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K26 !>*•* ICINE NATION 3UVN 3NI3IQ CINE NATION, )UVN 3NI3IQ3 INE NATION/ UVN 3NI3IQ3 ATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE iioiasw jo Aavaan ivnouvn 3noiq3w jo Aavaan tvnoiivn 3noiq3w jo Aavaan ivnouvn 3noi TIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NATIONAI LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NATIONAL PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL UNIT IN THE GREAT WAR d«SC //0SA//1/ Ao. /O^riporTj FfQtnC HISTORY OF THE PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL UNIT (BASE HOSPITAL No. 10, U. S. A.) IN THE GREAT WAR I am a soldier and now bound to France. King John : I. (. Then did Sir Knight abandon dwelling And out he rode a coloneling. Butler's "Hudibras." NEW YORK PAUL B. HOEBER 1921 Copyright, 1921 By PAUL B. HOEBER Published, Marcb 1Q21 UH 4-70 A 2 3 10 192/ Printed in tbe United States oj America CONTENTS Page Organization of the Unit............... n The Unit in Active Service.............31 History of the Nursing Corps of Base Hospital No. 10, U. S. A....................76 Amusements.....................103 The Padre and the Unit...............126 At British Casualty Clearing Stations........136 Two Months at Casualty Station No. 61......147 Plan of Casualty Clearing Station No. 61, B. E. F. . 152 A Week at Casualty Clearing Station No. 32.....158 Casualty Clearing Station No. 23........165 Mobile Hospital No. 8...............172 Detached Tour of Service of Major William J. Taylor . 187 Service of Members after Detachment from Base Hospi- tal No. 16...................190 The Home Unit...................196 Contributors....................199 Registrar's Statistics................202 Roster of Pennsylvania Base Hospital, No. io. . . . 204 The Hospital Company..............207 Supplementary Personnel .............210 Services of Officers of Base Hospital No. 10 . . . . 213 Nursing Personnel of Base Hospital No. io .... 225 Nurses of Base Hospital No. io, U. S. A. Transferred During the Big Evacuation, April 4, 1918 to April 20, 1918....................228 Nurses Who Left the Unit by Transfer, Death, or Res- ignation ....................230 Nurses Transferred after the Armistice......230 5 6 CONTENTS Officers and Enlisted Men who Returned with the the Unit....................231 Nurses who Returned with the Unit........235 Members of Original Unit who did not Return with the Unit...................237 Supplementary Personnel who Joined the Unit Sept., 1917, who did not Return with the Unit . . . 238 Nurses Detached from the Unit to Remain with the A. E. F....................238 Civilian Employes who Remained with the A. E. F. 238 Laboratory of Base Hospital No. io at British General Hospital No. 16, Le Treport..........239 Correspondence...................247 An Index of the Unit, or Who's Who in the Officers' Mess.....................249 t ERRATA Page 49—Instead of, "Canadian General Hospital No. 47," read, "Canadian General Hospital No. 2." " 65—Instead of, "Colonel Charles S. Jack," read, "Lieutenant-Colonel Charles S. Jack." " 85—Instead of, "Colonel Mitchell," read, "Lieutenant-Colonel Mitchell." 92—Instead of, "the Spring of 1919," read, "the Spring of 1918." 93—Instead of, "During the Spring of 1919," read, "During the Spring of 1918." " 93—Instead of, "In the Spring of 1919," read, "In the Spring of 1918." " 93—Instead of, "In July, 1919," read, "In July, 1918." " 94—Instead of, "In July, 1919," read, "In July, 1918." 94—Instead of, "In September 1919," read, "In September 1918." ' 99—Instead of, "In the big push of 1919," read, "In the big push of 1918." " 167—Instead of, "Pvt. John J. Waak," read, "Pvt. John J. Wack." / > LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia (Steel Engraving) Frontispiece Maj. Richard H. Harte and Maj. Matthew A. De Laney, Philadelphia, May, 1917...........facing p. 32 The Pennsylvania Hospital Unit, Base Hospital No. 10, U. S. A., leaving Philadelphia, May 18, 1917.......................................facing p. 34 Officers of Pennsylvania Hospital Unit, Base Hospital No. 10, U. S. A., in charge of British General Hospital No. 16, B. E. F., Le Treport, France___facing p. 38 Major Richard H. Harte in his office, No. 16 General Hospital, B. E. F., Le Treport, France.......... facing p. 42 Panoramic view of the hospital area at Le Treport... facing p. 46 Private Lewis D. Kendall in the operating room......facing p. 48 An English woman's impressions of the Americans playing football. Pen and ink sketch by Miss Stewart-Smith, one of the chaufferines......... page 53 Miss Stewart-Smith depicts further exciting incidents in the American game....................... page 54 British officers of General Hospital No. 16, B. E. F., in June, 1917, at the time when the Pennsylvania Hospital Unit arrived.......................facing p. 54 The conclusions of the Americans' game as viewed by Miss Stewart-Smith......................... page 55 Distributing a convoy of surgical cases to the wards facing p. 56 Major Newlin distributing a convoy of Medical Cases at British General Hospital No. 16, B. E. F___facing p. 56 The incinerators................................facing p. 58 The Disinfecting Plant—Private Albert O. Johnson, Jr., Sergt. 1st Class, Charles W. Kendall, Jr., Corp. Harry B. Thompson...................facing p. 58 7 8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS A corner of the kitchen..........................facing p. 62 Group of matrons of the hospitals in the Le Treport area........................'...............facing p. 64 Captains Vaux and Mitchell and Major Taylor, Miss McClelland, Miss Burky, Miss Wagner, and Miss Murphy, in the operating room..........facing p. 66 Group of officers of Pennsylvania Unit, Base Hospital No. 10, en route for home....................facing p. 72 Lieutenant-Colonel Charles F. Mitchell, Commanding Officer, British General Hospital No. 16, B. E. F., Le Treport, France..........................facing p. 74 Miss Margaret A. Dunlop, Matron, No. 16 (Phila- delphia, U. S. A.) General Hospital, B. E. F., Le Treport, France, in her office..............facing p. 76 Nurses of the Pennsylvania Hospital Unit, Base Hospital No. 10, U. S. A., at British General Hospital No. 16, B. E. F., Le Treport, France___facing p. 80 Marching to the funeral of Private Kenneth B. Hay facing p. 86 The funeral of Private Kenneth B. Hay...........facing p. 86 Marching to the funeral of Miss Helen Fairchild___facing p. 88 Funeral of Miss Helen Fairchild..................facing p. 88 Mount Huon Cemetery, B. E. F., Le Treport, France, facing p. 92 The grave of Miss Helen E. Fairchild in Mount Huon Cemetery, B. E. F., Le Treport, France........ facing p. 92 The Nurses' Concert Troupe Pennsylvania Hospital Unit, Base Hospital No. 10, at Le Treport.......facing p. 108 The band in repose..............................facing p. 110 The band in action..............................facing p. no The actors in "What Happened to Jones".........facing p. 112 Padre Jeflferys..................................facing p. 126 Padre Hoare...................................facing p. 128 Funeral Service of Miss Helen Fairchild.............facing p. 132 The football team of Base Hospital No. 10, U. S. A.. .facing p. 134 A surgical ward in No. 16, General Hospital, Le Treport....................................facing p. 150 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 9 German prisoners' quarters at Le Treport..........facing p. 160 German prisoners of war at Le Treport............facing p. 160 Armistice Day..................................facing p. 168 En route for Home ............................facing p. 168 Mobile Unit No. 8............................facing p. 172 Entrance to British General Hospital No. 16, Le Treport, France.............................facing p. 182 Convalescent patients leaving the admission and discharge hut at British General Hospital No. 16, Le Treport..........................facing p. 182 Ambulance presented to the Pennsylvania Hospital Unit through the kindness of Mr. W. H. Kingsley of Philadelphia.............................facing p. 200 Mobile Unit No. 8, U. S. A.....................facing p. 200 ORGANIZATION OF THE UNIT BY COLONEL RICHARD H. HARTE, M.C., U.S.A., C.M.G. EFORE attempting to give an account of the activities of the personnel of the Hospital Unit, it would seem appropriate that some mention should be made of the general scheme, the origin, and the aim of these Hospital Units as outlined by the American Red Cross. And in order to make the matter more intelligible to the casual reader, a little review of the Red Cross history and its activities will be necessary. As is generally known, the American Red Cross was the outgrowth of the Geneva Convention held in 1863, composed of delegates from the different countries, which recommended that there should exist in every country a committee whose mission is to co-operate in times of war with the hospital services of the country by all means in its power. The Geneva Convention of 1864-6 gave definite status to certain official, recognized volunteer aid societies. These societies, because of the 11 12 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io character of the insignia or badge adopted to dis- tinguish their personnel and material (a Greek red cross on a white ground), are universally known as Red Cross Societies. Since the time of the Geneva Convention to the beginning of the World War, such societies have grown in strength and have become a powerful and valuable asset, in some countries, to the medical organization of their respective armies. In the United States, after the Civil War and the bitter experience of the Spanish War, the nation at large recognized the difficulty of dealing with the sick and wounded in any great conflict or disaster, and the need and requirement of a thoroughly equipped Red Cross organization with its trained personnel. An attempt was made many years ago to have such an organization established on a permanent basis and to co-operate with the Government, so that it might easily and quickly be brought into requisition to meet any sudden emergency which should confront the nation as the result of disaster following fire, famine, flood or earthquake, or to respond promptly to the Govern- ment needs in war. The scheme as outlined was broad and comprehensive, and met with the approval of the public. Funds were collected and some appropriation made by the Government, but just how well the aims and ideals were carried out, or how judiciously the ap- propriated funds were expended, has been a subject of controversy which does not interest us at the present PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 13 time. Various attempts were made, with the assistance of Congress, to strengthen the organization, to re- incorporate it, and to have a modification of its name so that it should be known as the American National Red Cross, with headquarters at Washington. Notwithstand- ing efforts to strengthen it by having the names of high public officials on its boards, it failed to gain the general confidence of the public up to the time of the advent of the European War, although it had done excellent work in aiding and assisting the country in dealing with various calamities which occurred from time to time. It was to the efforts and interest of ex-President Taft and a group of prominent persons in Washington, stimulated by the feeling that the country was gradu- ally drifting from month to month nearer to the whirl- pool of war which was engulfing the world at large, that the agitation for an American National Red Cross was renewed. It was not long after the invasion of Belgium, that a strong feeling arose that something must be done, and done quickly, to relieve the suffering incident to the great masses that were being drawn into the conflict in different parts of Europe. Organizations were formed for the purpose of procuring funds and supplies, with the object of alleviating and assisting both the civil and the military situation. Many partisan societies were organized whose object was to render assistance either to the allies or to the central powers. These 14 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io independent organizations proved impractical, as they tended to cause friction among the different interested governments. They also failed to enlist the support and sympathy of the U. S. Government, which felt, and rightfully so, that all assistance to the belligerents should pass through the definite and recognized chan- nels of the Red Cross. This attitude of the Government at once gave enormous impetus to Red Cross activities: membership increased rapidly, and with it large sums of money were soon available, donated by the charitable and patriotically disposed throughout the country. Groups of men who were leaders in their respective localities rallied to its ranks. With such unquestioned leadership and support, the Red Cross immediately became an organization of great power and influence and could not but prove a most valuable adjunct to the Government. The Red Cross Society was soon recognized as the only regular and permanent channel through which the public could work with any degree of assur- ance of despatch and protection for their personnel or materials. It would be beyond the scope of this paper to detail the activities of the Red Cross, which grew with leaps and bounds; and we confine ourselves to that small portion of the stage which was intimately connected with the organization of the Red Cross Base Hospitals. These were the outcome of the efforts of a number of far-sighted persons who realized the gravity of the PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 15 situation confronting the country, and at the same time were thoroughly convinced of the inability of the Gov- ernment to handle it. The Department of Military Relief was organized, with Colonel Jefferson R. Kean as Director General, with headquarters at Washington. Through his energy and activity resulted the scheme for the formation of a number of so-called Red Cross Base Hospitals, with a capacity of 500 beds each, the personnel to be selected from the staffs of the civil hospitals of the large cities throughout the country. The plan, as roughly outlined, was for each hospital organization to raise funds for equipping a hospital of 500 beds; the material, etc., to be suitably cared for by the Government, and certain perishable supplies to be stored in the hospitals and used and replenished from time to time so that a perma- nent and fresh supply should always be on hand to meet an emergency. So-called Base Hospitals were also to have an organized personnel of physicians, nurses and orderlies, trained and ready to respond to the call for relief of any catastrophe which might occur. If the country should suddenly be involved in war, here would be organized, trained and equipped units which would be immediately at the service of the nation. Similar hospital units of about one half this size, were planned for the Navy. In order to give the immediate friends of Base Hospi- tal No. 10 an intelligent idea of its organization, it will 16 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io be necessary to digress and to consider many things of purely local interest. There were many factors which influenced its inception and gave those who were interested in it an insight as to its possibilities. Among these was a request from the British Government— probably suggested by Sir William Osier, Hon. Robert Bacon and Sir Berkley Moynihan—to form and or- ganize the personnel for a hospital of 1040 beds, the Imperial Government to supply all the material. This was considered seriously by a group of men associated with the Pennsylvania Hospital, and steps were in progress to select the medical personnel, when a cable- gram was received by the writer not to make any further efforts in this direction.1 About the same time a similar unit was organized in Boston under the support of Harvard University and the direct command of Dr. Cabot, which subsequently did excellent work at Etaples, near Boulogne. This Boston unit sailed about December, 1915, although, as stated above, the Pennsylvania unit was instructed by cable in July, 1915, not to proceed with its organiza- tion. Shortly after this the writer sailed for France, via London, arriving in Paris early in January, 1916. There he immediately went on duty in the American Ambu- 1 In this connection it is of interest to recall that when the project of this unit was under consideration, the British authorities showed their punctiliousness re- garding international covenants by the statement that in Article XI of the Geneva Convention of 1906, the consent of the enemy would have to be secured before such an organization could be utilized, even for this strictly humanitarian work. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 17 lance, which was being reorganized by Dr. James P. Hutchinson who did such magnificent work during the later years of the war. In the American Ambulance were many severely wounded, and one was thoroughly impressed with the inadequate facilities which we pos- sessed at home for the care and treatment of the sick and wounded, should we be drawn into the conflict. During the writer's six months' absence in France, an effort had been made in Philadelphia to re-organize and extend the Red Cross, and on his return he found himself elected chairman of the executive committee at a meeting at which Mr. Taft presided. This committee as formed was composed of a large number of persons with German sympathies, so that there existed a lack of harmony and co-operation, which was in marked con- trast with similar Red Cross organizations in other cities. There were also in Philadelphia two other large and influential local movements on foot—the Pennsylvania Committee for National Preparedness, of which Mrs. George W. Childs Drexel was chairman; and the Emer- gency Aid Committee, which was doing much relief work especially for France and Belgium. All three of these organizations were attempting to do Red Cross work, with many of the most active workers belonging to two or all of the respective organizations. In July Colonel Kean visited Philadelphia and laid before the Red Cross the scheme for the so-called Red 2 18 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io Cross Base Hospitals, the personnel of which was to be drawn from some of our city hospitals. The plan as outlined was submitted to the Managers of the Penn- sylvania Hospital who immediately responded, and offered every facility to further the development of the scheme by generously offering the new organization their support and cooperation, which afterwards proved such a valuable asset when the question arose as to the raising of funds for necessary equipment. This prompt action on the part of the management of the Pennsyl- vania Hospital had an undoubted influence upon the Committee of National Preparedness, of which Mrs. Drexel was president; and it was through her foresight- edness and patriotism that her Committee generously placed in the hands of the Director $25,000. to be expended on necessary equipment for the proposed Base Hospital. This placed the organization, which was to be known as Pennsylvania Base Hospital No. 10, in a position to realize the importance of its obligation in procuring both the personnel and material, and at the same time prompted those in the Surgeon General's Office in Washington to give their support and encouragement towards establishing other Base Hospital units in Philadelphia, along the lines previously suggested by the U. S. Government acting through the Red Cross. No one who has not been actively engaged in Red Cross hospital organization can realize the impetus and PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 19 stimulation that this first contribution from the Com- mittee on National Preparedness, gave to Base Hos- pital No. 10. Immediately the entire Committee on National Pre- paredness began to take a personal interest in its future success, and interested others to make further liberal con- tributions towards equipment, as it was found that the amount of $25,000 as originally specified by the Govern- ment was inadequate and that almost double that amount was required. With such working capital the director was able to make many advantageous pur- chases of permanent supplies that could not be dupli- cated after the opening of hostilities except at a great advance in price. In this connection, a word should be said in appreciation of the valuable aid and assistance rendered by Colonel, now General, Radford, U. S. M. C, stationed at Broad Street and Washington Avenue. Through his unusual experience and judg- ment, most generously given at all times, we were able to avail ourselves of advantages in the purchasing of materials, not only for Base Hospital No. 10, but also for Base Hospital No. 34, which was connected with the Episcopal Hospital in Philadelphia. While this process of organization was slowly pro- gressing, at the end of 1916, a small expeditionary force was sent into Mexico under General Pershing. In addition to this there was also a large military force patrolling the Rio Grande, collected from the 20 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io National Guards of our several states. In this large and not over-disciplined body of troops, whose idea of sanitation was far from the best, several epidemics, especially measles, broke out, followed by pneumonia with high mortality, which was incident to the great altitude and general surroundings. The public press began to criticize the hospitals and sanitary conditions existing on the border. The National Red Cross in Washington soon became keenly alive to the situation, and were anxious to obtain information first-hand as to actual facts. In order to give the public a practical idea of what a Base Hospital was, a trial mobilization was suggested to the Red Cross, stimulated by the epidemic of poliomyelitis which caused so much distress in the East. At the meeting of the National Committee on Red Cross Medical Service, held June 15, 1916, it was decided to make a demonstration mobilization of one of the units, and Base Hospital No. 4 (Western Reserve) was selected to supply the personnel, while one of the New York units was to supply the equipment. The mobilization was held in Fairmount Park, October 28, 1916, army tenting belonging to the U. S. Medical Department having been supplied for the purpose, and erected by a detachment of regulars. This tem- porary encampment, whose object was to demonstrate that the organization existing on paper was a practical and serviceable one, was visited by many, including PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 21 General Wood, and on the whole aroused much en- thusiasm. On the same day, in the afternoon, a meeting was held at the Hotel Bellevue at which many problems relative to the units, noticeably the best type of port- able building, were discussed by army officers, Red Cross representatives and other interested persons. At this meeting a committee was selected consisting of Major Patterson of the Army, Commander Richard- son of the Navy, and Dr. Sidney R. Burnap of New York and the writer, and requested to visit and inspect all hospitals along the border and to report to Washing- ton as soon as possible. As the task imposed was considerable, it was decided to divide the committee in order to economize in time and expense,—two members visiting one portion of the border, and two the other. The writer with Com- mander, now Captain, Richards visited and inspected the military hospitals situated at EI Paso, Deming (Eagle Pass), San Antonio, etc. This inspection was most fruitful and instructive to the committee, and much was seen to be avoided should the U. S. be drawn into hostilities, which then seemed inevitable as the country was rapidly drifting in that direction. Probably the most glaring defects observed in hospital manage- ment were the small number of female trained nurses, and the rather primitive methods of sanitation with the inevitable results. Thanks to typhoid prophylaxis and care in the water supply, there was no repetition 22 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io of the disastrous Spanish War experience. Much was seen to be commended also; and the experience obtained was most valuable and was appreciated by the Red Cross authorities in Washington. After this inspection on the Mexican border, frequent meetings of the medical personnel of Base Hospital No. io were held relative to equipment and organization. Miss Dunlop, the Directress of Nurses at the Penn- sylvania Hospital, was unanimously selected to be in charge of the nursing department. By this selection the Unit was most fortunate, as Miss Dunlop relied not only upon her own civil experience, but had the addi- tional military and war experience gained while she was in charge of the American Ambulance at Neuilly, where she went to re-organize the nursing situation in that institution, and where she had a wonderful opportunity to become familiar with the war problems, and incident- ally to become acquainted with many of the finer touches of the French character which could only be acquired in a large hospital filled with wounded soldiers. As soon as Miss Dunlop assumed the responsibility of organizing the nursing department, a large group of nurses who had trained and served in the Pennsylvania Hospital, mostly under her instruction, immediately volunteered for service in the Unit, became enrolled, and held themselves in readiness for duty. This group included young women of matured judgment and ex- perience, many of whom were holding positions of great PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 23 responsibility in other hospitals outside of Philadelphia. It can readily be seen how fortunate we were in securing such an earnest, skilful and conscientious group of women, keenly alive to their work and to the interest and welfare of the patients who might be entrusted to their care. Their ability, enthusiasm and devotion won the confidence and respect of the matron in chief and the higher military officials of the British Expeditionary Force in the part of France where the unit was quartered. In connection with the graduate nurses, there were enlisted and interested an enthusiastic group of young women who had received instruction in the wards of the Hospital preparatory to acting in the capacity of nursing aids, corresponding to the V. A. D. of the Eng- lish, an organization which did such magnificent work in all the English hospitals where they were attached. Later the Government decided not to permit this parti- cular group of young women to accompany the Unit abroad. This caused much disappointment. Had our young women been permitted to accompany our Base Hospital units, their records for efficiency would un- doubtedly have equalled those of their English cousins. Being deprived of the privilege of going to France, many of them started immediately, under the direc- tion of Mrs. J. Curtis Patterson, to prepare surgical supplies and dressings after the patterns furnished by the Pennsylvania Hospital, so that the Hospital in France was kept well supplied with splendidly made 24 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io dressings, such as we had been in the habit of working with at the Pennsylvania Hospital. Too much credit cannot be given to the efforts of these young women at home, who despatched with marked regularity the surgical dressings which were so eagerly sought for at No. 16 General Hospital (Base Hospital No. io). In addition to the nursing personnel we enlisted the services of Miss Bettman, a skilled dietitian, who came under the same category as the nurses, and who rendered valuable service in France, especially in the preparation of a large portion of the special diet for the group of cases of dysentery that were constantly coming to the isolation department of our hospital, which cared for all the contagion of that area. We were also fortunate in having the services of Mrs. Edward B. Krumbhaar as a laboratory technician, who was granted permission, by the Secretary of State, to accom- pany her husband Capt. Krumbhaar, the pathologist. A large number of students from the University of Pennsylvania and Haverford College presented them- selves for enrollment. Thus a high order of intelligence was represented in the enlisted personnel, so that when we went on active duty in France, we found men with college educations often doing the most disagreeable work about the hospital with a thoroughness and care which made for the proper sanitation of the area and the general health of the patients and men entrusted to' our care. As the result, we had the pleasure of seeing PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 25 many of our N. C. O's. gradually securing commis- sions in different branches of the service for which they were particularly fitted, and in which they did such signal service to their country in different parts of France. Among these men was much latent dramatic talent, which with a little training soon developed groups that played an important part in entertaining and amusing the patients and others in the area. It was also a notable fact that the non-commissioned officers who were recruited from our personnel assumed responsibility, accepted suggestions, and became in- terested in the various problems which confronted them, in a way vastly superior to the non-commissioned officers who were assigned to the unit and who had seen service with the army before the opening of hostilities. The medical personnel of the Unit represented a much smaller number, in all twenty-three. They were selected almost entirely from the staff of the Penn- sylvania Hospital, were keenly alive to its interests and traditions, and ever ready to devote all their energies to the work in hand. In this connection it is interesting to know that the Pennsylvania Hospital was the first hospital in Penn- sylvania selected for the formation of a Base Hospital unit; and justly so, particularly when we review the work that had been done in the wards of that time- honored institution—the oldest hospital in America— during the past one hundred and seventy years. It has 26 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io cared for the sick and wounded of all the wars in which the country has been involved, including the Colonial wars with the French and Indians, the War of the Revolution, the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the War of the Rebellion, the Spanish War, and lastly the Great World War. From the hospital's earliest inception in 1751, when Benjamin Franklin was the first secretary of the Board of Managers, he wisely infused into the management an atmosphere of broad liberality, generosity and pro- gressiveness, which has permanently influenced every person who has been associated with the hospital to the present time. This atmosphere has been respon- sible in a great measure for the signal work that has been done in its wards for the relief of suffering human- ity and for the advance of medical science. At the call to the flag in 1917, the same enterprising and liberal spirit that responded one hundred and seventy years before presented itself again. Tradition has always been a marvelous incentive, no matter whether the tradition belongs to an individual or to a nation, and is and always has been a factor for much good in strengthening the moral and mental fiber of individuals as nothing else will do. It was the traditions and atmosphere of the Pennsyl- vania Hospital which so wonderfully assisted and stimu- lated the work of the Unit after they took over the wards of No. 16 General Hospital, one of the best equipped PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 27 hospitals which the English had in France, and which they generously turned over to our management with- out any restrictions, furnishing us with all material required for its operation. In addition to this, there was an intimate knowledge of each other, of their capabilities and limitations, among the personnel, which made a combination in which it was possible to work together to achieve the best results. Many had been abroad and had served in the work of the American Ambu- lance, and while there had obtained much valuable information, not only in the Ambulance but in all the large hospitals of Paris, which were teeming with every conceivable form of military surgery of the most complicated and trying nature. I would be very remiss if I failed to emphasize the importance of the Chaplain in the hospital organization. The Unit was most fortunate in obtaining the service of Dr. Edward M. Jefferys, rector of St. Peter's Church in Philadelphia, who, upon joining us, immediately threw himself body and soul into the work with which he was confronted, and was untiring in his efforts to assist and help the members of the Unit at all times and under all conditions, as well as the sick and wounded, to whom he brought much cheer and comfort. He was always ready to minister to the slightest need or desire, and will ever be remembered by the patients in the wards and the men in the barracks, as their truest friend and counsellor. In the officers' mess he was beloved and 28 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io respected by all. He was an enormous factor in relieving the enlisted men of the monotony incident to their con- tinued duties by his Friday night parties held in one of the dining huts. On these occasions, he was assisted by several of the nurses, who served light refreshments, while the men were entertained by speeches, recitations, music, etc. The Unit was fortunate in having assigned to it as executive officer Major M. A. DeLaney, of the regular Army, an officer of large experience and tact, having served in the Philippines, Hawaii, and later in charge of a large hospital on the Mexican border. Personally acquainted with many members of the Unit, and with a large military experience, he was of invaluable assist- ance in organizing and placing the Unit on a thorough working basis. When we were finally assigned to the British Expeditionary Force and later transferred to our command, 16 General Hospital, at Le Treport, France, Major DeLaney as executive head administered the duties and carried on the work of the hospital in a way most satisfactory in every detail to the English Government, until he was ordered to London as Iiason officer. His selection was most fortunate, as the office required a person of large experience, judgment and tact to meet and deal with many of the complicated problems which arose daily. In appreciation of his valu- able service, the British Government conferred on him the order of Companion of St. Michael and St. George. