleft. Corolla tubular, slender,
4-cleft. Stamina included; stigma globose.
Capsule mostly bipartite, (2 to 4,) v2-celled,
2-seeded; cells semi-bivalve ; exterior valve
angular, indurated, interior flat and flexile.
Seed solitary, sheathed at the apex with
a suberose callus. Receptacle globose, hai-
ry.—Nutt.
occidentaiis. 1. Q. leaves opposite and ternate.—Willd.
Icon. Pluk. aim. t. 77- f. 4.
American Button-wood. Globe-flowered Shrub.
Pond Dogxoood.
Nothing is more common in swamps, on the borders of ri-
vers, creeks, and ponds, than this shrub. The shores of the
Delaware and Schuylkill abound with it. About 5 feet is
commonest height, though it not unfrequently attains a great-
er stature. The inner bark is medicinal. July.
73. DIPSACUS, L. Gen. pi. 148. (Dipsacee.)
Flowers collected into an ovate or roundish
capitulum.—Common calix many-1 aved, fo-
liaceous, (involucrum); proper superior, of
1 leaf. Corolla 4-lobed. Receptacle pa-
leaceous, chaff rigid, mostly longer than the
flowers. Pappus cup-shaped.—Nutt.
TETRANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
81
1. D. leaves connate sinuate, chaff upright. syivesuis.
D. fullonum, &c. Lin.
Icon. Jacq. fl. aust. 5. t. 403.
Wild Teasel.
About three or four feet high, having the appearance of a
thistle. Near the entrancergate to Lemon-hill, (Pratt's)
also on the Lancaster turnpike road. Not common, and most
probably introduced from Europe. I have however, seen it
in great abundance all along the road from Philadelphia to
Yorktown, (Penn.) and oftentimes in situations where it ap-
parently grew wild. Biennial. July.
74. GALIUM, Gen. pi. 162. (Rubiacee.)
Calix 4-toothed. Corolla monopetalous, 4-
cleft, flat. Seeds 2, nearly round.
* Species with smooth fruit.
1. G. stem procumbent, scabrous ; leaves generally trifidum."
by fours, oval, wedge-shaped at base; corolla
mostly trifid.— Sp.pl.
G. trifidum, L. Willd. and Walt.
G. Clatoni, Mich.
G. Aparine, Clayton ?
Aparine floribus albis, &c. Gron. Virg. 18.
Three-petaled Goose-grass, or Ladies' Bed-straw.
A common species inhabiting moist places. Perennial ?
Flowers white, very small. Blooms from early spring till
midsummer.
2. G. stem diffuse, very much branched, prickly aspreiium,
backwards; stem leaves in sixes, those of the Mich'
branches in fours, lanceolate, acuminate, prickly
on the margin and nerve ; flower-bearing branch-
es divaricate many-flowered, with short pedicels.
—-Mich, and Pursh.
In wet meadows among bushes, in swamps, and on the
borders of rivulets. Common. Perennial. July.
82
TETRANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
einetorium. 3. G. stems diffuse smoothish ; stem leaves in sixes,
those of the branches in fours,linear, somewhat
acute, very finely prickled on the margin and
nerve ; peduncles terminal long and generally 3-
flowered.—Willd. and Pursh.
Dyer's Goose-grass. Wild-madder.
Flowers white. In wet hedges and the borders of shady
damp woods, also common. Along the course of the Schuyl-
kill, and near the Buck inn, on the Lancaster road, very abun-
dant. Pursh says the North American Indians use this plant
for dying their poreupine quills, their feathers and other or-
naments, of a beautiful red colour, Perennial. July, August.
** Species with hirsute or rough fruit.
Aparine. 4. G. stems weak, scabrous backward ; leaves about
eight linear-lanceolate mucronate, hispid above,
margin and carina prickly, flower branches the
length of the leaves, about three-flowered, fruit
hispid.—Willd. and Pursh.
Icon. Fl. Dan. 495. Engl. bot. 816.
Common Cleavers. Catch-weed. Goose-grass. Clea-
ver's Goose-grass.
Flowers white. . In natural hedges and among bushes
every where very frequent. It attains the height of four or
five feet, when supported by bushes. Annual. May.
5- G. stem erect, glabrous ; leaves by fours, ovate ;
peduncles short, divaricate; flowers alternate '-
fruit nodding.—Elliot.
G. brachiatum, Muhl.
G. boreale, Walt.
Is it G. boreale of Persoon ?
Cross-branched Goose-grass.
Easily distinguished from any of the preceding species.
Flowers purplish—rarely white. In woods, and other shady
places not uncommon. Perennial. June to August.
circaezans,
Mich.
TETRANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
83
6. G- stems very much branched divaricate prickly micramhum,
backwards; leaves short, lanceolate mucronate Pursb*
smooth, margin and keel prickly, flower-branches
divaricately ramifying ; pedicels about two-flow-
ered, fruit hispid.—Pursh.
A small and delicate species, bearing a multitude of very
minute white flowers. In swampy meadows among high
grass, particularly on the borders of rivulets and field-drains,
frequent. Perennial. July.
7. G. stems roughish ; leaves in fours, oval, obtuse, puncticuio.
without prickles, margin and nerves finely pubes- !*!.m'
cent, marked with semi-transparent dots ; flowers
purple ; fruit somewhat inclining to woolly. Mich.
G. pilosum, Muhl. not of Persoon.
G. punctatum, Pers.
G. purpureum, Walt-, not of Pers. and Willd.
G. cruciata, No. 313. Clayton ?
Hairy Goose-grass.
This species is recognised without difficulty by its purple
flowers and its pubescence. In dry woods and copices, com-
mon. Perennial. July.
8. G. stems procumbent, smoothish ; leaves in sixes, pennsyi*
smooth and semi-membranaceous, mucronate,ca-
margin scarcely ciliated ; fruit small, hispid.
G. triflorum, Mich.
A very common species. Flowers white. Along the
edges of woods and thickets. Perennial. July.
75. SPERMACOCE. L- Gen.pl. 155. (Rubiacee.)
Calix 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-formed, 4-
cleft. Seeds 2, each 2-toothed.
1. S. stem diffuse terete hirsute ; leaves linear-Ian- Diodin*.
ceolate smoothish, margin and keel serrulate-scab-
TETRANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
rous, stipules very long bristled ; flowers axillary
sessile solitary alternate ; seeds hirsute.—Midl-
and Pursh.
Icon.Smith's and Abbott's Insects of Georg. t. 38.
A very ordinary looking plant, growing every where abun-
dantly in Maryland and Virginia, in arid wastes, and sandy
roads, but extremely rare in this neighbourhood, and quite lo-
cal. I have never found it near the city, except on the barren
sandy grounds a sh6rt distance from the Woodlands, near the
Darby-road. Even there it grows sparingly. Flowers small,
white, with a rosaceous tinge. Annual. August and later.
76. HOUSTONIA. L- Gen. pi. 161. (Rubiacee.)
Calix 4-toothed. Corolla 1 petalled, funnel-
form, 4-cleft. Capsule 2-celled; many seed-
ed.
1. H. stem erect slender dichotomous ; radical leaves
spathulate, those of the stem ob-lanceolate, oppo-
site, peduncles one-flowered, long.—Willd. and
Putsh
Icon. Bot. Mag. 370. Pluk. aim. t. 97. f. 9.
Sky-Blue Houstonia. Bluetts. Innocence.
This beautiful little species, is one of our earliest blooming
spring flowers, and is universally known. It is extremely com-
mon by road sides, and in grassy fields and meadows ; fre-
quently being in such profusion as to cover rods of ground.
Pursh describes a blue and a white variety. The former only
grows in this neighbourhood- Not so common in Jersey, as
on the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware. Perennial. From
early Spring till Autumn.
77. MITCHELLA. L. Gen. pi. 174. (Rubiacee.)
Flowers by pairs upon the same germ, supe-
rior.—Calix 4< toothed. Corolla funnel-form,
tube cylindric; limb 4 parted, spreading
TETRANDRIA, MONOG^IA.
S5
villous on the inner side. Stamina 4, scarcely
exserted. Stigma 4-cleft. Berry, by the
union of the 2 germs, didymous, 4-seeded.
—Nutt.
1. ]M. repens.
Creeping Mitchella. Partridge-berry. Chequer-
berry.
A creeping, procumbent evergreen plant, much admired for
its beautiful foliage, its fragrant white flowers and its scarlet
berries. It is the only species of its genus known. Very com-
mon on the rocky banks of the Wissahickon, and in profusion
on the high rocks bordering the Schuylkill, growing among
ferns. It delights in shades, and is often found in the umbra-
geous woods of Jersey, covering spots of ground of several feet
in extent. It is slightly diuretic, and is used in Jersey, in cal-
culous affections. It is, however, medically worthless. Peren-
nial. May, June.
78. LUDWIGIA. L. Gen. pi. 204. (Onagre.)
Calix 4-parted, persistent, superior. Corolla 4-
petalled, or 0. Capsule 4 sided, 4-celled, in-
ferior, many-seeded.—Nutt.
1. L. erect, branched, smoothish; leaves alternate macrocarpaj
lanceolate white beneath ; peduncles one-flowered Mich'
axillary; capsules globose-four-sided: segments of
the calix large, coloured, crowned.—Mich.
L. alternifolia, Willd.
Icon. Lam. Encycl. 3. p. 77.
About two and a half feet high. Flowers straw-yellow, and
extremely caducous. In bushy swamps, Jersey, common.
More rare this side of the river. Perennial. July.
79. ISNARDIA. L. (Salicarie.)
Calix campanulate, 4-cleft. Petals 0, or mi-
9
86
TETRANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
nute. Capsule surrounded by the base of
the calix, 4-sided, 4-celled, many-seeded.
—Nutt.
paiustris. 1. I.
Isnardia paiustris, Willd.
Ludwigia nitida, Mich and Pursh.
L. apetala, Walt. fl. Car. 89.
L. repens, Swartz. fl. ind. occid. 1 p. 273. (Pursh.)
Icon. Lam. Encycl. 3. t. 77.
*
A common looking plant, floating in ditches occasionally, but
most commonly found in half exhausted pools and trenches,
and rarely creeping on wet ground. In such places in Jersey
extremely common and abundant. More rare this side of the
river. On the commons in muddy puddles near brick-kiln ponds
Flowers very small. Perennial. May to September.
80. CORNUS. L. Gen pi. 194. (Caprifolia.)
Flowers sometimes aggregated in a 4-leaved
involucrum.—Calix 4-toothed. Petals 4,
small, broader at the base. Drupe inferior,
not crowned by the calix ; nut 2-celled, 2-
seeded.—Nutt.
flortda. 1. C. a small tree ; leaves ovate acuminate; involu-
cres large, somewhat ob-cordate ; berries ovate.
Willd.
Icon. Catesb. Car. t. 27- Bot Mag. 526. Bar-
ton's Vegetable Materia Medicaot the United
States, Vol. 1.1. 3. Mich. f. N. Am. Sylv. t. 48-
Dogwood. Large flowered Cornel.
Every one knows the Dogwood, so very common in all
our woods, and of which it is one of the greatest ornaments.
Very valuable for its medical virtues, which are tonic and an-
tiseptic. See Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S.—May.
TETRANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. 87
2. C. branches spreading ; the smaller branches sericea.
woolly; leaves ovate acuminate with a reddish
pubescence underneath ; cymes depressed woolly.
—Willd and Pursh.
C. lanuginosa, Mich.
C. alba, Walt.
C. ccerulea, Lam. Encycl.
C. amomum, Du Roi harbk. 1. p. 165.
C. rubiginosa, Ehrh. beitr. 4. p. 15-
C. ferruginea. Hort. par.
Icon. L' Herit. Corn. t. 3. Barton's Veg. Mat.
Med. U. S. Vol. 1. t. 9.
Silky-leaved Dogwood. Blue-berried Cornel. Red-
willow. Rose-willow. Swamp-Dogwood.
This beautiful species grows on the borders of creeks and
rivers, and in swamps. Tolerably frequent. It is possessed of
medical virtues, similar to the preceding species. (See Bar-
ton's Veg. Mat. Med. U- S.) \ seldom more than eight feet
high. Berries sky-blue. June, July.
3. C. branches upright fastigiate, leaves ovate acu- stricta.
minate, smooth somewhat coloured, cymes con-
vex sub-paniculate.—V Herit.
C. fastigiata, Mich.
C. sanguinea, Walt.
C. Canadensis, Host. par. (Pursh)
Icon. L'Herit. corn. t. 4.
From 5 to 10 feet high. Resembles the preceding very
much. Berries and anthers blue. In similar places with No.
2. Very common. \ ■ June.
4. C. branches recurved, small branches smooth jaiba.
leaves ovate acute pubescent, hoary underneath,
cymes naked, depressed. VHerit. Willd.
C. stolonifera, Mich.
C. tartarica, Mill. diet. N. 7.
Icon. Schmidt arb- 2. t. 65.
About the same height as No. 3. In the deep swampy
thickets near Woodbury, Jersey. Very rare. b_. June.
±
88 TETRANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
80. PLANTAGO. Gen. pi. 186. (Plantagines.)
Calix 4 cleft. Corolla 4-cleft; border reflected.
Stamina mostly exserted, very long. Capsule
2-celled, opening transversely.
«wjor. 1. P. leaves ovate, somewhat smooth, and sub-
dentate, with long petioles ; scape round ; flowers
imbricated ; seeds numerous. Lam. Encycl. Willd.
Smith.
Icon. Engl. Bot. 1558. Fl. Dan. 461- Wood-
ville's Med. Bot. 1.14.
Common great-Plantane, or Way bread.
Every person knows this very common weed, which abounds
in pastures, fields, grass-plots, and grassy-road sides, resisting
injuries, and blooming while subject to daily pressure from the
footsteps of passengers. It was formerly highly esteemed as
a medicine, and has a place in Woodville's Medical Botany, as
a refrigerant and vulnerary. In this country it is still used as an
external application, among the vu!gar. The seeds, when ripe,
are given to Canary birds, which are extremely fond of it.
During their moulting, it is serviceable to them Introduced
from Europe, but now perfectly naturalized, being found every
where in the settled parts of our country, among grass. Per-
ennial. From May till Autumn.
lanceoiata. 2. P. leaves lanceolate, villous, spike short cylindric,
bracteas ovate, acuminate ; scape angular with
adpressed hairs.—Pursh.
P. lanceoiata, Willd.
Ribwort.
As common as No. 1. in similar places, and very easily
known by its long ribbed narrow leaves. Pursh hints that our
plant is specifically distinct from the European. P. lanceoiata ;
and gives as a reason, that the specimens of these which he
examined in the Herbarium of Mr. Lambert, of London, had
the bracteas oblong and acute. This difference is scarcely suffi-
cient to justify the separation of the American from the Eu-
ropean plant. Perennial. June to August.
Since writing the above, I have received a specimen of P.
lanceoiata, from the Herbarium of Dr. Edward Barton, col-
lected in Scotland. It is the very same as the American plant.
TETRANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. 89
J. P. entirely covered with a whitish pubescence ; virginica.
leaves lanceolate-oval, subdenticulate, flowers re-
mote, scape angular.—Willd.
Icon. Morris. Hist. 3. s. 8. t. 15. f. 8.
Virginian Plantane.
Easily recognised by its white pubescence. In barren fields
of dry soil; particularly in Jersey, common. It varies much
in size, frequently flowering, in the sandy grass-roads of Jer-
sey, when only an inch and a half high ; and not seldom at-
taining the height of twelve inches. Biennial. From May
till autumn.
82. ANDREWSIA. Sprengel. [Anleitung zur Kenntniss der
Gewachse. p. 474.] (Gentiane )
Calix 4-parted, appressed. Corolla subcam-
panulate, 4-parted ; segments somewhat
erect. Stigma thick, glandulous, and part-
ly bifid. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-
seeded, surrounded by the persistent calix
and corolla.—Nutt.
1. A. stem somewhat branched, peduncles opposite, paniculata.
the lower ones branched ; segments of the corolla
oval-acute, scarcely longer than the calix; style
very short.—Pursh.
Centaurella paniculata, Mich.
C. autumnalis, Pursh.
Centaurium autumnale, Pers. vol. 1. p. 137.
Sagina Virginica, Willd. torn. 1. p. 719.
Bartonia tenella, Muhl. and Willd. in act. soc. natur,
cur. Berol. .4. v. 3.
Bartonia tenella, Pers. vol. 1. p. 141.
Bartonia paniculata, Muhl. Cat. p. 15.
Icon. Mich. Fl. Bor. Am. t. 12. f. 1.
Panicle-flowered Andrewsia.
This little plant has produced no little confusion among
botanists, in their various descriptions of it, and the different
names given to it, as enumerated above. Professor Sprengel,
9*
TETRANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
in his late work (1817), Anleitung zur Kenntniss der Gewtiehie, of
which I have been favoured with two volumes from the author,
has boldly imposed the name Andrewsia, after Mr. Andrews,
the well-known author of a beautiful work on the Roses ; and
I have, without hesitation, followed him, for this reason, among
others, which doubtless actuated Sprengel in giving the new
name, that Centaurella, as the diminutive termination of Cen-
taurium, a genus already established, is in direct violation of
the commonly received rules for botanical nomenclature : but
a more cogent motive is, that the name Bartonia, formerly
given by Dr. Muhlenburg, may be entirely disused, as applied
to this plant. A splendid genus, first discovered by Mr.
Nuttall on the borders of the Missouri, he has, with a very
honourable sense of the genius, learning, and botanical attain-
ments of the late Professor Barton, dedicated to him ; in which
name Mr. Pursh acquiesced, and published in his Flora.
Andrewsia paniculata is easily recognized by its nearly sim-
pie, upright, rigid yellowish stem, and inconspicuous whitish
flowers. It grows among mosses, and particularly among
sphagnum, in the cranberry swamps of Jersey. It is not very
frequent 5 and on the Pennsylvania side is more rare. It de-
lights in shade, moisture, and retirement. Annual. September.
83. OBOLARIA. Gen. pi. 1044. (Gentianx.)
Calix 0, or in the form of 2 bractes. Corolla
campanulate, 4-cleft, segments entire, (the
margin sometimes crenately torn.) Stami-
na equal, proceeding from the clefts of the
corolla. Stigma emarginate. Capsule ovate,
1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded; seeds mi-
nute.—Nutt.
1. O. stem simple ; leaves oblong truncate, fleshy,
purple underneath ; flowers axillary solitary, ses-
sile.—Widd. and Pursh.
Icon. Pluk. aim. t. 209. f. 6.
A very beautiful and interesting little plant, seldom attaining
a greater height than three inches. Root branching. Leaves
opposite, apple green above, pale purple underneath, some-
what fleshy. Flowers collected by pairs or threes towards the
top of the stem ; they are of a skimmed milk-white colour,
and form, with the numerous conspicuous, purplish bracteas,
a delicate and pleasing contrast. The whole plant has the
appearance of an artificial wax flower. Very rare. On the
high banks of the Wissahickon, about three quarters of a mile
TETRANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
from the ridge-road, under the shade of Abies Canadensis and
Juniperus communis, peeping above the fallen and dead leaves
of those trees On the hilly shaded banks on the east side of
the Schuylkill, a short distance south of the falls. On the very
high banks of the same river, wcot aide, near some exposed
rocks, above the falls a half quarter of a mile. Elsewhere I
have never seen it. Like the rest of the Gentians, it is very
bitter. Perennial ? April and beginning of May, in common
seasons.
84 AMMANIA. Gen. pi. 206. (Salicarie.)
Calix 1-leaved, striate, 8-toothed, inferior.
Corolla of 4 petals, or none, inserted upon
the calix. Capsule 4-celled, many-seeded.
Nutt.
1. A. stem procumbent; leaves lanceolate, narrow- humin*.
ed at the base into petioles ; flowers solitary, op-
posite, sessile.—Mich.
A. ramosior, Walt, not of Willd.
A half-trailing subaquatic plant, with very small red flow-
ers—stem reddish. Near a pool, about a mile over Cooper's
creek, after passing the bridge. Rare. Annual. August,
September.
85. SYMPLOCARPUS. Salisbury. (Aroidee.)
Spatha ventricose-ovate, acuminate. Spadix
roundish, covered with hermaphrodite flow-
ers. Calix deeply 4-parted, persistent, seg-
ments cucullate, truncate, becoming thick
and spongy. Petals 0. Style pyramidal,
4-sided ; stigma simple, minute. Seeds so-
litary, immersed in the spongy receptacle.—
Nutt.
1. S. leaves ovate-cordate, acuminate, veined, en-foeti*.
tire ; scape radical; spathe ovoid, cucullate, acu-
minate, depressed at the apex; bracteas spathu-
late, without veins, glaucous ; spadix peduncu-
late, oblong-oval, truncate at the base. B.
TETRANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
Pothos fcetida, Mich.
Dracontium foetidum, L.
Icon. Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U.S. vol. 1.1.10.
Skunk-cabbage. Polecat-weed. Skunk weed.
Subaquatic. It flowers before the leaves appear, or at least
when these are very young and convoluted. The spathe is
beautifully speckled with red, purple, blue, green, and yellow.
The whole plant smells strongly, like assafoetida or garlic, and
is greatly esteemed for its antispasmodic virtues. (See Veg.
Mat. Med. U States.) In swamps, low meadow grounds, and
on the borders of rivulets, delighting greatly in shade and
moisture. Fluent Perennial. April, May.
2. |3 S. spathe lanceolate, narrowly attenuated to-
wards the apex, terminating at the base in a long
peduncle ; spadix globose. B.
Icon. Bart. Veg. Mat. Med. U.S. vol. 1.1.11.
Narrow-spathed Skunk-cabbage.
The whole plant is more slender than the preceding, and
the root smaller The spathe is long, narrow, (from a half inch
to an inch and a quarter wide) purple, entirely without specks
or spots, and of a beautiful shining dark purple colour. The
young convoluted leaves and stipules are deeply tinged with
purple, and somewhat striped with the same colour. The
spadix is half the size of that in No. 1, and of a light umber
colour, and is supported by a very long peduncle, which is at
the same time the peduncle of the spathe. The flowers are
smaller than in No. 1. This plant possesses the same medi-
cinal virtues as the preceding.
In the meadows a quarter or half a mile east of the botanic
garden ground of the University of Pennsylvania. Rare. Pe-
rennial. April.
ORDER II DIGYNIA.
86. HAMAMELIS. Gen. pi. 226 (Berberidet.)
Calix 4-cl:ft, persistent, with 3 bractes. Pe-
tals 4, long and linear, with a short dilated
TETRANDRIA, DIGYNIA. 93
filament at the base of each. Filaments and
anthers united; anthers 2-celled, each cell
having a vertical valve. Capsule coriaceous,
(nut) 2-celled, 2-lobed, 2-^wned, apex 2-
valved, valves cleft. Seeds 2, arillate.—
Nutt.
1. H. leaves ovate, acutely dentated, cordate, with virginica.
the sinus small__Pursh.
Icon. Catesby, car. 3. t. 2.
Witch-Hazle.
A small tree, from ten to fifteen feet high, characterised by
the anomalous circumstance of flowering in the first winter
month, and sometimes in October, while its leaves are yellow
and falling. Flowers yellow. The divining rods formerly used
by impostors, who pretended to find precious ores, were made
of the twigs of this tree ; and, in Virginia, I have been inform-
ed, the credulous vulgar are still imposed on by persons who
pretend to find water by the indication of rods of this tree.
Hence the name Witch-Hazel.
87. CUSCUTA, Gen.pl. 227- (ConvohuU.)
Calix 4-cleft. Corolla 1-petalled. Capsule
2-celled, circumcised.
1. C. flowers peduncled, umbelled, 5-cleft.—Willd. Americana.
Icon. Sloan. Hist. 1.1. 128. f. 4.
Dodder. Love- Vine.
A twining, leafless parasitic plant, of a reddish-yellow co-
lour, supporting itself by lateral roots on other plants. Flow-
ers white, in dense clusters, and, closely examined, not desti-
tute of beauty. In moist places, and along meadow runs and
rivulets, common, Annual. July.
94
TETRANDRIA, TETRAGYNIA,
ORDER IV. TETRAGYNIA.
88. ILEX, Gen. pi. 232. (Rhamni.)
Calix minute, 4, 5-toothed. Corolla rotate,
4 parted. Style 0. Stigmata 4. Berry
4-seeded.
opaca. 1. I. leaves oval, with rigid, spreading, spinous
teeth ; fascicles of flowers lax, on compound pe-
duncles ; calices somewhat acute, smooth; fruit
ovate.—Mich.