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 29 The other two officers of the regular army attached to the Unit were Captain McDiarmid, Medical Corps, and Captain Kidwell, Quartermaster Corps. Captain McDiarmid assumed the duties of Adjutant. Shortly after we were assigned to 16 General Hospital at Treport he was ordered to headquarters at Tours, in the Department of Medical Supplies. Captain Kidwell as our quartermaster took charge of all the Unit's effects and delivered everything in shape at Le Treport, where he immediately co-operated with Captain Kinsella, the British Quartermaster in charge of 16 General Hospital. Unfortunately we soon lost the service of Captain Kidwell, as he was ordered to duty with the A. E. F. at headquarters. I would feel remiss if I failed to take this opportunity to express my thanks and unbounded gratitude to all the members of the Unit—the officers, nurses, and enlisted personnel—for their magnificent loyalty and devotion to duty under most trying conditions; at all times, both day and night, through rain and snow, they vied with one another in trying to make the work of the Unit conspicuous for efficiency. So much so, that we have the satisfaction of knowing that our work was deeply appreciated by our allies, the British, with whom we worked, and under whose direct orders we served and without whose cooperation our prob- lems would have been most difficult. It is particularly gratifying to be able to state that 30 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io at no time was there any friction between our Unit and their British allies. There was only the splendid spirit of generosity, patient determination, suffering without complaint, and the willingness to concede anything for what is right that is so characteristic of the English-speaking race. I believe every effort should be made to keep united all who speak the mother tongue. If that be possible (and it should be) then we will hold together a vast group whose ideals and in- terests are similar, whose words and thoughts are the same, and who look at the world through the same glasses. If this unity of ideals can be fostered and no jealousies permitted to creep in causing dissension, there will be an English-speaking race strong through- out the world, standing for what is true and right, which will prove an unconquerable factor in maintaining the peace of the world. THE UNIT IN ACTIVE SERVICE THE few weeks which were passed in Phila- delphia before the Unit left were filled with curious sensations and experiences for its mem- bers. Through the newspapers the public had been made aware of the fact that the Unit had been ordered into active service and of its imminent departure over seas. It was a trying time for all, as the exact date on which it was to start had not been made known and consequently leave takings were uncertain. Much of the time was consumed in getting the neces- sary personal equipment, and many of the officers and men were occupied with making up the rolls and attending to the arrangements for the packing and transportation of the equipment. AH the latter, in- cluding the personal luggage of the officers and men, was temporarily placed in the parish house of Calvary Presbyterian Church, from which it was taken to the train at the appropriate time. Major Harte's office at 1503 Spruce Street was the temporary headquarters at which the rolls and other records were compiled and from which all orders emanated. In it Major Delaney, Captain MacDiarmid and Captain Kidwell were in- stalled after their arrival. The office of Dr. George W. 31 32 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io Norris at 1520 Locust Street was used as the recruiting bureau and in it applicants for enlistment underwent their physical examinations and, if accepted, were mustered in. Lieutenant Colonel Henry C. Page, Medical Corps, U. S. Army, had supervision over this important work, and all the officers and men were examined and mustered in under his inspection. Some drilling was given the men in the Armory of the First City Troop, by Captain MacDiarmid, assisted by some of the Unit's officers who had had previous military experience. On May 7, the managers and ex-residents of the Pennsylvania Hospital gave a farewell dinner to the officers of the Unit at the Bellevue Stratford Hotel. Dr. George S. Crampton, who subsequently saw much service in the A. E. F. in France, presented to each officer a silver identification tag bearing the Hospital seal on one side and the officer's name on the other. Gold replicas of these tags were subsequently made and presented by the managers and the officers of the Reserve Unit to the wives of the officers who went overseas. On Wednesday, May 16, definite orders were received that the Unit would leave Philadelphia on Friday, May 18, and then all realized that the time which had seemed to be so far ahead at times during the last few weeks was at last really in sight and the last forty-eight hours passed with what seemed incredible swiftness. Maj. Richard H. Harte and Maj. Matthew A. DeLaney, Philadelphia, May, 1917. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 33 LEAVING PHILADELPHIA May 18 dawned bright and clear, a lovely spring day. The men were assembled at the Parish House of Calvary Church and from thence marched out to the freight depot of the Pennsylvania Railroad in West Phila- delphia. Although but few in numbers the men made an inspiring picture as led by a few officers without any band or other spectacular accompaniment they marched out, the first organized body of United States soldiers to leave Philadelphia for service "over there." Many eyes moistened and hearts throbbed as spectators along the street realized the full import of what they were witnessing. Although but raw recruits, the men, in- spired by pride of the service they were on, marched well, and their fine appearance elicited many favorable comments. At the station the officers who had not marched with the men, and the nurses, were all assembled, and when the signal was given for the train to start there was not one straggler from the ranks. Aside from a number of relatives and friends who had gathered to bid Godspeed to those they loved there were but few persons at the station, and the absence of a curious crowd added to the solemnity and gave a peculiar dignity to the occasion. With military prompti- tude the train pulled out at 10 a. m. and the long jour- ney had begun. As the train whirled rapidly along the familiar route to New York, many were the emotions which surged in 3 34 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io our hearts as we reflected on what might be the length of time and the experiences to be passed through before we should see them again. But the thoughts of the majority must have reverted to those who were obliged to remain behind to wonder and worry at what was to befall those who had left them, unbuoyed by the excitement and spirit of adventure which naturally occupied a large space in the minds of those whose good fortune had opened a way for them to participate in the great adventure. EMBARKATION On arriving at Jersey City an ample lunch was found awaiting us at the restaurant in the railroad station, after eating which the Unit marched aboard a ferry- boat and was conveyed by it across the river to the dock at which lay the St. Paul, the steamer which was to carry it over the Atlantic. The remainder of the after- noon was occupied in settling down in our quarters and getting our possessions stowed away. In the evening many of the Unit went ashore, but, be it spoken to its credit, not a single man failed to respond at roll-call at six the next morning. After our arrival in New York, and before sailing, the nurses all received from the Red Cross the dark blue uniforms which they were to wear, and their civilian garments were sent back. It is needless to add that much refitting, taking in, and letting out, were necessary before The Pennsylvania Hospital Unit, Base Hospital No. io, U. S. A., leaving Philadelphia, May 18, 1917. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 35 the new clothing was suitably adapted to all the variety of figures it was required to fit. In addition to the Pennsylvania Hospital Unit the St. Paul had on board the St. Louis Unit No. 21, under Dr. Frederick Murphy, and a unit of orthopedic sur- geons accompanied by Dr. Joel Goldthwaite. There were a few civilian passengers, among them Dr. Thomas W. Salmon, who was on his way over to study the methods employed by the psychiatric departments of the Allied Armies, a study which he later applied to such good purpose, when he was chief of the neurological service of the A. E. F. Saturday, May 19, 1917, at 12 noon, the St. Paul cast off, and passed out into the Ambrose Channel, dropping anchor for a few hours in order that the gun crew, con- sisting of a lieutenant and a detachment of blue- jackets of the U. S. Navy, might adjust the sights of the guns mounted on the decks for defence against possible submarine attacks. At the time of sailing submarines were the most obvious danger to be encountered on the voyage and many kind friends had sent various especially recom- mended kinds of life-belts or life-saving suits to in- dividual members of the Unit. The St. Paul mounted several six-pounders and four four-pounders, and the little group of sailors looked very business like as they adjusted the sights and worked around their grim weapons. Throughout the voyage a most vigilant 36 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io watch was maintained from various parts of the ship. Although on one occasion a periscope was supposed to have been sighted nothing more was seen of the dreaded pirates. On Sunday the Unit was assembled for divine service in the dining saloon, its chaplain officiating. In the midst of the service our guns were fired, without, however, disturbing either the chaplain or his congrega- tion. On going on deck we learned that the crew was indulging in gun practice. It was perhaps fortunate that the greater part of the passengers were below at this time for we learned subsequently that during similar practice on board the S. S. Mongolia which sailed from New York at the same time with the St. Paul, two nurses of the Chicago Unit, who were on the deck near the guns, were struck and instantly killed by pieces of metal which were thrown back by the discharge. The trip afforded an excellent opportunity for the members of the Unit to become acquainted with one another. Aside from setting-up exercises and some rather desultory efforts at drilling there was but little to occupy the hours on ship-board, so that the medi- cal officers sought to beguile the tedium by inoculating the members of the Unit with the antityphoid and paratyphoid sera, thereby getting over that disagree- able but highly useful performance when it would not interfere with other duties or pleasures. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 37 On Saturday, May 26, at about 9 a. m., a destroyer was sighted and the excitement and joy of all on board may be imagined when we discovered that she was flying the United States flag, that she had put out from an English or Irish port, and realized the signifi- cant fact that the ships of our country's navy were already actively cooperating with the Allied fleets. The destroyer which met us bore the number 59, and as she came near we greeted her with cheers, to which her crew gave a hearty response. A short time later a sister destroyer likewise came near and for some hours they ran along with us, crossing our bows and dashing back around our stern, like porpoises. Late in the afternoon they left us and we were taken in charge by British torpedo-boat destroyers in their stead. At 8 p. m. we sighted Bull Light and soon entered the Irish Sea. All this day and the next as we approached the coast we were much impressed by the number of destroyers and mine sweepers which we passed busily engaged in their protective labors. ARRIVAL AT LIVERPOOL On Sunday, May 27, we entered the Mersey and at 6.15 p. m. we arrived at the dock at Liverpool. It was too late to land and so we remained on board. The evening was misty with a light rain and we were all much interested in the enormous quantity of ship- ping in the port and in the absence of [lights in the city 38 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io and its neighborhood, not having yet become familiar with the darkness which prevailed in all the cities of England and France as a precautionary measure. At 7.30 a.m. on Monday, May 28, the Unit was debarked, a process carried out with remarkable celerity owing largely to the absence of any customs or other formalities. Once ashore the enlisted personnel and a few of the officers, marched off to Blackpool where they were to be quartered until sent to France. The majority of the officers were quartered at the Northwestern Hotel and the nurses at the Adelphi. The arrangements for the Unit's accommodation had all been made before its arrival. Several British officers were on the pier and attended to the details with such despatch that within a few hours all were com- fortably provided for. Colonel Begbie, who had chief charge of this matter, was to be with us later. The separation at Liverpool was the first that the Unit experienced, and it will be necessary to follow the fortunes of the two groups separately until their reunion in France. Captain McDiarmid and Lieutenants Vaux, Dillard, Cadwalader, Earnshaw and Flick were detached and sent to Blackpool. When the baggage had been taken off the steamer and loaded on lorries by the details assigned to that work, the men were lined up and marched off the pier. As the day was Whit-Monday, a bank holiday, the streets were crowded and the people Officers of Pennsylvania Hospital Unit, Base Hospital No. 10, U. S. A., in charge of British General Hospital No. 16, B. E. F., Treport, France. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 39 gazed curiously at the sight of our men as, headed by the Stars and Stripes and the Red Cross ensign, they marched through the streets of the city to the train which was to take them to Blackpool. They were ac- companied on the trip, which lasted about two hours, by the General Manager of the London and Northwestern R. R. and Mr. Baker, the representative of the Pennsyl- vania R. R. in Liverpool, who took the kindest interest in arranging for the comfort of the men on the way. AT BLACKPOOL Blackpool reminded us very forcibly of Atlantic City. It had been a popular seaside resort, but was now occupied as the General Headquarters of the Royal Army Medical Corps and over 20,000 men were camped there in training for service in the Medical Corps. Never shall we forget the welcome we received as we detrained. As the detachment marched from the station into the street a military band played the "Star Spangled Banner" and "God Save the King." The streets were crowded with people, all cheering and anxious to show their appreciation of this early visible evidence that the United States had entered the war. The first remark of the English officer assigned to meet us was: " It's jolly good of you Americans to come all this way to help us. Now what can I do to help you?" This continued to be the attitude of the British towards us during the whole of our long stay with them. 40 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io Our men were billeted in private houses and the officers quartered in a hotel and small inn. The British officers in charge of the billeting were most energetic and thoughtful in their efforts to get everyone com- fortably quartered. They personally saw to it that the rooms were comfortable and luggage promptly sent to them. We were given printed copies of the rules and orders to be observed by us during our stay at Black- pool. Our enlisted men met their new situation with the same splendid equipoise which they manifested throughout their subsequent experiences. Some of the officers going out from their quarters to those where the men had been put found the neighborhood sur- rounded by a dense throng full of excitement at the spectacle of a baseball game which our personnel were busily staging. They made themselves very popular with their neighbors and hosts while they were in quarters at Blackpool, and made a most favorable impression on the British officers and men stationed in the huge camp there. The detachment remained at Blackpool twelve days, during which time its members were given in- struction in gas and the use of gas masks and in litter drill. Many amusements and entertainments were provided for them. Colonel and Mrs. Nash extended much hospitality to them. Several games of baseball were played between teams made up from St. Louis Base Hospital No. 21 and the Pennsylvania Hospital PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 41 men, much to the amusement of the thousands of Englishmen in the R. A. M. C. camp. Mr. J. J. Jackett, famous all-England football player, and Mrs. Jackett were particularly kind to our men. Mrs. Jackett presented the Unit with a champion English bulldog, rejoicing in the name of Rosie, as a mascot. Unfor- tunately army orders did not permit the Unit to take Rosie with them to France, so that she had to be left behind on its departure. * Finally one morning the officers were summoned to Headquarters where they were presented by Colonel Nash to Colonel Thurston, R. A. M. C. who informed them that as commanding officer of British General Hospital No. 16 at Le Treport, France, he had been sent to escort them there and that the Unit was destined to replace the British unit which had heretofore been in charge of that Hospital. The following day General Keogh held an inspection for the entire camp at which we were ordered to be present. He called the officers together, thanked them and the men for what they had already done toward helping England's cause and wished them good luck and best success in their work in France. The following day we left as a draft for some Channel port, our luggage having been loaded in the afternoon of the day before. The train pulled out of the station at 11 p. m. ; the first stop was Oxford, where we arrived a few minutes after six the next morning. As the men had 42 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io been crowded very closely all night they were given twenty minutes lay-over here and were allowed to get a cup of coffee in the nearby restaurant. Our final destination was Southampton, where we arrived at 8.30. We ran directly on to the docks and were not allowed to leave them all day. The sun was hot, and the dock as hot as only docks can be; the heat was intense and made one think of Kipling's line: "And the heat would make your bloom- ing eyebrows crawl." AH day long other trains loaded with troops arrived. There were a number of boats lined up on both sides of the dock, but we were not told on which we were to sail until 4.30 that afternoon. All our baggage and hospital supplies, which had been unloaded from the train, now had to be loaded on the ship. Finally at 6.30 all was in readiness, the ship loaded and awaiting her orders. As an item of interest this steamer was the Northwestern Miller, which in peace times ran between Philadelphia and London with freight. She had on her as a cargo 1800 men, 750 horses and mules, and the rest of her hold was filled with high explosives. We sailed at 7 p. m., five other ships similarly packed with troops leaving with us. IN LONDON On Tuesday, June 6, the nurses and officers, except those who had been sent with the men to Blackpool, went by train to London, where they were met at the Major Richard H. Harte in his office, No. 16 General Hospital, B. E. F., Le Treport. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 43 station by large char-a-bancs and in them conveyed to hotels, the officers to the Curzon, the nurses to the Waldorf, in which they were to be quartered until their departure for France. The succeeding days were passed in a pleasant suc- cession of visits to war hospitals, or places of historic interest in London or its immediate vicinity, and in attendance at theatrical performances. The members of the Unit were invited to attend a service at St. Paul's on the occasion of the presentation of the flag of the American Legion of the Canadian Army, and also on Empire Day. Many of them also were privileged to be present at an open air investure by the King at Hyde Park. In the hospitals and streets of London we first became familiar with the peculiar garb worn by all convalescent or walking patients in British Military hospitals. This was a short coat with long trousers of blue material some- what like denim, with a white lining inside the low rolling collars, cuffs and trouser ends. A red necktie completed the costume. These suits were most practical garments and their usefulness cannot be too highly commended. They do away with the sloppy appearance which inevitably comes to all patients who have only their ordinary uniforms or clothes to wear, which are generally very much dilapidated when they enter the hospital. It enables recognition of a patient as such immediately, thence lessening his chance of getting out 44 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io of bounds, a thing of great importance in a camp hospi- tal. Also under British regulations men in "blues" are not required to salute and are exempt from other military requirements, and it is against the law to sell them liquor. In England also the Unit first saw in the hospitals the Women's Voluntary Aid Detachment or, as they are universally known, the V. A. D.'s, at their labors, and most arduous they were. Women of all classes could be seen doing the most menial work about the hospital, as well as driving ambulances and acting as assistants to the nurses and staff. There also they learned the British custom of calling all nurses "sister," one which was quickly adopted by the Americans serving with the British. Mrs. Whitelaw Reid and other American ladies busied themselves with procuring certain comforts and neces- saries with which our nurses were not provided, as well as with entertaining them. CROSSING THE CHANNEL On Saturday, June 28, under the guidance of Colonel Frank M. Begbie, the officers and nurses who were in London were taken by train to Southampton. It was a perfect spring day and the English country through which the train bore us never looked more smiling and beautiful. Arriving at Southampton we were embarked on a hospital ship, formerly one of the Castle PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 45 Line of steamers, and caught a glimpse while doing so of our officers and men from Liverpool getting aboard the steamer which was to take them over. The trip across the Channel was full of interest. Few members of the Unit had ever been aboard a hospital ship and we were greatly interested in inspecting the admirable arrange- ments for the comfort and care of the sick which it presented, including a well-equipped emergency operat- tion room, comfortable swinging beds, and the most im- maculate cleanliness. Passing out of the harbor of Southampton we saw the great Netley Military hospital, and an aggregation of shipping of every kind and description, from fishing smacks to gigantic dreadnaughts. Our ship was escorted by destroyers, of which there seemed an innumerable number dashing about in all directions. ARRIVAL IN FRANCE The next morning, June 29, we dropped anchor about 4 a. m. in the port of Havre, and gazed on the subse- quently familiar sights of a French port. We were requested to get ourselves and our things off the boat as early as possible as some trainloads of wounded were expected who were to be placed on board our boat for its return trip. We complied with this request with alacrity and were soon assembled on the dock with all our luggage. We then learned that no arrangements had yet been made for our accommodation so that we 46 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. 10 remained there until about 4 p. m. None of us regretted the long wait, however, as during it we saw many novel and interesting sights. First, two hospital trains arrived bearing wounded, who were placed on the hospi- tal ship which we had vacated. A few German prisoners were placed aboard with them. The process of transference from the train to the ship was carried out with greatest care, and yet with the ut- most rapidity. It took but a few hours to accomplish the entire business. Shortly afterwards a big steamer crawled slowly in, with a most tremendous list, and looking to be in immediate danger of sinking. She had been struck by a torpedo near the bow and barely made the dock under her own steam. Shortly after, the ship bearing our officers and men who had been quartered at Blackpool arrived. Their trip, like ours, had been uneventful, but the sight of the ship which had been struck while making the crossing between the two ships on which our detachment had come over, made a great impression on our minds. At length orders came for us to leave the wharf. Captains Newlin and Krumbhaar, with the nurses and three women civilian employees, were to be sent by train at once to Le Treport. A few of the officers and the enlisted men were quartered in a camp on the outskirts of Havre, and the rest of the officers were provided with rooms in various hotels in the city. After finding the numerous places to which we had • Panoramic view of the hospital area at Le Treport. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 47 been assigned we strolled about the city, which pre- sented a very animated appearance. It being a Sunday afternoon everyone was in the streets and there were thousands of soldiers and sailors sitting about in the numerous open air cafes. The civilian population was likewise bent on the usual Sunday afternoon amuse- ments of a French city and dressed in its best was pro- menading or sipping its drinks in the balmy spring sunshine. The next day, Monday, June n, the officers and men who had remained at Havre were ordered to entrain at 4 p. m. They all assembled at the station where a train awaited them, but as it did not start until 11.30 p.m. there was a long dreary wait in the depot. There were some British tanks awaiting trans- portation on freight cars in the station and some of us were shown inside of them by the officers in charge, Captain Spencer Ovington and Captain William Arthur Faulkner of the British Army. Captain Faulkner had passed much time in the United States, the latter part of it at Cramp's shipyard in Philadelphia, where he had known Major Harte and some of our officers. Subsequently he paid the Unit several visits at Le Treport, where he was always a welcome guest. The train rolled slowly along with frequent delays through- out the night and the subsequent day, passing through Amiens and Beauvais, finally arriving at Le Treport in the early afternoon. 48 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io LE TREPORT Previous to the Great War Le Treport had been a little fishing town and seashore resort, or "plage," situated on the shore of the Channel at the mouth of a pretty little stream which forms the dividing line between it and another very similar little town, Mers, the two forming practically one community. On either side of the little valley in which it lies are high cliffs, or "falaises," rising abruptly from the seabeach. At high tide the waves break high against these; when the tide is low there is left exposed a long stretch of shingly beach, covered with hard stones and rocks, with here and there little stretches of sand. On the land above the jalaises the rich farmland is cultivated right to their edge. Over these fields and along the cliffs one could walk for miles through beautiful rural scenery, with the Channel always in view, displaying convoys of vessels loaded with munitions or other supplies, guarded by destroyers, and with aeroplanes and dirigibles hovering over them along the route. The British military authorities had taken over for hospital purposes a large area situated on the jalaises adjacent to Le Treport and had constructed on it a number of hospitals and a convalescent depot. These were reached from the town by a road which wound gradually up back of the cliffs. For those on foot there were two methods of ascent, a funicular railroad, and a series of flights of cement steps built in the sides of the Private Lewis D. Kendall in the operating room. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. 10 49 cliffs which bordered the valley in which Le Treport lay. The funicular was old and decrepit and frequently failed to functionate, and it was unanimously agreed that its use was one of the risks of the war which attended those who sojourned at Le Treport. There was a large hotel, the Trianon, a few feet from the upper landing of the funicular, which had been taken over by the British and was known as British General Hospital No. 3. A sort of annex to this, a small building known as the Golf Hotel, was occupied as a hospital for officers, and was known as Lady Murray's, after the English lady who had equipped it and had charge of its management. Another hospital, No. 47, adjacent to these, was in charge of Canadians. The Convalescent Depot No. 3 adjoined the area, and in about its center was situated British General Hospital No. 16, to which Base Hospital No. 10 U. S. Army was assigned, and of which it soon took complete charge. Number 16 British General Hospital had a bed capacity for 2232 patients. It was constructed entirely of huts and tents which weie arranged in radiations extending in a half-circle from a center. The other half of the circle was formed of similar huts and tents constituting Canadian General Hospital No. 47. The center of the two hospitals was the operating rooms and x-ray plants, from which the first huts proceeded. These were substantially built and were known as the "white huts" because of their color, being made of 4 50 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io galvanized iron. Our hospital had four of them and they were used for severe surgical cases, because of their proximity to the operating room and the ease with which patients could be transported to and from it. A road ran circularly around their outer ends, across which were the so-called "black huts," which were really dark brown in color, and of which there were four for each white hut. These were used for less severely wounded and convalescent surgical patients. On the outer perimeter of the circle were the medical huts. Separated by a space of some yards from the main hospital was the "Isolation Division," in which all infectious or contagious diseases were placed. It con- sisted of a number of huts and tents, separated by rather wide intervals from each other. Between the two divisions and on their outer borderswere the cooks tents, quartermasters' huts, and barracks and tents of the personnel. A large dining hut in which 700 men could eat at a time was built on a space between the medical and surgical huts, in which all patients able to walk got their meals. At the entrance to the street which ran between the surgical huts was the Admission and Discharge Hut, in which all walking patients were received, examined, and assigned to the appropriate wards; where every morning walking patients were dressed, and at which patients were given their final inspection previous to discharge from the Hospital. The officers were quartered in a one-story wooden PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 51 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io V S a ol 'u a < c 'a .£ d u r W, s- V a> -a en PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io C/3 C/3 0> s oj fafi C s c o u u H 54 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io building with three corridors, having bedrooms along them, a dining-room, sitting-room and kitchen. After the Unit had occupied the hospital for some months a bath-room with a tub, running hot and cold water, and a shower, was installed through the benificent activity of some of the officers, and proved a great addition to the comfort of the mess. Two, and in some instances three, officers were quartered in each room. Each room had a small coal stove and even in the coldest weather could be made warm and com- fortable. The nurses' quarters were across the main road running through the hospital area. These were in huts, attached to one another by corridors, having a large room divided into two parts serving respectively for a dining-room and sitting-room. The entire area was traversed by good hard macadam roads. The hospital grounds around the huts were at first in grass, which was the despair of the sergeant de- puted to the task of keeping them mowed and neat looking. At a later period every available foot of ground was ploughed up and planted with potatoes and other vegetables. This gardening work was entered upon with great zeal, all the men in their available moments being employed in its prosecution. There was one of the British Expeditionary Force canteens on the area, also a large British Y. M. C. A. canteen, and a barn like building run in connection British officers of General Hospital No. 16, B. E. F., in June, 1917, at the time when the Pennsylvania Hospital Unit arrived to take it over. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 55 with it which was used for concerts and dramatic performances. Near the Hospital was a golf links which had once flourished in connection with the hotel, and at Lady Murray's were some tennis courts. The Tommies had constructed a cricket crease on which they pursued their national game, and it was not long after their arrival before the Americans had made a baseball diamond on which they likewise could indulge in their national pastime. Football was also provided for when the season arrived. On their first Thanksgiving Day the Americans arranged a game among themselves and the comments on its roughness by the Tommies among the excited spectators were very interesting. Upon its arrival the Unit received the most courteous and kindly welcome from the British officers who were in charge of the Hospital. It was learned subsequently that our assignment to this particular hospital had been the cause of much quite natural chagrin to our British confreres, as it was regarded as a particularly interesting and pleasant place, and it was hard on those who had borne the burden and heat of the day to be replaced by a group of Americans who had hitherto undergone no hardships, nor even proven their ability for the work to be done. The British authorities un- doubtedly tried to do the best in their power to acknowl- edge the assistance they were beginning to receive from the United States and those who were fortunate $6 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io enough to be associated with them at an early period' must ever feel a sense of gratitude not only to the higher authorities, but also to officers of rank more nearly corresponding with our own, for the kindliness that was so generally shown to the newcomers when they were commencing their association with the grim realities of war. GETTING SETTLED AT LE TREPORT For some days after our arrival we were all kept busy learning the nature of the work which lay before us and familiarizing ourselves with what would be our future duties. The British officers gradually departed and in a few weeks the Unit was in entire charge of the Hos- pital. There only remained a British officer as registrar, a British quartermaster, and a British Church of England chaplain, with the occasional addition of a non-conformist padre. The ambulance service for the entire area was con- ducted by the Women's Motor Ambulance Convoy No. io. There were about thirty-five or forty ambulances all cared for, as well as driven, by women, and most splendidly they did their work. They were a fine lot of healthy, strong young women, who were quartered in the huge garage in which the cars were kept, near the Trianon Hotel. The patients practically all arrived or left the hospitals in the area by train from the station in Le Treport. The hospital which was to receive a con- Distributing a convoy of surgical cases to the wards. Major Newlin distributing a convoy of medical cases at British General Hospital, No. 16, B. E. F. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 57 voy would be notified a few hours ahead of the time it might be expected to arrive. The ambulances would be sent to the station and there they would remain some- times for hours before the train, after some unex- pected delay, arrived. The patients would be loaded in the motors and driven up the long steep road to the hospitals, unloaded, and the ambulance sent back for more. Convoys always seemed by preference to get in in the middle of the night or just before dawn, and it took hours from the time these women were called and started out until they could return to their quarters, often to be immediately recalled, possibly for another convoy or some other emergency service. Always willing, cheerful, and obliging, never driving fast or carelessly, so as to spare the patient every unnecessary jolt, they won the universal admiration of everyone who saw them at their daily task. It was in this work that our enlisted men also showed the mettle they were made of. Few of them had ever come in contact with sickness and suffering on a large scale before. We had but two or three who had ever had the slightest experience in hospital work. There were among them college students, clerks, chauffeurs, mechanics, draughtsmen, and some older men who had enlisted through their eagerness to get into active service, and a fear that their age might militate against their acceptance for enlistment in a combatant unit. When the arrival of a convoy was signalled a station 58 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io party would be sent to the station to transfer patients from the train to the ambulances. Other groups of the men would be stationed on the receiving platforms of the medical and surgical divisions to unload the ambu- lances on their arrival. Another group would be sent to the Admission and Discharge Hut to receive the walk- ing patients, make out their cards, and take them to the wards to which they were assigned. With incredible adaptability in a few days, these men became familiar with their work and no light or easy work it was. The ambulances would be loaded and unloaded with the minimum of suffering to the patients, and the latter, often in extremis or in desperate suffering, conveyed to a cot, and placed at rest without discomfort or pain. The accomplishment of this work required many hours of hard physical labor, often in cold wet weather, fre- quently at night, but not a man would flag in his energy till every patient had received all the required attention. The reverse process of loading a convoy to leave the Hospital was equally hard physical work, but the labor was greatly lightened by the pathetic joy with which patients hailed the chance to get to "Blighty." Few of us could have realized the full significance of homesickness until we had the opportu- nity to see the eagerness with which the wounded British soldier longed for the decision that his wound was so serious that he would be sent to Blighty. The sympathy the men showed to one another was nowise The Incinerators. The disinfecting plant. Private Albert O. Johnson, Jr., Sergt. ist Class Chas. W. Kendall, Jr., Corp. Harry B. Thompson. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 59 better indicated than when they showed their joy to one of their number on his approaching departure for Blighty, or in their attempts to console those who were not so fortunate, although their hopes might have been excited by the reception of a severe wound. ENGLISH AND CANADIAN OFFICERS With many English and Canadian officers the rela- tions of the Unit became very close. It is impossible to name all those to whose friendly offices we were in- debted for much kindness, not only official but social, in the long course of our stay; but to a few we owe a debt of gratitude which it is a great pleasure to acknowl- edge. Colonel Frank W. Begbie, who welcomed us officially at Liverpool and from thence escorted us to London, watched over our welfare there during our brief stay, and then accompanied us to Southampton, subse- quently came to Le Treport as commandant of the Hospital area. His tall figure and kindly face dwell in our memory, along with his uniform courtesy and the pains which he ever took to help us in the perform- ance of our duties. Colonel Hugh Champneys Thurston was in command of British General Hospital No. 16 when we first arrived, and it was under his immediate supervision that the transference of the Hospital took place and we assumed charge of the hospital. Nothing could exceed the tact 60 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io and good-will with which he conducted this delicate procedure, rendered the more so by his necessary ignorance of the qualifications which the Unit collec- tively and individually possessed to assume the task. That the exchange took place smoothly, without the least friction, and with absolutely no interference with the routine work of such a large and active hospital, was largely attributable to his ability and kindliness. Colonel H. D. Rowan, who was in command of No. 47 British Hospital, later became A. D. M. S. of the area and his relations with the Unit were most pleasant. A tall, spare man, as he walked around the area in- specting the hospitals under his charge, and giving kindly greetings to the American officers whom he met, we soon got to know him well and to esteem him among those whom we were proud to call our friends. He was succeeded as Assistant Director Medical Service by our friend, Colonel Begbie. A report by Colonel Rowan of his inspection of the Hospital on December 2, 1917, is appended, as showing his opinion of the Hospital on that date. (See p. 214.) As we were serving with the British Expeditionary Force and entirely attached to it, the district in which we were was controlled by British medical authorities and the consultants attached to the area were all British officers. The British surgical consultant at the time of our arrival was Colonel Francis Mitchell Caird, of Edin- PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 61 burgh, one of the most eminent surgeons and teachers of that center of surgical renown. A former pupil of Lister's, now as then eager to grasp every addition to surgical knowledge or technique, he watched our own surgeons when they began their work with critical but friendly eyes and was prompt to acknowledge their fitness for the task they had undertaken. Some of our staff had had the pleasure of enjoying his hospitality at an international meeting of surgeons in Edinburgh in pre-war days. With them he was glad to resume his acquaintance and very soon we all learned to admire and love him. His sound counsels aided our work, his stories and songs added pleasure to every gathering at which he was present, and his departure was uni- versally regretted. Colonel Caird's successor as surgical consultant for the area was Colonel William Thorburn, of Manchester, a very able surgeon and a gentleman who was well quali- fied in every way to maintain the traditional relations established by his predecessor between the surgical consultant and the Unit. Ever ready when called upon for advice and never obtrusive in offering it, he was a good friend to those of us who were brought into official contact with him. The British medical consultant for the area was Colonel Pasteur, to whom those serving in the medical division of the Hospital feel was largely owing their successful management of the great task confided to 62 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io their care. The Contagious Division was a most im- portant responsibility, as it received from the entire area all patients suffering from contagious disease. These cases included measles, scarlet fever, diphtheria, Vincent's angina, mumps, etc., and their proper isola- tion not only from others but from one another was a matter of great difficulty. Colonel Pasteur was ever ready to aid wherever he could be of service, and his willingness and skill elicited the hearty appreciation of all those who had the opportunity of availing themselves of them. DISTINGUISHED VISITORS From time to time the Hospital was visited officially by the chief authorities of the British Expeditionary Force, and their universally friendly words of encourage- ment and approval were a great stimulus to our efforts to "carry-on." Among such distinguished visitors may be mentioned Lieutenant General Sir Arthur Sloggett, a splendid type of Englishman, who had been awarded the Vic- toria Cross for an act of bravery during the war in the Soudan, and to whose administrative ability much of the success of the British medical establishment in France was due. Major General Sir Anthony Bowlby inspected the Hospital on a number of occasions. The author of several widely known textbooks on surgical subjects, •U9ipai^ 91J1 JO J9UJO0 y PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 63 his great skill and practical ability was of invaluable service particularly in placing the surgical service in the advanced areas on an efficient working basis. Major General Sir George Meakins, the distinguished President of the College of Physicians of London, in- spected the medical division on more than one occasion. The Unit was honored by the unofficial visits of many persons of prominence. Among these were Cardinal Bourne, the primate of the Roman Catholic Church in England, and Bishops Israels and McCormick, of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States. Mr. E. H. Sothern and Mr. and Mrs. Winthrop Ames stopped in one afternoon and drank tea. They were on a tour for the purpose of establishing a system of dramatic entertainments for the amusement of the A. E. F. Sir Thomas Myles, the distinguished Dublin surgeon, visited his old friend Colonel Harte, in company with General Sir Robert Jones, Sir Berkley Moynihan and Dr. Stiles, of Edinburgh. Brigadier General W. W. Atterbury, of the A. E. F. drove in for luncheon on one occasion, as did also Colonel H. C. Booz, another Pennsylvania Railroad man, who was among the engineers from that great organiza- tion whose labors in establishing a transportation system for the A. E. F. made so great an impression on the French. Colonel Hodge, yet another of the engineers in the A. E. F., stopped in to visit his cousin Captain Edward B. Hodge, and other friends in the Unit. 64 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io Lieutenant Commander Robert LeConte and Lieut- enant Commander James E. Talley, of Naval Base Hospital No. 5, the Methodist Episcopal Hospital unit of Philadelphia, visited their old friends from the same city. Another welcome visitor was Colonel James P. Hutchinson of Philadelphia, whose long service and splendid work at American Red Cross Military Hospi- tal No. 1, at Neuilly, has done him such credit. THE WORK AT LE TREPORT The amount of work done by Base Hospital No. 10 while in charge of British General Hospital No. 16, may be gathered from a brief resume of the statistics of the registrar's office during the period from June 13, 1917, to December 31, 1918, about eighteen and a half months (See pp. 202, 203). There were admitted during that time 47,811 patients, of whom 22,431 were wounded and 24,222 sick. Of these 398 of the wounded and 140 of the sick died, making a total of 538 deaths. There were 3,736 surgical operations performed, the great majority for the removal of missiles or their fragments, but also a large number of amputations. The patients were chiefly, of course, members of the British Expeditionary Force, including British, Scotch, Irish, Australian, New Zealand, South African and Canadian soldiers, the total number of American soldiers admitted being but 3,012, of whom 44 died. Group of matrons of the hospitals in the Le Treport area. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 63 The Dental Department of the Hospital was very active. The Unit had with it two dentists, Colonel Charles S. Jack and Captain Edwin Shoemaker, and a tabulation of their work in the Appendix shows that they treated no less than 15,926 patients. The skill of the American dentist is proverbial in England and on the Continent and much advantage was taken of their skill and kindness when it became known how willingly they extended their aid to those who stood in need of it. The X-ray Department was a most important adjunct to the Hospital. So much depended on the accurate localization of foreign bodies as a preliminary to their removal that at times when a large convoy of wounded had been received it would seem almost impossible that the x-ray department could keep its service up to time, and yet it always did. The department was at first in charge of Major Knowles. Later when he was de- tached from the Unit, Captain Shoemaker took it up. The mechanical work, development of plates etc., was done by Sergeant Cressy, and much of the success of the Department was due to his faithful and con- scientious labors. From June 13, 1917, to December 31, 1918, 5,852 patients were x-rayed. The Pathological Laboratory was under the charge of Captain Edward B. Krumbhaar, assisted by Captain J. Howard Cloud, with Mrs. Krumbhaar as technician. 66 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io A detailed statement of the work carried out in the little one-story corrugated iron hut in which the lab- oratory was lodged shows that no less than 18,878 pathological and bacteriological examinations were made in the period from June 13, 1918. Of these exam- inations 318 were autopsies, which were performed in the little mortuary which served all the hospitals located in the area. Much assistance was afforded Major Krumbhaar by Privates Le Boutillier, Stevens and W. B. Smith, a second year medical student, at- tached as orderlies to the laboratory. Patients who succumbed to their wounds or to disease in any of the hospitals in the area were buried in the English military cemetery at Mont Huon about a mile by road from the hospitals. Before our arrival there had been another English cemetery laid out in connection with the French cemetery at Le Treport, but this had been filled, and shortly before our arrival the new one opened. It was just off a main road, sur- rounded by great fields, with a view of the Channel in the distance. The Americans were greatly impressed with the respect shown by the British for their dead. Every funeral was attended by a commissioned officer and squad of enlisted men, who marched behind the ambulance conveying the plain pine box in which was placed the body. The Chaplain of the belief to which the man belonged preceded the ambulance. Arrived at the cemetery the body was reverently borne to the grave Captains Vaux and Mitchelland Major Taylor, Miss McClelland, Miss Burkey, Miss Wagner, and Miss Murphy, in the operating room. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 67 on the shoulders of the men, the Chaplain read a short service, and all stood at attention while the bugler blew the "last post," the British equivalent to our "taps." The German prisoners who died in the area were buried with the same respect, the body in such instances being borne to the grave by other German prisoners, escorted by a guard. The English were very much impressed with the work of our women anesthetists, Miss Burkey and Miss Murphy. Throughout the British Army anesthetics had hitherto only been administered by doctors and when shortly after our arrival our women began their work they were greatly astonished. The skill and care which was displayed soon caused their amazement to yield to ad- miration. The idea was soon adopted by the British authorities, and in the early spring of 1918 classes were formed of British nurses who received instruction at our hospital and at several others, and before the end of the war a number of British nursing sisters were performing the duties of anesthetists in various hospitals throughout the B. E. F. Another striking difference between the practice of the British and ours was in the much more prevalent use of chloroform by them as a general anesthetic in preference to ether. Of course this custom prevails in their civil surgery, the only reason apparently being that the use of ether as an anesthetic began in America, whereas that of chloroform was discovered by Sir James 68 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io Y. Simpson of Edinburgh; consequently the use of each anesthetic was more widespread in the country in which it was first introduced. The traditional care with which the British Govern- ment looks after the welfare of its soldiers was nowhere better exemplified than in the hospital. Every day a dispatch was sent to London containing lists of the names of patients who were considered as in a serious condition. If a man were dangerously ill a special tele- gram was sent the War Office informing it of his condi- tion. These were the so-called "S. I." and "D. I." lists. As soon as a patient's name was placed on the D. I. list his family was notified and two and sometimes more of them, wife, mother or father, or some other of his kin, were brought to his bedside in a wonderfully short time, sometimes within less than twenty-four hours, and there they could remain until their loved one was out of danger, or if he died until he was laid at rest. The British Y. M. C. A. maintained a hostel in which these relatives were housed, and though it used to be inexpressibly sad to see these mournful little groups about the bedside or at the grave, the consolation to them and to the patient must have been very great. Their gratitude was often touchingly expressed and it was very beautiful to see the sympathy they mani- fested towards others who were in the same plight, or towards the patients with whom they came in contact during their brief stay about the Hospital. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 69 It seemed to us in the course of our relations with the British Army that much of its wonderful success as a fighting machine depended upon the solicitude shown by the government for the men, and also on the care which the British officer always manifested for them. The Tommy looked up to his officer, respected him, and had confidence in him because he realized that the officer was willing to sacrifice himself for his men not only in little but in big things. At the casualty clearing stations and elsewhere when there were many wounded to be cared for and the surgeons and nurses were over- run, the British officer was always solicitous that the wounded Tommies should be looked after before himself, and his anxiety in this respect was repaid by a corresponding desire on the part of the private soldier that his officer should have every care and attention that could be bestowed upon him. REINFORCEMENTS FOR THE UNIT Pennsylvania Hospital Unit, Base Hospital No. 10, U. S. A., had been organized with the idea that it would have charge of a hospital of 500 beds. It was therefore obvious that to run a hospital of 2,090 beds there must be an addition to its personnel. In reply to Colonel DeLaney's urgent request, a reinforcement comprising 8 officers, 47 enlisted men, and 30 nurses, was sent from Philadelphia. The men under command, of Lieutenant H. B. Wilmer, sailed on August 18, 1917, on the S. S. 70 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io Aurania, but the nurses were delayed and did not sail until August, 1917, when they embarked under com- mand of Captain J. Paul Austin on the S. S. Baltic. Lieutenant Wilmer and his detachment had an unevent- ful voyage, landing at Liverpool, thence proceeding by train to Southampton, from which port they crossed the Channel to Havre, and from there were sent to Dieppe, where they were met by ambulances which took them to Le Treport, arriving on September 7. Captain Austin and the nurses arrived on September 21. Much of the success with which the pleasant relations between the Unit and the British were achieved must be attributed to the tact and ability with which the Unit was directed and managed by Colonel Matthew A. Delaney, M. C, U. S. A. In the course of his career as an army officer he had acquired a rare knowledge of men, and his courteous yet firm manner, and his thorough acquaintance with military affairs and ad- ministrative matters, made a great impression upon the British officers. Avoiding all misunderstandings and very direct in all his dealings they held him in esteem as a soldier at the same time that they enjoyed his society as a man. ROUTINE AT LE TREPORT On March nth, 1918, Colonel DeLaney left the Unit to become Liaison Officer in London, and Lt. Col. Harte took over the command of the Hospital. During the PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 71 latter part of this month, the now famous Cambrai push took place, and the Hospital, as well as the whole area received orders to prepare to move at a moment's notice. Forty-five nurses were sent away, thirty to Rouen, and fifteen to Etretat. The Hospital was practi- cally empty until the middle of April, but from then on throughout the remainder of the summer it was filled, usually to overflowing. In some convoys as many as six hundred cases were received. During this same period there were frequent air-raid alarms, which added to the anxiety of all. The latter part of April, Major Norris left the Unit for duty with the A. E. F., and Captain Newlin took over charge of the Medical Division. May 3d, 1918, was a day long to be remembered by the Unit, as our band made its first public appearance. After several months* practice the band had mastered a single selection, and proudly marched in front of the officers' mess and tried the same on the poor officers, who had no means of escape. After playing the piece through, the band were so proud of themselves that they repeated the selection many times, and before they departed every one of the officers could whistle the entire selection without a single mistake. About this time, because of the deliberate bombing of several British and Canadian hospitals, the engineers began digging trenches and sandbagging the huts of all the hospitals. This work in our area kept up until 72 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io after the armistice was signed, although fortunately no attempt was ever made to bomb any of the hospitals in our immediate vicinity. In June Captain Packard began a course of lectures on French History to the members of the Unit. These lectures Captain Packard continued until September 9, 1918, when he left to take up his new duties as con- sultant in oto-laryngology for the Paris district. August, 1918, was a very busy month with daily con- voys and a corresponding number of evacuations. From August 3d to August 30th, the area received 27,000 cases, a thousand a day for twenty-seven consecutive days. No. 16 took 5,000 of these. Early in October the Mobile Hospital under com- mand of Major Edward B. Hodge left No. 16, and de- parted for Paris for equipment and extra personnel. It consisted of four officers, twenty nurses, and thirty enlisted men. About the middle of October the number of officers was reduced to fifteen, which made more than plenty of work for all, as the Hospital was running about full, and the usual number of officers required for a hospital of its size was at least thirty. On October 24th, 1918, orders arrived for Colonel Harte to proceed to Brest for embarkation to the United States. He departed November 4th, and the command was taken over by Major Charles F. Mitchell. iJ » M •*?> 1*2 ^ < 1 *' ' :* --JJ T • i j c r End Men Cook Louis Schein..................J Pvts. Knapp, Horstick, Carroll, Chambers and Rowland Evans Cook Crowell Sgts. Wilfong and Price Lt. H. B. Wilmer...................Middle Man PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 107 As the rehearsals were progressing a male quartet came into existence and was a feature of the minstrel show. The quartet was composed of Lt. H. B. Wilmer, Sgt. Price, Cook Crowell and Pvt. Rowland Evans. Finally in the latter part of November the show was advertised extensively, due notice given in daily orders and permission given by the Commanding Officer. The men's faces were blacked and the costumes con- sisted of the blue suits worn by the patients, large red ties and white shirts. The costumes could only be things easily gotten and inexpensive, as at this time there were no funds available for expenses. The fatal day came at last, and the show opened to a packed house at 2 p. m., the audience composed entirely of patients and nurses on night duty who could not be present at the evening performance. There was, with the players, the orchestra, composed of piano, three ukaleles, two mandolins and one banjo, under the direction of Sgt. Walter Bischoff. Immediately following the minstrel show, which was received with round after round of applause, the six "specialities" were presented, the program being as follows: Pvt. Diffendal......................Dancing Skit Pvt. David Chambers. .Monologue & Tumbling Sketch Selection by tbe Quartet Pvt. Carroll........................Dialect Stories Pvts. Knapp and Horstick___Song and Dance Sketch Pvts. Armstrong and Silvernail..........Dialogue 108 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io The entire program was received with great enthu- siasm and a request made for more engagements, which was granted. Three nights later the Concert Party was invited to present the show at the Tank Camp, B. E. F., about three miles away. Truck and busses were sent and the entire party transported, and the show given to the officers and enlisted men of that camp. Here another success was scored, and all felt the effort had not been made in vain. The ward concerts continued with success and the show which had just been produced gave more talent to draw on, and consequently the programs varied considerably. Impromptu concerts were given through- out the camp to the Convalescent Depot, Canadian Hospital No. 2, and in the Y. M. C. A. Croydonia Hut under the auspices of the chaufferines or lady ambulance drivers attached to the area. At this point permission was granted by the matron in charge to Miss Dardenne, Miss Moore, and Miss Replogle to sing in these concerts, thus adding another attractive feature. "odds and ends" On February 23d, 1918, "Odds and Ends" from the U. S. Army Nurse Corps was presented by the nurses, meeting with great success, the solos by Miss Replogle, Miss Dardenne and Miss Moore being exceedingly well The Nurses' Concert Troupe, Pennsylvania Hospital Unit, Base Hospital No. io, at Le Treport. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 109 done. The quartet selection given by Miss Moore, Miss Replogle, Miss Dardenne and Miss Loffgren brought great applause and Mutt and Jeff impersonated by Miss Ravanel and Miss McEIhenny will never be forgotten. The chorus work was excellent and the costumes most attractive. "Odds and Ends" was given three times, once to the patients, once to the Convalescent Depot and once to the officers and nurses of the area. It is needless to say that the stage entrance was packed with representatives of the Allied Armies in the form of ardent admirers. The quartet from this production on many occasions helped the Concert Party in the ward concerts and always carried away many honors. BAND ORGANIZED On the 26th of January, 1918, it was learned that there were among the enlisted personnel eighteen men who had expressed a desire to organize a band, and were willing to devote their off time to learning music and mastering the different instruments. A meeting of the eighteen chosen members was called in the rear of the church Hut that same evening, and an organization formed under the leadership of Sgt. Walter Bischoff. Then the question arose "Where would the instruments come from?" It was decided that the only thing to do was to consult the Father of the Unit; hence the follow- ing morning Major Harte was approached with much trepidation. no PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io When the proposition was presented, the characteris- tic answer was given in three questions: "How much will they cost, how soon can they be gotten and how soon can the band play?" The answers to all these questions seemed satisfactory enough, because the order went forward that day to Boosey & Co., London, and in six weeks the instruments were in camp. Great excitement reigned at the unpacking, but the hearts of all sank when it was found that the base drum and cymbals had not arrived, the only instruments that could have been played. They followed soon how- ever, and practice started. At the same time mutiny in the camp almost ensued because of the noise and arrang- ing of details so that the band could practice. It was reported on several occasions that Colonel Hayes, com- manding 47 General, had been sent to No. 3 General owing to a nervous breakdown, as his quarters happened to be adjacent to the hut in which the practicing was done. Four weeks after the arrival of the instruments, the band assembled in front of the officers' quarters at 5 p. m. and gave their first concert. The selections played were "Our Director," "The Long, Long Trail" and the National Anthem. Great enthusiasm ensued and we felt the band was fairly launched on a glowing career. It steadily improved from week to week and month to month until concerts were given, and after the armistice it played for dances over the entire area I.T..-u'-pi J- L«^^Misr3fcfc*-**" A^i M ..€? ^ . ... V^-> i^Krfl jl ir "_A -* * 1 , i «■ »:,«S The band in repose. ft ;^t» V . . v The band in action. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io in and several trips were taken to nearby camps. So the concert party had grown to great proportions. "WHAT HAPPENED TO JONES" During the time that the nurses were giving their performances and the band was being organized, rehearsals for a more pretentious production for the entertainment of the whole area were under way. This was a three-act farce, which had been rehearsing for six weeks under the direction of Pvt. Clarke Silvernail. "What Happened to Jones," by G. H. Broadhurst, was given on February 29th, 1918. All the scenery was made and painted by Sgt. L. S. Ferguson, R. A. M. C, Pvt. L. O. Rowland, and Pvt. A. R. Daubenspeck, M. C, U. S. A. and the electrical effects by Sgt. H. C. Stanton. The question of finances arose, as there had to be stage fittings and costumes, so money was a crying need. A finance committee was appointed to raise sufficient funds to cover expenses, which were esti- mated at 1400 francs. It was figured out that by assess- ing the officers and nurses 5 francs each and the enlisted men 3 francs each the amount could be raised. This was done and in several instances officers gave 100 francs, which procured a good working basis. The play was given in the Y. M. C. A. Croydonia Hut, which had a seating capacity when crowded of about 600. The play was given eight times to packed 112 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io houses and was received with great enthusiasm. Three performances were for the officers and nurses and the other five for the patients and enlisted men. A volun- tary collection was taken up for the R. A. M. C. prison- ers of war and 975 francs were collected and turned over to the commandant of the area. At this point a tribute should be paid Madame and Mile. Fallet, who added so materially to the success of the production. Mile. Fallet's place on the program was between the acts, when she played a violin solo, accompanied by her mother. She was a graduate of the Conservatory of Paris and had received high honors from that institution. Needless to say her playing was greatly appreciated and considered one of the chief attractions by the whole audience. Mile. Fallet after- wards became one of the principal entertainers of the American Y. M. C. A. Both she and her mother took a keen interest in our efforts, and had it not been for their giving such great aid in procuring costumes in Paris, the play could never have been presented. Here too mention must be made of the orchestra, which consisted of twenty-two pieces with players of many nationalities. The brasses were played by the Belgians; violins by two chaufferines and Miss Taylor of the Canadian Red Cross, an Australian private and a R. A. M. C. sergeant; the piano by Sgt. Walter Bis- choff, American; and last but not least, the leader was Captain Kinsella, R. A. M. C. &f The actors in "What Happened to Jones." PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 113 So pronounced was the success of the play that a request came from Dieppe to repeat it there under the auspices of the British Y. M. C. A. Permission was granted to do this, so the company, with scenery, bag- gage etc., were loaded into trucks, and off they went. Arriving at the Bain Chaud, which was to be our theatre for the evening, it was found to the dismay of all that the scenery would nothing like fit the stage, owing to the fact that the ceiling in the hall was too high. Luckily, however, with what scenery our friends in Dieppe could provide and with the fixtures of our players, the stage was fitted up for the performance; only, however, after starting the work of rearranging early in the morning and finishing five minutes before the curtain went up. It was a gala event, all the notables of the area were there and the applause after the last curtain was tre- mendous. Following is a copy of the program. PROGRAM No. 16 (Philadelphia, U. S. A.) General Hospital AMATEUR DRAMATIC SOCIETY (By kind permission of Lieut.-Colonel M. A. DeLaney, M. C, U. S. A.) Presents Tonight, Thursday, 29TH February, 1918, In the Croydonia Hut, Y. M. C. A. "WHAT HAPPENED TO JONES," An Original Farce in Three Acts, by G. H. Broadhurst 8 114 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io Cast (In Order of Appearance) Ebenezer Goodly, a professor in anatomy. .Sgt. George Wilson Mrs. Goodly, Ebenezer's wife...........Pvt. Marlyn Brown Richard Heatherly, engaged to Marjorie. .Corp. J. Carpenter Marjorie Goodly, Ebenezer's Daughter......Pvt. L. H. Jones Helma, servant-girl.........................Pvt. G. Sullivan Cissy, Ebenezer's ward.........................Pvt. H. Grigg Minerva, Ebenezer's daughter..............Pvt. J. Diffendal Alvina Starlight, Mrs. Goodly's sister Pvt. Maurice Du Marais Jones, who travels for a hymnbook house.... Pvt. C. Silvernail Thomas Holder, a policeman, Sgt. J. A. Blanchfield (No. 2 Canadian Gen. Hospital) Antony Goodly, D.D., Bishop of Ballarat.. .Pvt. N. Armstrong William Bigbee, an inmate of the sanitarium, Sgt. G. Higgins (No. 3 Gen. Hospital) Henry Fuller, supt. of the sanitarium......Sgt. W. McCahan Act I—Interior of the country house of Mr. Goodly. Act II—The Same. Act III—The Same. Orchestra under the direction of Captain Kinsella, R. A. M. C. March, "Sons of the Sea".................Finch Valse, "La Fiancee"......................Hartz Gavotte, "Underneath the Stars"..........Spencer Fox Trot, "A Broken Doll"...............Tate "The Star Spangled Banner," "God Save the King." Play produced by Pvt. C. Silvernail, and staged by L. S. Fergu- son. Scenery painted by Sgt. L. S. Ferguson and Pvt. L. O. Rowland. Dresses supplied by Madame Fallet, Paris. Furniture by Monsieur Counil, Eu. Manager, Lieut. H. B. Wilmer, M. O. R. C, U. S. A. —Major G. W. Norris, M. O. R. C. —Rev. E. M. Jefferys, U. S. A. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 115 Finance Committee—Miss E. M. Moore, U. S. A. —Sergeant J. Price, U. S. A. —Private F. J. Crowell, U. S. A. Stage Carpenter, Private A. R. Daubenspeck, U. S. A. Electrical effects by Sergeant H. C. Stanton, U. S. A. On March 13th, 1918, after the performance of "What Happened to Jones" had been given in Dieppe, the following letter was received by Lieut. H. B. Wilmer, Manager: Lieutenant Wilmer, 16 (Phila., U. S. A.) General Hospital, B. E. F. Dear Lt. Wilmer, The Mayor of Dieppe requests me to convey to you his con- gratulations and thanks for the performance of "What Happened to Jones," in the Bain Chaud last week. He desires me to assure you that it is a special gratification to have welcomed "Our excellent friends and allies, the Americans" to Dieppe. Yours Sincerely, J. Hastings Eastwood, Acting Dist. Sect. THE JAZZ BAND It was now decided to divide the entertainers into two organizations—a dramatic and a concert party, as in this way entertainments could be given more often. In other words, while the dramatic party was rehearsing the concert party could be producing and vice-versa. So it happened at this time that the concert party was ready with something new. "The Cowboys' Farewell," a musical skit depicting a western round-up 116 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io was given in the Easter season. This skit was composed and staged by Pvt. Clarke Silvernail and lasted 45 minutes. It was followed by six vaudeville acts. In this performance the Jazz Band made its formal debut. Money which had been left over from the per- formance of "What Happened to Jones" was spent on extra musical instruments, strings, etc., making in all about 12 instruments. The members of the Jazz Band were: Pvt. Carroll, traps; Sgt. Ferry, violin or guitar which has already been described; Pvt. Evans, ukalele; Pvt. Jones, mandolin; Sgt. Price, mandolin; Pvt. Williams, bangorine; Corp. Moore, ukalele; Sgt., McMillan, ukalele; Pvt. Chew, mandolin; Pvt. Henley, mandolin and saxophone. This number was received with great applause, espe- cially by the Canadians and Americans. From this date on the Jazz Band was a drawing card in any performance. It was added to the program for the ward concerts, and it is needless to say brought a great deal of cheer and pleasure to the bed-patients. "The Cowboys' Farewell" and vaudeville acts were given for five afternoons and evenings. "officer 666" From this time until June ist no performances of any kind were given except the ward concerts, and several concerts given in the Canadian Red Cross Hut for the Canadian patients; the reason for this being that there PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 117 was greater activity on the front and convoys and evacuations interfered with rehearsals and perform- ances. About June ist it was decided that another play should be given and "Officer 666" was chosen. Permission was granted by the Commanding Officer with the understanding that the performance was to pay for itself, and could not be staged by assessing the personnel. It was felt this could be done with the reputa- tion already made in the successful presentation of "What Happened to Jones," so rehearsals started. The 4th of July was settled upon as a fitting day for the opening performance, which was to be given only to the members of Base Hospital No. 10 and their guests. Here mention must be made of the method of finan- cing the play. A box-office, made of three ward screens, turkey red in color—this being chosen for conspicuous- ness—was constructed in the circle in the center of the camp. One thousand programs, attractively gotten up, were on sale here. The person purchasing a program was entitled to a seat for that evening's performance, the program being stamped with the date of purchase. No patient was charged for admission, but all officers, nurses and enlisted men of any organization were charged, and could not gain admittance without a program. The proceeds from the sale of programs, after the ex- penses were taken out, were to go to the R. A. M. C. prisoners of war, and were so advertised. The expenses 118 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io attached to the producing of the play were 1600 francs. This included scenery, which was made; costumes, which came from Paris; decorations and the expenses of our valued friends, Mme. and Mile. Fallet while with the performance. More than once it was decided that the play could not be" given, as hardly a rehearsal passed without a convoy or evacuation taking away most of the performers. But by the sheer pluck and determination of everybody, the play was ready for presentation to the public after five weeks' rehearsing. On July 3d a dress rehearsal was given to the patients and was a great success. The first performance was given on July 4th, 1918, to the entire personnel of the Base Hospital and its guests. Every seat was filled and the aisles were packed. The box-office had done a rushing business since 3.30 in the afternoon, the sale of programs being as follows: to officers 5 francs, to nurses 3 francs and to enlisted men 2 francs. The guests of the Unit were all the notables of the area and commanding officers of the different organizations near by, also some of the members of the family of the Comte d'Eu. The play went off without a single interruption, and was received with great applause. Further success seemed assured in the attempt to give productions of this character. Seven performances had been adver- tised, and the play proved so popular that three PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 119 extra performances had to be given that everyone might see it. The box-office did a thriving business and at the end of 10 days the receipts amounted to 2500 francs. After expenses had been taken out and 200 francs kept by the management for the purpose of buying new strings and incidentals for the concert party, and for staging another performance, or at least to give a small working capital, 800 francs were turned over to the A. D. M. S. to be sent to the R. A. M. C. Prisoners of War Fund. The American consul at Dieppe, Mr. Fairbanks, was a guest at the 4th of July performance. He was so pleased with the play that he asked permission from the C. O. to have it given in the theatre at Dieppe. The proceeds, after the expenses of the production there were taken out, were to be given to the French Prisoners of War Fund. Permission was granted, so on July 15th, 1918, the performers again started for Dieppe with all scenery, properties, etc. One evening performance was given. The play had been extensively advertised the week before by Mr. Fairbanks, and with the reputation so well established after the performance of "What Happened to Jones" still fresh in the minds of many people, we seemed assured of success. The orchestra for the performance was composed of 20 pieces and was under the direction of Captain Kinsella. Also Mile. 120 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io Fallet played the violin between the acts. The entire company, 40 in number, was transported by ambulance. It was indeed most gratifying, when the curtain went up, to see every seat and box filled, also the aisles crowded, and about 200 people not able to gain admit- tance at all. About half the theatre was filled with French people and for them a " Resume Francais" had been printed. Mile. Fallet was received with great applause and was one of the chief features of the evening. A collection, besides the sale of tickets, was taken up by Miss Fairbanks, the daughter of the mayor of Dieppe, and other ladies of the town who were friends of Miss Fairbanks. When the curtain went down on the last act the applause was tremendous and after each member of the cast had been introduced to the audience from the stage, the British Commanding Officer of the Dieppe Area made an address. He commended each member of the company for his excellent work and expressed his desire that other plays should be given. The mayor of Dieppe also made an address of welcome and thanks. Mr. Fairbanks responded to these addresses in behalf of the troupe. Two thousand francs were taken in at the door and from the collection, 1200 of which were placed in the hands of Mr. Fairbanks for proper disposal. The re- maining 800 were used to pay hotel and food expenses PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 121 of the players, and some of this amount was put in the entertainment fund, thus bringing the fund up to approximately 500 francs. THE LAST ENTERTAINMENT In September, 1918, the Concert Party gave another entertainment, this time in the Kursal, down in Le Treport. This performance was for the benefit of the French Hospital in the town, and consisted of a musical skit which lasted an hour. All the music was composed by Pvt. De Lon of the English Army, and all the lyrics were written by Pvt. Hanley of the U. S. Army. The leading role was taken by Miss Edith Moore of the U. S. Army Nursing Corps. This musical comedy was followed by five vaudeville acts, one being a skit depicting Russian peasant life, written by Pvt. LeCIereq. About 1400 francs were taken in and 1000 francs were handed over to the French Hospital. After this performance no more entertainments of this character were given, owing to the fact that the Unit was very much depleted of histrionic talent by the formation of a mobile hospital, which was sent to the American sector. After the armistice was signed dancing was allowed, so the band did heavy duty, being called upon every night to play at one camp or another. It might be interesting to state that approximately 122 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 265 concerts, including ward concerts and concerts given outside the camp, and two three-act shows, were given in one year. HOLIDAY CELEBRATIONS The special days in the American year were duly marked as they came around. The first Fourth of July we felt a becoming modesty about celebrating in the midst of our whilom foes, but when Thanksgiving Day arrived we had an American football game by our men and Thanksgiving dinner for all. A pall was cast over the celebration by the death in the early morning of Private Kenneth B. Hay, the first of our number to die. His funeral on the following morning was attended by all the members of the Unit who could be spared from duty. When the Fourth of July, 1918, arrived we felt we were on such pleasant terms with the British and French and they had shown us so much kindness that it was up to us to celebrate the day by showing some hospitality to them. A baseball game was organized between a team from an American camp in our vicinity and one made up from our men. Invitations had been sent out to the British and French authorities and officers in the vicinity inviting them to witness the game, and to a fete champetre to be held, as soon as the game was over, on the grounds of the hospital. Large marquees were erected and a British band kindly lent for the occasion PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 123 played, while a collation a la Americain was served to our guests. The entire Unit had been working, decorat- ing the grounds, cooking, preparing suitable drinks, and for its credit it must be said that its efforts were crowned with success. American ice-cream and cocktails were served ad libitum and our Allies took to them most kindly. Among the guests the venerable Comte d'Eu was a conspicuous figure, accompanied by some French officers, and by the municipal officers of Le Treport. May 18, 1918, the first anniversary of the departure of the Unit from Philadelphia, was celebrated by a family dinner of colossal proportions. THE BAND In concluding the history of the various organizations formed within the Unit to contribute towards its amuse- ment a few words more must be added as regards the Band. To its first director, Sergeant Walter A. Bischoff, belongs the credit of discovering the latent individual musical talent in the Unit and collecting it into a har- monious whole. It was a hard task and he met with repeated discouragements; but his cheerful persistency finally triumphed, and when he was obliged by ill-health to lay down the baton and return to the United States his success was universally acknowledged and his de- parture regretted. The membeis of the Band presented him with a very handsome ring in token of their esteem 124 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io and Colonel Harte gave him the clarinet upon which he had played. Sergeant Bischoff was succeeded as band leader by Sergeant W. A. Rigdon, who had previously been leader of the band of the iioth U. S. Engineers. Part of his musical education had been as a cornetist under Sousa and he had organized and was conductor of the Kansas City Band, which he accompanied in that capacity to the Mexican border. He was a wonderful performer on the silver trumpet cornet. Sergeant Rigdon had arrived at British General Hospital No. 16 as a patient and it was while convalescing from a serious surgical operation that he was called upon to replace Sergeant Bischoff. He took up the task with the greatest ardor and under his inspiring leadership the Band made rapid progress. So enthusiastic was he that he declined an opportunity for an early return to the United States in order that he might continue his work. When he finally was ordered home the entire Unit joined in bidding him a regretful farewell. Sergeant Rigdon was succeeded as director by Harry B. Thompson, who although one of the youngest men in the Band was its unanimous choice for the position, and thoroughly justified his selection. Under his direc- torship the Band achieved all that could have been hoped by those who had struggled for its development. The Band acquired in course of time a well stocked library of about three hundred selections of the latest PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 125 scores. This was in charge of Sergeant William B. Smith and the Unit owes him its gratitude for the zeal and care with which he looked after it. In this connec- tion mention should be made of the kindly interest taken in the Band's library by Miss Rae Sawyer of New York, who generously stocked it with newest selections. THE PADRE AND THE UNIT ON Monday, April 30th, 1917, Dr. Harte met Dr. Jefferys on Third St. with the causal remark, "Well, will you go with us?" To which Dr. Jefferys replied, "With whom, where?" Dr. Harte then said that the Base Hospital of which he was Director had been ordered out for Foreign Service and was to sail in a few days, that Dr. David M. Steele, the rector of St. Luke's Church, Philadelphia, the chaplain, was ill, that Dr. Jefferys' name had been sent to the President for the vacancy and that his appointment was expected by wire at any moment. Dr. Jefferys agreed on the spot to go, and was com- missioned on May 3d "chaplain of a base hospital." The chaplain's first official duties were performed on the St. Paul, and consisted of religious services for passengers and crew. They were largely attended by both civilians and military. Dean Carrol M. Davis, chaplain of the St. Louis unit, was associated with our chaplain in these services. A daily evening service was held in the main saloon after dinner. On Sundays there were celebrations of the Holy Communion in the library and in the main saloon services with addresses. The chaplains also made sick-calls among the enlisted personnel on the voyage. 126 Padre Jeffervs. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 127 Our chaplain was the second chaplain to reach France with the American Forces. Chaplain Peabody of the Harvard unit was the first. After Base Hospital No. 10 took over 16 General Hospital (British) Dr. Jefferys was brought into close connection with the Chaplain's Department of the British Army. Besides the duties devolving upon him as chaplain of our organization, with its officers, nurses and enlisted men, he was made responsible for the Church of England work in the hospital, usually with the help of a British chaplain, but sometimes alone. In the Isolation Division for Contagious Diseases he had charge not only of the Church of England work but also of the Presbyterian and Non-Conformist patients. In this- division he came in contact with many German prisoners, to whom he ministered spiritually and in other ways. The German translation of the American Prayer Book was of great assistance to him in his ministrations to the prisoners. The excellent organization of the Chaplain's Depart- ment of the British Army and the fact that its work is taken as seriously by the authorities as that of any other branch of the service made for efficiency. The department was under the direction of Chaplain General Bishop Taylor-Smith, in London, and of the Deputy Chaplain General and of the Principal Chap- Iain, in France. These three officers all held the rank of Major General. One cannot help contrasting this 128 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io with the fact that the ranking chaplain of the American Army, Bishop Brent, was given the rank of Major. In the British Army, the chaplain could be protected by his well-organized department from interference in his work by superior officers of other corps. 16 General Hospital was grouped with other hospi- tals, the group containing about nine thousand beds. The chaplain-group consisted of one Senior Chaplain, called the S. C. F. (Church of England), three other Church of England chaplains (British), one Church of England chaplain (Canadian), one Non-Conformist chaplain (British), one Non-Conformist chaplain (Cana- dian), one Roman Catholic chaplain (British), and one Roman Catholic chaplain (Canadian), and our Ameri- can chaplain. Every Monday morning the chaplains had a devo- tional meeting in the Church of England Hut, which was followed by a business meeting of the Church of England chaplains and the American chaplain, pre- sided over by the Senior Chaplain, who assigned to them their week's work. The group was often respon- sible for chaplain's duties in connection with military organizations located in or moving through our area. The group was also responsible for the work of chap- lains who were ill or on leave. In this way our chaplain, Dr. Jefferys, was assigned to duty with British Tanks, Australian Troops, British Labor Battalions in the Forest of Eu, General Hospitals 47 and 3, Canadian Padre Hoare. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 129 Hospital 2, British Red Cross Hospital 10, and other organizations. The relationships between the chaplains or padres (as they were called in the B. E. F.) were cordial and pleasant and in consequence very helpful. The Senior Chaplain, Rev. A. C. Hoare, a famous Cambridge cricketer, was an Englishman of the finest type. He lived with us for more than a year, and won the hearts of all the members of our organization. Other padres who lived with us and endeared themselves to us were Mr. Gravell of the Church of England, Mr. Boyd and Mr. Lunn of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland, and Mr. McNutt of the Presbyterian Church of Ireland. Rev. Claude Beckwith, the Church of England padre at 47 General, combined his religious services with ours for many months and was popular with all the Ameri- cans in the area. The greatest opportunities offered to army chaplains in France came to them while the men were in the hospitals or in the trenches. There was comparatively little a chaplain could do when troops were on the march. The hospitals perhaps presented the greatest opportunities of all. The men were then in a receptive mood and were often associated with the chaplains long enough and intimately enough for real results to be obtained. Our hospital-group was furnished with one Church of England Hut, one Roman Catholic Hut, one Cana- 9 130 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io dian Red Cross Hut, three British Y. M. C. A. Huts, and one Salvation Army Hut. The Church of England Hut was part of the equipment of 16 General, and was put at the disposal of our chaplain for all his work, American and British. The Non-Conformist chaplains posted at 16 General also held their services in the Church of England Hut. The Church of England with the help of the Americans in the area built a commo- dious and handsome hut in 1918. It was located between No. 16 and No. 47 General overlooking the Channel. The Church Hut was used not only for religious services but for a reading and writing room for patients and for educational and recreation purposes for the personnel of our unit. The religious services in the Church Hut were daily celebrations of the Holy Communion in the early morning and daily Evening Prayer. On Sundays there were celebrations of the Holy Communion, the Church of England Parade (compulsory for members of the Church of England in the army) and evening services which were voluntary. The senior Medical Officer of the district, Colonel Begbie, usually read the lessons at the parade service. The services were well attended, especially the voluntary evening services, often many being turned away on account of lack of room. There were extra services at Christmas, Thanksgiving, Memo- rial Day, Empire Day, in fact, on all American and British special days. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 131 Besides the services in the Church Hut the chaplains held services from day to day in the wards or huts of the hospital. These services were greatly appreciated by the patients, eagerly looked forward to and asked for. It is safe to say that none of the patients who wished to receive the Holy Communion was disappointed. Our chaplain alone gave over six hundred clinic com- munions while at the hospital. In the afternoon the chaplains conducted short services of a popular charac- ter. Portable organs were used for this purpose, the patients singing heartily the familiar hymns. The chaplains also held services every Sunday in the Y. M. C. A. and Salvation Army huts for the personnel and the convalescent patients, and in the nearby camps for military organizations passing through or located in the district. The Church of England, Non-Conformist, Roman Catholic and American burials were usually separate, being conducted at different hours in the early morn- ing. The bodies were taken to the Military Cemetery in ambulances driven by women from the motor con- voy. Sometimes, always in the case of American burials, the chaplain headed the procession from the mortuary, and sometimes he met the funeral cortege at the en- trance of the cemetery. The burial party consisted of the chaplain, one or more officers and an escort of men under a non-commissioned officer. The men carried the coffins from the cemetery gate to the grave on their 132 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io shoulders and then stood at attention during the ser- vice until taps or the last-post had been sounded. When an officer was buried as many officers as could be spared from the hospital were detailed for the escort. One of the most impressive funerals in our experience was that of Nurse Helen Fairchild who was buried on January 19th, 1918. Every officer, nurse, motor-driver and enlisted man that could be spared from duty attended the service. Every hospital in the group was largely repiesented. According to the rules of the army, the educational and social work among the troops and their recreation are largely under the chaplain. Our chaplain and some of the nurses and officers were much interested in these matters and gave a great deal of time to them. The "Padre's Party," given every week, was a part of our routine. It consisted of refreshments when they could be had, dancing, vocal and instrumental music, recita- tions, legerdemain, wrestling and boxing. We also organized a successful Dramatic Club which gave many first-class performances, vaudeville, concerts and plays. Our chaplain also arranged every week ward concerts and other entertainments for the patients. The talent was supplied by French artists, Salvation Army ladies, the nurses, motor convoy ladies, the officers and men, and by the patients themselves. One of our officers gave a most scholarly and interest- ing course of lectures on French history with special Funeral service of Miss Helen Fairchild. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 133 reference to the historical places in the vicinity of the hospital. These were largely attended and enjoyed by the members of our unit. One of the enlisted men gave an instructive series of talks on "Shakespeare in France." Other courses of lectures were arranged on labor and other social problems. Qualified officers also spoke regu- larly on the question of sex-hygiene. A reading and writing room was maintained at all times, sometimes under great difficulties. Out-of-door sports were encouraged whenever pos- sible. We had our cricket, football and baseball teams. There was much interest in hockey. The "annu- al" football match on Thanksgiving Day between the Medical and Surgical sections reminded us of olden times at school and college. Base Hospital No. 10 could boast of some football and cricket stars. It was rather a surprise to our English cousins that we could meet them on even terms in a cricket match. The officers and nurses played tennis nearly every day, weather permitting. There was some golf to be had also, on the links which had been used by hotel guests in the pre- war days. There were trout streams about Le Treport and our mess was sometimes enriched by a fine string of speckled beauties. The chaplains acted as chief censors, our chaplain and the two British chaplains who were usually with us each acting for a week at a time. About eight officers were detailed every week to help the chief censor. 134 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io Censoring was one of the most uninteresting things we had to do. When the hospital was full, and it was usually full or nearly so, the letters ran up into the thousands weekly. Some days more than a thousand letters had to be censored before we could go to bed. The chaplains also wrote hundreds of letters weekly for the patients to their people at home. They also ministered to the patients in various ways, from draw- ing pay for the British officers to buying cigarettes, fruit and chocolate for all. The chaplains were a busy lot, usually up by six in the morning and not in bed till late at night. The patients in the hospital were a never-ending source of interest. Every branch of the English-speaking race was represented. There were Americans from nearly every section of the United States, Englishmen, Scots, Irishmen, Canadians, New Zealanders, Australians, South Africans, West Indians, men from the Channel Islands, and from nearly every other portion of the British Empire. In the Isolation Division we had women patients too, V. A. D.'s, W. A. A. C.'s, nurses, Red Cross workers, and motor drivers. Officers were also admitted to the Isolation Division. The endurance and patience of these men and women, sometimes during the most appalling and excruciating pain that can be imagined, won the approval and ad- miration of all who came in contact with them. The American doughboy, the English Tommy, the Jock, The football team of Base Hospital No. io, U. S. A. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 135 the Ausie, and all the others made up a heroic body such as the world has seldom known. The patients we had were calculated to make one proud of belonging to the English-speaking race. Perhaps their chief character- istic was their ability to laugh and joke under any and every circumstance. It was not uncommon even when stretchers were being brought in after one of the great offensives for some grimy and blood-stained figure to lift itself from a stretcher and "get off" some dry bit of humor which would send a ripple of laughter all down the line. They were a lovable lot, and we loved them. There were nearly fifty thousand of them, and most of them were splendid fellows. AT BRITISH CASUALTY CLEARING STATIONS THE British Army medical service had estab- lished a number of Casualty Clearing Stations a few miles behind the front line along the entire western front. These were tent hospitals destined to receive the wounded as soon as possible after they had received the first aid attention at the dressing stations in the trenches or their immediate vicinity. They were admirably adapted for their purpose, as may be seen by consulting the scheme of C. C. S. No. 61 (see page 152). The tents were large marquees which could be closed and kept warm by means of stoves in cold weather, or rendered very cool and pleasant in warm weather by raising the side walls. The rows of tents were separated by side streets, down the centers of which ran well laid duckboards, or wooden walks. The operating theatre was usually placed in a corrugated tin hut and was amply equipped with all the necessary surgical instru- ments, sterilizers, and dressings. Attached to each C. C. S. there was a staff of medical officers, nursing sisters, orderlies, and stretcher bearers. The medical officers attended to all the routine work and dressed the patients, also operating when necessity 136 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 137 demanded it, but the greater part of the operative work was performed by the surgical teams, which were attached temporarily to the C. C. S. during times when the work was heavy. The permanent staff, besides the administrative officer or C. O., included a roentgen- ologist and a pathologist, and consisted usually of ten or twelve officers. The number of operating or surgical teams attached varied with the requirements of the situation from three or four, to eight or nine. The C. C. S. were generally grouped in areas to which were attached a surgical and medical, and an eye, ear, nose and throat consultant. Patients were brought to them by ambu- lance, and were always evacuated either to a base hospital or back to the line, as rapidly as possible. Hospital trains were run up as near as possible to where the stations were established and frequently patients were placed on the trains directly from the operating room for transference to a base hospital. As will be seen from the plan the tents in the C. C. S. were arranged in such a manner as to expedite and facilitate the movement of the seriously wounded. On arrival every patient was taken first to the reception tent where the necessary record of the man's entry was made. The patient was then taken to the dressing room where he underwent a thorough examination. Cases requiring immediate operation were carried to the preoperation tent, those who were in a con- dition of shock or moribund were taken to the resus- 138 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. 10 citation ward, where they were kept until they had reacted sufficiently to permit of operation, or had died. The remainder of the cases were distributed to the tents appropriate for their reception. In the preopera- tion ward the patients were prepared for immediate operation and when ready were taken directly to the operating table. The great majority of the operations were for the removal of fragments of shell or other missiles, amputations of shattered limbs, and abdominal operations for the repair of wounds of the viscera. The surgical teams sent by base hospitals for tempo- rary service at the C. C. S. consisted of one operating surgeon, an anesthetist, a nurse and an orderly. Each team was assigned a table in the operating theatre, and the work of operating was divided so that each shift had its due share of time on and off. There were usually six or seven tables, sometimes more, and during active times they would all be in active use during every hour of the twenty-four. The work was very hard during such times but there were many days in betweenon which there was absolutely nothing to do. These were fully occupied in watching all the interest- ing doings which were going on continuously in such close proximity to the front. At night the C. C. S. were kept in absolute darkness because of the danger from overhead bombing. Dugouts were constructed in which those who were not on duty could take shelter. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 139 TWO TEAMS ORGANIZED The C. C. S. in Flanders were located at various places which were given imaginary but appropriate names. Thus our first two teams were sent respectively to Dosingham and Bandageham where were located in hither to unnamed fields C. C. S. No. 61 and C. C. S. No. 4. Orders had been received shortly after the Unit was installed at Le Treport to make up two surgical teams for service at casualty clearing stations and to have them in readiness for a call. The teams having been chosen they were sent to Abbeville to receive instruc- tion in the use of the gas mask. This only occupied one day, and at the same time each member was given a mask to take along. Finally on Saturday afternoon, July 21, the expected orders arrived and two teams were despatched. The teams were composed as follows: (1) Major R. H. Harte, Captain Norris W. Vaux, Miss Helen Fairchild, Private John A. Marren. (2) Captain Charles F. Mitchell, Captain Francis R. Packard, Miss Grace McClelland, Private Seward W. Jabaut. THE TRIP TO THE FRONT The start was made at 6 p. m. in two ambulances driven by chaufferines, as the women of the motor convoy attached to the hospital area were termed. Passing through Abbeville they stopped for the night at Hesdin, an old town which it may be recalled was 140 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io besieged and obliged to surrender to the forces of Charles V, in 1553. Ambroise Pare, the famous French surgeon was among the prisoners, and he has left us a vivid picture of the miseries undergone by the garrison before they were obliged to yield. At Hesdin the provost-marshal made the chaufferines return to Le Treport and gave the teams two ambulances, each provided with two soldiers as chauffeurs. The women were bitterly disappointed and made vehement but unavailing appeals that they might be allowed to continue the journey to the front. Their disappoint- ment was subsequently aggravated by learning that another team which had left No. 3 Hospital at Le Treport at the same time had taken a different route, and not having been detected by any observant provost-mar- shal had succeeded in driving all the way to the C. C. S., although they were packed off home at the earliest possible moment by the horrified C. O. and rated roundly for their temerity. The next morning the teams pursued their journey, passing through St. Omer, Cassel, Steenwoorde and Poperinghe, and finally arriving at their destinations, two C. C. Ss'. adjoining one another and situated very near to an ancient convent of Trappist monks, who in their white stoles and hoods, with bare sandalled feet, forcibly recalled the pictures in the Ingoldsby Legends. The trip was full of interest, increasingly so as the Front was approached. Troops of all arms, and all the PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 141 Allied nations, British, Canadian, Australian, East Indians, French, Portuguese, Chinese and Jamaican labor battalions, trains of motors bearing pontoon boats, artillery and munition trains, all moving along in steady streams, while over on the horizon could be seen the white little fleecy clouds of shell bursting over the Front, and the huge observation balloons, or sau- sages, swinging lazily in the bright sunshine of a cloudless day. Poperinghe, a large town, was full of animation. It had been and continued to be extensively shelled, notwithstanding which many of the civilian population remained and the usual Sunday afternoon out-of-doors of the French was being enjoyed to the utmost. For some days the teams had nothing to do but walk about and familiarize themselves with their surround- ings, but on the night of the 31st after a terrific barrage they were on duty for twenty-two hours continuously and thereafter there were but few days of intervals between these periods of active work. During August, September and October the British were engaged in active operations on the Belgian front endeavoring to drive the Germans back from Pilken, St. Julien, and Paschendaale, and as the ground was well fortified and stubbornly defended the casualties were heavy. Each C. C. S. of the three in the group in which were included Nos. 4 and 61 was supposed to receive 250 pa- tients in turn, but it frequently happened that before the 142 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 250 were disposed of the other stations would be filled and the first one would have to begin again to receive. BOMBED BY GERMANS All three C. C. Ss.', Nos. 4 and 61, at which our teams were and No. 47 which adjoined them, were bombed on several occasions by German planes. The first night on which this occurred, Major Charles J. Biddle of the U. S. Aviation Corps, but at that time in the French Aviation Service, was at the C. C. S. No. 61. His plane had developed some engine trouble while flying over the German lines and he had managed to plane back into friendly territory, landing at an English airdrome in our neighborhood. He had been told that there were American officers at the C. C. S. and had walked over there and to his surprise found four friends from Philadelphia. In his interesting book, "The Way of the Eagle," Major Biddle has given the following account of what took place on the evening he passed with them: "Dr. P—told me the Boche had bombed the hospital two out of the last three evenings. At first they thought it a mistake, but when they kept it up it became apparent that there was no mistake. This is a big field hospital in white tents and lots of red crosses plainly visible. I have myself seen it from the air and you can see it more distinctly than anything in the neighbor- hood. A couple of days before, a bomb had landed on PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 143 a cook shack about twenty yards from Dr. P—'s tent. The cook's leg came through the roof of the tent next door and the guy-ropes of Dr. P—'s tent were decorated with his entrails. Nice party, don't you think? Another bomb landed right alongside of the tent occupied by D— and V—. Luckily they had just answered a special call to operate that night and were not in their tent. A piece of bomb went through one of their pillows where one or the other, I have forgotten which, had just been sleeping. Their clothes were blown all over the lot and D— exhibited numerous holes in the seat of his pants. Luckily he had not been in them at the time. "We stood around after supper at the time when brother Boche usually came along and waited for him to put in an appearance. We had not long to wait. Pretty soon we could hear his motors humming up in the sky and dozens of searchlights began to look for him. They picked up one of the raiders and the show beat any Fourth of July celebration you ever saw. The machine showed clear and white in the glare of the searchlights. It was a dark night but very clear, with millions of stars. On every side were the muzzle flashes of the anti-aircraft guns, the sky was filled with the flashes of the bursting shells, and the two seemingly joined by streams of tracer bullets from machine guns. These latter look much like Roman candles except they go much faster and keep on going up for thousands of feet instead of stopping short like the ball from a 144 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io candle. Add to this the roar of the guns and bursting shells and you can imagine what a quiet evening in a field hospital back of the front line is like. The one Boche that we could see was driven off, but pretty soon we could hear others coming and this time so high up that the searchlights could not find them. As we stood there listening the sound of the motors seemed to have almost passed over us, when suddenly siz-bang-bang, and five or six bombs landed plumb in the camp. We threw ourselves flat for a moment and then went to see what had happened. You could hear cries coming from the direction where the bombs had fallen and the air was filled with dust and smoke. One bomb which fell within about seventy-five yards of us killed three men and wounded about six. Another lit right in a ward—imagine the effect when it was full of wounded soldiers!" In the course of one of these bombing episodes Miss McDonald, a nurse with a team composed of Major George E. Brewer and Captain Woolsey, of New York, which was on duty at No. 61, had her eye put out by a shell fragment. She was occupying the tent with Miss McClelland. The latter was fortunately not hit but had a very narrow escape. CHANGES IN PERSONNEL On August 12, Private Marren returned to Le Tre- port, being replaced by Sergeant H. C. Stanton. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 145 On August 17, Major Harte and Miss Fairchild returned to Le Treport, Captain William Drayton and Miss Florence Wagner replacing them at C. C. S. 4. The American officers had the melancholy privilege, on August 30, of demonstrating their friendship and respect for Sir William Osier by attending the funeral of his son, Lieutenant Revere Osier, who died of wounds on that day. On September 18, Captains Vaux and Drayton, Miss Wagner, and Sergeant Stanton left C. C. S. No. 4 for Le Treport. Captains Mitchell and Packard, Miss McClelland and Private Jabaut remained at C. C. S. 61 until October 6, when they were relieved by Major John H. Gibbon and Captain Arthur Newlin, Miss Eva Gerhard, and Private Myron W. Kirkbride. They remained at C. C. S. 61 until December 5th, when they returned to Le Treport, no more surgical teams being required during the winter season. OUR BRITISH ASSOCIATES A word must be said of some of the British officers with whom the Americans were associated on this ser- vice. Colonel Turner, the C. O., and Major Tabauteau, operating surgeon at No. 61, both officers of the British regular Army, were most kind in all their relations with the Americans sent to them. To Captain A. Heeley Brindley, quartermaster, and Captain C. W. T. Bald- win, surgeon, two officers attached to the permanent 10 146 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io staff of C. C. S. 61, the Americans owe a great debt of gratitude for their uniform kindness and courtesy, and with them they established a warm friendship. Both delightful men, their companionship was an inestimable boon. Two other Englishmen to whom they became greatly attached were Captain Ander- son and Lieutenant Council, who composed the surgical team sent up from No. 3 Hospital at Le Treport at the same time as the Americans from No. 16. This pleasant association continued after they had all returned to Le Treport. C. C. S. STATISTICS Casualty Clearing Station Team No. 1, at C. C. S. No. 4, B. E. F. operated on a total of 302 cases during the period from July 22d to September 18th, sixteen of these cases being operated on at C. C. S. No. 61, during the period when C. C. S. No. 4 was temporarily closed, the remainder at No. 4. CASUALTY CLEARING STATION TEAM NO. 2, AT C. C. S. NO. 6l, B. E. F. Number of days spent at No. 61, C. C. S...... 76 Number of operating days No. 61, C. C. S..... 52 Number of days no work.................... 24 Total number of patients operated on......... 383 Total number of operations.................. 666 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io i TOTAL OPERATIONS PERFORMED AT NO. 61 By Team from No. io July 22d to July 31st, 1917.......... 200 23 August, 1917...................... n33 I70 September, 1919 ................... I023 168 October 1-5 ....................... 200 22 2556 383 TWO MONTHS AT CASUALTY CLEARING STATION NO. 61 BY JOHN H. GIBBON, M. D. /^\N the morning of October 5th, Commanding Officer ^^ Lieutenant-Colonel DeLaney, Captain Newlin, Miss Gerhart, Private Kirkbride and I started out from Le Treport in an ambulance for C. C. S. No. 61, situated a little above Poperinghe in that small corner of Belgium which the Allies still held, to relieve the surgical team (Captains Mitchell and Packard, Miss McCIellan, and Private Jabaut) from No. 10, which had been there for three months. After a most interesting trip, which gave us our first view of the activities going on in the advanced area, we reached No. 61 just after sundown and found it any- thing but attractive. The country was flat and the mud was ankle deep, except on the macadam roads. The hospi- tal was composed of a few Nissen huts and many tents. 148 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io Creature comforts were notably absent and the environ- ment was depressing. After dinner in the mess tent we paid a visit to the Nissen hut, which was known as " the operating theatre," and which contained five operating teams at work with the floor covered with wounded men on stretchers awaiting their turn for an operating table. This view gave me for the first time in my life an impression of what the layman's idea of surgery is. Never before had surgery seemed so unattractive to me. The next morning Colonel DeLaney left with the old team, glad to start out for the peace and comfort of Le Treport, which would appear like a haven of rest after three months at No. 61. Newlin and I started to work promptly that morning with the intention of trying to keep up the good repu- tation which the preceding team from No. io had estab- lished. This meant work, for "Mitch" and Packard had impressed the commanding officer, Colonel Turner, and their British colleagues with the idea that Americans would rather work than eat. The fact is they were thought a little peculiar because they showed an inclination to continue working during the tea hour. We also found that our predecessors had a reputation for beginning their work on the minute and often working over into the next shift. Their zeal for work and their amiability caused them to be greatly missed and we, their succes- sors, wondered whether we would be able to live up to the standard they had set. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 149 So much has already been written and published about the work of a C. C. S.—the long operating hours—crowded operating rooms—distressing wounds —the suffering of the brave Tommies—the long, crowded ambulance trains that carried away the large majority of the patients within a few hours after their operations—the method of separating the different types of wounded and the other phases of the opera- tion of an advanced hospital—that it seems to me unnecessary to repeat it here. Our team arrived at No. 61 at a busy time and our initiation into the work was prompt and complete. On three of our first five days we were at work in the "theatre" sixteen out of the twenty-four hours, twelve hours being the normal shift, with the necessary time out for meals. The amount of work to be done varied very much, however, and there were days when we did but few operations in the twelve hours. Such days were welcome because one had some opportunity of giving his patients a little study before operating upon them. Just before our return on December 4th, we had about ten days when no wounded were received at No. 61 and these were the hardest of our sojourn. Time hung heavy on our hands and our thoughts were constantly of those at Le Treport and at home. Shortly before leaving, wounded were again received at our station, but never again in the crowds that we had witnessed in the early weeks of our stay, when the offensive was at its height. 150 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io The horrible wounds, the suffering, the high mortal- ity, tended to depress one and this was added to at night by the disturbing visits of the Hun planes. During our off hours in the day time, our only diversion was walking and, as the roads were bad and usually filled with motor trucks and artillery, there was no great pleasure in walking. The one-track line of railroad which carried ammunition to the front was our favorite prome- nade. The little town of Poperinghe, about three miles behind, was often an objective, but when reached offered little pleasure, as it was always jammed with troops. Nearly every night shells passed over our heads, bound for this little town. At first we found this rather disturbing, but later became accustomed to it and trusted that none of the shells would fall short of the target. No. 61 was one of those unfortunate hospitals which was frequently the scene of the most distressing sight which human eye can witness, that is the re-wounding and killing of already wounded men by an enemy's bomb dropped suddenly in the dead of night. There was hardly a moonlight night that the Hun did not visit our neighborhood and drop bombs, but only on one occasion during our stay was our hospital hit. Six patients and an orderly were killed. Two of the patients were Germans and all had been operated upon a few hours before. During the last few weeks of our stay, Newlin and I "yyvgi A surgical ward in No. 16, General Hospital, Le Treport. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 151 slept below the level of the ground in shallow graves, two by six feet by eighteen inches deep, which were dug through the floor of our tents, and when the anti- aircraft guns were shooting and particles of the exploded shells were falling, we partly closed over us a section of the floor of the tent which was hinged and which had a piece of sheet iron nailed on the under side. This does not sound like very comfortable sleeping quarters, but as a matter of fact it was much warmer and much safer than the floor of a tent. Two very definite impressions were made upon me during the two months I spent at No. 61. One was the dogged perseverance of the British and their wonderful organization for handling wounded troops. The other was the fortitude and bravery of the women nurses. Night bombing is a terrifying thing and those who are not disturbed by it possess unusual qualities. It was terrifying to Tommies and officers alike, but I believe that the women nurses showed less fear than any one. Our own nurse, Miss Gerhart, really seemed to enjoy her experience and I think was the only one who had any regret at leaving No. 61. She was always cheerful and always working. She was liked by the British, both men and women, who at first called her the "American Sister," but later spoke of her less respectfully, but more affectionately, as "Cat-Gut-Katie," a sobriquet which I think had its origin with my distinguished anesthetist. Last fall, just two years after our activities in this 152 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io Clearing Station, I had an opportunity to visit it again, when I found only a few of the metal huts standing, but was able to locate the nurses' dug-out, and the holes in the ground where we had slept. The scene about the neighborhood represented a peace and quiet that seemed out of place when I remembered what the same neighborhood was like two years before. PLAN OF CASUALTY CLEARING STATION No. 6i,B. E. F. HOSPITAL ARRANGEMENTS DURING ACTIVE OPERATIONS A GENERAL plan of the Camp is hung up in the ■**• office and receiving room and wards and all officers and N. C. O's. will make themselves fully acquainted with it in order to ensure the smooth working during active operations. It will be observed that the area of the Hospital for dealing with sick and wounded is limited by the road dividing the camp transversely, the part on the far side from the entrance being reserved for infectious cases and personnel. That part of the hospital for dealing with sick and wounded is divided into halves by the broad duck- board walk. Each row of tents is numbered, the odd numbers on the left and the even numbers on the right of the path, commencing from the entrance. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 153 In addition the rows of tents are designated according to the purpose for which they will be used thus: LEFT RIGHT I. Reception 2. Evacuation (lying) 3- Dressing 4. Evacuation (lying) 5- Preoperation 6. Dispensary 7- Operating theatres and sterilizing room 8. Resuscitation 9- Acute surgical 10. Dining hall 11. Officers 12. Sitting evacuation and Germans 13- Gassed and chest cases 14. Sitting evacuation 15. Reserve 16. Reserve 17- Eye, dental and ordi-nary sick or lightly wounded fit to return to duty in few days. 18. S. I. W. Receiving Room. Cases are received in this room and records taken, then passed into dressing room. Dressing Room. This is equipped with six tables for dressing cases, each table being self-contained as re- gards requirements. Here cases are seen by M. O. who will divide them into: 1. Cases for immediate operation. (Passed straight to preoperation ward. No dressing.) 2. Cases for resuscitation ward. (Passed straight to resuscitation ward. No dressing.) 154 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 3. Cases for acute surgical and chest ward not im- mediately operable. (Straight to acute surgical and chest wards. No dressing.) 4. Cases for dressing and evacuation. (Dressed and passed to wards 2 and 4. Or as notified if these are full.) 5. Officers. All sent to officers' ward but first dressed if coming under 4 and 1. Preoperation Ward. Cases will here be prepared for the theatre. All cases will have their clothes removed. The amount of actual preparation of the wound will be decided by the M. O. Operating Theatre. Two theatres, one in a hut con- taining five tables, the other in a tent containing two tables, with the sterilizing room between them. Cases with gas infection will for preference be sent to the tent theatre. Operation Books. Each surgeon is responsible for seeing that the details of cases operated on by him are entered in the books, two of which are kept in the large theatre and one in the small theatre. Entries are to be made on the Field Medical Card in the theatre and signed by the surgeon performing the operation. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS Special Treatment Slip. No case will leave the dress- ing-room without the slip being completed so far as it applies. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 155 Field Medical Cards. Officers will take particular care to ensure that the Field Medical Cards are correctly completed and signed. It is of the utmost importance that any change of diagnosis from that made by the medical unit sending in the case to this C. C. S. should be reported at once to the office. The classification of the casualty, i.e., battle casualty, accidently wounded, or sick, must invariably agree with the diagnosis made. Occasionally the diagnosis "crushed" or "buried by shell" is made in a Field Ambulance. This should be altered and the diagnosis made in accord- ance with the printed classification kept in the dressing- room, to the actual injury found, e.g., "contusions." No case must go down to the Base without a diagno- sis being shown, no case to go down N. Y. D. "C. D." in large black letters must be entered on the envelope of the Field Medical Card of patients under- going Carrel-Dakin treatment, in the blank space for entry of remarks. Anti-tetanic Serum. In every case arriving at this C. C. S., it will be ascertained if the patient has received anti-tetanic serum. Cases which have not had the serum or where there is a doubt as to whether it has been given will receive it before leaving the dressing- room. A. T. indicating that A. T. S. has been given will be marked on the back of both wrists. Minor cases requiring gas, etc., can be dealt with in the dressing-room. 156 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. 10 Duties. The M. O.'s doing duty in the dressing-room are responsible for the patients in wards 2,4, and 8. They will see that no case from the evacuation ward is put on the train unless in a condition to travel and will also see that cases requiring it are redressed before being evacuated. They will send cases from here to any of the other wards should they think necessary. In regard to patients sent direct to wards 8, 9, 11 and 13 before being through the theatre the Medical Officers in charge will request any one of the surgeons on duty to see the case should they deem it necessary before sending it to the theatre. Cases in Retention Wards. A card showing the sur- geon's number is hung at head of bed of patients that have been operated on. The surgeon who performed the operation should be consulted if necessary as to further treatment. X-Ray Cases. The left hand side of A. F. W. 3172 (a supply of which is kept in dressing-room) must be completed by the M. O. sending a patient for x-ray. This form when completed must be sent to x-ray department that it may be known there what cases are waiting for treatment. If a case is sent from the dressing- room an X will be marked on the treatment slip. Where possible and likely to be of value in the further treat- ment of the cases the x-ray slates will accompany patients evacuated to the Base. To economize the time of the radiographer the follow- PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 157 ing types of cases are suggested as suitable for x-ray examination. Cases going to the preoperation ward should be selected: 1. Head cases with fracture or suspected fractures. 2. Severe chest cases with lodging missile. 3. Abdominals with lodging missile or suspected abdominals with wound of lower part thorax and through buttock or back. 4. Knee-joints with lodging missile or suspected fracture. Chest Cases Including Lethal Gas Cases. An officer is appointed especially to look after these cases. Surgical Instruments. A supply of surgical instru- ments will be arranged as follows: Two trays of instruments will be allotted to each table. These trays will contain the essential instru- ments for any operation, that is, knives, scissors, dis- secting forceps, pressure forceps, etc. When an operation is completed the tray containing the dirty instruments will be exchanged for a tray of clean instruments in the sterilizing room. Special Instruments. Two sets of special instruments e.g., amputation, head, abdominal, bone, will be kept ready for use in the theatre. After use these instruments will be taken to the sterilizing room, sterilized and returned to their allotted place. Extra Instruments. Separate trays containing an extra supply of the following instruments will also be 158 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io kept in the theatre ready sterilized. Scissors, scalpels, dissecting forceps, large pressure forceps, small pressure forceps. This arrangement applies to both theatres. Orders. Officers will make themselves acquainted with all orders issued daily and will always initial the order book. A WEEK AT CASUALTY CLEARING STATION No 32 BY EDWARD B. HODGE, M. D. ON March 21,1918, C. C. S. team 28, Captains Hodge and Dillard, Nurse Stambaugh and orderlies Clark and Mangin, received orders to leave Le Treport and help in the offensive begun that morning by the Germans. In company with teams from Canadian No. 2 and No. 47, the team was taken by the convoy drivers to No. 42 Stationary Hospital, Amiens. Joined there by teams from other bases, Rouen, Etaples, etc., it left for the front as a convoy directed by motor cycle guide and still driven by chaufferines, owing to scarcity of front area ambulances. About 9 p. m. the team reached its destination at Marchelepot some miles south of Peronne and in the area devastated at the time of the Hindenberg retreat. It was over 20 miles from the front when the drive began. Four teams each were assigned to C. C. S. 32 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 159 and 34, ours being among the former. During the night one more team arrived for each C. C. S., making a total addition to the regular staff of five teams apiece. On reporting to Lt. Col. Sutcliffe, R. A. M. C, the O. C, our team was assigned to the day shift, going on duty at 8 a. m. the next day on a 16-hour shift. The garage cars left for the long drive home almost at once in order to be in time for an evacuation in the morning. There were 1000 wounded waiting at the C. C. S. The word that night was that the Germans had made a big advance on a 50-mile front but would certainly be held on reaching the Somme if not before. During intervals of work at mess hours next day many troops were coming out of the line and a Divisional Headquarters was set up for a time directly across the road. Artillery fire was very heavy and almost continu- ous, but still distant. On getting to work Saturday the 23d, we found fine weather again but disquieting news and events. The Boche was still advancing steadily, the advance had not been checked at the Somme, gun fire was not so constant but nearer, a Divisional Headquarters had suffered a direct hit by a bomb in the night and many of the staff had been admitted to our C. C. S., among them the general commanding with a serious head wound. A little later orders came to cease work at noon on all eight tables except ours which was kept going till 2 p. m. Nurses and orderlies were busy packing the i6o PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io operating theatre equipment and supplies. At 3 p. m. the nurses were sent back by ambulance, going as we afterwards learned to 42 Stationary in Amiens. No more patients were admitted and all ranks were busy getting patients on stretchers and out on the duckboards ready to be loaded on a train. By late afternoon the last ambulance train had left, taking all but 200 cot cases. Kits were packed, canteens filled and everything made ready for leaving on another train as soon as orders should arrive. None had come since those evacuating the nurses, and the O. C. was unable to get the D. M. S. by phone. He went over to consult the O. C. of C. C. S. 34 as to the propriety of leaving without orders on a train of box and flat cars recently arrived and loaded with our remaining wounded and some equipment and supplies. Many warnings had been coming in all afternoon of the increasing proximity of the enemy. The engineers had just reported the road mined and advised leaving in half an hour. The two O. C's. finally decided to evacuate in the absence of orders, and about 10 p. m. we pulled out. Shells had been coming over for some time. Many of the wounded spent the 21 hours it took to cover the twenty-odd miles to Amiens lying on stretchers on the open flat cars. Captain Dillard and Captain Hodge occupied the brakeman's box of a box car, getting an occasional nap by the roadside when the train made a particularly long stop. German prisoners' quarters at Le Treport. German prisoners of war at Le Treport. m PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 161 On arrival in Amiens station at 7 p. m. Sunday night, the wounded were transferred to No. 42 Stationary Hospital, only six having died out of the 200 who began the long trip. All officers and men were kept on the platform in the station ready for orders to go up the line again. Amiens had been bombed nightly since the start of the push and this night was no exception, the show lasting from 8.30 to 12.30. Neither the station nor hos- pital was hit, however, though a French hospital was not so lucky. In spite of the noise and excitement, nearly everyone got some sleep, lying either on the baggage pile or on the concrete platform. Monday morning, after breakfast along the tracks, we were sent up the railroad as far as Villers-Bretton- neau. Here were hundreds of wounded lying in the open, and 61 C. C. S. which had been driven back from Ham was putting up canvas for an entrainment station to handle them. To it was attached our O. C. and his staff. He had been relieved of his independent com- mand for having evacuated Marchelepot without orders when he could get none, and although he had got away all wounded, staff, personnel and some equip- ment. Later we were glad to learn this had been re- scinded and his command restored. Three teams, Canada, St. Louis and ourselves, were taken by ambulance to Cerisy-Gailly on the Somme some miles away and there attached to 41 Stationary, n 162 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io Lt. Col. Mills-Roberts O. C. This had been a French hospital and was a fine hut hospital of 1200 beds with a staff of fine officers. They were now acting as a Field Ambulance, terribly rushed and operating for hemor- rhage only. We were all on duty most of the night and could see the whole battle line marked by the burning dumps fired during the retreat. Our dreams of work among such comfortable surroundings were soon rudely shat- tered. Going to bed at 9 a. m. in hopes of much needed sleep, we were roused at 11 by the news that we were to pack and be ready to move at 1 p. m. Patients from here had been evacuated by ambulance to the railroad at Villers-Brettonneau almost as fast as they came in. The sisters and luggage left by lorry and the detachment with Col. Mills-Roberts at its head set out on the road to Amiens. The 15 miles were covered in some 6 hours, and of the six officers who finished with the detachment four were Americans—all who had started. The others had hopped lorries. All the way, the road was filled with refugees afoot or on top of carts loaded wth house- hold goods. There were lorries, motor cars, wheelbar- rows and baby coaches. Soldiers, civilians, women and children, horses, cows, pigs, sheep and dogs—all were on the move. We saw little evidence of defensive works or of troops going up in support. On arrival at 42 Stationary Hospi- tal, we were given a free foot until 9 a. m. next day, PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 163 Wednesday, as Col. Mills-Roberts was not to take over its command till then. After dining at the hotel, we went back to the hospi- tal, Capt. McKenzie of the Canadian team with us, as we had learned our nurses, Miss Stambaugh and Miss Patterson, had been working there since leaving 32 C. C. S. on Saturday. We found them just leaving to spend the night in No. 3 branch in order to make room for the sisters from 41 Stationary. The first bombing flight had been over and it seemed a good time to move. The matron herself was going. While walking along a broad boulevard about half way to our destination, more bombers came over and four bombs were dropped in our block. After we had extricated ourselves from the fallen glass and plaster and had taken account of stock, we found everyone had a wound in leg or foot, except Capt. McKenzie. At first we feared he was killed as he was lying quiet in the gutter. Later it appeared he was only stunned and had not a scratch. An ambu- lance took us back to the place we had so recently left. There we were well looked after and the wounded operated on by Major Gordon Smith. The Chaplain gave up his room to the nurses, whose wounds were the most serious, and we found room for Capt. Dillard in a ward. Major Hodge arranged with the Sgt. Major for removal of our casualties by ambulance convoy next day to Abbeville, and at 2.30 a. m. he found himself a bed on the operating table as there wasn't a vacant 164 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io place in the wards, corridors, stair landings or dressing- rooms. The bombing kept up till after three. Next morning after getting the Adjutant's permis- sion, we got the patients and luggage loaded and started for Abbeville. The orderlies were left at 42 for further orders. Captain Dillard was placed in No. 2 Australian General Hospital and the nurses in the nurses' annex. Everyone was most kind and helpful, but it was impos- sible to get transportation or the use of the telephone to request it from Le Treport. While trying to accomplish this, an over-zealous English M. O. nearly got Capt. Dillard on the train to Blighty by way of Rouen—much to his disgust. Finally appeared some of the well-known garage ambulances bringing the other teams and our orderlies back from Amiens in response to general orders for return of C. C. S. teams to base. One was assigned to us and took Capt. Dillard and Major Hodge back to Le Treport. We were unable to get permission to move the nurses, who were later evacuated to England, as was Capt. Dillard. And so closed our experience in the great push for Amiens. We were away less than a week but had plenty of action crowded into that time. We did some work and much moving. Our escape from serious injury was narrow and our gratitude proportionately great. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 165 CASUALTY CLEARING STATION NO. 23 BY JOHN B. FLICK, M. D. /CASUALTY Clearing Station Surgical Team No. ^■^ 23, British, consisting of Lieut. John B. Flick, Lieut. J. Burton Roberts, Nurse Julia J. Ravenel, Pvt. P. J. Tate and Pvt. H. N. Bradley, received orders late Saturday night, August 24, 1918. Leav- ing Le Treport Sunday morning, about 8 a. m. the team proceeded by ambulance to Abbeville, where we changed ambulances, and thence to Fienvillers. After travelling all day, we arrived at No. 38 C. C. S. in time for a belated dinner, and to be assigned to the night shift of workers. We were rather astonished, after having spent the day in travel to be so ruthlessly initi- ated into C. C. S. work, but there was so much to be done and so few to do it that we soon forgot all about fatigue and fell into the swing of things. Miss Ravenel and the orderlies had the table ready by 9.30 p. m. and the team had its first nightmare of C. C. S. surgery. On Sept. 3rd, after reporting off duty and while at breakfast we were notified by the C. O. to be in readiness to move forward, that three teams were leaving and that ambulances would be ready to convey us at 10.30 a. m. We had expected this, as No. 38 was far behind active operations (Bapaume) and we had been getting only overflow cases, usually 18 or 24 hours old. We were too far behind for abdominal cases and we operated only one, a German and a hopeless case. 166 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io We were surprised and pleased upon arriving at No. 4 C. C. S., Colincamp, to find old friends—old friends from the standpoint of having been acquainted with other members of our unit, Colonel Harte and his team. There had been heavy fighting over that bit of country a few weeks previous, work was slow, the C. C. S. having just been completed that day, so we obtained leave and set out to view the battlefield. That stretch of country seemed to be just a series of shell holes and trenches. The German lines had been at Sayre, a few miles distant, and many of the shell holes between Colincamp and Sayre still contained dead in all sorts of grotesque positions, and usually with pockets turned inside out. The ground everywhere was strewn with the debris of battle. Work was never very strenuous at Colincamp. We were on day duty and usually managed to find time for walks about the country, exploring trenches and dugouts. The Hun nightly furnished us with diversion, but never dropped his "eggs" close enough to cause alarm. We enjoyed leisure at this post, but later were to learn that No. 4 could be busy. On Sept. 14 we received our orders to return to base, and together with other surgical teams from that area made our way in ambulances to Abbeville and to Le Treport by train. It was a big convoy; apparently all the teams in that army were returning to base for redistribution, although at that time we did not know the reason for the sudden recall. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 167 On Sept. 17 we again set out, arriving at 48 C. C. S., Brie, that evening, and again were assigned to night duty. On this trip we left Pvt. Tate behind, Pvt. John J. Waak taking his place. Tate had gone on leave, not knowing that we were to be called again. The attack on St. Quentin was already under way and by 10 p. m. we were deluged with cases. We were alongside an anti-aircraft headquarters, and apparently beneath a favored airpath of the Hun, for in the short space of time there we witnessed a number of air battles, and saw two planes brought down in flames. On the second night, we had finished our first case and were well started on the second, a miserable penetrating wound of the chest, and among other difficulties had just broken the only available rib shears, when the C. O. came to our table and told us to pack our kits and be in readiness to move as soon as possible. The cars did not arrive until about 1 a. m. It was a horrible wet night and five of us with our kits piled into an ambulance and with two other carloads started for Le Chapellette. We were to report to No. 53 C. C. S. as reinforcements, and the other teams to neighboring Casualty Clearing Stations. Somehow the cars became separated; it was dark and we had no lights; the driver became confused and after wandering about for several hours over bad roads we decided to pull up and await daybreak. There was a terrific barrage on, but in spite of it and of the crowded 168 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io car most of us managed to get a little sleep. We arrived at No. 53 C. C. S. at six o'clock in the morning, only to find that we were not needed, and on Sept. 21st re- turned to base. Lieut. Col. Thurston, R. A. M. C, a cousin of our first commanding officer at No. 16 General Hospital, was in charge of No. 53 C. C. S. On Sept. 26 we received orders to report at a hospital near DouIIens. There we were assigned to No. 4 C. C. S., then stationed at Beaulencourt. We were glad, for No. 4 C. C. S. was particularly well organized and well equipped, and we had liked the personnel at our pre- vious visit. Lieut. Col. Raule, R. A. M. C, was in command. We were cordially welcomed, but again assigned to night duty. As there were only two teams, we worked on sixteen-hour shifts for the first few days, going on duty at 1 p. m. and coming off at noon the next day. The pre-operative ward was always full; we operated only on cases that could not be transported without operation, and that were reasonably favorable. Most abdominals had to be left to their fate. The rush lasted about ten days, (Cambrai attack), the Hun bombs continued to interrupt our evening meal, but it never amounted to more than ducking lights. Occasionally he hit an ammunition dump and furnished excitement for the time being. On October 12 we moved to 29 C. C. S., Delsaux Farm, Beugny. We did day work and were glad of the Armistice Day. En route for home. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 169 change. Many civilians were coming in; old men, women and children, mostly from the neighborhood of Cambrai which was under the shellfire of the retreating Huns. It was something new to hear the cries of children in the wards. The Huns were retreating rapidly; Casualty Clearing Stations constantly moving, groups leap-frog- ging over each other, to keep pace with the advance, and No. 29 was soon a back C. C. S. On Nov. 3 we received our orders and proceeded by ambulance to Caudry. We passed up through the Hin- denburg line, skirted Cambrai because of the danger of mines, arriving at Caudry in the afternoon. Beyond Cambrai the condition of the country was very good in contrast to other areas that we had passed through. The fields were green and well kept, trees were largely untouched by shells, and aside from roads and bridges that had been mined there was very little to tell the tale of fighting. This was a stretch over which the Germans had retreated rapidly. No. 3 C. C. S. occupied a lace factory, which had also been used by the Germans as a hospital. We were billeted in houses near by. It was a hectic time; wounded were pouring in and prisoners were coming down in large numbers. Caudry was mined, hardly a day passed that some building did not go up; the day we arrived the railroad bridge was blown to pieces. We again drew night duty, and occasionally did a sixteen-hour shift. We all, however, felt the stimulus 170 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io of the time, work hours came and went, almost without our being conscious of a lapse. Rumors of the coming armistice already were rife. We treated one American boy who came in with a convoy made up of patients abandoned at a German advance hospital, captured by the British. He was from New York City, a youngster about nineteen. He had been captured the latter part of September while on a raid. The convoy was made up of Americans and British, some French, Italian, and Russians. This youngster's general condition was wretched, as was the condition of most of these poor fellows. He was very septic and emaciated. He had had a disarticulation at the left knee-joint, the articular sur- face was covered with granulations and bathed in pus and he had a compound fracture of the other leg and several flesh wounds elsewhere. He said that the German hospital had been under-staffed and without adequate supplies; that the prisoners suffered from want of food and attention, but that towards the last the Germans seemed more solicitous about their prisoners' care. In the early hours of the morning of the i ith we got the first news of the armistice. There was little excite- ment, but everybody wore a smile and that night we had an extra good dinner, speeches, and stories. Work immediately fell off, and on Nov. 13th, about six in the evening we started for Le Treport. We travelled by ambulance to Amiens, where we could not gain admit- tance to the hotels. We tried one after another, always PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 171 told that there was no room and that they could not supply us with food. The streets were crowded with a very cosmopolitan crowd intent on merrymaking and in spots a bit under the weather. We finally made our way back to our ambulances and set out for No. 42 Station- ary Hospital on the Amiens-Dury road, where the good night-sister, in spite of the hour—for it was one o'clock in the morning—prepared supper for us and we were given shelter for the night. That morning we travelled by train back to Le Treport. The total number of cases operated upon by team No. 23 was 271. MOBILE HOSPITAL NO. 8 BY EDWARD B. HODGE, M. D. A MOBILE Hospital in the A. E. F. was a 200- bed unit intended to function at, or in front of, the line of the Evacuation Hospital, but smaller than the latter, under canvas and more readily moved from place to place. As a rule, it handled only seriously wounded, non-transportable cases. Several had been put in the field during the summer of 1918 and had proved so useful that others were being organized as fast as the equipment could be obtained from the French, after whose Autochir the mobile hospital was modelled. To this end several different base hospitals had been asked to furnish the nucleus of staff and personnel of a mobile hospital, the remainder to be furnished by Head- quarters. As the table of organization called for 8 to 12 officers, 20 nurses and 80 men, Col. Harte had been asked to furnish a commanding officer, 4 officers, 20 nurses and 30 men. Although this seriously crippled his strength at 16 General Hospital during an exceedingly active period when replacements were not in sight, he very unselfishly fell in with the plan and thus gave many of us an experience which we would not willingly have missed. 172 < D o o PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 173 Our Mobile Hospital was No. 8. The officers detailed by Col. Harte were Capt. Hodge, C. O., Lt. Wilmer as Adjutant; Capt. Nolan, Lt. Outerbridge and Lt. Hether- ington. Hodge, Wilmer and Outerbridge were promoted while on this duty. Mrs. Eden was Chief Nurse, and ist Class Sgt. Dannehower was in charge of the men. The C. O. left on Sept. 20, 1918, for the Instruction and Assembly Park, Pare des Princes, Paris, reporting to Lt. Col. Jones C. O. He was later joined by the other officers, nurses and men as the orders came through. Here we found that M. H. 5 had recently left for the front. M. H. 6 left a few days after our arrival and M. H. 7 a week later. Here were added Lt. Sturr and Lt. Feldman, x-ray men, and Lt. Wilder, laboratory; also 50 enlisted men, casuals but recently over from the United States. The time was spent in checking up equipment and supplies, training the men in setting up and taking down the tentage and portable operating-room, testing out the different motors and trucks, selecting drivers and gen- erally beginning to get some sort of plan of organization under way. The nurses made up some supplies, had gas training and then spent the remaining days helping out at A. R. C. No. 5. About this time we learned that no more officers could be detailed to us so that we were particularly glad to learn of the possibility of our getting Capt. Keating of A. R. C Military Hospital No. 1 to join us. Through the kindness of Lt. Col. Hutchinson, this was accom- 174 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io plished and he later joined us at Deux Noeuds. The C. O's. of M. H. 9, io, n and 12 were at the Pare with us, being engaged in various stages of the same process. Our orders came on the 12th to move next day to Deux-Noeuds-devant-Beauzee. The trucks were loaded by that night, and the train next day. The rolling stock consisted of 4 trucks (M~3 tons), 1 sterilizer and 1 x-ray truck, Dodge touring car, side-car, 2 Iaundry units—washer and dryer—and 1 trailer. Two water carts were called for but simply could not be furnished at the time. Equipment and supplies made up some 35-40 truck loads. This was excessive, owing largely to overlapping of the French and American supply lists. Col. Jones was improving this condition with every M. H. that left. With 10 flat cars, 15 box cars and 2 passenger coaches, we made quite an imposing array as we pulled out of the freight yard at 9 p. m. on Oct. 13th. Dawn next day found us near Chateau Thierry on the way up the Marne valley. So from our train we had grandstand seats for the scene of the celebrated events between Chateau Thierry and Epernay. That evening at Sommeiles, we were turned over by the French to the 13th Enginers U. S. A.—recruited from the Illinois Central R. R.—who ran the line from there on. Reach- ing Evres that evening we spent the night on the train and in the morning began to unload. Lieut. Wilmer went PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 175 to Deux Noeuds to look our station over while Major Hodge went in the Dodge car to report to ist Army Headquarters at Souilly. We found that M. H. 6 had been running a center for head cases at Deux Noeuds, had just been ordered further front but had not yet got all its command away. The adjutant, several officers, all the nurses, 5 surgical teams and 30 enlisted men had still to go. This was Tuesday and before it was over we had all the nurses and officers, most of the men and a lot of sup- plies transported to Deux Noeuds. Next day we took over command and by another twenty-four hours had things running fairly well. The hospital was located on the grounds of a small chateau just outside the tiny village with the long name but known in Yank vernacular as "Doughnuts." Souilly was "Swilly." A French Ambulance had been located here and we used its hut wards for our patients and for nurses' quarters. There were also mess and cook shacks. Officers and men found quarters in the chateau and its stone outbuildings and stables. Mobile Hospital 6 had been quite busy and were able to give us much help from their experience. Patients arrived by ambulance and were evacuated in the same way to Vaubecourt on the railroad. With the aid of the five teams we found here, and which were detached to us from M. H. 6, it was possible to keep the surgical work in hand. Most of our trials were on the executive 176 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io side and ran all the way from mired trucks to a serious shortage of cooks. Imagine the latter when besides 200 patients and 100 men we were responsible for feeding during most of a week a boarding house of 56 nurses and 37 officers! But nothing was too much for the ability and spirit of a command such as ours. By utilizing slightly wounded patients and volunteers from our enlisted men, we got or trained the cooks and before long the departure of M. H. 6's nurses, officers and men lightened the load. Capt. Wilmer discovered a park of 50 water carts near by, and through bribery and corruption of the homesick lieutenant in charge, by inviting him to a meal or two to meet the nurses, two carts were somehow diverted from their original destination. "Memorandum receipt," I believe it is called. The usual term is "sal- vage." Thanks to kind friends we also for the first time became possessed of two typewriters—not through regular channels! These things sound small but they bulk large when water must be carted miles and it becomes necessary to borrow a typewriter from your chief at 5 p. m., put two men on it all night and have it back 10 kilometers away by 7 a. m., in order to get out the payroll. Capt. Keating arrived shortly and a few days later we were fortunate enough to get transferred to our permanent staff Captain Speese, formerly of the Presby- terian Hospital Unit, who had been head of a team PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 177 with M. H. 2 since July. So we had two experienced men as surgical directors. Capt. Nolan acted as mess officer, Lt. Hetherington as supply officer, leaving Capt. Outerbridge more or less free for operating work. We had no chaplain and though we applied for one immediately on reaching Deux Noeuds, none ever ar- rived. Lt. Wilder drew the assignment of burying the dead in addition to his duties as sanitary officer and pathologist. Mortality in the serious head wounds was very high and Wilder had much practice as a padre. Miss Carter developed bronchopneumonia but made a smooth recovery. We met and were visited by many old and new friends, among them Captain—now Major—Cad- walader formerly of B. H. 10, several members of M. H. 4 from the St. Louis unit, etc. Troops coming out of the line were billeted in the village and we often saw their officers, our nurses always proving a strong attraction. Among the many rumors afloat, two became quite persistent; that Deux Noeuds was to be closed, the Head Center experiment not having proved practical, and that another offensive on our front was imminent. Toward the end of October, word came from Head- quarters to be ready for a move to a point near Varennes very soon. All but fifteen patients had been evacuated. These could not be moved for some days yet, being serious post-operative brain cases. Our move was thus 12 178 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io complicated by the necessity of leaving sufficient staff and personnel at Deux Noeuds to look after these cases. On Friday, Nov. i, the push began—as it turned out, the last of the war. On Sunday morning we began our move, aided by 20 trucks furnished to us. With Capts. Speese and Outerbridge, Major Hodge went ahead in the Dodge car to report at Cheppy to Col. Eastman, Chief Surgeon of the 5th Corps, to which we were to be temporarily attached. Here we were given our map location near Exermont and started on to look the ground over. Caught in a traffic block on the only good road up the Aire Valley, we crossed to the other side of the river, took a road through the edge of the Ar- gonne forest and crossed back again at Chatel-Chehery to our destination—25 miles from Deux Noeuds. This was one-half mile east of the main road and just off the branch road to Exermont. There was a poor stone entrance road and a worse turn-around. It had been used as the Triage for the 2d Division and some tentage of F. H. 1 was still pitched. We were able to plan a set-up for our tents without too much inter- ference from shell holes but were disappointed to find the nearest water tank i}i miles away. Major Hodge returned to Deux Noeuds for the night, leaving Speese and Outerbridge in charge of receiving the convoy on its arrival. Due to rain, bad roads and congested traffic, the trucks did not begin to arrive till after dark and kept^droppingtin all night. What with rain, mud, little PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 179 food and water—the water cart having been relieved of its contents on the way up—and hard work unload- ing, this was a night long remembered by those at Exermont. Next day, Major Hodge and Captain Wilmer returned in advance of another convoy of trucks under Lieut. Hetherington, leaving Capt. Nolan and the nurses to finish up at Deux Noeuds. We found good progress had been made in setting up. Field Hospital 338 was locating just across our entrance road. It was attached to us and was to handle slightly wounded and medical patients. Ambulance Co's. 542 and 604, Lt. Terry C. O., were also attached to us to evacuate to the rear from M. H. 8 and F. H. 338. They were so scattered up and down the line on their previous assign- ment that it was some days before orders reached all the drivers and they were regularly working for us. By Tuesday we had up a good deal of canvas and were using some wards to help out F. H. 338 which was overrun with slightly wounded. Truck loads of troops were going up the line trying to keep in touch with the Boche who had already been driven back some 20 miles. These trucks brought back the slightly wounded. We were beginning to get in some seriously wounded and the camp was running with some system. By Wednes- day, all nurses were up from Deux Noeuds, all patients there evacuated and the place closed. On Thursday evening, Nov. 7, we had the false armistice celebration, 180 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io rockets and flares all around the horizon and motor lights and horns amuck up and down the valley. Another day saw three additional teams assigned to us and our ambulance evacuations working smoothly. Monday, the nth, brought the true armistice, but no one paid much attention at the time, having been fooled once. The truth was finally forced upon us by the absence of the familiar gun fire and drone of aero- planes. By afternoon, confirmation arrived and at dinner the occasion was properly celebrated in our mess by the combined staff of M. H. 8 and F. H. 338. Work was by no means over, however, as we con- tinued to receive wounded until the 17th. With armistice day came clear cold weather and life was brighter. The laundries had been set up and were working well, the water problem was better but it was harder to get rations, coal, wood, gas and supplies, as all the dumps were on the move—first, forward with the advance and later back again as the Army of Occupation moved into Luxembourg and other troops were with- drawn. It frequently occurred that a detail going to draw supplies found the usual place closed and had to spend most of the day and cover 30-40 miles before finding the new location and filling its wants. After another week or two, conditions became stabilized and living easier. When talking of rations, it is only proper to say that our experience with the U. S. Q. M. Department at the front was most satisfactory. The PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 181 food there was of excellent quality and variety and in ample quantity. It was issued freely and with little red tape. Any difficulty was in the matter of transportation from railhead to organization. This we were spared by having our own trucks. Saturday, Nov. 16th, marked our last admissions and on that day word came that we would be withdrawn and out of canvas as soon as possible. So we began to prepare by gradually taking down what canvas was no longer needed. We had pitched 13 Bessano or French ward tents, assigned as follows: Wards 7, admission 1, shock 1, operating 1, supply 1, nurses' quarters 1, officers' quarters 1. Besides these we used 10 "tortoise" tents and 7 marquees—the former for supply, kitchen, drug and morgue purposes and the latter for mess and quar- ters for men and night shifts of nurses and officers. On the 19th, 18 months from home, came orders to assume the big black A, insignia of the ist Army. Also came the rumor that all the mobile hospitals were to be sent into Germany with the 3d Army. This aroused much discussion and various feelings. On this day too, F. H. 338 left us for Briquenay. About this time we suffered our only casualties from wounds— Capt. Outerbridge being hit by a spent revolver bullet and one of the attached nurses by a rifle bullet. Target practice in the neighborhood was responsible. Fortu- nately no damage was done. 182 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io Our opportunities for sightseeing were almost ideal. Within a mile of the Argonne Forest at the level of Cornay and Chatel-Chehery, near which the "Lost Battalion" had its experience earlier, we were sur- rounded by localities and names familiar and famous in our war records. Montfaucon, Romagne, Grandpre, Varennes, Vauquois, Buzancy, Dun, Stenay—all were within walking or motoring distance. Making the most of the fine weather and lack of work, all who could be spared were on the road. By walking, using the Dodge and trucks, and by "lorry-hopping," the country for miles around was covered and souvenirs innumerable collected. Frequently the nurses, leaving on foot, re- turned riding in limousines with generals or colonels. No one of lower rank had a chance. Lt. Terry took a party of officers in one of his ambulances to Luxem- bourg and Metz shortly before his command was detached and sent to serve with the Army of Occu- pation. On Nov. 23d, orders came to evacuate our few remaining patients. During this week all our operating teams were ordered back to base. On Saturday and Sunday, Nov. 30 and Dec. 1, ambulances and trucks were furnished to move nurses and equipment to Varennes, some kilometers south, with orders to unload by the railroad tracks, pitching only enough tentage for quarters, ready to move into Germany as soon as transportation should be furnished. Evacuation Hospi- Entrance to British General Hospital No. 16, Le Treport. ,mmm*+-?-: 1 Convalescent patients leaving the admission and discharge hut at British General Hospital No. 16, Le Treport. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 183 tal 14, pitched on the flat in the bend of the river at Varennes, invited nurses and officers to share their quarters and mess. We accepted their hospitality for two days and then moved to drier ground—the nurses going to visit at M. H. 4 on the hill behind Cheppy at the kind insistence of Lt.-Col. Klopton, and the officers joining our men on the hillside by the road from Var- ennes to Cheppy. By this time, M. H. S. 1,4,6 and 8 were camped within a mile of Varennes, all waiting for movement orders to Germany. Nos. 2 and 5 were further south. Here we sat till Dec. 17, seeing the sights, hearing rumors and going to dances and dinners given by the various commands in the valley. Needless to say, the nurses of the M. H.'s were in great demand at the dances and entertainments and many a night the trucks were busy taking them to and fro. Our plans were laid to bring our nurses back on the 17th, and prepare for a Christmas dance. On the very day orders came to send the nurses back to base. So the dance was off and the wonderful ball room floor we had laid of no use. The nurses got off by ambulance on the 19th to Bar-Ie-Duc where they entrained for Paris on the way to Le Treport. We were to get transportation to Joinville-haute-Marne, there to be demobilized as a unit and returned to base. Days and weeks passed and still no transportation. We whiled away the time visiting nearby places of interest and making up parties in the Dodge car for 184 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io distant points, usually on business and pleasure com- bined. Paris, Rheims, St. Menehould and Metz at different times received our attention. We were able to get leave through for a few of the men and one officer. Just before Christmas, we were cheered by a visit from old Base io friends, Majors Newlin and Krumb- haar coming to this part of the world to look up the graves of relatives and friends. For three days we mo- tored them about, visiting Thiaucourt, Brabant, Verdun and various battle fields. M. H. No. i gave a big dinner shortly before its departure on Christmas Eve. That night Mobile 4 had a wonderful dinner followed by a very good show given by their men. They finally got cars and pulled out on the 31st. Meanwhile the steady rain had flooded the river which was over its banks up and down the valley. This not only flooded out F. H. 41 pitched on the flat where Evacuation 14 had been but drove the rats up into our tents and, most serious of all, was washing the railroad tracks. Mobile 6 got away on Jan. 3 leaving us a few cars to begin loading. By the 6th, enough cars had arrived and we were all loaded, sleeping on the train that night. The men were on straw in box cars while we had fitted up a German box car with stove, cots, folding tables and chairs and were most comfort- able. All cars were wired up and lighted from our x-ray truck, and in addition the electrical sergeant had arranged in electric bulbs a big figure 8 on each side of PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 185 the x-ray truck. It all looked like a real circus and we left in style at 8 a. m. next morning. Like most trips in France, we ran for an hour and then waited a day—literally, this time. Reaching Aubre- ville, where the U. S. operation of the railroad ended, at 9 a. m., it was noon next day before a French engine arrived to take us further. We reached Joinville at 4.30 p. m. and spent the night on the train. Next morning found us reporting to Lt.-Col. Jones, our old friend of the Pare des Princes, who was here to see us demobilized as he had seen to our mobilizing. We drew billets in the town, got paper work under way and renewed friendships with Mobiles 4, 5 and 6, still in town but about ready to depart. Things went through with a rush, due to good preliminary work on our papers, and by Saturday the nth we were officially demobilized and split up into detachments. Capt. Wilmer went to Tours to turn in our records to the Chief Surgeon's office. Capt. Keating and Lt. Hetherington left for Paris to check up the supplies and equipment when turned in at the Pare des Princes. Half a dozen non-commissioned officers and men went with our train to Paris as guard. The rest of us left Saturday evening on the Metz- Dunkerque leave train for Le Treport. We were directed to take with us all officers and men who had not come to us from a regular base, thus adding some four officers and 50 men to the number with which we left Le Treport. Imagine Col. Mitchell's feelings when he 186 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io received that telegram! On Sunday morning our train went around Paris and spent the rest of the day wander- ing over northwest France, arriving at Abbeville at mid- night, just too late for a connection to Le Treport. Our last sleep on the road overtook the men in the rest camp and the officers in the dormitory of the Officers' Club. There was no train till next afternoon when a two-hours run brought us to the familiar station at four-thirty. It is not a thing of beauty, but it looked good to us. Still more so did the old top and the many friends there from whom we had been away some four months. And so ended a most interesting and instructive experience. We had many pleasures, some troubles and a few sorrows. No command we met showed more ability for hard work and finer spirit in nurses, officers and men. This fact was frequently commented on by others. To this spirit and fidelity are due what measure of success was achieved. Certainly we never failed to do what was allotted us, faulty as was at times the execution. No commanding officer ever had his task made easier by the cooperation of his whole command. And always we had before us the stimulus of trying to make a record worthy of Base Hospital No. io. DETACHED TOUR OF SERVICE BY LIEUT.-COL. WILLIAM J. TAYLOR IN May, 1918,1 was ordered by the British Author- ities to report for temporary duty in the War Hos- pitals in London on June ist and accordingly left Le Treport on May 28th early in the morning and reached Boulogne in time to take the duty boat which sailed at 2.30 p. m. and arrived in London that same evening. This was rather an interesting experience, as we were ordered to put on life preservers before the boat left the dock and to wear them until we arrived in the harbor at Folkestone. The deck was so crowded that a seat was impossible; fortunately it was a fine day, clear and cold, and fairly smooth. A mine sweeper had cleared the way; a dirigible was overhead; a seaplane swept back and forth over the course and the convoy which consisted of the duty boat, two leave boats and two hospital ships, was guarded by four destroyers, two on either side. My return journey was made in the same manner. I reported to Sir Robert Jones, Director of Ortho- pedics, on June ist, who was most cordial and inquired just what kind of work I wished to see. He gave me a list of hospitals most worth my while to visit and letters 187 188 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io of introduction to the commanding officers, and wrote to the hospitals that I would visit them. I was given transportation on the railways. After spending a week in visiting the London hos- pitals, most of which time was spent at Shepherds Bush, I went to Leeds, then to Edinburgh to the Bangor Hospital, with Sir Harold Stiles, where I saw much interesting surgery of nerves, then to Liverpool and the Alder Hey Hospital, whe^dF I saw much of interest, *—jsjb* ♦—- then to Cardiff where the Ilr^ee of Wales Hospital for amputation cases was vjjjr}' instructing, then to Bristol and back to London. I spent a very profitable day at Tooting with Colonel Percy Sargent and saw him operate upon various nerve lesions; a day at Queen Mary's Hospital for facial reconstruction at Sidcup where marvellous work was being done by Major Gillies and others, and went to various other hospitals. Wherever I went I was received with the greatest courtesy and every facility was offered me to examine the patients and to learn the methods of treatment employed. I reported again to Sir Robert Jones who ordered me back to No. 16 General Hospital for duty. I left London June 29th early in the morning and reached Le Treport at 1.30 the next morning, June 30th, 1918. The institutions visited were well adapted to their purposes, fully equipped and officered, and it was a PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 189 pleasure to see what a large number of American medi- cal officers were on duty, a very considerable percentage of the medical staff of all of these hospitals being officers of the United States Army. Many of these officers had been sent over for instruction in Orthopedic Surgery in the British war hospitals and would then, after a few months training, be sent to our own army in France, while others who had special knowledge and aptitude remained with the staff of the hospitals. The experience gained in this short tour of duty was of the greatest value to me, and had the war continued, as we had every expectation that it would, would have fitted me to take up this work with our own wounded. SERVICE OF MEMBERS AFTER DETACH- MENT FROM BASE HOSPITAL NO. io BY J. CLIFFORD ROSENGARTEN ARRIVING at Tours November 24th, I received my commission as 2d Lieutenant and was made Assistant Superintendent of the 5th Railway Mail Service to help out until the Christmas mail rush was over. The work was uninteresting but I found a great many friends in Tours and had a very pleasant time. On January ist, 1919, I was ordered to Paris to report to the Chief of the Courier Service, Major Peas- lee. I spent five very pleasant days in town while pro- curing my diplomatic passport, civilian clothes for neutral countries etc. and was then sent on a trip to Berne, Switzerland, via Geneva. I found George Howe there as Assistant Military Attache, and we had a very pleasant reunion and talked over the early days of No. 10 when we were fellow Sergeants ist. Class. On my return to Paris I was greeted with the welcome news that I was to be stationed in Berlin and to make my trips from there. Five couriers went with a small mission from the Peace Conference to Brussels where we found a wild state of gaiety and rejoicing, as the Boche had only left 190 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 191 there a short time before. From there we went to Charle- roi and caught at night the British Officers' "leave train" to Cologne. At Cologne we were put up for the day at the Officers' Club and got our first view of occu- pied Germany. The people seemed contented enough, but it was interesting to see how successfully the Boche had replaced many needed articles with "ersatz." For instance even the bed sheets were of heavy crepe paper. At 1 a. m. on the 25th, we got aboard the sleeper on the train from Cologne to Berlin required by the terms of the armistice. I might say that in thousands of miles of traveling in unoccupied Germany this was the only sleeping car I saw. We arrived in Berlin at 10 p. m. on January 26th, in uniform of course, filed out through a dense mass of people, who stared hard but offered no insult, and walked several blocks to the Hotel Esplanade. The only Americans in Berlin were General Harris and five aids who had been sent in previously to attend to the repatriation of American prisoners. We found Berlin very interesting although conditions were very uncom- fortable. Influenza was raging, but somehow only one of our party became sick. The food in the hotel was very expensive and unsatisfying. One arose from the table full but still hungry. In walking around one saw no smart-looking officers, as they had all gotten into civilian clothes, in fear of their troops. All the aristoc- racy were tucked away on their country estates. The 192 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io taxicabs all had spring steel tires and only the army autos had rubber tires. The poor people looked thin and rather pale. They were surely underfed but there was no starvation. The fifth day I went to Danzig leaving at ten o'clock at night. I will describe this trip as it was typical of all traveling in Germany. One had to be at the station at least one hour before the train left to get a seat, as none were reserved. This was the one train to Danzig and took the place of six running in peace time, so you can imagine how crowded it was. A German ist class coupe has four seats but was always occupied by eight sitters and generally a lot of standers. The couloirs were always so jammed with people that it was impossible to move around. All the cloth cover- ings of the seats, leather window straps, etc., had been stolen. At least 30 per cent, of the windows were broken and there was no steam heat and we sure had cold weather in February. If the windows were not broken the Germans would not have the windows or doors open, even a crack, and as they all smoked terrible ersatz cigars the result was indescribable. Impossible to sleep a wink. We arrived at nine the next morning and I delivered my mail to the Food Commission who were there to arrange the unloading of cargoes of food for Poland. I left the same night and arrived in Berlin the following morning, half frozen and nearly dead for sleep. We moved into the Hotel Adlon so as to be with General Harris. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 193 In all my travels I found the railway roadbeds had been kept in splendid shape, practically equal to the Pennsylvania R. R. at home. But the cars and engines had frequent trouble with hot boxes, etc., owing to not having the proper heavy oils for lubrication. Our service covered the following routes: Berlin—The Hague. Berlin —Dantzig. Berlin—Russia (Kovno and Riga). Berlin— Copenhagen, Stockholm, Helsingfors. Berlin—Ham- burg, and Berlin—Munich. The commission returned to Paris in two weeks but I was in Berlin till July 3d. Intermittently in February and March there was heavy fighting in Berlin between the Spartacans and the volunteer government troops, but it was all over by the end of March. The theatres, opera, great restaurants, dance halls, ice palaces and gambling halls were crowded every night, with people spending money like mad. Subway building had been going on during the war and work was still proceeding during all my stay. Von Bernstorff, one of the few titled Boche I saw in Berlin, sat at the next table to me in the Adlon during February, but needless to say I did not speak to him. From the first of March we had an officers' mess with food brought from Coblenz. This was not only good but cheap. The hotel servants were quite honest except that it was impossible to keep in one's room any food, chocolate or cigarettes, even under lock or key. They were too much of a temptation to people who had had none for three years. 13 194 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io On July 3rd, I proceeded to Paris and from there to London on the 7th, where I had four days. I saw the great parade in Paris on the 14th, and sailed from Brest on the 16th, as a trans-Atlantic courier, arrived in Washington the night of the 27th, and was mustered out there on the 29th. I often think of the wonderful work No. 10 did in France, and my respect and admiration for the officers, nurses and men of Pennsylvania Base Hospital No. 10 is unbounded. BY GEORGE HOWE After leaving Base Hospital No. 10,1 arrived in Chau- mont on October 14th, 1917, where I was assigned to the Second Section of the General Staff, or "Intelli- gence B," as it was called at that time, retaining my rank as Sergeant in the Medical Reserve Corps. Early in December I was examined for a commission in the Corps of Interpreters and was made a Lieutenant in this Corps on December 8th. After a course of study at Chaumont and at Paris, lasting for several months, I was sent to Switzerland, as Assistant Military Attache to the American Legation in Berne, for the purpose of carrying on Secret Service work in that country. I remained at this post until two months after the armis- tice, when I was called to Paris and assigned to the Peace Conference. In February, 1919, I was sent to Munich by the Politi- PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 195 cal Information Section of the American Peace Com- mission. In this city I was present at the time of the murder of Eisner and the beginning of the revolution which reached its full height later in the spring. In March, however, I was recalled to Paris and at the request of the Peace Commission received my discharge from the Army on April 3rd, in order that I might go to Teschen as American Delegate to the Inter-Allied Com- mission for the control of Teschen. This Commission was operating in East Silesia in the name of the Peace Conference as de facto government in an attempt to keep the peace between the Czechs and the Poles, whose disputes over the railroad and coal mines of this ex- tremely rich region had reached a stage of open violence. At this post I remained until June 20th, when I returned to Paris to report on a possible solution for the partition of the territory. In Paris I remained for two months awaiting the decision of the Peace Conference, but as there appeared to be no immediate prospect of a solution—and indeed, no solution has as yet been reached—I decided that my services were superfluous and requested that I be sent home, where I arrived on August 26th, and terminated my connection with the Government. THE HOME UNIT A MOST invaluable auxiliary to the welfare of Base Hospital No. io was the Home Unit, organized among the relatives and friends of those who had gone over seas. It was organized at a meeting held at the house of Judge Norris S. Barratt, June 21, 1917. This meeting was attended by about one hundred persons. The following officers were elected: Judge Barratt and Mr. Frank H. Rosengarten as an Advisory Board, and an Executive Committee con- sisting of Mrs. Franklin Bache, Mrs. William Redwood Wright, Miss Louise Bettman, Mrs. Norris S. Barratt, and Mrs. Arthur H. Gerhard, with Mrs. Howard E. Seaver as Treasurer, and Mrs. Henry S. Pancoast as Secretary. Arrangements were perfected so that the Home Unit would serve as a bureau of information to those desiring information about the affairs of Base Hospital No. 10, the correct method of forwarding letters or gifts, and how they could work for it. Many subse- quent meetings were held and a great amount of work done. The first Christmas passed by those in France was rendered happy by the thoughtful providence of the Home Unit. The latter undertook the gigantic task of 196 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 197 forwarding Christmas packages to all the members of the Hospital Unit. To accomplish this it was necessary to gather the gifts and pack them in September. As a result of the generous labor of the Home Unit every man and woman serving overseas received a Christmas package, and the pleasure they gave cannot be ade- quately described. In this connection the valuable aid of Queen Mary's Needlework Guild should be especially recalled. The Guild soon after the sailing of the Unit offered to forward parcels to any of its members, and they main- tained this kindly service as long as it was necessary. Another auxiliary to our work was the class held by Mrs. Curtis Patterson at the Parish House of St. James' Church, which forwarded great quantities of surgical dressings. The Home Unit was a great comfort and aid, not only to the men and women overseas but to their families at home. Every family who had a relative in Base Hospital No. 1 o was presented with a window card bearing an inscription stating that a man, or if a nurse, a woman, from that house was serving in the United States Medical Corps in France. The members of the Home Unit felt towards one another as though they constituted one great big family with many members overseas, and the spirit of mutual helpfulness helped to tide them over many hard places. A special service for the Home Unit was held by the 198 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io Reverend David M. Steele, at the Church of St. Luke and the Epiphany on Sunday afternoon, November 18, 1917. The church was crowded and the beautiful service made a profound impression on those who were present. On October 25, 1919, a Memorial Meeting of the Home Unit was held in the Assembly Room of the Pennsylvania Hospital, and six trees were planted on the Hospital grounds, each dedicated to the memory of one of the six members of the Unit, who died while serving in France, namely: Kenneth B. Hay, died, November 29, 1917. Helen Fairchild, died, January 18, 1918. Paul N. Acosta, died, October 5, 1918. James Allen, died, October 23, 1918. Frank X. Dochney, died, October 25, 1918. John Wesley Thomas, died, October 30, 1918. CONTRIBUTORS MANY generous contributions were made by persons who were interested in the welfare of the Unit. Some of the donors desired to conceal their names and it is possible that in the accom- panying lists their names do not appear on this account. Two ambulances were provided, fully equipped, through the generous activity of Mr. William H. Kingsley. One of these ambulances was taken overseas and proved an invaluable adjunct in our work. The day before the Unit left Philadelphia it was realized that it possessed no flags. The regulation United States and Red Cross standards were promptly furnished by Mr. Walter Horst- mann and were carried at the head of the Unit when it marched through the streets of Liverpool on landing. The financial affairs of the Unit were managed throughout by Mr. Beauveau Borie, Jr. one of the Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital. The debt of gratitude due him in this matter cannot be overesti- mated. The labor involved was very considerable and the responsibility great, largely owing to the variety of purposes for which the money given was intended and to the irregularity with which it was given or received. To maintain a just position in the circum- 199 200 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io stances between the donors, the Unit, the American Red Cross and the Goverment, was not always easy and the tact and uprightness with which Mr. Borie performed his thankless task was notable. He volun- tarily gave up his cherished desire to go over-seas and remained where his duties were not only most onerous but absolutely essential to the welfare of the Unit. CONTRIBUTORS TO PENNYSLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. Biddle, Miss Emily W. Biddle, Mr. Lyman Biddle, Mr. Lynford Bodine, Mr. Samuel T. Bradley, Mrs. Susan H. Brown, Mr. John A. Carr, Mr. George M. Cassatt, Mrs. A. J. Catherwood, Mr. Wilson Clark, Mrs. C. Howard Clark, Mrs. E. Walter Colton, Mrs. Mary R. Cooke, Mr. Richard Y. Coxe, Mrs. Harry C. Cramp, Mrs. Theodore Curtis, Mr. Cyrus H. K. Downs, Mrs. Norton Drexel, Mrs. Drexel, Mrs. George W. Childs Greene, Mrs. William H. Guin, Mrs. John Hale, Mrs. James Hart, Dr. Charles D. Horner, Mr. Wm. McPherson io Ketterlinus, Mrs. J. S. Ketterlinus, Mrs. E. B. Kingsley, Mr. Wm. H. Lea, Mrs. Charles M. Lewis, Miss Anna L. Lewis, Miss Nina Lewis, Mr. Samuel W. Liberty Typewriter Co. McKean, Mr. H. P. Meigs, Mr. William M. Mitchell, Mr. J. Kearsley Morton, Mr. A. V. Norris, Mrs. Charles Penrose, Mr. R. A. F., Jr. Rae, Mr. Samuel Rawle, Mrs. W. Brooks Rhoads, Mr. Charles J. Rhoads, Mrs. Charles J. Robins, Miss Helen Rosengarten, Mr. F. H. Smith, Mrs. Philip Henry Spencer, Mr. Arthur Starr, Mr. Isaac T. Stork, Mrs. T. W. Stotesbury, Mr. E. T. I _^»"* Ambulance presented to the Pennsylvania Hospital Unit through the kindness of Mr. \V. H. Kingsley of Philadelphia. Mobile Unit No. 8, U. S. A. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 201 Stotesbury, Mrs. E. T. Townsend, Mr. J. B., Jr. Turner, Mrs. William J. Vaux, Mrs. J. Waln Welsh, Mr. Wentz, Mr. D. B. American Red Cross, S. E. Penna. Chap. Interest, Guarantee Trust Co. Interest, Guarantee Trust Co. REGISTRAR'S STATISTICS BRITISH GENERAL HOSPITAL NO. 16 France, June 13, 1917—to Feb. 4, 1919 Admissions Sick Wounded Month 0 u 0 a 0 '55 "3 -*> 0 a 0 u 1* u a •tf Total sick and wounded 1917 1 210 43 68 321 l69 169 490 750 34 172 956 1,482 I ,482 2,438 876 40 no 1,026 1,604 1,604 2,630 Sept.................... 473 44 I 118 635 1,177 1,177 1,812 Oct..................... 836 24 136 996 2, 119 2 | 2, 121 3,H7 881 77 | 144 1,102 992 2 | 994 Dec.................... 588 80 "5 783 I , 129 II | i, 140 1,923 1918 812 iro | 83 1,005 192 192 Feb.................... 476 25 80 S81 120 120 630 49 | 9i 770 1,947 1,947 502 137 | 522 1,161 539 653 | 1,192 1,583 475 I 155 2,213 775 2 1 777 2,990 1,100 864 | 75 2,039 224 3 1 227 July.................... 1,264 323 | 112 1,699 499 499 2,198 1,618 5° 1 137 1,811 3,682 3,682 Sept............. 1,835 85 | 7i 1,591 1,860 1,860 3,851 Oct.............. 1,036 264 | 87 1,387 2,596 13 | 2,609 r,448 156 | 114 1,720 526 1 1 527 Dec................... 474 75 64 613 50 62 | 112 1919 664 50 138 802 852 Feb.................... 1 1 Venerels................ 560 1 | 560 560 Total................. 18,616 3,014 | 3,592 24,222 21,683 710 | 28,413 46,653 Table compiled by Private Joseph L. Strain. 202 REGISTRAR'S STATISTICS BRITISH GENERAL HOSPITAL NO. 16 France, June 13, 1917-T0 Feb. 4, 1919 Discharges to >, O > a 0 "o 6 Sick Wounded •0 PI (IS JO "O 0 OJ 2 « 3 g c 0 .a a 0 2 en .C O c e W 0 a, "0 C O O (3 n"3 0 .a u V .fi 0 T3 1) _■ PI 2 g CO a 0 > u O 6 1917 1 1 12 1 164 i88| 33] 11 396 523 27l| 58 5! 869I 1,265 2I 2 July...... 2 308 295| 6g| 11 685 44 287 I7o| 7 il 509I 1,194 i| 8 I 322 396| iii| 6 836 19 1,371 686| 146 6| 2,228| 3,064 i6| 16 Sept...... I 447 36l| 125I 5 939 4 369 38o| 73 l| 827| 1,766 Il| 10 Oct....... 2 540I 329I 92| 13I 970 33 1,315 66o| 81 32| 2,I2l| 3,091 I9l 13 2 477| 376| I38| i| 994 14 862I 287I 66 9| i,238| 2,232! 8| 10 I 323I 332| I75| I9| 850 24 866| 566| 45! 39I i,54<>| 2,390! g\ 10 1918 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 II 2 393I 226| l5o| 9| 78o 192I 86| 7 i| 294I i,074| 5| 6 1 i| 185I 934| 3| 5 Feb...... 2| 32o| 24l| I55| 3l| 749 1 119I 54| 10 Mar...... 2! 462I 3S8| 109I i8i| 1,112 2l| I,007| 4l6| 25|498| I,967| 3,075 1 8| 4 Apr...... 2| iso| 322I 213I 64I 757 I2| 304I 332| 25I 38J 7n| 1,486 May..... 7| 737| 48o| 402I 45| 1,671 34I 488| 327I 67! 29I 945| 2,6i6| is| 12 June..... 8| 708| 5n| 705| 220I 2,152 4| 259I 209I 57| 4| 533| 2,685| 9| 9 July...... 6| 364I 5i8| 564I 84I 1,536 i| 174I 73| I7| i| 266| i,802| i8| 6 Aug...... 8| 877I 822I 404! 262I 2,373 24I l,998| 99o] 127I 3| 3,142! 5,5i5| 26| 23 Sept...... 4| 548| 383I 168] 631I 1,734 36| i,475| 705I 73| 2| 2,29i| 4,02s| 23I 19 Oct...... 3i| 566| 4i8| 246I 95| 1,356 72! 1,584! 495| 72| 8| 2,23i| 3,587! 23I 18 45l 37/| 622I 66i| 28| 1,733 33| 688| 332I 194I 4! i,25i| 2,984] 13I 9 Dec..... 8| 291I 429I 572| 8i| 1,381 2| no| i8| 56|.. .| l86| 1,567! 3| 4 1919 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 4| 627I i| I78| 3S| 84J ••■1 3|.....1.....l-.-l 4| 849I 3| 5 Feb..... 2|.....|.....| 9| I53| 16^ ...|......1.....1 i|---l......1 164I »...|......1.....1.....1---I......1 56o| | Total.. 140I9,006J7, 6oo|5, 27912,544!24,57; [ 398|i4,004|7,557|i,207|682|23,238|47,8n|236|i98 Table compiled by Private Joseph L. Strain. 203 ROSTER OF PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io, U. S. A. May 18, 1917 ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF Major Matthew A. DeLaney, Medical Corps, U. S. Army, \ Commanding. Major Richard H. Harte, Medical Reserve Corps, U. S. Army, Director. Captain N. L. McDiarmid, Medical Corps, U. S. Army, Adjutant. Captain H. L. Kidwell, Quartermaster's Reserve Corps, U. S. Army, Quartermaster. Major John H. Gibbon, Medical Reserve Corps, U. S. Army, Chief of Surgical Service. Major George W. Norris, Medical Reserve Corps, U. S. Army, Chief of Medical Service. professional staff Captains Wm. J. Taylor, Medical Reserve Corps, U. S. Army. Francis R. Packard, Medical Reserve Corps, U. S. Army. J. E. Sweet, Medical Reserve Corps, U. S. Army. Wm. T. Shoemaker, Medical Reserve Corps, U. S. Army. Arthur Newlin, Medical Reserve Corps, U. S. Army. Charles F. Mitchell, Medical Reserve Corps, U. S. Army. Edward B. Hodge, Medical Reserve Corps, U. S. Army. Henry C. Earnshaw, Medical Reserve Corps, U. S. Army. John M. Cruice, Medical Reserve Corps, U. S. Army. ist Lieutenants Edward Bell Krumbhaar, Medical Reserve Corps, U. S. Army. Norris W. Vaux, Medical Reserve Corps, U. S. Army. 204 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 205 William Drayton, Jr., Medical Reserve Corps, U. S. Army. J. Howard Cloud, Medical Reserve Corps, U. S. Army. Arthur H. Gerhard, Medical Reserve Corps, U. S. Army. Frank C. Knowles, Medical Reserve Corps, U. S. Army. Henry K. Dillard, Jr., Medical Reserve Corps, U. S. Army. Williams B. Cadwalader, Medical Reserve Corps, U. S. Army. John B. Flick, Medical Reserve Corps, U. S. Army. Charles S. Jack, Dental Surgeon Reserve Corps, U. S. Army. Edwin Shoemaker, Dental Surgeon Reserve Corps, U. S. Army. Chaplain—Edward M. Jefferys, American Red Cross. RESERVE NURSES, ARMY NURSE CORPS, U. S. ARMY Chief Nurse—Margaret A. Dunlop Assistant Chief Nurse—Eva Gerhard NURSES Albright, Carrie S. Andrews, Martha M. Baird, Annie Beck, Nell Black, Selena Burkey, Florence M. Byer, Mary Carter, Helen Cole Cushen, Mary Dawson, Estelle L. Davis, Harriet Eckman, Elizabeth B. Edwards, Catharine K. Elliott, Bertha Ellis, Harriet Fairchild, Helen Faunce, Amanda D. Fidler, Sara A. French, Elizabeth Fuhrmann, Amina Gage, Helen (Mrs.) Gault, Jennie Grissinger, Olive Hacking, Helen Hanson, Ada Hendrickson, Georgia E. Hobbs, Ellen J. Hollings, Clara Hodgson, Mary Hood, Anna L. Holmes, Emily A. 206 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io Kleibscheidel, Utie Krumanocker, Lucy Krumanocker, Ruth lofgren, elma MacNeal, Jane C. McClelland, Helen Grace Moore, Edith M. O'Brien, Estelle Warner O'Neill, Elizabeth Powell, Elizabeth Phillips, Julia S. (Mrs.) Ralston, Alice Hough Reading, Romana Replogle, Effie Robelin, Caroline Rodgers, Mary L. Silvernell, Elizabeth G. Smith, S. Annabel Smith, Gertrude C. Smith, Helen Smith, May H. Stambaugh, Isabella Swartz, Ida M. Tomlinson, Ella H. Tait, Elizabeth M. Voltz, Elizabeth Voris, Sarah L. Wagner, Florence E. Williams, Hazel Zerbe, Mina Zimmerman, Ada Dietitian—Florence Bettman, American Red Cross civilian employes f Krumbhaar, Helen D., American Red Cross Secretaries I Harter, Ruth, American Red Cross I Farrell, Katherine G., American Red Cross THE HOSPITAL COMPANY ENLISTED FORCE, MEDICAL DEPT., U. S. ARMY Sergeants, ist Class Fenton, Wm. J. Harp, Lewis D. Reinhardt, James W. Sergeants Shean, Francis E. Cross, Raymond T. Brazwell, Joseph G. Cook Sturdwick, Albert J. MEDICAL ENLISTED RESERVE CORPS Sergeant, ist Class Rosengarten, J. Clifford Seaver, Howard E. Howe, George Sergeants Ryer, Harry T. Stanton, Harrison C. Privates Allwine, John A. Bache, Franklin, Jr. Baker, Otto E. Baldwin, Russell C. Barber, Paul M. Barratt, Thomas L. Bischoff, John P. Bischoff, Walter L. Black, Robert Bleloch, James C. Borie, Sewell W. J. Bowers, George C. Boyle, John Bradley, Hiram L. Brown, Harry V. Brown, Marlyn Privates Campbell, Charles R. Carpenter, Joseph G. Carroll, John M. Chaitt, William Chalk, Frank T. Chambers, David, Jr. Chapman, Samuel H., Jr. Cheston, James, 4th Chew, Earl O. Clanet, Philippe Clark, William, Jr. Clarke, Fred. Cochran, Jerrold S. Cornell, Horace H. Cresse, Charles J. Crider, Paul M. Dannehower, William F. Daubenspeck, Arthur R. Dejean, Frank 207 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io De Ritis, Francis J. De Shields, William L., Jr. Diffendal, Joseph B. Dilks, Harry P., 2D Dochney, Frank X. Dooley, Daniel J. Downs, Stephen W. Droughman, Mark A. Dunham, Frank P. Ellis, George J. Ferry, Charles T. Filer, Wilbur Fine, John H., Jr. Foreman, Jacob Vickers Forgues, Joseph Fox, Elmer E. Garrett, Henry L. Gerhart, Harry E., Jr. Glenn, Thomas H., Jr. Granbow, Herbert W. Greene, Frank L. Greer, Francis C. Greer, Robert B. Grigg, Harold M. Gunthorp, William, Jr. Gurley, Richard H. Hagenbuch, Joseph S. Hamilton, Irwin Hammond, Jay W. Hartshorne, Charles Haslett, William C. Hathaway, Nathanil, Jr. Hay, Kenneth B. Heenan, Edward A. Heulings, Howard N. Hoffman, William A. Hoffman, Fenno Halloway, John W. Horstick, Walter K. Hurd, Fritz D. Jabaut, Seward W. Jones, Herbert L. Kellenbach, Paul E. Kendall, Louis D. Kendall, Charles W., Jr. Kirkbride, Myron W. Knapp, William C. Kraft, Bayard R. Layman, Andrew J. Le Clereq, Jack C. MacLachlan, James MacMillan, Ernest H. Magill, James P. Mangeng, Joseph G. Marren, John A. McCahan, William G. McCormick, Russell C. McDonough, John C. Metz, Constantine L. Miller, John A. Milligan, Robert D. Mirkil, Harold H. Moore, Robert W. Moore, Willard B. Nichols, Ernest H. Noble, Bayard Pancoast, Charles E. Pack, John F., Jr. Paskey, Anthony J. Powell, Charles F. Price, Ferris L. Ramsey, Lawrence M. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 209 Reeve, William F., 3D. SCHILLINGER, JOHN L. Schwartz, William L. Shaw, Ralph W. Shean, Louis V. Sheldon, Charles H. Sherwood, Lewis Shipley, Morris S., Jr. Shortall, Joseph P. Sibley, Francis L. Silvernail, Clarke H. Smith, Edward L., Jr. Smith, William B, Stanger, Charles S. Stief, David R. Stierlen, Henry F. Stinson, Leo F. Stoddart, Joseph T. Strain, Joseph L. Sullivan, Gerald J. Tasker, Charles J. Tate, John P. Thomas, John W. Thompson, Robert H., Jr. Timm, Frank C. Turner, Gildon E. Van Vliet, Morris E. Vizner, John W. Wack, John J. Wagner, Charles M. Ward, Ralph WlLFONG, WlLLARD N. Williams, Paul A. Wilson, George B. Witwer, Charles L. Wright, Howard G. Wright, Sydney L., Jr. Zerega, John W. 14 SUPPLEMENTARY PERSONNEL Joined the Unit Later in 1917 OFFICERS Captain J. Paul Austin ist. Lieutenants Richard C. Beebe Wm. L. Cunningham Michael M. Nolan ist. Lieutenants Geo. W. Outerbridge Isaac B. Roberts William Whitaker H. B. Wilmer Hershey E. Orndoff nurses Adams, Lillian Ager, Charlotte Anderson, Sara Austin, Emma M. Bartlett, Ella (Mrs.) Beatty, Lorraine Bell, Sara Eden, Marie C. (Mrs.) Edwards, Leta M. Fretz, Ida Garverich, Helene Gorrell, Nell Groben, Gertrude I. Bevelander, Grace W. (Mrs.) Groom, Mildred Blessing, Bertha G. Benton, Mary V. Brown, Mary E. Carr, Rebecca J. Cole, Clara L. Conery, Martha G. Dailey, Sarah C. (Mrs.) Dardenne, Angele Detwiler, Sara Dunlop, Beatrice Hartman, Stella Hershberger, Florence Holmes, Lizzie Inman, Nellie Kraemer, Elamina Lloyd, Imogene McCafferty, Annie 210 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io McCombe, Margaret McElhenney, Anna M. McElhenney, Maliss McIntosh, Rosalie McNichol, Susan Malcolm, Ethel Martin, Mrs. Mary M. Mast, Lucille Maxwell, Jane C. Meister, Olive Metz, Bessie Miller, Elsie B. Moore, Edith M. Murphy, Anna D. Obenchain, Edna Platt, Hazel Potter, Emma E. Armstrong, Nelson, Jr. Baker, Howard E. Bartlett, James H. Bollinger, J. Guy Brandon, Henry Brown, Harold G. Callahan, Arthur F. Calvert, Raymond H. Caulfield, Edw. James Cooper, Jack P. Cronne, Ernest E. Crossing, Cecil W. T. Crowell, Francis J. Derr, George R. duMarais, Maurice B. Dusseau, Edward E. Powell, Margaret Price, Kathryn Rambo, Leslie Ravenel, Julia J. Richards, Sophia Safford, Elsie M. Shaw, Edith Smith, Addie Shortsleeves, Mary Updyke, Alyda Wallace, Zilla M. Waltimate, Caroline White, Mabel A. Whiteside, Florence Whitman, Irene Engelkraut, George Fallon, Frank J. Farmer, Fred. Harbolt, S. Norman Hedges, John Hoge, Thomas R. Horn, William A. Houseman, Charles M. Johnson, Albert D., Jr. LeBoutillier, Henry W. Lee, John Lee, Valentine B., Jr. Leech, Gordon McLaughlin, George J. MacKay, John R. MacMillan, John C. ENLISTED MEN 212 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io MacMurray, Thomas Milligan, John Kelso Oberholtzer, Charles H. O'Brien, Patrick F. Ponsford, Walter W. Price, E. Melville Reagan, Penrose W. Rocap, Read Rodgers, John W. Rogers, Matthew J. Straub, Ralph Thompson, H. B. Buchanan, William G. Wilkins, W. C, Jr. Wright, Arthur SERVICES OF OFFICERS OF BASE HOSPITAL NO. io JAMES PAUL AUSTIN. Ordered into Service, August n, 1917. Captain. Major, Feb- ruary 17, 1919. Base Hospital No. 10, Medical and Surgical duties. 34th Division, B. E. F. Medical and Surgical work with 104th Field Ambulance and 43d Casualty Clearing Station. Regimental Medical Officer, i52d Royal Field Artillery and 22d Northumberland Fusiliers. Attached to Base Hospital No. 10, August 11, 1917- Discharged at Camp Dix, April 22, 1919. In service twenty- one months. RICHARD C. BEEBE. Ordered into Service, August 10, 1917. First Lieutenant. Captain, February, 1919. Surgical service Base Hospital No. 10. Attached to Base Hospital No. 10, August, 1917. Discharged at Camp Dix, April 24, 1919. Twenty-one months in service. SAMUEL BRADBURY. Ordered into Service, May 5, 1917. First Lieutenant. Captain, October 21, 1918. Medical Officer, nth Engineers; recruiting duty May, camp June and July. Overseas July 14, 1917. Cambrai offensive and defensive, 1917. Oise-Aisne, August, 1918. St. Mihiel, September, 1918. Medical Ward service at Base Hospital No. 10. Attached to Base Hospital No. 10, October 19, 1918. Discharged at Camp Dix, April 22, 1919. WILLIAMS B. CADWALADER. Ordered into Service, May 1,1917- First Lieutenant. Captain, December, 1917. Major, July, 1918. Neurologist, Base 213 214 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io Hospital No. io. Consultant in Neurology and Psychiatry. Office of Medical and Surgical Consultant, Neuf-Chateau. Discharged February 19, 1919. Twenty-one months in service. JOSEPH HOWARD CLOUD. Ordered into Service, May 15, 1917. First Lieutenant. Captain, October 1, 1918. Major, February 20, 1919. Medical wards, June-October, 1917. Laboratory work, October, 1917—July, 1918. Isolation division, July, 1918-December, 1918. Medical wards, December, 1918 to closing of hospital. Discharged at Camp Dix, April 22, 1919. In service twenty- three months. JOHN M. CRUICE. Ordered into Service, May 15, 1917. Captain. Major, August 28, 1918. In charge of Medical Huts, Base Hospital No. 10. Division Medical Gas Officer, 78th Division, A. E. F. October 18-December 1, 1918. Division Supervisor of Bathing and Delousing, December 1, 1918-January 29, 1919. Division Supervisor of Bathing and Delousing, 85th Division, Feb- ruary 2, 1919-February 24, 1919. Discharged at Camp Dix, March 19, 1919. In service twenty- two months. JOHN RUMSEY DAVIES, JR. Ordered into Service, July 1, 1918. First Lieutenant. Otologist and Laryngologist, Base Hospital No. 10. Detached, February 15, 1919 for duty St. Aignan-Noyes. Attached Base Hospital No. 10, August 29, 1918. Discharged at Camp Dix, April 1, 1919. Ten months in service. MATTHEW A. DELANEY, M. C, U. S. A. Ordered into Service with Base Hospital No. 10, May 1, 1917. Major. Lieut. Colonel, May 15, 1917. Colonel, December 22, 1917. Commanding Officer Base Hospital No. 10. U. S. Liason Officer, British War Office, March 12, 1918. Mentioned in dispatches by Field Marshall Sir Douglas Haig, December 29, 1917. Decorated by the Prince of Wales with PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 215 the Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George. Also British Campaign Medal. HENRY DILLARD. Ordered into Service, May 5, 1917. First Lieutenant. Captain, April 16, 1918. Major, October 16, 1918. Surgical and Medical work with Base Hospital No. 10. Medical Officer at Tank Base at Mers two weeks. March 21, 1918, sent to No. 32 C. C. S. at Marchelot, later attached to Stationary Hospital 41 at Cerisy. Wounded in Amiens, March 26, 1918. Evacuated to England April 4. Patient in Prince of Wales Hospital, London, until June 5, 1918. Appointed Commanding Officer to American Red Cross Convalescent Hospital 101 at Leng- field, Surrey. In charge of Hospital 101 from that date to September 1, 1918. Returned to France September 6, 1918. ist Division, B. E. F., attached to No. 2 Field Ambulance and took part in engagements until armistice. October 31, 1918, sent to 6th Battalion Welsh Regiment and later appointed Medical Officer in charge 6th Welsh Regiment. Accompanied them on march to Germany, November 14, to December 23. With Army of Occupation in area of ist Division, B. E. F., from December 23, 1918, to April 4, 1919. Ordered back to A. E. F. on that date. Reported to Savenay April 8, 1919, and sailed for U. S. A. May 3, 1919. Discharged at Camp Dix, May 13, 1919. WILLIAM DRAYTON, JR. Ordered into Service, May 6, 1917- First Lieutenant. Captain, October, 1918. Medical and Surgical work; Isolation Depart- ment, and Registrar at Base Hospital No. 10. Base Hospital No. 8, A. E. F., Psychiatric Department. Red Cross Military Hospital, MaghuII, England. Discharged July 8, 1919. Twenty-six months in service. HENRY CULP EARNSHAW. Ordered into Service,May 15,1917. First Lieutenant. Captain, September 10, 1917. Major, February 24, 1919. Medical Service at Base Hospital No. 10. Consultant in general 216 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io medicine to the 6th Army Corps, in the St, Mihiel Sector; after armistice, Luxembourg and Germany, A. E. F. Discharged at Philadelphia, Pa., April 15, 1919. JOHN BERNARD FLICK. Ordered into Service, May 15, 1917. First Lieutenant. Captain, February 17, 1919. Surgical Assistant, Base Hospital No. 10. British General Hospital No. 3, September-October, 1917, surgical work. Medical Officer Tank Reinforcement Depot, February-March, 1918. British Surgical Team No. 23, C. C. S., August 25, to November 13, 1918. Discharged at Camp Dix, April 23, 1919. Twenty-three months in service. JOHN H. GIBBON. Ordered into Service, May 15, 1917. Major. Lieut. Colonel, June, 1918. Colonel, November, 1918. Surgical Service at Base Hospital No. 10. C. C. S. No. 61, October and November, 1917. Permanent detachment, December, 1917. Assigned as Consultant in Surgery in the A. E. F. and served in the Toul Sector to the ist, 26th, and 82d Divisions and later the Fourth Corps. On October 26, 1918, was sent as Surgical Consultant to the American Hospitals in England. Arrived in New York December 26, 1918, on Hospital Ship Saxonia. Discharged at Washington, D. C, January 4, 1919. In service nineteen months. ARTHUR HOWELL GERHARD. Ordered into Service, May 5, 1917. First Lieutenant. Medical work with Base Hospital No. 10. Medical and Sanitation work elsewhere. December, 1917, to March, 1918, attached as Medical Officer Tank Corps, B. E. F. Discharged at Camp Dix, April 23, 1919. Twenty-three months in service. ROBERT BRATTON GREER. Ordered into Service, May 7, 1917. Private. Corporal, March, 1918. Sergeant, April, 1918. Sergeant ist Class, August, 1918. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 217 First Lieutenant Sanitary Corps, November 25, 1918. Orderly, O. C.'s Clerk, Sanitary Officer, at Base Hospital No. 10. Discharged at Camp Dix, April 22, 1919. Twenty-three months in service. JOSEPH SELIGMAN HAGENBUCH. Ordered into Service, May 5 or 7, 1917. Private. First Lieu- tenant, Sanitary Corps, May, 1918. Captain, S. C, December, 1918. Dispensary work at Base Hospital No. 10. Medical Supply department, Sanitary Corps. Still in France as Captain in the Red Cross, in charge of their station at St, Sulpice, France. Discharged at Coblentz, September, 1919. RICHARD H. HARTE. Ordered into Service, May 15, 1917. Major Medical Reserve Corps, U. S. A. Lt. Colonel, May, 1918. Colonel, October 23, 1918. Director and Commanding Officer, Base Hospital No. 10. Assistant Director Surgical Service in France. November, 1918, Walter Reed Hospital, Washington, D. C. Mentioned in dispatches by General Sir Douglas Haig. Medal Companion St. Michael and St. George. British War Medal. Citation by General Pershing. Order of Leopold by the Belgian Government. Discharged January 31, 1919. In service twenty months. EDWARD BLANCHARD HODGE. Ordered into Service, May 15, 1917. Lieutenant U. S. Reserve Corps. Captain, September 10, 1917- Major, September 24, 1918. Lt. Colonel, February 17, 1919. Surgeon in charge of Ward Group, Base Hospital No. 10. Commanding Officer Mobile Hospital No. 8, A. E. F., at Paris, September 15- October 13, 1918. Commanding Officer Mobile Hospital No. 8, ist Army, October 13, 1918, to January n, 1919, at Deux Noeuds devant Brangee, Exermont, Vanneus and Joinville haute Marne. Discharged at Camp Dix, April 22, 1919. In service twenty- three months. 218 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io GEORGE HOWE. Ordered into Service, May 7, 1917. Private, U. S. M. R. C. Sergeant, ist Class, May 19, 1917. First Lieutenant, Corps of Interpreters, December 8, 1917. In charge of Registrar's Office, Base Hospital No. 10. Intelligence Section, G. H. Q., A. E. F., October 14, 1917 to April 4, 1918. Assistant Military Attache, Berne, Switzerland, April 4, 1918, to January 10, 1919. A. P. C. Political Intelligence Section, January 10 to August 26. From April 4 to August 26, 1919, served with the A. P. C. as civilian with post as American Commissioner on the Interallied Commission for the Control of Teschen. Discharged in France, April 4, 1919. In service twenty-three months. CHARLES S. JACK. Ordered into Service, May 4, 1917. First Lieutenant. Major, February 10, 1918. Lt. Colonel, February 2, 1919. Dental Surgeon, Base Hospital No. 10. Discharged at Camp. Dix, April 22, 1919. Twenty-three months in service. EDWARD MILLER JEFFERYS (S. T. D.) Ordered into Service, May 3, 1917. Chaplain. First Lieutenant, October 29, 1918. Captain, November 13, 1919. Chaplain of Base Hospital No. 10 and Church of England Chaplain of No. 16 General and Isolation Division. Chaplain's School, St. Omer and distribution of Nurses various C. C. S.'s in Flanders, Autumn, 1917. Temporary Chaplain, B. R. C. No. 10, General Hospitals 47 and 3, Canadian 3, British Labor Battalions, Australian Infantry, British Tanks. Evacuation Hospital 18, Second Army, A. E. F., in Lorraine, December 24, 1918, to January 8, 1919. Headquarters Third Army, A. E. F., Coblenz, Germany, January 8, 1919, to March 4, 1919. Discharged at Boston, Mass., May 7, 1919. In service twenty- four months and five days. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 219 PETER McCALL KEATING. Ordered into Service, October 21, 1916. First Lieutenant, M. R. C. Captain, June 29, 1917. Adjutant and Company Commander; Summary Court Officer, Base Hospital No. 10. H. S. A. T. ist Division, Surgeon. A. R. C. M. H. No. 1. M. H. No. 8. Head of Surgical Team. Attached to Base Hospital No. 10, January, 1919. Discharged at Camp Dix, N. J., April 18, 1919. In service thirty months. HERBERT L. KIDWELL. Ordered into Service, May 3, 1917. Captain. Major, September 7, 1918. Lt. Colonel, February 17, 1919. Quartermaster at Base Hospital No. 10. Depot Q. M. Advance Q. M. Depot No. 1, Is-sur-tille. Relieved as Q. M., Base Hospital No. 10, December 1, 1917. Commissioned service continuous to date. FRANK CROZIER KNOWLES. Ordered into Service, May 15, 1917. First Lieutenant. Captain, November 13, 1917. Major, February 20, 1919. Lt. Colonel, June 18, 1919. Dermatologist at Base Hospital No. 10. Consultant in Dermatology, A. E. F., July, 1918, to De- cember, 1918. Discharged at the Office of the Surgeon General, Washington, D. C, May 26, 1919. In service twenty-four and a half months. EDWARD BELL KRUMBHAAR. Ordered into Service, May 15, 1917- Lieutenant. Captain, October 6, 1917. Major, February 17, 1919. Pathologist at Base Hospital No. 10. Discharged at Camp Dix, N. J., April 22, 1919. EDWARD G. LATZ. Ordered into Service, December 4, I9I3- Private. Sergeant, March 9, 1917. Sergeant, ist Class, March 4, 1918. 2d Lieu- tenant Sanitary Corps, October 26, 1918. Served in Punitive Expedition, Mexico, March 17, 1916, to February 5, 1917. 