Icon. Mich. f. Arbres forest, t. 11.
A beautiful evergreen tree, bearing scarlet berries- In
Jersey, near Haddonfield, rare- June.
89. TILL.EA, L. (Sempervive.)
Calix 3 or 4-parted. Petals 3 or 4, equal.
Capsules 3 or 4, two or many-seeded. Sta-
mina sometimes 8, 4 sterile.—Nutt.
simplex, i# T. stem erect, simple; leaves connate, oblong-
linear, somewhat acute ; flowers alternate, sessile;
petals erect, twice the length of the calix.—Nutt.
Stem generally simple, erect and terete, (two or three inches
high^l sometimes decumbent near the base, and sending out
whitish radical fibres, tinged with red, similar to the proper
root. Leaves connate, succulent, convex on the under side,
fragile, very entire, and without visible nerves or veins (three
or four lines long, and about a line wide) Flowers sessile,
axillary, solitary, and alternate. Calix four-toothed, segments
alternating with the petals, two of the exterior dentures some-
what larger and obtuse. Petals four, ovate, erect, and persist-
ent, never apparently expanding, whitish and membranaceous,
embracing the capsules with which they are almost exactly
equal in length. Stamina four, fertile, alternating with the
petals, a little shorter than the germs; anthers very small,
TETRANDRIA, TETRAGYNIA. 9
roundish ; four minute infertile filaments opposite the petals
Styles none. Stigmata four, like so many minute points- Cap-
sules four, oblong, compressed, somewhat divergent at the
points, six to eight seeded, opening internally and longitudi-
nally, remaining connected at the base, so as to resemble a
single capsule of four valves. Seeds oblong-cylindric, brown-
ish, attached in two rows to the margins of each capsule.—
Nutt. Journal Acad- Nat. Sc. Phil. vol. 1. p. 114.
This minute subaquatic plant was first discovered, as an in-
habitant ',{ this country, by Mr. Nuttall, from whose accurate
description I have copied the above account. In company with
that gentleman, I subsequently found it, where he had detected
it. It appears that it has more recently been found by Dr.
Ives near Newhaven, who has erroneously referred it to the
T. connata of South America, for it does not agree with the
figure of that plant in the Flora Peruviana.—On the miry and
gravelly shores of the Delaware, subject to the overflowing
of the tide, just above Kensington, abundant. Annual. July
to September.
90. POTAMOGETON, L- Gen. pi. 234. (Najades.)
Calix 4-leaved. Corolla 0. Style 0. Seeds 4.
Leaves sheathing $ those of the stem often attenuated, floral
leaves mostly opposite ; flowers spiked, terminal, or axillary;
ramuli and spikes, having frequently 2 sheaths at the base.
Nutl-seeded, cochleale; embryon erect, cxalbuminous, curv-
ed, involute.—Nutt.
1. P. leaves swimming by long petioles, sublanceo- natam fe
late-oval, the first ones sometimes subcordate.— mx.
Mich.
In ponds, ditches, and slow-flowing waters. Flowers in
terminal and rarely axillary spikes—small and green. Very
abundant on the road to Gloucester Point. Perennial. June,
July-
2. P. lower leaves verv long, linear ; upper ones Ian- auitans.
ceolate, nerved coriaceous, all-petiolated.—Willd.
In similar places, but less common. Also on the road to
Gloucester Point. Perennial. July.
96
TETRANDRIA, TETRAGYNIA.
hybridum /a 3. P. upper leaves petiolated, elliptical, attenuated
Gmei. & mx. at both ends ; lower ones crowded, sessile, linear.
—Willd.
P. heterophyllum, Willd. and Pursh.
P. porcatum, Muhl.
Furrow-leaved Pond-weed.
Upper leaves an inch and a half long, lower ones linear.
In dirty ditches, plashes, and pools. Very rare. I have only
found it near Lemon-Hill, at low tide, on the Schuylkill.
Perennial. June to August
dive«ifoii- 4# p piant small, delicate : stem filiform, emersed j
um, Barton. leaveg floating? eMptic^ petiolated, half an inch
long, six-nerved ; submersed leaves, sessile, fili-
form, long ; spikes numerous, small, depressed,
in the axils of the leaves.—Barton, Prod. Fl. Ph.
Probably P. setaceum of Pursh.
Different-leaved Pond-weed.
This singular little species I first discovered in Jersey, near
Woodbury, where it is abundant, in a pool. I subsequently
detected it in a pond, where Nuphar minima grows, on the
borders of the Schuylkill, a mile or two this side of the Falls.
Hitherto these are the only places where I have seen it, and,
as I have carefully searched almost every pond near Philadel-
phia for it, conclude it is rare. Perennial. July-
perfoiiatum. 6. P. leaves cordate-ovate amplexicaule, all sub-
merged, spike terminal; flowers alternate.—Mich.
and Willd.
Icon. fl. Dan. 196. Eng. Bot. 168.
Leaves transparent; the whole plant submerged, the spike
of flowers only floating —In ponds, rivulets, and rivers, fre-
quent. At low tide, found abundantly on the muddy and gra-
velly banks of the Delaware and Schuylkill, on either side.
Perennial.
TETRANDRIA, TETRAGYNIA.
97
7. P. leafy ; leaves sessile, narrow-linear, flat; spikes pauciflorum.
capitated, about 4-flowered.—Pursh.
P. gramineum, Mich. fl. Am. 1. p. 102.
Easily distinguished from the other species by its grass-like
leaves. Looks like thick tufts of submersed grass. In a ditch
on the Jersey side of the Delaware, near the river, and about
opposite to Pine-street. Rare. I have found it no where else,
TRIANDRIA. To genus No. 26, p. 25, add
the following species.
No. 2. Xyris brevifoiia; leaves ensiform, short;
calix shorter than the bracteas, slightly notched.
Grows in similar places with No. 1. In Jersey, in the bog
containing Eriophorum angustifolium. Perennial. August.
N. B Panicum pauciflorum, of Elliott, has been twice in«
serted, by mistake, viz. p. 49, No. 8, and p. 50, No. 12.
10
\
PENTANDRIA.
MYOSOTIS.
L1THOSPERMUM.
CYNOGLOSSUM.
PURSHIA.
HYDROPHYLLUM.
MENYANTHES.
LISIMACHIA.
ANAGALLIS.
CONVOLVULUS.
PHLOX.
POLEMONIUM.
SOLANUM.
PHYSALIS.
NICANDRA.
DATURA.
VERBASCUM.
SABBATIA.
AZALEA.
CAMPANULA.
TRIOSTEUM.
DROSERA.
VITIS.
CISSUS.
1TEA.
1MPATIENS.
VIOLA.
CLAYTONIA.
CEANOTHUS.
EUONYMUS.
CELASTRUS.
COMANDRA.
APOCYNUM.
GONOLOBUS.
ASCLEPIAS.
GENTIANA.
HEUCHERA.
ERYNGIUM.
PANAX.
HYDROCOTYLE.
SANICULA.
DAUCUS.
AMMI.
CONIUM.
HERACLEUM.
PASTINACA.
ANGELICA.
SIUM.
SISON.
OENANTHE.
CICUTA.
URASPERMUM.
CHiEROPHYLLUM.
SMYRNIUM.
TIIASPIUM.
ATRI'PLEX.
CHENOPODIUM.
SALSOLA.
ULMUS.
CELTIS.
VIBURNUM,
SAMBUCUS.
RHUS.
STAPHYLEA.
SAROTHRA.
ARALIA.
LINUM.
I '00 3
CLASS V. PENTANDRIA.
ORDER I. MONOGYNIA.
91. MYOSOTIS. L. Gen. pi. 240. (Borraginee.)
Calix 5-cleft. Corolla salver-formed, tube
short, border flat, 5-lobed, lobes subemargi-
nate; orifice closed with five convex, con-
nivent, squamulae (or small scales). Stigma
1. Seed smooth or scabrous.—Nutt.
•tovpioHei. 1. M. seeds smooth, leaves elliptic-lanceolate; ra-
cemes without bracteas, many-flowered.—Smith.
M. paiustris, Pursh.
Icon. Fl. Dan. 583.
Mouse-ear Scorpion-grass.
A beautiful little plant, with small sky-blue flowers. The
buds, just before opening, are of a pink hue, which, immedi-
ately after the flowers are opened, changes to blue. In all
cold rivulets and field drains, common ; sometimes in ditches.
Perennial. May to September.
arvenjis. 2. M. seeds smooth; calices oval-acuminate, very
hairy, longer than the tube of the corolla ; stem
very much branched ; racemes in pairs ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate.-r-WiV/d'.
Field Scorpion-grass.
Rarely exceeding ten inches in height, and all over very
hairy. Flowers, small, white ; I have never seen them blue,
as Pursh describes them. In shady woods near Camden,
Jersey ; in the fields below the navy yard, not far from the
Delaware ; and in fields of the Neck, frequent. On the high
rocks a mile or two south of the Falls of Schuylkill, east side
of the river, occasionally met with. Annual. May.
PENTANDRIA, MONOGYXIA. 101
3. M. hairy; seeds retrorsely aculeate ; leaves ovate- Virginian,.'
lanceolate, acuminate; racemes divaricate.__Willd
and Pursh.
Virginian Scorpion-grass.
Fl£!°,Ut tW° fcet high. Leaves large, oval, and scabrous.
Flowers very small, white. Fruit covered with prickles.
Above the Falls of Schuylkill, west side, in the woods very
rare. Annual ? July. ' *'
92. LITHOSPERMUM. Gen. pi. 244. (Borraginee.)
Calix 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed,
orifice open, naked. Stigma bifid. Seed
indurated, shining. (Stamina and style in-
cluded within the corolla.)—Nutt.
1. L seed rough; corolla scarcely longer than the arvcn«.
cahx ; leaves obtuse, without veins.—Smith.
Icon. Eng. Bot. 1.123. Fi. Dan. 456.
Field Gromwell.
A rough or hispid plant, with white flowers. Found incul-
tivated and negleeted fields, but most abundant in the former
It injures the scythes and sickles of the reapers, by its siliceous
cuticle. Introduced among grass seeds from Europe, but now
naturalized. Annual. May till July.
2. I,, seeds protuberantly ovate, shining, every tatifoiiuia.
wiiere deeply-pitted ; leaves ovate-oblong, nerved.
—Mich.
L. officinale, Muhl.
About two feet high. Very rare in this neighbourhood ; I
have only found it in shady woods several miles above the Falls
of SclmylkiU, and there sparingly. Flowers ochroleucous.
Perennial. June.
93. CYN0GL0SSUM. Gen. pi. 243. (Borraginee.)
Calix 5-parted. Corolla funnel-formed, 5-
lobed, orifice closed by 5 connivent convex;
10*
102 PENTANDRIA, MONOGVNIA.
processes. Stigma emarginate. Seed de-
pressed, affixed to the style on the inner side.
—Nutt.
officinale. i. C. covered with a very soft pubescence; leaves
broad-lanceolate, sessile ; racemes paniculated.—
Willd.
Icon. Curt. Lond. 4. t. 16.
Officinal Houndstongue.
Two feet high. Flowers brownish-red. This plant is very
rare in this neighbourhood, and seldom flowers where I have
seen it. In Powelton woods, scarce. In the dry woods three
miles above the Falls of Schuylkill, west side of the river, also
scarce. The plant is said to destroy rats. Biennial. June,
July.
2. C. very hirsute; leaves oval oblong, the upper
ones amplexicaule, with a terminal, leafless, long,
pedunculated corymb.—Mich.
C. foliis amplexicaulibus, Gron. Virg.
C. Virginicum, L.
Common Houndstongue.
From eighteen inches to two feet high, with a hispid stem
and hairy rough leaves. Flowers blue and white. In the
shady moist woods in the neighbourhood of Manlua ; and near
the Falls of Schuylkill, west side of the river, frequent. Dries
brown, when prepared for the herbarium, unless much care is
taken. Perennial. May, June.
94. PURSHIA, Sprengel, [Anleitung zur Kenntniss der Ge-
wachse, p. 450.] (Borraginee.)
Calix deeply 5-parted. Corolla somewhat tu-
bular- campanulate ; orifice naked ; border
ventricose, half 5-cleft, segments connivent,
acute. Anthers sessile, included. Style
much exserted, entire, acute.—Nutt.
amplexi-
caule.
PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA; 103
1. P. hispid ; leaves oboval-Urnceolate, acute, withhispM».
papillaceous dots ; segments of the corolla subu-
late.—Mich.
Onosmodium hispidum, Mich.
Lithospermum Virginianum, Willd.
Hispid Purshia.
A rough, ugly, repulsive looking plant, covered with hairs
and papillae. In Jersey, opposite to South wark, and not far from
the Delaware, along the natural hedges bordering sandy fields.
Named in honour of Mr. Frederick Pursh. Not very com-
mon. Perennial. July, August.
95. HYDROPHYLLUM, Gen. pi. 267. (Borraginee.)
Calix 5-parted. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft,
with 5 longitudinal margined melliferous
grooves on the inside. Stamina exserted,
filaments bearded in the middle. Stigma
bifid. Capsule globose, 1-celled, 2-valved,
1-seeded, 3 other seeds mostly abortive.—
Nutt.
1. H. glabrous ; leaves pinnatifid and pinnate ; seg-virginicum.
meuts oval lanceolate, with deep serratures ; clus-
ters of. flowers crowded.— Pursh.
Icon. Lamarck, illustr. t. 97. f. 1.
Virginian Water-leaf.
About one foot or eight inches high. Flowers ochroleu-
cous, or white ; I have never seen them blue, as Pursh savs
they are. On the east side of the Schuylkill, a mile south of
the Falls, on the declivity of a woody hill, abundant. Peren-
nial. June.
96. MENYANTHES, Gen. pi. 299. (LUimachie.)
Calix 5-parted. Corolla funnel-formed; bor-
der spreading, 5-lobed, equal, densely vil-
lous on the upper side. Stigma bifid.
Capsule 1-celled, 2 valved; a seminal re-
ceptacle attached to each valve.—Nutt.
104 PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
trifoiiata, j. ]yr# leaves ternate, alternate, with sheathing pe-
tioles.
Icon. Eng. Bot. 495. Fl. Dan. 541. Lamarck
illustr. t. 100. f. 1. Woodville's Med. Bot. vol. l.t.2.
Three-leaved Buck or Bog-bean. Marsh-trefoil.
The only species of its genus, and a very elegant plant. It
is not very common in any part of the United Slates. The
leaves are of an apple-green, and the flowers rose red. It
is possessed of strong medicinal virtues, being bitter and su-
dorific, and was formerly much esteemed. Woodville.
97. LISIMACHIA, Gen. pi. 269. (Lisimachie.)
Calix 5-cleft. Corolla rotate, 5-cleft. Stigma
1. Capsule 1-celled, globular, mucronate,
.5 or 10-valved, few or many-seeded.—Nutt.
racemosa. j_ L very smooth ; leaves oval-lanceolate, opposite,
dotted, raceme terminal, long, loose ; segments ol
the corolla oblong-oval.—Mich, and Pursh.
L. racemosa, Lamarck.
L. vulgaris, Walt.
L. stricta, Hon. Kew.
L. bulbifera, Curt. Bot. Mag.
Icon. Bot. Mag. 104. Pluk. aim. t. 428. f. 4.
Cluster-flowered Loosestrife. Bulb-bearing Loose-
strife.
A beautiful plant, from one to two feet high, bearing a pro-
fusioo of fine yellow flowers, in a lax terminal raceme. It
occasionally bears red ovate bulbs in the axils of the leaves
and small branches. In boggy and low meadow grounds, and
on the margins of streams of water, common. I have every
year, for four successive years, found bulb bearing specimens
in the boggy grounds of the Woodlands. Mr. Collins informs
me he has seen the bulbs of specimens from Jersey, near an
inch long. Perennial. July.
r.uadrifoiia. 2. L. leaves subsessile, in fours and fives, acumi-
nate, dotted ; peduncles in fours, one-flowered ;
divisions of the corolla oval, entire.—Willd. and
Pursh.
PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. 105
L. hirsuta, Mich.
L. punctata, Walt.
Icon. Pluk. aim. t. 428. f. 4. Lam. illustr. t. 101.
f. 2.
From one to two feet high; stem very erect and simple,
with whorls of leaves, each whorl generally consisting of four
leaves, but often five, and rarely six. In dry woods, every
where common. Perennial- June.
3. L. leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, narrowed anEustifo,ia-
at each end, ciliated at the base ; peduncles one-
flowered, axillary ; petals crenulate.—Willd. in
Nov. A. cf Soc. Nat. Scrut. 3. p. 417?t
L. heterophyiia, Mich. ?
Under twelve inches high j stem simple and erect Gene-
rally immersed one third of its height in mud. Resembles
L. heterophyllum very much. On the muddy margins of the
Delaware, Jersey side, a mile or two below the city, very rare-
Perennial. July, August.
4. L. subpubescent; leaves opposite, on long peti- euiau.
oles, subcordate-oval; margin pubescent, petioles
ciliated, pedicels in pairs, flowers nodding, divi-
sions of the corolla roundish, acuminate, crenate.
—Mieh. and Pursh.
L. cordata, Muhl.
Icon. Walth. hort. t. 12. (Pursh.)
Heart-leaved Loosestrife.
A very elegant species, from eighteen inches to three feet
tall. Stem erect, branched, branches opposite. Flowers on
long peduncles, drooping. Found in shady damp places ; often
in moist woods, but most frequently near creeks and rivers.
In the umbrageous woods of rich soil in a right line from Man-
tua to the Schuylkill, very abundant. Along the whole course
of the Schuylkill, Delaware, and rivulets emptying into them,
frequent. This species thrives in our gardens, and bears
transplantation exceedingly well. Perennial. July.
106 PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
9a \NAGALLIS, Gen. j I 2*0. (Lisimachie.)
Calix 5-cleft. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed. Sta-
mina, filaments hirsuce. Capsule globular,
opening hemispherically, many-seeded.—
Nutt.
arvensis. j a. leaves undivided ; stem procumbent.—*^, pi.
Icon. Engl. Bot. 529. Fl. dan. 88.
Scarlet Pimpernel. Red Chickweed.
This little plant has obtained much notoriety among the
vulgar, on account of the powers which have been pre-
posterously ascribed to it, by some empirics, of curing hy-
drophobia. A*s a medicine it is worthless. Introduced ori-
ginally from Europe, but now naturalized every where in the
United States. In cultivated fields, particularly in all those in
a right line from Southwark shot-tower to the Schuylkill, fre-
quent. Annual. June.
99. CONVOLVULUS, Gen. pi. 287. (Convolvuli.)
Calix 5-parted. Corolla campanulate, plaited.
Stigmas 2. Capsule 2 or 3-celled, cells
2-seeded.
sepium. i. C. twining; leaves sagittate, very acute, obtuse
or truncate behind, entire ; bractes acute, longer
than the calix; peduncle angled, much longer than
the petiole.—Brown.
Calystegia Sepium, R. Brown.
Convolvulus repens, L. according to R. Brown.
C. repens, Mich. ?
Icon. Eng. bot. 313. Fl. dan.
Large-flowered Bind-weed.
Flowers large, pale pink. In damp places, not unfrequent.
On the bank walk of the Delaware, to Gloucester Point; also
on the bank walk of the Schuylkill between Gray's ferry and
Kingsess gardens; and elsewhere. Perennial. All summer.
PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. 10?
2. C. leaves cordate, entire or lobed, and panduri- panduratus.
form ; calix smooth.—Sp. PL
Icon. Bart. Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. vol 1.1. 23.
Fiddle-leaved Bindweed. Mechoacana. Mecha-
meck. Hog-potatoe. Wildpotatoe-vine.
Trailing on the ground, or climbing fence posts and bushes.
Flowers large, white, with red bottoms and red internally
near the tube of the corolla. The root, which is very large,
and two or three feet long, is possessed of cathartic proper-
ties. A decoction of it has also been used, with reputed good
effect, in gravel. (See Veg. Mat. Med. U. S.) The leaves
on the extremities of the stems are very small. In the sandy
fields of Jersey, near the Delaware, and in the fields of stony
and loose soil on the west side of the Schuylkill, a mile above
the Falls, frequent. Perennial. August.
100. PHLOX. Gen. pi. 284. (Polemonia.)
Calix deeply 5-cleft, prismatic. Corolla sal-
verform, border 5-lobed, flat; lobes cune-
ate; tube more or less curved. Filaments
unequal. Stigma trifid. Capsule round-
ish-ovate, 3-celled, cells 1-seeded.—Nutt.
1, P. leaves oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, with the maeuiata,
margins scabrous ; stem scabrous ; racemes co-
rymbose ; teeth of the calix acute.—Sp. PI.
Icon. Jacq. hort. t. 127. (Pursh.)
Spotted-stemmed Phlox. Spotted-stalked Lychnidea.
A handsome species, from one to two feet high. Stem
green, speckled with brownish purple. Flowers peach-blos-
som red. In boggy and low meadow ground, in Jersey, and
on this side of the river, frequent. It bears transplantation
well, and is worthy of cultivation in gardens. Perennial.
July. August.
2. P. leaves linear-lanceolate, very downy, with the piiosa.
margins revolute; corymbs nearly fastigiate, brac-
teate ; teeth of the calix subulate, acute.—Sp. PL
108 PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
Hairy Lychnidea.
At Laraisdown, near Breck's Island, Schuylkill- Rare.
Perennial. May.
subuiata. 3. P. procumbent, hirsute ; leaves subulate, ciliate ;
corymbs few- flowered j segments of the corolla
cuneate, emarginate ; teeth of the calix subulate,
hardly shorter than the tube of the corolla.—
Pursh.
Icon. Bot. Mag. 411.
Ground Pink. Wild Pink.
A very beautiful species, now cultivated in gardens. Flow-
ers purpHsh red, with a purple star in the centre. In the
sandy dry woods of Jersey, abundant. Perennial. April.
May.
101. POLEMONIUM. Gen. pi. 289. (Polemonia.)
Calix subcampanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla some-
what rotate, 5-lobed, tube short, closed at
its base by 5 staminiferous valves or scales.
Stigma trifid. Capsule 3-celled, superior.
—Nutt.
wptans. l. P. leaves pinnate, generally by sevens ; flowers
terminal, nodding.—Sp. PL
Icon. Mill. ic. 2. t. 209. (Pursh.)
Creeping-rooted Jacob's-ladder.
This beautiful plant is often met with in the flowerpots
of those who keep a few plants in their windows during the
winter season. It is much valued, without being known to be
a wild inhabitant of our neighbourhood. Flowers sky-blue.
On the Wissahickon creek, near rivulets; also close to the
spot where Chrysosplenium oppositifolium grows. Rare. Pe-
rennial. April, May.
PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
l'J9
102. SOLANUM. Gen. pi. 337. (Solanee.)
Calix 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla rotate, or
campanulate, 5-lobed, plaited. Anthers part-
ly united, emitting the pollen by two pores
at the point. Berry 2-celled, many-seeded.
—Nutt.
1. S. stem fruticose, scandent: leaves cordate, the dulcamara.
upper ones auriculated or hastate; clusters cy~
mose.
Icon. Fl. Dan. 607. Eng. bot. 565. WoodviUVs
Med. Bot. t. 33.
Dulcamara. Bitter-sweet. Woody Nightshade.
Very common in gardens, but also naturalized in a few vici-
nal localities. Flowers deep purple, with the tube of anthers
forming a yellow centre ; berries red. Dulcamara has obtained
a place in the dispensatories of Europe, for its medicinal vir-
tues. It is much esteemed in cutaneous affections. In willow
hedges on the road to Gloucester Point, and in hedges near
Germantown and Frankford. Rare. Perennial. July.
2. S. stem without thorns, herbaceous ; leaves ovate, nigrum,
toothed, angled ; racemes distichous, nodding.—- /3virgii»icom.
Sp. PL
Icon. Dill. elth. t. 275. f. 256. (Pursh.)
Deadly Nightshade.
A very ugly plant, found growing near the gutters of the
suburb streets, near rubbish, and in cultivated grounds. Com-
mon. Annual. All summer.
3. S. stem prickly, annual; leaves hastate, angled, caroiinense.
prickly on both sides ; racemes loose.—Sp. PL
Icon. Dill. elth. 269. f. 348. Jacq. ic. 2. t. 331.
(Pursh.)
11
110
PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
Horse-nettle.
About eighteen inches or two feet high. Flowers large,
light blue. Fruit yellow. At the south bottom of the rocky
bluff at Gray's ferry, tolerably abundant In neglected fields
near Gray's ferry and the Woodlands. Rare. Perennial.
May, July.
103. PHYSALIS. Gen. pi. 336. (Solanee.)
Berry 2-celled, covered by the inflated calix.
Corolla campanulate-rotate ; tube marked
with five diaphanous concave impressions.
Stamina connivent.—Nutt.
ofacura. i, p. leaves somewhat cordate, orbiculate, acumi-
nate, unequally dontate ; stem herbaceous, diva-
ricate, very much branched ; branches angled.—
Mich.
P. pubescens.
In sandy fields near Woodbury, Jersey. Rare. Corolla yel-
low, with purplish-livid spots- Perennial. July, August.
pennsyivani- 2. P. leaves ovate, somewhat repand, obtuse, naked ;
ca* stem herbaceous, branching; peduncles solitary,
a little longer than the petioles.—Willd. and Pursh.
P. tomentosa, Walt. ?
Pennsylranian Winter-cherry.
A very ordinary-looking plant, growing among rubbish, on
neglected way sides, and sometimes on the borders of culti-
vated fields. Common. Annual, July.
104. NICANDRA. Adanson. Juss. Gen. pi. 140. (Solanee.)
Calix 5-parted, with 5 angles, angles com-
pressed, segments sagittate. Corolla cam-
panulate. Stamina incurved. Berry 3 to
5-celled, covered by the calix.—Nutt.
PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. llj
I. Nicandra,.Pers. syn. 1. p. 219. Phraioi,ie,.
Atropa physaloides, Willd.
Calydermos erosus, Fl. Peruv. 2 p. 44.
Icon. Fevil. peruv. t. 16.
From two to three feet high. Flowers blue. Occasionally
found in Jersey, and near farms on the Delaware, Pennsylva-
nia side ; but always, I think, near old or neglected garden
sites. It has the appearance, in some «f these situations, of
being a native, but is introduced, and is becoming, as it were,
naturalized ? Rare. Annual. July, August.
105. DATURA. Gen. pi. 332. (Solanee.)
Corolla funnel-form, plaited. Calix tubular,
angular, and deciduous, the base orbicular
and persistent. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved,
smooth or sphi}'-.
1. D. pericarp spinous, erect, ovate ; leaves ovate, stramonium
glabrous__Sp. PL
Icon. Fl. Dan. 436. Eng. bot. 1288. Woodville's
Med. bot. 1.124.
Jamestown weed. Thorn-apple. Stramonium.
A large, rank, repulsive weed, well known to every one as
an inhabitant of wastes, neglected commons, and road sides.
Flowers purple and white. It is also well known for its nar-
cotic virtues, and is much used in medicine. Very common.
Annual. All summer.
106. VERBASCUM. Gen. pi. 331. (Solanee.)
Calix 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, un-
equal. Stamina declined, bearded. Stig-
ma simple. Capsule 2-celled, valves in-
flected, many-seeded.—Nutt.
1. V. leaves decurrent, tomentose on both sides; Thapsus.
stem simple.—Sp. PL
Icon. Eng. bot. 549. Fl. dan. 631.
112
PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA."
Mullein.
As well known to every body as the Stramonium. Flowers
yellow. On road sides and stony ways, very common, and
seeming to prefer calcareous soil. Introduced from Europe-
Biennial. All summer.
Lychnitis. 2. V. leaves oblong, wedge-shaped, naked above ;
stem angled, panicled.—Smith.
Icon. Fl. Dan. 586.
A very striking and elegant looking plant, when in full
bloom in favourable situations, having a pyramidal form from
the adpressed radical leaves to the summit of the stem, which
is sometimes six feet high. Flowers pale, or straw-yellow.
On the banks of the Wissahickon, and in grassy lanes in the
the vicinity of that creek, abundant. Elsewhere I have not
found it. Pursh says it grows on the banks of the Delaware)
near this city. Biennial. June, July.
Biattaria. 3. V. leaves amplexicaule, oblong, glabrous.
* aiba. leaves denticulate ; flowers pedunculated, white.
White Moth-mullein.
p iut«. leaves doubly serrate ; flowers sessile, bright yellow.
V. Claytoni, Mich. ?
Yellow Moth-mullein.
From one foot to three feet high. A very beautiful plant.
Common in cultivated fields, and by sides of fences. Biennial.
June to August.
107. SABBATIA. Adanson. Para. Lond. t. 32. (Gentiane.)
Calix 5 to 12-parted. Corolla rotate, 5 to 12-
parted. Stigmas 2, spiral. Anthers at
length re volute. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved,
many - seeded.—Nutt.
annularis. 1. S. stem quadrangular, winged ; leaves cordate-
• ovate, amplexicaule ; flowers on long peduncles,
corymbose. B.
\
PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. 113
Chironia angularis, Willd.
Icon. Bart. Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. vol. 1.1. 24.
Centaury. Centry.
This beautiful plant is much esteemed for its medicinal
virtues, which are bitter, tonic, and stomachic. (See Veg.
Mat. Med. U. S.) From nine to eighteen inches high. Flow-
ers peach-blossom red above, pale, or nearly white underneath,
with a pentangular yellow spot in the centre, and spiral yellow
anthers. On the Woodlands, rare. In damp grounds, Jersey,
near Woodbury, not frequent. Biennial ? July.
108. AZALEA. Gen. pi. 277. (Rhododendra.)
Calix 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, or cam-
panulate, 5-cleft, unequal. Stamina declin-
ed, inserted upon the torus or receptacle.
Style declined, stigma obtuse. Capsule
5-celled.—Nutt.
1. A. flowers rather naked; leaves lanceolate-oblong, nudiflora.
pubescent, the nerves beneath bristly ; corolla
hairy ; stamens much longer than the tube of the
corolla.—Willd.
A. periclymenoides, Mich.
A. periclymena, Pers.
Wild Honey-suckle.
This very beautiful shrub is common in open woods, of rich
soil, among underwood, and is frequent in Jersey along the
margins of swamps and in boggy ground. In the early part
of the season, it flowers before the leaves have appeared.
Flowers red. 1>. April rarely—May.
2. A. leaves on the margin scabrous ; corolla hairy, v;i
glutinous ; stamens scarcely longer than the co-
rolla___Sp. PL
A larger species, with white viscous fragrant flowers.
From four to eight or nine feet high. Very common on the
borders of damp woods in Jersey, and among underwood.
Plentiful on the road to Woodbury.. ^ . June, July.
11*
'14 PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
109. CAMPANULA. Gen. pi. 889. (Camfianulacee.)
Calix mosdy 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate,
the base closed with 5 staminiferous valves.
Stigma 3 to 5-cleft. Capsule inferior, 3 or
rarely 5-celled, opening by lateral pores.—
Nutt.
acuminata. 1. C. smoothish, erect; leaves ovate-lanceolate, end-
ing in a long point, subserrate ; spike fascicled,
many flowered ; corolla subrotate.—Mich, and
Pursh.
Pointed- leaved Bellwort.
From two to three feet high. Flowers pale blue. Very
rare. Close to the Schuylkill, east side, near the Falls, and
south of them. Perennial. July, August.
aparinoides. 2. C. weak ; stem simple, angled ; angles as well as
margins and nerves of the leaves prickly back-
ward ; leaves lineaManceolate, smooth above ;
peduncles few at the summit of the stem, flexuous,
axillary one-flowered, filiform.—Pursh.
C. erinoides, L.
C. flexuosa, Mich. ?
C. aspera, Donn.
A rough plant, with small pale blue flowers. Found grow-
ing along the margins of rivulets. Common. Annual. July.
ampiexicau- 3. C. stem simple, erect; leaves cordate, crenate,
toothed, amplexicaule ; flowers axillary, sessile,
clustered.—Willd.
C. perfoliata, Sp. PI., Walt, and Pursh.
Icon. Bar. rar. t. 1133. (Pursh.)
About a foot high. Flowers dark blue. Very common in
all cultivated fields. Annual. May to August.
PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
115
110. TRIOSTEUM. Gen. pi. 300. (Caprifolia.)
Calix 5-cleft, persistent, nearly the length of
the corolla; segments linear, acute. Corolla
tubulous, 5-lobed, subequal, base nectarife-
rous, gibbous. Stigma somewhat 5-lobed,
capitate. Berry 3-celled, 2-seeded, crown-
ed with the calix.—Nutt.
1. T. leaves connate, spathulate-lanceolate, acumi- perfoiiatum.
nate ; flowers sessile, verticillate.—Sp. PL
T. mjus, Mich.
Icon. Bart. Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. vol. 1.1. 4.
Fever-wort. Red-flowered Fever root. Gentian.
BastardIpecacuhana. Wild-coffee. Dr. Tinker's
weed. False Ipecacuanha. White Gentian. Per-
foliate Fever-root.
From two to three feet high—rarely four. Flowers crimson
red, berries scarlet red. A very rare plant in this vicinity.
In the woods of Lemon-hill, bordering the Schuylkill, and
near the Lancaster turnpike road, close to the Columbus inn ;
in both localities by no means abundant. In Kingsess gardens,
(cultivated) Perennial. June.
111. DROSERA. Gen. pi. 531. (Capparides.)
Calix 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5. Anthers
2-lobed, growing to the filaments. Germ
superior. Style 1. Stigmas 3 or 4 diver-
gent, deeply bifid. Capsule 1 -celled, 3 or
4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds attached to
the middle of each valve.—Nutt.
1. D. scapes radicating, simple; leaves suborbicular, rotundifoiia.
tapering at base ; petioles long, hairy.—Willd. and
Pursh.
Icon. Fl. dan. 1028.
116
PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
Round-leaved Sun-dew.
A very curious and beautiful little plant, about three or four
inches high. Leaves radical, adpressed. Flowers white-
Common in sphagnous and cranberry swamps in Jersey, and
in bogs this side of the river. On and near the Woodlands,
frequent. Annual ? July, August-
longifoiia. 2. D. scapes radicating, simple ; leaves spathulate,
obovate; petioles long, naked.—Willd. and Pursh.
Icon. Eng. bot. 868.
Long-leaved Sun-dew.
Easily distinguished from No. 1 by its long leaves ; in other
respects very much resembling it. Also a singular and deli-
cate plant. Flowers, as in the preceding, white. Not so
common as No. 1, though frequent In the spot I have parti-
cularized, page 37, as the habitat of Eriophorum angustifolium.
Annual ? July, August.
112. V1TIS. Gen. pi. 396. (Vites.)
"Calix minute, 5-toothed or entire. Petals 5,
mostly cohering above, in the manner of a
calyptrum, coming off at the base, and then
deciduous. Style 0. Stigma capitate.
Berry. 5-seeded, superior, round, or rarely
ovate. (Flowers mostly dioicous.)—Nutt.
Labrusca. 1. V. leaves broad-cordate, sublobate, angular, hoary,
tomentose beneath; fertile racemes small; berries
large—Mich. Willd.
V. taurina, Walt.
Icon. J acq. schoenbr. 426. (Pursh.)
Fox-grape.
Every body knows the fruit of this plant by the above Eng-
lish name. Berries crow-black, large. In thickets, common.
\l ■ June, July.
Kstiraiis. 2. V. leaves broad, cordate, 3 to 5-lobed ; younger
ones with a brown tomentum beneath ; fertile ra-
cemes oblong } berries small.—Mich, and Ptirsh-
PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
117
V. vulpina, Willd.
V. Labrusca, Walt.
V. intermedia, Muhl.
Icon. Jacq. schoenbr. 425.
Summer-grape.
The fruit of this species is brought to our market, and is
highly esteemed. Berries indigo-blue, smaller than those of
No. 1, and of a more pleasant flavour. In similar places:
Common. b_ • May.
3. V. leaves cordate, acuminate, cut-dentate, every cordifoiia.
where smooth ; racemes loose, many-flowered,
berries small.—Mich, and Pursh.
V. incisa, Jacq. schoenbr. 427. (Pursh.)
V. vulpina, L. and Walt.
Icon. Jacq. 1. c. (Pursh.)
Winter-grape. Chicken-grape.
Berries greenish, tartish to the taste, and come to perfec-
tion very late in the autumn. Not so common as No. 1 and
No. 2. \i. June, July.
4. V. leaves unequally cut-dentate, shortly trifid; riparia.
petiole, margin, and nerves pubescent.—Mich.
V. odoratissima, Don. Cat. 66.
V. odoratissima, Muhl. ?
Bermudian-grape.
Well known, in gardens, where it is cultivated, by the above
English name, and much esteemed, on account of the delicious
fragrance of its flowers. It grows wild in a thicket on the
Woodbury road, Jersey, near the " causeway," three miles, or
four, from Camden. \. May, June.
113. CISSUS. Gen. pi. 655. (Vites.)
Calix minute, 4 or 5 toothed. Petals 4 or 5,
unconnected above, spreading, deciduous.
118
PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
Germ surrounded with a glandulous disk.
Berry 2-celled, 2 to 4-seedcd. (Stamina
sometimes 4.)—Nutt.
Hderacea. j# C. stem radicant, climbing; leaves digitate, by
fives; panicles compound, opposite the leaves ;
nectary wanting?
Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Mich.
Hedera quinquefolia, L. Hort. Cliff.
Vitis Hederacea, Willd.
V. quinquefolia, Lamark and Smith.
Icon. Corn. Canad. t. 100. (Pursh.)
Common Creeper.
Nothing is better known than this Creeper. It covers whole
sides of our houses creeping up to chimney tops, and forms
a beautiful clothing for blank, or old stone walls. The va-
riegated hues of its leaves, a month previous to defoliation,
in the autumn, render the plant, at that time, strikingly
beautiful. It grows wild along the fences bordering sandy
fields, in Jersey, just opposite the city. On the rocks of the
Wissahickon, and elsewhere. Jj. June.
114. ITEA. Gen. pi. 381. Miih. Gen. pi. 1. p. 156.
( Rhododendra )
Calix small, 5-cleft. Petals 5, linear, reflexly
spreading, inserted upon the calix. Stigma
capitate, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valv-
ed, many-seeded ; the seeds attached to the
inflected margins of the valves.—Nutt.
Virginica. l. I. leaves oblong, serrated, spikes pubescent.—
Willd.
Icon. Duham. arb. 1.1. 126. (Ptir=h.)
A shrub, from four to eight feet high, with spikes of white
flowers. On the borders of the damp shady woods on the road
to Woodbury, and in the swampy thickets, a short distance
from the ferry-house, opposite Gloucester Point, Jersey Not
very frequent, though abundant in these places. I2 • June,
July.
PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. 119
115. IMPATIENS. Gen. pi. 1365. (Gerania.)
Calix 2-leaved. Corolla 4-petalled, irregular;
the two interior petals unequally bilobed;
lepanthium (nectarium, L.) hooded, calca-
rate. Anthers at first cohering. Capsule
superior, 5-valved, elastic.—Nutt.
1. I. peduncles solitary, 3 or 4-flowered; lepan-pallida,
thium (petaloid nectary) obtusely conic, dilated,Nutt'
shorter than the petals: spur recurved, very short;
flower citron-yellow, sparingly punctate ; leaf
rhombic-ovate, mucronately toothed.—-Nutt.
I. Nolitangere, Pursh.
Pale-flowered Touch-me-not.
On the margins of streams, and in shaded swampy thickets.
More rare than No. 2. Annual. July, August.
2. I. peduncles solitary, 3 or 4 flowered ; lepanthi- fuiva,
um acutely conic, longer than the petals ; spurNutt'
resupinate, emarginate, nearly as long as the ga-
lea ; flower fulvous, crowded with spots ; leaf
rhombic-ovate, obtuse, mucronately toothed.-—
Nutt.
I. biflora, Willd. and Pursh.
I. maculata, Muhl.
Fulvous-flowered Touch-me-not.
In similar places. Much more common than the preceding,
but very like it. Flowers brownish-yellow and spotted. This
species, Mr. Nuttall says, is sometimes used for dyeing salmon-
red. Annual. June.
116. VIOLA. Gen.pl. 1364. (Cisti.)
Calix 5-leaved, produced at the base. Corolla
5-petalled, irregular, the lower petal cornute
120 PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
behind. Anthers connivent, cohering at the
membranaceous apex. Capsule superior,
3-valved, 1-celled.—Nutt.
§ 1. stemless species.
pedata. i. V. leaves pedate, 7"-parted ; segments linear-lan-
ceolate, entire.
V. digitata, Pursh.
A very fine species. Flowers large, indigo-blue. Along
the edges of open woods, and the borders of cultivated fields,
in Jersey; common. Flowers, in this, as most of the subsequent
species of blue and purple, become nearly white in drying
for the herbarium. Perennial. May.
paimata. 2. V. leaves cordate, palmate, 5-lobed, toothed, and
undivided.—Sp. PL
V. heterophyiia.
A polymorphous species, as respects its leaves: they are often
quite cordate, and from this shape are variously dissected, so
as, at times, to be quite palmate. Corolla blue. In rich woods,
every where very common. Perennial. May, June.
sagittata. 3. V. leaves oblong, acute, cordate-sagittate, serrate,
notched at the base ; flowers inverted.—-Sp. PL
A rare species, which I have only met with in the borders
of cultivated fields close to Woodbury, Jersey. Perennial.
April, May.
0 emargina- Leaves similar to those of V. sagittata, almost tri-
angularly cordate, or hastate, lacerately toothed
near the base, and decurrent in a narrow margin
on the petiole, always smooth beneath, often pu-
bescent above ; scape longer than the leaf; petals
obovate, all emarginate or bi-dentate, the lowest
cucullate, the three lower, and sometimes the two
upper, pubescent; segments of the calix glabrous,
lanceolate, acute; stigma rostrate, depressed ho-
PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. 121
rizontally, distinctly margined around. Flowers
of a line deep blue.—Nutt.
V. sagittata, fi emarginata, Nutt. Gen.Am.pl.p. 147.
In sandy fields of Jersey, and on the banks of the Schuylkill,
every where frequent. Perennial. May.
4. V. leaves ovate, subcordate, crenate, rather acute, ovata.
often lacerately toothed at the base, equally, and,
for the most part, conspicuously pubescent on
either side, petiole marginated; scape shorter than
the leaves ; segments of the calix subciliate ; pe-
tals obovate, the two lateral ones bearded.-—Nutt.
V. ovata, Nutt. Gen. Am. pi. vol. 1. p. 148.
V. primulifolia, Pursh, not of L.
A small species, frequently occurring on the high rocks bor-
dering the Schuylkill, towards the falls, and in the sandy fields
of Jersey. Corolla fine bright blue. Perennial. April, May.
5. V. smooth, leaves reniform-cordate, acute, sinu- cucuiiata.
ously serrate, cucullate at the base ; peduncle often
as long as the leaf; lateral petals bearded.—Nutt.
This is the commonest species, being found every where, in
meadow grounds, near rivulets, and other damp places. Flow-
ers purplish-blue, white at the base of the petals. Perennial.
April till June.
6. V. leaves roundish-cordate, crenate-serrate, ob-viiiosa.
tuse, upper side almost hirsutely pubescent, under
side smooth, peduncle about the length of the
flowering leaves, petals oblong, the lateral and
lowest one bearded.—Leaves rather thick, mostly
incumbent on the ground, often purplish on the
under side.—Nutt.
V. viiiosa, Walt- and Elliot.
V. sororia, Willd. Hort. Berol. 1.1. 72.
In dry woods on the SclmylkiU and in Jersey, not rare. Pe-
rennial. May.
12
122 PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
0 cordi/oiia. 7. v. leaves small, cordate, acute, crenately serrate,
flat with a very small sinus, hirsutely pubescent
above, smooth beneath; scape always longer
than the flowering leaves, segments of the calix
smooth, short, rather obtuse, scarcely produced
at the base; petals short, obovate,—the 2 late-
ral and the lower thinly bearded, multistriate.—
Leaves thickish, almost of an equal length and
breadth, elegantly cordate and subacute, mostly
incumbent on the ground, about an inch long,
and equally broad; stipules minute, subulate;
segments of the calix short and narrow, some-
what oblong; petals rosaceous blue; capsule
smooth, stigma small, rostrate and depressed,
not margined all round.—Nutt.
V. viiiosa, /3 cordifolia, Nutt. Gen. Am. PI. vol. 1.
p. 148.
About three or four inches high. In dry woods on the banks
of the Schuylkill, frequent. May.
rotandiibiia. 8. V. leaves orbicular cordate, slightly toothed,
glabrous; petioles pubescent; calix obtuse;
flowers yellow.—Mich.
V. rotundifoiia, Mich.
Not identical with Pursh's V. clandestina.
Plant small when in flower. Leaveslarge, thick andadpressed
to the ground. Flowers pale yellow. This very rare species
grows on the dark, shady, hilly borders of the Wissahickon
creek, north side, not far from Germantown. It is found ge-
nerally at the roots, and under the deep shade of Abies Cana-
densis, so abundant on that secluded and romantic part of
the creek. Perennial. April.
wauda. 9. V. leaves nearly smooth, or slightly pubescent
on the upper side, petiole and under side entirely
glabrous, nerves pinnate, also smooth; flowers
white, and odorous, segments of the calix linear-
oblong, obtuse; stigma capitate, depressed, re-
curved, acutely margined around, petals all
smooth.—Nutt.
PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. 123
This is the true viola blanda, and is one of the few wild spe-
cies which are fragrant. In damp places on the Wissahickon,
and in bogs in Jersey, in company with V. lanceoiata, and V.
primulifoha. Perennial. April, May.
10. V. leaves oblong, subcordate, crenate, obtuse, primuiifoiia.
the base remarkably and abruptly decurrent on
the petiole, so as to resemble the leaves of Pri-
mula veris ; nerves pinnate, mid-rib on the up-
per side of the leaf with a few scattered hairs;
petiole on the under side as well as the nerves
on the same side, and the scape hairy; segments
of the calix obtuse, the 2 lateral petals a little
bearded, flowers odorous.—Nutt.
V. primuiifoiia, L., Pers., and Elliot, not of Pursh.
This species has generally been confounded with V. lanceo-
iata, which it much resembles. The late professor Barton, I
know, considered it the lanceoiata, supposing that plant to
vary in the shape of its leaves. I confess I always had doubts
of the identity of the two, but followed others till fully con-
vinced. Flowers white. Grows in damp places with No. 11.
Abundant, particularly in Jersey. Perennial. May.
11. V. leaves perfectly smooth, acute and sub-lanceoiata.
serrate, gradually attenuated down the petiole;
segments of the calix acute; petals all beard-
less ; stigma recurved, distinctly rostrate, capi-
tulum roundish almost without margin. Flow-
ers inodorous.—Nutt.
Leaves strictly lanceolate, varying in length, from one and a
half, to three inches, and never exceeding three-fourths of an
inch in breadth. Very common in boggy ground in Jersey; on
the low grounds bordering the Wissahickon, south side ; and
in similar places all along the course of the Schuylkill, appear-
ing to delight in rich sod. Perennial. May.
§ 2. Species having Stems.
12. V. nerves of the leaves somewhat pubescent striata.
on the under side, calix ciliate, nectary rather
large, 2 lateral petals densely bearded; stigma
1:24
PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
tubular, recurved, a little pubescent on the sum-
mit.—Nutt.
Flowers yellowish-white. In Jersey frequent; less often
met with on the Pennsylvania side of the river. Perennial. May,
June.
dei>iiis. i3, v. stem decumbent, leaves reniform-cordate,
serrulate or crenate, smooth on the under side,
base cucullate; petiole short; stipules ovate-
lanceolate, serrate-ciliate,peduncles very long;
segments of the calix linear-lanceolate, acute,
smooth; petals oblong, pale blue, the 2 lateral
ones bearded; stigma small, tubular, recurved,
rostrate, with scabrous papillse on the summit.
—Nutt.
V. debilis, Pursh.
V. canina, Walt.
Very like the preceding, with which it grows. Easily dis-
tinguished by the colour of the flowers. Found on the Wissa-
hickon. Perennial. May.
pubescens. 14. V. leaves either very pubescent, or nearly
smooth, subserrate; stipules ovate, mostly en-
tire; style compressed, stigma roundish, almost
spherical, with 2 lateral tufts of pubescence,
and Without rostrum. Fruit smooth.—Nutt.
V. Pennsylvanica, Mich.
periocarpon. Fruit densely villous; stipules smaller.—Nutt.
Grows a foot high and sometimes more—often less. Flow-
ers deep yellow. Very abundant on the woody high banks of
the Schuylkill, west side, from the upper ferry all along for a
mile or two above the falls. /3. described by Mr. Nuttall, I
have not noticed. It is he says equally abundant. Perennial.
May, June.
bicoior. 15. V. stem simple, erect, acutely triquetrous.
Radical leaves spathulate-oval, with a few den-
ticulations, upper leaves spathulate-lanceolate,
or ovate, smooth. Stipulas large, cristate-pal-
mate, ciliate, deeply 7 to 9-lobed, segments
linear-oblong, terminal one much larger. Pe-
PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
125
duncle long, quadrangular. Calix divisions
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate. Petals
much larger than the calix, oboval, rather flat,
bluish-white, the 2 lateral ones, cristately beard-
ed, the lower petal dilated, marked with 5 blue
striee, at the base a yellow spot. Style short,
nearly central, articulated at the base; stigma
turbinate-capitate, erostrate, slightly pubescent
at the sides, foramen large. Capsule nearly
round.—Nutt.
V. bicolor, Pursh.
V. bicolor, Hoffman, Fl. Germ. 2. p. lfO? .
V. arvensis, Elliot.
A very delicate little species much resembling V. tricolor
of the gardens. On the grassy borders of cultivated fields
bordering Cooper's creek, Jersey, not far from Market-6treet
ferry and the Burlington road. Annual. April, and early in
May.
16. V. calix nearly equal with the petals, naked, conwior.
or not produced at the base, divergent; petals all
emarginate and connivent, the lower one bilo-
bed, and not produced behind into a spur or
nectary; anthers connate; capsule large; seeds
pale, subglobose. Stem erect, roundish; leaves
erect, numerous, scattered, sessile, cuneate-
lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent, irregularly
toothed on the upper part, attenuated below so
as to appear subpetiolate; nerves strong, ir-
regular or alternate; stipules subulate; pedun-
cles very short, about 5-flowered.—Nutt.
The habit of this plant is very dissimilar from all the preced-
ing species. Mr. Nuttall intimates the probability of its being
a distinct genus. About 12 inches high. In the woods border-
ing a rivulet on Mr. Fisher's seat, Schuylkill, above Lemon-
hill ; very rare. Flowers greenish white. Perennial. April,
May.
117. CLAYTONIA. Gronovius.i. (Portulacce.)
Calix biparted. Petals 5. Stigma trifid.
12*
126 PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, 3 to 5-seeded.
Seeds reniform.
virginica. 1. C. leaves linear-lanceolate; racemes solitary;
leaves of the calix somewhat acute ; petals obo-
vate, retuse; root tuberous.—Pursh.
Corolla pale rose-red with darker red stripes internally. In
moist meadows in the Neck and along the course of the Schuyl-
kill, in great profusion. It delights in rich moist soil. Peren-
nial. April, May.
118. CEANOTHUS. Gen. pi. 361. (Rhamni. J
Calix turbinate, 5-cleft. Petals 5 squami-
form, with long claws. Stigmata 3. Cap-
sule 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded, tripar-
tite, opening on the inner side.—Nutt.
Araerieanus. 1. C. leaves ovate-acuminate, serrate, three-nerv-
ed, nerves and veins beneath pubescent; pani-
cles axillary on long peduncles; pedicels corym-
bose.— Willd.
Icon. Duham. arb. 51. Schmidt, arb. 132.
(Pursh.)
New-Jerseij Tea. Red-root.
A -Small shrub seldom exceeding three feet in height In
dry woods and copses in Jersey and Pennsylvania, very com-
mon. The leaves were dried and used like tea, during the
American revolution—hence the name. Flowers small, white,
lj. May, June.
119. EUONYMUS.i. Gen. pi. 1. p. 373. (Rhamni.)
Calix 5-parted, or 5 cleft, its base inside,
covered with a flat peltate disk. Petals 5,
spreading, inserted on the outside margin
of the glandular disk. Capsule 5-angled,
5-ceUed, 5-valved, coloured, septiferous in
PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. 127
the centre; cells 1 or 2-seeded. Seeds ca-
lyptrate (or arillate?)—Nutt.
1. E. subsempervirent; stem sarmentosc, often Amevicanus.
radicant, acutely quadrangular; leaves sub-^s>arment°-
sessile, opaque, ovate-lanceolate acute, obtuse-
ly serrate, serratures for the most part undula-
ted; peduncles about 3-flowered; flowers 5-
petalled; fruit scabrous.—Leaves somewhat
shining, and remarkable for their opacity; fruit
of the usual brilliant colours; theca bursting
from the centre.—Nutt.
Creeping rooted Burning-bush, or Spindle-tree.
Seldom exceeding two feet in height, and always preserving
the sarmentose habit. It is, I think, a distinct species. On
the high shady banks of the Wissahickon. On the hills border-
ing the east side of the Schuylkill a mile or two south of the
falls; and in a copse on the east side of the road leading from
the Lancaster turnpike about two miles from the Schuylkill
bridge, towards the falls, the copse perhaps two miles on the
road after leaving the turnpike. In the latter place it is abun-
dant. July.
120. CELASTRUS. Gen. pi. 372. (Rhamni.)
«
Calix 5-lobed. Corolla 5-petalled. Stamina
situated around a 5-toothed glandulous
disk. Style thick, perforate; Stigmas 3.
Capsule (theca) 3-sided, 3-celled, 3-valv-
ed, valves septiferous in the centre; cells
1 or a-seeded. Seeds semiarillate, arillus
^-cMt.-^Nutt.
1. C. without thorns; leaves oblong, acuminate scanden?.
serrate, racemes terminal.—Willd.
Icon. Duham. arb. 95. Schmidt, arb. 140.—
(Pursh.)
128 PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.
Climbing Celastrus. Wax Work.
A climbing plant frequently reaching the tops of trees, twen-
ty or thirty feet high. Flowers yellowish white, small. Ber-
ries a bright orange-red. Said to possess medicinal virtues. In
hedges and among small trees and shrubs on rocky ground.
Frequent near Mendenhall's tavern on the east bank of the
Schuylkill, not far from the falls along the fences; and in the
stony and hilly copices back of Powelton, abundant. \ . May,
June.
121. COMANDRA. Nuttall, Gen. Am. PI. vol. 1, p. 157.
(Sanlalacce, R. Brown.)
Calix angular, tubular-campanulate, coales-
cing with an internal 5-toothed, glandu-
lous disk. Petals 5, ovate, ingrafted upon
the margin of the calix, persistent. Anthers
attached to the petals by a tuft of filaments!
Germ 3-seeded, immersed in the glandu-
lous disk. Capsule valveless, 1-seeded,
coated by the base of the calix.
Perennial, root ligneous, stem herbaceous; leaves simple,
alternate, stipules none; radical gemmaceous scales numerous,
persistent; flowers in a corymbulose terminal panicle.—Nutt.
nmbeUata. l. C. stem round and erect, sending out 2 or 3
infertile branches brtow the panicle. Leaves
approximating, erect, oblong-ovate, obtuse,
smooth, reflected on the margin, and retica-
lately veined. Panicle short, ramuli axillary,
corymbulose, corymbs about 5-flowcred, with 4
involucrate bractes, uppermost peduncles fewer
flowered. Calix uniting with the glandulous
and nectariferous germinal disk: disk 5-tooth-
ed, obtuse. Petals 5, calycine, often 4 and 6,
with the same number of stamina, ovate, acute,
persistent, growing to the margin of the calix,
white, internally villous (seen through a lens),
before expansion parallel. Stamina seated at
the base of the petals, alternating with the den-
tures of the glandulous disk; filaments subulate,
PENTANDRIA, DIGYNIA. 129
about half the length of the petals; anthers
oval, 2-celled, connected at their summits to the
petals near their base by a fascicle of yellow
filaments—Style terete, simple; stigma round,
entire; germ about 5-seeded, ovula, pendulous,
attached to the apex of a filiform contractile fu-
niculus arising from the base of the capsule. ,
Capsule nearly globular, and angular, 1-seeded,
not opening, thin and brittle, not osseous, coat-
ed by the base of the calix. Seed round, about
the size of a small pea, consisting almost en-
tirely of a large carnose and oily perisperm,
embryon inverted, small, flat, nearly in the axis
of the perisperm; radicle superior, thick and
obtuse ; cotyledons linear and acute.—Nutt.
Comandra umbellata, Nutt.
Thesium umbellatum, L., Willd., Pursh.
T. corymbulosum, Mich.
Bastard Toadflax.
A small plant seldom above 10 inches in height. Very rare
in this neighbourhood; I have only found it at the Woodlands
along the banks of the Schuylkill. Flowers white. Perennial.
June, July.
ORDER II. DIGYNIA.
122. APOCYNUM. Gen. pi. 426. (Apocynex.J
Calix very small, 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla
campanulate, half 5-cleft, lobes revolute,
furnished at the base with 5 dentoid glands
alternating with the stamina. Anthers
connivent, sagittate "cohering to the stig-
ma by the middle." R. Brown. Style
obsolete; stigma thick and acute. Folli-
cles long and linear. Seed comose.—Nutt,
130 PENTANDRIA, DIGYNEV.
andtosaemifo- i. A. leaves ovate, glabrous; cymes terminal and
Iium" lateral; tube of the corolla longer than the ca-
lix.—Brown.
Icon. Dod. mem. t. 50. (Pursh.)
Common Dog's-bane. Tutsan-leaved Bog's-bane.
From two to three feet high. Flowers pale red, and striped.
On the borders of cultivated fields, frequent. Perennial.
July.
cannabinum. 2. A. stem upright, leaves oblong-oval, with hoa-
ry pubescence underneath ; panicle pubescent;
the limb of the corolla erect.—Willd. and Pursh.
A. Cannabinum, Mich. Willd. Pursh, not of Brown
and Elliot.
A. pubescens, Brown, and Elliot following him.
Icon. Pluk. aim. t. 13. f. l.
Indian Hemp.
Resembles No. 1. Easily distinguished, however, by the
leaves and flowers, which are greenish-white, or yellowish-
green, and smaller than those of No. 1. In similar places with
the preceding. Perennial. June, July.
hypericifoii- 3. A. stem somewhat procumbent, leaves cordate-
um" oblong; smooth, cymes shorter than the leaves. B.
A. Sibiricum. Jacq. hort. 3. t. 66. (Pursh.)
St. John's- Wort-leaved Dog's-bane.
This species has very much the aspect of hypericum, as
regards its foliage. On the sandy low shores of the Delaware
above Kensington, on the Pennsylvania side; and nearly op-
posite Gloucester point on the Jersey side. Rare. Perennial*
July.
123. GONOLOBUS. Mich. Fl. Am. 1. p. 119. (Apocynex.)
Corolla rotate, 5-parted. Lepanthium (or
nectary) simple, cylindric, subcarnose, 5-
lobed, depressed, exactly equal with the
antheridium (antheroid cells) discoid, pen-
PENTANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
131
tangular, without alated lateral margins or
terminal membranaceous cusps. Pollinia
(masses of pollen) 5 pair, even, transverse.
Follicles 2. Seed comose.—Nutt.
1. G. stem twining, hirsute; leaves ovate-cordate, obiiquus.
acute; corymbs axillary; segments of the co-
rolla ovate acuminate.
Gonolobus obiiquus, Muhl.
Cynanchum obliquum, L. Sp. pi. l.p. 1256.
A twining plant with dark purple flowers, with linear
spreading petals. On the banks of the Schuylkill from Lemon-
hill to the falls. On the botanic garden-ground of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania. Not common. Perennial. 'June.
124. ASCLEPIAS. Gen. pi. 429. (Apocynex.)
Calix small, 5 parted, persistent. Corolla
rotate, mostly reflected. Lepanthium (nec-
tary, L.) simple, 5-parted, segments ovate,
cucullate, each producing from its base an
internal subulate averted awn. Antheri-
dium 5-parted, crustaceous, sessile, angles
opening by 5 longitudinal chinks. Follicles
2, ventricose, acuminate, smooth or muri-
cate. Seed comose.—Nutt.
1. A. stems simple, leaves lanceolate-oblong, syriaca.
acutetomentose beneath; umbels somewhat nu-
tant, tomentose.— Willd. and Pursh.
A. Syriaca /3. Mich.
A. lllinoensis, /3 Syriacse, Pers.
Milk-weed. Syrian Swallow-wort. Silk-weed.
Wild-cotton.
The commonest species of this genus in this neighbourhood.
From three to four feet high. On the banks of the Schuyl-
kill, Delaware, and all our creeks, very frequent. Perennial.
June.
2. A. stem erect, simple, leaves broad-ovate-oblong, phytoiaccoi-
acute, smooth, paler underneath; umbels com-des-
132
PENTANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
pound, lateral, solitary on large peduncles, nu-
tant.—Gron. virg. and Pursh.
A. phytolaccoides, Lyon.
A.exaltata, |M H
A. acuminata, J
Poke-leaved Milk-weed.
On the high and rocky banks of the Wissahickon. Very
rare. I have not often found it flowering. Perennial.
incamata. 3. A. stem erect, branched and tomentose, leaves
lanceolate, subtomentose woolly, umbels nume-
rous originating by pairs, horns exserted.—
Willd.
Icon. Jacq. hort. 1.107.
Flesh-coloured Milk-weed.
About two or thre.e feet high. In marshy meadows and on
the banks of our waters, common. Perennial. June, July.
puichra. 4. A. leaves lanceolate, pubescent underneath,
sparingly so above; stem divided above; um-
bels erect in pairs. B.
A. incamata, /3 pulchra, Willd.
This is usually set down as a variety of the preceding. I
cannot however think it so. In similar places as Nos. 1 and 2,
and 3. Perennial. July.
amoeEa. 5. A. leaf oblong-oval, with acute point, under
side minutely pubescent, petiole very short;
umbels terminal, erect; flowers purple: seg-
ments of the lepanthium ovate-oblong, entire,
twice the length of the antheridium, central
process flattened and gibbous, terminating in a
subulated awn; margines of the antheridium
triangularly produced.—Nutt.
About two feet high. Flowers fine purple. Very rare. In
an umbrageous hilly wood on the west side of the Schuylkill,
about four miles from Market-street bridge. Perennial. July.
variegata. 6. A. stem erect, simple, leaves ovate, petiolate,
rugose, naked; umbels subsessile, pedicels
tomentose.—Willd.
A. hybrida, Mich.
PENTANDRIA, DIGYNIA. 133
A. variegata, Walt, not of L.
Icon. Pluk. aim. t. 77. f. 1. Bot. Mag. 1182.
Variegated Milk-weed.
This beautiful species is easily recognised by its white and
red flowers. From eighteen inches to two feet high. On the
borders of woods and in open woods. Jersey, frequent. Not
so often met with on the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware.
Perennial. July.
7. A. leaves amplexicaule, oblong round-obtuse, obtusifoiia.
undulate; umbel terminal on a long peduncle,
many-flowered, glabrous, horns exserted.-Jl/ic/i.
A. purpurascens, Walt.
A species easily distinguished from its congeners, by the
very long terminal peduncle, and blunt or rounded amplexi-
caule leaves, waved on the margin. Flowers large, purple. In
sandy fields of Jersey, and in dry sandy woods, tolerably fre-
quent, particularly a few miles south of Camden. Perennial.
June, July.
8. A. stem erect, simple, smooth, leaves ovate-acute quadrifoiia.
petiolated; in the middle of the stem the large
ones in fours; umbels two, terminal, loose-flower-
ed, pedicels filiform.—Jacq.
Under a foot high. Flowers white. On rocky ground bor-
dering the Schuylkill above the falls, rare. Perennial. May.
9. A. stem erect, very simple, a little pubescent in »erticiiiata.
lines; leaves very narrow-linear, upright, smooth,
generally verticillate, horns exserted.—Mich.
Icon. Pluk. mant. t. 336. f. 4. (Pursh.)
This very pretty species is readily distinguishable from all
the others by its linear leaves. From fourteen inches to two
feet high; flowers Naples-yellow and white. Very rare; I have
only found it sparingly in a hedge, close to the spot already
particularised as the habitat of Iris prismatica. Perennial.
June, July.
10. A. stem somewhat upright, divaricate-branch- tuberosa.
ing, very hirsute, leaves scattered (crowded and '
alternate) oblong-lanceolate, hirsute, umbels
13
134 PENTANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
corymbose-terminal.—Willd. and Pursh.
A. decumbens, Walt.
Icon. Bart. Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. vol. 1.1. 22.
Pleurisy-root. Butterfly-weedt §c. $c.
The most beautiful of all the American species. Flowers of
a rich orange-red, and exceedingly brilliant. The root, as the
above name implies, possesses medicinal virtues. As a medi-
cine it has been much extolled. (See Veg. Mat. Med. U.S.)
Perennial. June, July.
125. GENTIANA. Gen. pi. 450. (Gentianx.)
Calix half 5-cleft, or half 5-parted. Corolla
tubulous at the base, campanulate, border
4 or 5-cleft; divisions ciliate or entire,
spreading, erect or connivent, sometimes
furnished with intermediate plaits. Stami-
na 4 or 5, distinct or connate. Capsule %-
valved, 1-celled; receptacles 2, longitudi-
nal.—Nutt.
•rmita. 1. G. corolla 4-cleft, segments fimbriate; leaves
lanceolate, acute ; stem erect, terete.—Sp. PL
G. fimbiiata, Bot. Mag.
A beautiful plant about twelve inches high. Flowers bluish-
purple, and elegantly fringed. In the woods bordering the
road above the falls of Schuylkill, and about a quarter or half
a mile from the river. Not common. 1 have met with it only
there. Biennial. September, October.
saponaria. 2. G. stem terete, smooth, leaves oblong-lanceo-
late, three-nerved, flowers sessile, fasciculated,
terminal and axillary, corolla 5-fid, campanulate
ventricose; divisions obtuse.—Willd.
G. fimbriata, Vahl. 3. p. 47.
G. Catesbsei, Walt.
Icon. Catesb. car. 1. t. 70. Bot. Mag. 1039.
Bot. Rep. 418.
Soapwort- Gentian.
A very beautiful plant, easily known by its fine Prussian
blue flowers. The corolla is always closed. From twelve to
PENTANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
135
fifteen inches high. In boggy meadow grounds of Jersey, espe-
cially close to Woodbury, frequent. Perennial. August, Sep-
tember.
i
3. G. stem subangulate, somewhat scabrous, leaves ochroicuca.
ovate-lanceolate, roughish, flowers sessile, fas-
ciculated terminal, corolla 5-fid, campanulate
ventricose; segments acute, interior folds sim-
ple acute.—Willd and Pursh.
G. saponaria, Walt. *
G. viiiosa, Willd.
Icon. Pluk. aim. t. 186. f. 1.
Flowers outside yellowish-green, inside blue and purple
striped. A very rare plant in this neighbourhood. I have only
found it in hilly woods near the Chester-road, about ten miles
from the city. Perennial. August.
126. HEUCHERA. Gen. pi. 447. (Saxifragx.)
Calix 5-cleft. Petals 5, small. Capsule bi-
rostrate, bilocular, many seeded.
1. H. viscid and pubescent; scapes naked, thyrsus Americana.
elongated; radical leaves on long petioles, with
rounded lobes.—Pers.
II. Cortusa, Mich.
H. viscida, Pursh.
Cortusa Americana, Herm.
Mum-root.
From fourteen inches to two and a half or three feet high,
including the scape and panicle. Flowers small, with long ex-
serted stamens and red anthers. The root is a powerful astrin-
gent. In woods and thickets, frequent. Perennial. May.
127. ERYNGIUM. Gen.pl. 456. (Umbellifcrx.)
Flowers capitate. Involucrum many-leaved.
Proper calix 5-parted, superior, persistent.
Corolla 5-petals. Receptacle foliaceous.
136 PENTANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
segments acute or cuspidate. Fruit bipar-
tite.—.A^itt.
virginianum. 1. E. tall; leaves very long, lanceolate-linear, ser-
rate ; those of the branches with many linear-
divisions; involucre longer than theovoid heads;
chaff 3-5 fid, capituli paniculate.—Lamarck and
Delaroche.
E. aquaticum /3.—Willd. and Mich.
Icon. Delaroche eryng. t. 19. (Pursh.) Pluk.
aim. t. 396. f. 3.
Two or three feethigh; flower-heads sky-blue. Often pro-
liferous. Along the shores of the Delaware and Schuylkill, in
situations where the tide reaches it. Common. Perennial.
July, August.
128. PANAX. Gen. pi. 1604. (Aralix.)
Flowers polygamous; umbel simple.—Calix
5-toothed. Corolla of 5 petals. Berry in-
ferior, subcordate, 2, sometimes 3-seeded.
Calix in the male flower entire.—Nutt.
quinquefo- 1. P. root fusiform, leaves tern ate and quinate,
i.um. leaflets oval, acuminate petiolate serrate.—Willd.
Icon. Bot. Mag. 1333. Fl. Peruv.
Ginseng.
The root of this plant is the celebrated Ginseng of com-
merce. Plant about twelve inches high. Exceedingly rare. In
the shady and hilly woods above the falls of Schuylkill, west
side; and there scarce. Perennial. May.
trifoiium. 2. P. root subrotund-bulbous; leaves thrice ter-
nate and quinate; leaflets oblong-lanceolate,
subsessile, serrate.—Willd.
Icon. Bot. Mag. 1334.
A small delicate plant about six inches high, with small
flowers. On the banks of the Wissahickon, near rivulets, fre-
quent. Not often met with elsewhere. Flowers as in No. 1,
white. Perennial. April, May.
PENTANDRIA, DIGYNIA. 137
129.11YDR0C0TYLE. Gen.pl. 457. (Umbelliferx.)
Umbel simple.—Calix none. Petals entire,
spreading. Styles short; stigmas capitate.
Fruit suborbicular or reniform, laterally
compressed. Seed tricostate, and flat, dor-
sal rib sometimes obsolete; commissure
flat, linear, and immarginate. Involucrum
various.—Nutt.
1. H. leaves reniform, slightly 7-lobed, crenate; Americana:
umbels few-flowered, sessile.—Lamark.
American Penny-wort.
A small subaquatic plant with very thin and delicate leaves,
which dry transparent when prepared for the herbarium. In
swamps, boggy ground, and on the borders of our rivers,
creeks and rivulets: common. Flowers very small, greenish-
white. Perennial. June, July.
2. H. leaves peltate, crenate emarginate at the umbeiiata.
base; umbels pedunculated, many-flowered,
flowers pedicellated.
Umbelled Penny-wort.
About the same size as No. 1, and easily distinguished from
it by its umbellated flowers. In similar places, frequent. Pe-
rennial. May, July.
130. SANICULA. Gen. pi. 458. f Umbelliferx.)
Umbel nearly simple, capitate.—Calix 5-
parted. Petals and stamina inflected.
Fruit muricated, with uncinate setae. Flow-
ers of the disk numerous, abortive.—Nutt.
1. S. leaves digitate, leaflets oblong, incised; fer- Maniandica.
tile flowers sessile, generally by three's; sterile,
on footstalks, numerous.—Pursh.
In woods, common. Perennial. June.
13*
138
PENTANDRIA, DIGYNIA.
canadensis. 2. S. radical leaves compound, leaflets ovate.—
Willd.
A larger plant than No. 1, being often two and an half feet
high. The fruit, which is a kind of burr, is much larger than
that of No. 1. On the Wissahickon in woods, abundant. I
have not met with it elsewhere. Perennial. June.
131. DAUCUS. Gen. pi. 466. CUmbelliferx.J
Fruit oblong, partly solid, ribs ciliated with
hispid hairs or barbed bristles. Involucrum
pinnatifid.—Nutt.
car^. l. D. seeds hispid, petioles nerved beneath; seg-
ments of the leaf narrow, linear, acute.—La-
mark.
Wild Carrot.
Well known to every body, as an inhabitant of grassy ways,
neglected lanes, road sides, and the borders of cultivated fields.
Flowers white, in large spreading umbels. This plant has a
place, for its medicinal virtues, in Woodville's Medical Botany,
and other works in the Materia Medica. Originally introduced
from Europe, but now every where naturalized in the United
, States. Perennial. All summer.
132. AMMI. Gen.pl. 467. CTJmbelufer