220 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io Served with 15th Field Artillery, A. E. F., December 25, 1917, to November 14, 1918. Attached to Base Hospital No. 10, November 17, 1918, as Sanitary Officer, and served with that organization until April 22, 1919. Discharged at Camp Dix, N. J., April 22, 1919. In service five years and four months. NORMAN L. McDIARMID, M. C, U. S. A. Ordered into Service with Base Hospital No. 10, May 4, 1917. Captain. Major, May 15, 1917. Lt. Colonel, June 13, 1918, to rank from January 9, 1918. Colonel, May 5,1919. Adjutant, Base Hospital No. 10. Supply Desk, Chief Surgeon's Office, A. E. F. Division Surgeon, 90th Division. CHARLES FRANKLIN MITCHELL. Ordered into Service, May 15,1917. First Lieutenant. Captain, October 4, 1917. Major, June 28, 1918. Lt. Colonel, February 26, 1919. In charge of Surgical wards No. 4, 5, 6, 7, and A & D Hut, at Base Hospital No. 10. Also of Surgical Division. In Command of Unit from November 4, 1918. Attached C. C. S. No. 61, B. E. F., July 21, 1917, to October 6, 1917. Discharged at Camp Dix, N. J., April 22, 1919. In service twenty-three months. ARTHUR NEWLIN. Ordered into Service, May 15, 1917. First Lieutenant. Captain, September 9, 1917. Major, October 1, 1918. Medical Director. Chief Medical Director, March, 1918, to February, 1919, Base Hospital No. 10. Attached to C. C. S. No. 61, October and November, 1917. Discharged at Camp Dix, N. J., April 15, 1919. In service twenty-three months. MICHAEL McCORMACK NOLAN. Ordered into Service, August n, 1917. First Lieutenant. Captain, June 21, 1918. Major, February 17, 1919. Medical and Surgical services at Base Hospital No. 10. Surgical Service, British General Hospital No. 3. 23 Field Hospital, Surgical. 2d Middlesex Regiment, Medical Officer. 13 R. G. Artillery, PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 221 Medical Officer. 14th Engineers, U. S., Medical Officer. Mobile Hospital No. 8, U. S., Medical service. Attached Base Hospital No. 10, September 2, 1917. Discharged at Camp Dix, N. J., April 17, 1919. In service twenty months. GEORGE WILLIAM NORRIS. Ordered into Service, May 15, 1917. Captain. (First Lieu- tenant, M. R. C, May 12, 1911.) Major, September 10, 1917. Lt. Colonel, June 6, 1918. Colonel, November 16, 1918. Chief of Medical Division, Base Hospital No. 10. Toul Sector, Medical Consultant, 4th Army Corps. Lecturer, Sanitary School at Langies. Chief Medical Consultant, Base Section 3, (England). C. O. Troops Hospital Ship Saxonia. Discharged at Hoboken, December 27, 1918. In service nine- teen months. Re-commissioned Colonel, M. R. C, inactive list, February, 1919. GEORGE WHITNEY OUTERBRIDGE. Ordered into Service, August n, 1917. First Lieutenant. Captain, October 8, 1918. Chiefly Surgical Ward dressings at Base Hospital No. 10. Medical work at Stationary Hospital No. 5, B. E. F., Dieppe, February 15, 1918, to March 30, 1918. Mobile Hospital No 8, A. E. F., October 8, 1918, to January 13, 1919. Discharged at Camp Dix, N. J., April 22, 1919. In service twenty months. FRANCIS RANDOLPH PACKARD. Ordered into Service, May 15, 1917. First Lieutenant. Captain, September 20, 1917. Major, October 1, 1918. Laryngologist and Otologist to Base Hospital No. 10. Anesthetist at British C. C. S. No. 61, July 21, 1917, to October 6, 1917. Centre Consultant in Otology and Laryngology, District of Paris, September 11, 1918, to December 27, 1918. Discharged at Camp Dix, N. J., January 25, 1919. In service twenty months and ten days. 222 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io LAWRENCE M. RAMSEY. Ordered into Service, May 7, 1917. Private. Second Lieu- tenant, July 10, 1918. Acting Liaison officer and Ammunition officer with 26th Division, 103d Field Artillery. Went into the Chateau Thierry-Aisne offensive. St. Mihiel offensive. Meuse-Argonne battle. Discharged at Camp Dix, N. J., May 16, 1919. ISAAC BURTON ROBERTS. Ordered into Service, August 11, 1917. First Lieutenant. Captain, August 18, 1918. Medical Division and Isolation Division, Base Hospital No. 10. Six weeks with No. 3 British General Hospital, Le Treport, September and October, 1917. Anesthetist in British C. C. S.'s August 25 to November 13, 1918. Attached to Base Hospital No. 10, August 11, 1917. Discharged at St. Aignan, France, March 9, 1919. In service nineteen months. J. CLIFFORD ROSENGARTEN. Ordered into Service, May 7, 1917. Private. Sergeant, ist Class, May 23, 1917. 2d Lieutenant, Courier Service, at Tours, November 20, 1918. Discharged at Tours, November 20, 1918. Twenty-seven months in service. HOWARD EWES SEAVER. Ordered in Service, May 9, 1917. Private. 2d Lieutenant, Q. M. C, Dec. 9, 1918. Assistant Quartermaster and Quarter- master, Base Hospital No. 10. Discharged at Camp Dix, April 21, 1919. In service twenty- three months. EDWIN SHOEMAKER. Ordered into Service, May 15, 1917. First Lieutenant. Captain, February 10, 1918. Major, February 17, 1919. Dental Surgeon, Base Hospital No. 10. Discharged at Camp Dix, N. J., April 22, 1919. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 223 WILLIAM TOY SHOEMAKER. Ordered into Service, May 15, 1917. First Lieutenant. Captain, September 4, 1917. Major, September 3, 1918. Opthalmic Surgeon at Base Hospital No. 10. Consultant Opthalmologist. November, 1918, to Consultant Staff, Base Section No. 3, London, A. E. F. Discharged from service at Hoboken, December 30, 1918. In service nineteen and one-half months. JOHN SPEESE. Ordered into Service, July 14, 1917. First Lieutenant. Captain, November 4, 1917. Major, February 17, 1919. Operating Team, A. E. F.; Champagne, Marne, St. Mihiel. Director, Surgical Service, Mobile Hospital No. 8, Argonne. Attached to Base Hospital No. 10, January 9, 1919. Citation by General Pershing for work in Champagne with Mobile Hospital No. 2. Discharged at Camp Dix, April 23, 1919. In service twenty- two months. JOSHUA EDWIN SWEET Ordered into Service, May 15, 1917. Captain. Major, No- vember 24, 1917. Lt. Colonel, February 17, 1919. Surgical Service and Research at Base Hospital No. 10. Designated as Consultant in Research, A. E. F., July 23, 1918. Research work on various surgical problems. Discharged at Camp Dix, April 22, 1919. In service twenty- three months. WILLIAM JOHNSON TAYLOR. Ordered into Service, May 15, 1917. First Lieutenant, Captain, September 10, 1917. Major, January 9, 1918. Lt. Colonel, November 11, 1918. Surgeon and afterwards Senior Surgeon in charge of Base Hospital No. 10. Detached December 31, 1918, and ordered to Savenay and home, leaving Le Treport, January 12, 1919- Discharged at Washington, D. C, February 14, 1919. In service twenty-one months. 224 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io NORRIS WISTAR VAUX. Ordered into Service, May 15, 1917. First Lieutenant. Captain, October 5, 1918. Major, March 29, 1919. Surgical Service and adjutant at Base Hospital No. 10. Ordered to C. C. S. July 4 1917, on Surgical team. Discharged at Camp Dix, N. J., April 23, 1919. In service twenty-three months WILLIAM WHITAKER. First Lieutenant. Captain, August 20, 1918. On duty in Surgical Section of Base Hospital No. 10. Attached there September 7, 1917. Discharged at Camp Dix, N. J., April 22, 1919. In service twenty months. HARRY BOND WILMER. Ordered into Service, August 12, 1917. First Lieutenant. Captain, October 28, 1918. Medical Officer on Medical Service; Sanitary Officer; Detachment Commander; Adjutant; Officer in charge of Entertainment, Base Hospital No. 10. Adjutant Mobile Hospital No. 8, A. E. F. Discharged at Camp Dix, N. J., April 19, 1919. GEORGE B. WILSON. Ordered into Service, May 7, 1917. Private. Corporal, August 4, 1917. Sergeant, September 10, 1917. Sergeant, ist Class, December 15, 1917. Hospital Sgt., May, 1918. 2d Lieutenant, Sanitary Corps, November 25, 1918. Messenger; Ward- master and Adjutant at Base Hospital No. 10. Discharged at Camp Dix, April 22, 1919. In service twenty- three and one-half months. NURSING PERSONNEL OF PENNSYL- VANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io LIST OF ORIGINAL SIXTY-FOUR NURSES Graduates of Pennsylvania Hos- pital Dunlop, Margaret A. (Chief Nurse) Gerhard, Eva (Assistant Chief Nurse) Andrews, Martha M. Beck, Nell Black, Selena Carter, Helen Cole Dawson, Estelle M. Davis, Harriet Edwards, Katharine Eckman, Elizabeth B. French, Elizabeth Fairchild, Helen Faunce, Amanda D. Grissinger, Olive M. Gage, Helen L., Mrs. Hood, Anna Holmes, Emily A. Hacking, Helen H. Hanson, Ada Krumanocker, Lucy Krumanocker, Ruth Lofgren, Elma Moore, Edith M. MacNeal, Jane C. McClelland, Helen G. O'Neill, Elizabeth O'Brien, Estelle W. Powell, Elizabeth Ralston, Alice H. Reading, Romana Rodgers, Mary L. Replogle, Effie Smith, May H. SlLVERNELL, ELIZABETH G. Tomlinson, Ella H. Voris, Sara L. Wagner, Florence E. Williams, Hazel Zerbe, Mina Graduates of Germantown Hos- pital Albright, Carrie S. Ellis, Harriet Gault, Jennie Smith, Gertrude Voltz, Elizabeth Graduates of German Hospital Hollings, Clara Hodgson, Mary H. Elliott, Bertha 15 225 226 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. 10 Graduates of Jewish Hospital Baird, Annie Byer, Mary Graduates of Jefferson Hospital Smith, Helen Cushen, Mary Zimmerman, Ada Hobbs, Ellen J. Graduates of Polyclinic Hospital Fidler, Sara A. Fuhrmann, Amina Kleibscheidel, Utie Hendrickson, Georgia E. Tait, Elizabeth M. July 18, 1917 Hopkins, Sara S. McElhenney, Maliss Obenchain, Edna Ravenel, Julia J. Wolfe, Katherine September 21, 1917 Adams, Lillian M. Bartlett, Ella B., Mrs. (Pa. Hosp.) Bell, Sarah C. Graduates of Presbyterian Hos. pital Robelen, Caroline Stambaugh, Isabelle Graduates of Habneman Hospital Smith, S. Annabel Graduates of Medico-Cbi. Hos- pital Swartz, Ida M. Graduates of Reading Hospital, Pa. Burkey, Florence M. Graduates of Metropolitan Hos- pital, N. Y. Phillips, Julia S., Mrs. Benton, Mary V. Brown, Mary E. Blessing, Bertha G. Cole, Clara L. Dardenne, Angele (Pa. Hosp.) Detwiler, Sara Eden, Marie C, Mrs. Edwards, Leta M. Fretz, Ida E. Hershberger, Florence M. (Pa. Hosp.) CIVILIANS Dietetian—Bettman, Florence Lab. Tech.—Krumbhaar, Helen D., Mrs. Stenographers—Farrell, Katherine Harter, Ruth RE-INFORCEMENTS ADDED LATER PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. 10 227 Holmes, Lizzie Inman, Nellie C. (Pa. Hosp.) Kreamer, Elimina R. Lloyd, Imogene D. (Pa. Hosp.) Mast, Lucile Maxwell, Jane (Pa. Hosp.) Malcolm, Ethel Miller, Elsie B. Metz, Bessie A. Murphy, Anna D. McCombe, Margaret McElhenney, Anna M. McNichol, Susan Shaw, Edith Smith, Addie Whitman, Irene Woltemate, Caroline K. June 20, 1918 Ager, Charlotte W. Austin, Emma M. Bevelander, Grace W., Mrs. Conery, Martha G. Garverich, Helene M. Hartman, Stella M. Martin, Mary, Mrs. Powell, Margaret B. Rambo, Leslie A. Updyke, Alida. October 6, 1918 Anderson, Sarah E. Beatty, Lorraine Carr, Rebecca J. Dunlop, Beatrice M. Gorrell, Nell Groban, Gertrude T. Groom, Mildred Laird, Annie M. McCafferty, Annie M. McIntosh, Rosalie (Pe Hosp.) Meister, Olive M. Potter, Emma Rogers, Mary J. Richards, Sophia M. Safford, Elsie M. Wallace, Zilla M. White, Mabel A. Shortsleeves, Mary Platt, Hazel Price, Kathryn December 27, 1918, from Rouen Dailey, Sarah C, Mrs. NURSES OF BASE HOSPITAL NO. io, U. S. A., TRANSFERRED DURING THE BIG EVACU- ATION APRIL 4, 1918 TO APRIL 20, 1918 NURSES TRANSFERRED TO BECOME NURSING PERSONNEL OF MOBILE HOSPITAL NO. 8, A. E. F., OCTOBER I, I918 Eden, Marie C, Mrs. Nurse). Benton, Mary V. Black, Selena Carter, Helen C. Detwiler, Sara C. Edwards, Katherine Hobbs, Ellen J. Holmes, Emily A. Inman, Nellie C. Kleibscheidel, Utie (Chief Kreamer, Elimina McNichol, Susan O'Brien, Estelle W. Powell, Elizabeth M. Phillips, Julia S., Mrs. Smith, Addie Tait, Elizabeth M. Tomlinson, Ella B. Whitman, Irene Woltemate, Caroline K. Zerbe, Mina NURSES TRANSFERRED TO BASE HOSPITAL NO. 12, B. E. F., ROUEN, FRANCE, APRIL 4 TO APRIL 20 I918 Gerhard, Eva (In Charge) Albright, Carrie S. Baird, Annie Byer, Mary Cushen, Mary Davis, Harriet Elliott, Bertha Ellis, Harriet Gage, Helen L., Mrs. Smith, Helen Miller, Elsie B. O'Neill, Elizabeth Swartz, Ida M. Whitman, Irene Zimmerman, Ada 228 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. 10 229 NURSES TRANSFERRED TO BASE HOSPITAL NO. 9, B. E. F., ROUEN, APRIL 4 TO APRIL 20, I918 Eden, Marie C, Mrs. (In Charge) Bell, Sara C. Benton, Mary V. Blessing, Bertha G. Cole, Clara L. Detwiler, Sara L. Edwards, Leta M. Fretz, Ida M. Holmes, Lizzie Kreamer, Elimina McElhenney, Anna M. Mast, Lucile McNichol, Susan Malcolm, Ethel L. Woltemate, Caroline K. NURSES TRANSFERRED TO BASE HOSPITAL NO. I, B. E. ETRETAT, APRIL 4 TO APRIL 20, I918 F., AT MacNeal, Jane C. (In Charge) Burkey, Florence M. Fidler, Sara A. FUHRMANN, AMINA Hacking, Helen H. Hobbs, Ellen J. Hopkins, Sara S. Inman, Nellie S. Lloyd, Imogene D. Obenchain, Edna Powell, Elizabeth Replogle, Effie Smith, Addie Tomlinson, Ella D. Wolfe, Katherine NURSES WHO LEFT THE UNIT BY TRANS- FER, DEATH, OR RESIGNATION Fairchild, Helen, death, January 18, 1918, at 11.21 a. m. Voltz, Elizabeth, resigned, April 10, 1918, to be married to Col. DeLaney. Cushen, Mary, transferred to A. E. F. No. 6 Evacuation Hospital, A. E. F. July 29, 1918. Wolfe, Katherine, transferred to Base Hospital No. 34, A. E. F., July 10, 1918. NURSES TRANSFERRED AFTER THE ARMISTICE TO HOSPITAL CENTER BAZOILLES-SUR-MEUSE, JAN. IO, I919 Albright, Carrie S. Maxwell, Jane C. Anderson, Sarah E. Moore, Edith M. Beatty, Lorraine Platt, Hazel Gault, Jennie Price, Katherine Groben, Gertrude I. Richards, Sophia M. Groom, Mildred Rogers, Mary J. Hershberger, Florence Wallace, Zilla Whiteside, Florence to no. 87 camp hospital, a. e. f. jan. 9, i919 Bevelander, Grace, Mrs. McCafferty, Anna Hartman, Stella Powell, Margaret to base hospital no. 103, a. e. f., at dijon, france, jan. 11, i919 Dunlop, Beatrice Inman, Nellie C. Meister, Olive M. Safford, Elsie M. TO BASE SECTOR NO. 4, A. E. F. Davis, Harriet, January 6, 1919 Hacking, Helen H., February 5, 1919 to Base Sector 5, A. E. F. 230 OFFICERS AND ENLISTED MEN WHO RETURNED WITH THE UNIT Lt. Colonel, Charles F. Mitchell, M.C, Commanding Officer MEDICAL CORPS Li. Colonels Hodge, Edward B. Sweet, Joshua E. Majors Austin, James P. Cloud, Joseph H. Knowles, Frank C. Krumbhaar, Edward M. Nolan, Michael M. Speese, John Vaux, Norris W. Captains Beebe, Richard C. Captains Bodine, Francis S. Bradbury, Samuel H. Flick, John B. Keating, Peter M. Outerbridge, George W. Whitaker, William Wilmer, Harry B. ist Lieuts. Bader, Ellis R. Cunningham, William L. Feldman, Maurice Gerhard, Arthur H. DENTAL CORPS Lt. Colonel, Charles S. Jack Major, Edwin Shoemaker SANITARY CORPS ist Lieut., Robert B. Greer 2d Lieuts., Edward G. Latz Wilson, George B. quartermaster corps id Lieut., Howard E. Seaver 231 232 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io ENLISTED MEN Master Hospital Sergeants McCahan, William C. Reinhart, James W. Hospital Sergeant Lee, John Sergeants, ist Class Cornell, Horace H. Grambow, Herbert W. Kendall, Charles W., Jr. Kraft, Bayard R. Magill, James P. Reagan, Penrose W. Reeve, William F. Shaw, Ralph W. Snay, Ora E. Stanton, Harrison C. Wilfong, Millard N. Witwer, Charles L. Sergeants Baker, Otto E. Bowers, George B. Boyle, John Brandon, Henry Callahan, Arthur F. Cooper, Jack P. Cresse, Charles J. Ferry, Charles T. Fleming, George D. Glenn, Thomas H., Jr. Greene, Frank L. Hammond, Jay W. Hoffman, William A. LeBoutillier, Henry W. Leech, Gordon McLaughlin, George J. MacMillan, Ernest H. Sergeants Mirkil, Harold H. O'Day, John B. Paskey, Anthony J. Rohland, Louis O. Schillinger, John L. Sessions, Benjamin F. Sherwood, Lewis Sibley, Francis L. Stanger, Charles S. Stief, David R. Straub, Ralph Wagner, Charles M. Williams, Paul A. Wilkins, Walter C, Jr. Corporals Bartlett, James H. Burns, William Chew, Earl O. Heenan, Edward A. Houseman, Charles M. Metz, Constantine L. Moore, Willard B. Stierlen, Henry E. Thompson, Harry B. Tucker, Frank L. Cooks Angel, James J. Baldwin, Russel C. Barber, Paul M. Caulfield, Edward J. Clanet, Phillippe DeShields, William L., Jr. Englekraut, George Fergues, Joseph PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 233 Cooks Foster, George T. Kallenbach, Paul E. Noble, Bayard Sheain, Louis V. Wagoner McDonough, John C. Privates, ist Class Armstrong, Nelson, Jr. Bache, Franklin, Jr. Barrett, Thomas L. Berg, Teddy Bischoff, John P. Black, Robert Borie, Sewell W. J. Bradley, Hiram L. Brown, Harold G. Brown, Harry V. Buchanan, William C. Bull, Donald L. Calloway, William B. Campbell, Charles R. Chaitt, William Chalk, Frank T. Chapman, Samuel H., Jr. Cheston, James 4th Clark, William J. Crossing, Cecil W. T. Crowell, Francis J. Daubenspeck, Authur B. Daugherty, Arthur DeRitis, Francis J. Derr, George R. Dilkes, Harry P., 2D Ellis, George J. Fali on, Frank J. Fennelly, Walter J. Private ist Class Filer, Wilber Fine, John H., Jr. Foreman, Jacob Garrett, Henry L. Harbolt, Samuel N. Hartshorne, Charles Haslett, William C. Hathaway, Nathaniel, Jr. Haussler, Dana O. Hedges, John Heulings, Howard N. Hoffman, Fenno Hoge, Thomas R. Horn, William A. Horstick, Walter K. Jabaut, Seward W. Jackson, William Johnson, Albert D., Jr. Kendall, Louis D. Kirkbride, Myren D. Kuhns, John Layman, Andrew J. MacMillan, John C. MacMurray, Thomas Marren, John A. Miller, John A. Milligan, John K. Moore, Robert W. Oberholtzer, Charles H. O'Brien, Patrick F. Ponsford, Walter W. Rogers, John W. Relnewitch, Joseph J. Shipley, Morris S. Shortall, Joseph P. 234 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io Privates, ist Class Smith, William B. Stephens, John A. Stoddart, Joseph T. Strain, Joseph L. Tate, John P. Till, Rex Timm, Frank C. Turlington, Jesse E. Turner, Gildon E. VanVliet, Morris E. Wack, John J. Ward, Ralph Wright, Arthur P. Privates Allwine, John A. Anderson, Andrew B. Anderson, Russell O. Beiswanger, Frederick J. Benemi, John Budge, Herbert Conrey, John T. Donovan, John J. Dusseau, Edward E. Frymyer, Guy Gould, Clarence D. Gunthrop, William P., Jr. Hartnett, Frederick W. Johnson, Nathan A. McLeed, John B. Thompson, Fred H. Thompson, Robert H., Jr. Toomey, John R. TOWNSEND, WlLLARD N. Vizner, John W. Wilson, Walter H. Wingler, Frank J. • NURSES WHO RETURNED WITH THE UNIT Major Arthur Newlin, M. C, U. S. A., Commanding Margaret A. Dunlop, Chief Nurse Adams, Lillian Ager, Charlotte Andrews, Martha Austin, Emma M. Baird, Annie Bartlett, Mrs. Ella B. Beck, Nell R. Bell, Sarah C. Benton, Mary V. Black, Selena Blessing, Bertha G. Brown, Mary E. Burkey, Florence M. Byer, Mary C. Carr, Rebecca J. Carter, Helen C. Cole, Clara L. Conery, Martha C. Dailey, Mrs. Sarah C. Dardenne, Angele Dawson, Estelle L. Detwiler, Sara Eden, Mrs. Marie C. Edwards, Katharine Edwards, Leta Eckman, Elizabeth Elliot, Bertha Ellis, Harriet Faunce, Amanda D. Fidler, Sara French, Elizabeth Fretz, Ida E. FUHRMANN, AMINA Gage, Mrs. Helen L. Garverich, Helena Gerhard, Eva Gorrell, Nell Grissinger, Olive M. Hanson, Ada L. Hendrickson, Georgia E. Hobbs, Ellen J. Hodgson, Mary H. Hollings, Clara Holmes, Lizzie Hood, Anna L. Kleibscheidel, Utie Kreamer, Elimina Krumanocker, Lucy Krumanocker, Ruth Laird, Anna Lloyd, Imogene D. LOFGREN, ELMA McClelland, Helen G. McIntosh, Rosalie MacNeal, Jane C. McCombe, Margaret McElhenney, Anna M. McElheney, Maliss 236 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. 10 McNichol, Susan Malcolm, Ethel Martin, Mrs. Mary M. Mast, Lucile Metz, Bessie Miller, Elsie B. Murphy, Anna D. Obenchain, Edna O'Brien, Estelle W. O'Neill, Elizabeth Potter, Emma E. Powell, Elizabeth Ralston, Alice H. Rambo, Leslie Ravenel, Julia J. Reading, Romano Replogle, Effie Robelen, Caroline Rodgers, Mary L. Shortsleeves, Mary sllvernell, elizabeth g. Smith, Addie Smith, Gertrude Smith, Helen Smith, May H. Smith, S. Annabel Swartz, Ida M. Stambaugh, Isabelle Tait, Elizabeth M. Tomlinson, Ella H. Updyke, Alyda Voris, Sara L. Wagner, Florence E. White, Mabel A. Whitman, Irene Williams, Hazel Woltemate, Caroline K. Zerbe, Mina Zimmerman, Ada Bettman, Florence (Dietitian) Krumbhaar, Mrs. Helen D. (Civilian Employee) MEMBERS OF ORK NOT RETURN Bleloch, James C. Brown, Marlyn Carpenter, Joseph G. Carroll, John M. Chambers, David, Jr. Clarke, Fred. Cochran, Jerrold S. Crider, Paul M. Dannehower, William F. Dejean, Frank DlFFENDAL, JOSEPH B. Dochney, Frank X. Dooley, Daniel J. Downs, Stephen W. Droughman, Mark A. Dunham, Frank P. Fox, Elmer E. Gerhart, Henry L. Greer, Francis C. Gurley, Richard H. Hagenbuck, Joseph S. Wright rINAL UNIT WHO DID WITH THE UNIT Hamilton, Irwin Hay, Kenneth B. Halloway, John W. Hurd, Fritz D. Jones, Herbert L. Grigg, Harold M. Knapp, William C. LeClereq, Jack C. MacLachlan, James McCormick, Russell C. Nichols, Ernest H. Pancoast, Charles E. Pack, John F., Jr. Powell, Charles F. Price, Ferris L. Ramsey, Lawrence M. Schwartz, William L. Sheldon, Charles H. Silvernail, Clarke H. Sullivan, Gerald J. Thomas, John W. Howard G. 237 SUPPLEMENTARY PERSONNEL WHO JOINED THE UNIT SEPT., 917, WHO DID NOT RETURN WITH THE UNIT Bollinger, J. Guy Calvert, Raymond H. Cronne, Ernest E. DuMarais, Maurice B. Farmer, Fred. Lee, Valentine B., Jr. MacKay, John R. Price, E. Melville Rogers, Mathew J. Rocap, Reed NURSES DETACHED FROM UNIT TO REMAIN WITH THE A. E. F. JAN., 1919 Albright, Carrie S. Anderson, Sara Bevelander, Grace W. Beatty, Larraine Dunlop, Beatrice Gault, Jennie Groben, Gertrude I. Groom, Mildred Hartman, Stella Hershberger, Florence Inman, Nellie C. Whiteside, McCafferty, Margaret Maxwell, Jane C. Meister, Olive Moore, Edith M. Platt, Hazel Powell, Margaret Price, Kathryn Richards, Sophie Rogers, Mary J. Safford, Elsie M. Wallace, Zilla M. Florence CIVILIAN EMPLOYES WHO REMAINED WITH THE A. E. F. Harter, Ruth Farrell, Katharine G. 238 LABORATORY OF BASE HOSPITAL NO. 10 BRITISH GENERAL HOSPITAL NO. 16, LE TREPORT ACCORDING to the Red Cross requirements for a five-hundred bed hospital, Drs. Cruice, Cloud and Krumbhaar were assigned to the labora- tory service and had opportunity to discuss organiza- tion at the preliminary meetings. The laboratory equip- ment, through the foresight of the director and the broadminded generosity of A. H. Thomas & Co., had not only been prepared in thirty odd packing cases with itemized invoices, but actually bought at cost price by the Base Hospital organization several months before the call to active service. To cover all possible contingencies duplicate oil, gas and electric apparatus had been prepared in separate boxes, in case the unit should be ordered to localities in which only one of these modes of heating was available. The advantage of this method was shown several months later in France when we were able to send for a few cases con- taining special apparatus not available over there. At the last moment the bulk of the equipment was left behind when information was received that we were to go to a hospital already fully equipped. The only 239] 240 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io apparatus taken with us was a microscope, Mackenzie polygraph, blood counting apparatus, and a water- driven centrifuge supplied by Dr. Cruice. On arrival at Le Treport, it was found that the laboratory was a small "tin hut" exactly 12 ft. square, presided over by one medical officer and an orderly who had been a Turkish bath attendant before the war. In his 18 months service, however, he had been taught the various laboratory procedures, even including such complicated methods as the Dreyer test and the identi- fication of dysentery and other organisms. His work had been so thoroughly mastered that the pathologist found it necessary to spend only a few hours daily in the laboratory and was able to undertake a great variety of other activities. The isolation division for contagious diseases at that time supplied much more work than all the rest of the hospital, where very few routine laboratory tests were requested. Autopsies were rare and usually done by the officer in charge of the case. On account of the dearth of medical officers, Drs. Cruice and Cloud were both assigned to the Medical Division, but Mrs. Krumbhaar, one of the four civilian employees, and W. B. Smith, a second year medical student, were detailed to assist the pathologist. During the two weeks that elapsed before the departure of the British pathologist, all three members of the staff ap- plied themselves to acquiring the laboratory methods there in use, especially those developed by the British PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 241 during the war. The Dreyer method of diagnosing the typhoid group of organisms in the inoculated by a series of quantitative agglutination tests and the typing of meningococci, required long practice before confi- dence was felt in the results obtained: in fact, in the former case an investigation into the findings obtained in healthy inoculated enlisted men was undertaken partly to acquire greater familiarity and accuracy with this method.* Shortly after our arrival, our request that the laboratory be enlarged was granted by the British authorities, so that within three months our space was more than doubled by the addition of a second room 12 ft. square for the orderlies, with an adjoining shed for storage and sterilizing purposes. As by this time our staff had been increased to five, the enlargement was a welcome relief, especially in segrega- ting the noise of the autoclave and the conversation of the British and American orderlies. According to the new plan, the medical officer and the technician-secre- tary occupied the original room where all the micro- scopic diagnostic work, histology and recording was performed. In the new orderlies' room specimens were collected, media prepared, gross pathological examina- tions made, museum specimens prepared by Smith and Jabaut, and miscellaneous chemical work done by Sergeant LeBoutillier. The new building, like the old, was made of galvanized iron lined with one layer of ♦This was later published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases. 10 242 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io wood with many windows. The lighting was good, but wind, rain and dirt came plentifully through the cracks to the detriment of apparatus, records and bacterio- logical sterility. Frozen pipes were not uncommon, but the very efficient stoves kept the upper half of the build- ing sufficiently warm during the daytime. With the arrival of reenforcements in August, an- other medical officer, Lieut. Cunningham, and another orderly, Le Boutillier, were detailed to assist the original staff of three. This increase also allowed the labora- tory staff occasionally to help the other divisions in time of great military activity. On Cunningham's de- parture a few weeks later, to No. 3 Gen. Hosp., his place was taken by Dr. Cloud, who soon familiarized himself with the many details of laboratory technique and for almost a year gave invaluable assistance in all branches of the laboratory work. When his services were again needed on the Medical Division, he was replaced by Dr. Nolan, who continued with us until the Mobile Unit was formed in October. By this time the orderlies under Sergeant Le Boutillier (Jabaut hav- ing replaced W. B. Smith shortly before) had acquired such familiarity with details that another officer was not considered necessary, and a third orderly, Stevens, was detailed to the laboratory for the rest of our stay. In the Spring of 1918 our customary routine was interrupted by the successful German offensive against Amiens. Following orders to be prepared for immediate PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 243 evacuation, the entire laboratory equipment was packed and removed from the laboratory and opportunity to divert one's mind from the depressing communiques for almost three weeks was thereby removed. Shortly after activities had been fully resumed, routine was again shaken by the outbreak of an epidemic of diph- theria in two Airierican divisions (35th and 33d) that had just arrived for training in the neighborhood. Al- ready working "to capacity," we had insufficient time and material to cope with the hundreds of extra throat cultures that arrived daily. A special messenger was sent to Paris for test tubes, however, and we "carried on" until the Adviser in Pathology brought a Canadian Mobile Laboratory from the front to cope with the temporary difficulty. An emergency laboratory was set up in a barber shop in the neighboring town of Eu, and the epidemic soon brought under control. By the courtesy of the British Medical Service, the privilege was extended to us shortly after our arrival of collecting material for a museum collection of Mili- tary Pathology. Over two hundred wet and dry speci- mens were gathered from autopsies and operative material, and later presented by the Unit to the Mutter Museum of the College of Physicians, where they are now on exhibition. After preparation in the laboratory, the specimens were shipped from time to time by ambu- lance trains to the Royal College of Surgeons in London, where they were well cared for and later forwarded to 244 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io us through the kindness of Prof. Arthur Keith. In times of stress, the material was always more abundant than could properly be handled; but its more leisurely preparation during periods of inactivity, together with the pursuit of various special investigations, permitted steadier work than was possible in other divisions of the hospital. A small working library, consisting of some 20 or 30 text books (with an equal number in the officers' mess) and various medical journals, was gradually accumu- lated. The Lancet, the British Medical Journal, the Medical Supplement and various war manuals were supplied by the British Medical Service; the Journal oj tbe American Medical Association by Drs. Norris and Knowles; the Journal oj Experimental Medicine and the Journal oj Medical Research by Dr. Krumbhaar; War Medicine by the Red Cross; and numerous other jour- nals at irregular intervals by the A. E. F. These were not infrequently consulted by Medical Officers from the other hospitals as well as by our own Med- ical Officers. Standing between the messes and the wards, the laboratory and its surrounding lawn of- fered a good meeting ground for discussion, and al- though this was not always limited to professional topics, it was of considerable use as a clearing house for opinions. The relative advantages of the Carrel- Dakin method and Dichloramin-T, the value of exci- sion of wounds and primary suture, the best anti-menin- PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 245 gococcus serum, how land hockey should be played— these are some of the topics that come to mind after two years. A visit to the wards was the happy and not infrequent result of such discussions. During slack times special duties were made on the organisms of gas gangrene, on the bacterial flora of wounds, and on laboratory control for the publications of Drs. Sweet and Hodge on Dichloramin-T. Other studies resulted in the following publications from the laboratory: "Pyogenic Diplococcus occurring in Skin Infections" (Military Surgeon, '18, 42, 502); " Repeated Agglutina- tion Tests by Dreyer Method in Diagnosis of Enteric in Inoculated Persons" (Jour. Injec.Dis. '18, 03,126); "Meningococci Septicemia and Endocarditis" (J. A. M. A., '18, 71, 2144); "Month of Influenza at Base Hospital in France" (Med. Rec. '19, 95, 594); "Blood and Bone Marrow in Gas Poisoning; Peripheral Blood Changes" (J. A. M. A., '19, 72, 39); "Ibid.: Bone Marrow Changes" (Jour. Med. Research, '19, 40, 497). The laboratory equipment left by our predecessors supplemented by that which we brought with us and occasional purchases in London and Paris, proved suffi- cient to pursue all routine and research work attempted. Glassware, media and other necessities were always sup- plied on requisition from the B. E. F. Base Medical Depots, and great benefit was derived from the "stand- ard" cultures and sera, and special media supplied directly from the R. A. M. C, the Lister Institute and 246 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io Oxford Department of Pathology. The ever-ready advice and the frequent visits of the Advisers in Path- ology, Sir William Leishman and Col. Cummings, were much appreciated. A. D. M. S. DIEPPE AREA. D83/13/17 0. C, 16 (Phila., U. S. A.) General Hospital. NOTES OF INSPECTION OF NO. 16 (PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A.) GENERAL HOSPITAL. BY THE ASSISTANT DI- RECTOR OF MEDICAL SERVICES. DIEPPE AREA ON 30.11.17. The general state of the hospital was very creditable to all con- cerned. The treatment, comfort, and general welfare of the patients, is apparently well attended to. The Dispensary, Stewards Stores, Linen Stores, etc., were all in good order, and the contents accurately accounted for. The personnel made a smart appearance on parade, their kitchen was in excellent order, and their messing arrangements quite satisfactory. Treport. Sd/H. D. Rowan, Colonel. 2.12.17. A. D. M. S., Dieppe. HIGH COMMISSIONER New Zealand Government Offices, for NEW ZEALAND. Strand, London, W. C. 2. 7th December, 1917. Dear Sir, A New Zealand soldier has informed me of the excellent atten- tion he and his comrades have received at your hospital, and has spoken especially warmly of the services of the Nursing Sisters, who have often purchased additional comforts for our men. I thought I would send this short note to you expressing my great appreciation, and I should be much obliged if you would accept and convey my thanks to those members of your staff who have been so good to our soldiers. Yours very truly, (Sg) Thos. MacKenzie. O. C. No. 16, Gen. Hosp., B. E. F., France 247 AN INDEX OF THE UNIT OR WHO'S WHO IN THE OFFICERS' MESS A Poetical Effusion read at the Nurses' Thanksgiving Day Party, November 1918 A stands for Arthur, young Gerhard by name Whose heart is too large for the Unit's good fame, If he had his way, every Tommy who's here, To Blighty would go, ere the end of the year. B stands for Bill, "Uncle Bill" being meant, Who holds down Ward 12 with terrific intent. Tea is served at all hours; drop in, you'll be glad You'll find in addition good grub there, by Gad! C stands for Chambers, our good Registrar, Who to what he don't like, applies feathers and tar. Whose soft, soothing manner, whose sweet, dulcet tone, And whose picturesque language cannot be outshone. C stands for Bill—Cad, who's Chief of our Mess Whom, when things go badly, we all of us bless. He'll change diagnoses from "shell shock" to "sick" While Chambers just sputters, his tongue gets so thick. D stands for Dillard, who's known far and near For his fine manners, tennis and his ways with a "dear;" But please to remember, tho it may seem hard, That at good Lady Murray's, he known as Dillard. 249 250 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io Mi stands for Eddie, the slippery, the beau, The pride of our Unit, whom all of us know. He's a sight for the Gods when he's dressed up to "kill," When he goes out to dance, or to dine "Uncle Bill." 1 stands for Flick, genial Johnny he's called, He made a great hit, tho he nearly got stalled Down at Number Three Gen'ral, by working so late. That was one thing they did not appreciate. \J stands for Gibbon, our great raconteur Who can tell you more stories than ever I'd dare To repeat in mixed company, 'specially here When a "double entendre" s'not allowed too appear. 11 stands for Harte, whom we know and revere, To whose Labor we owe it, that we're over here. Not back in" the States," tuning up for the dance Instead of at Treport in warm, sunny France. 1 stands for Innocence, no one could doubt For a moment which one of our Mess to pick out, To fill all the requisites, hereby implied Like a flash, we would all on Bill Drayton decide. J stands for Jefferys, our Padre, so dear, I don't have to ask you to give him a cheer For he carries it with him where'er he doth go As the "Boys" and the "Sisters" and all of us know. Also J stands for Jack, of Chivalrous renown, Who takes up the gauntlet ere it is thrown down. Who don't like remarks made by bachelors bold, —But the rest of this story had best not be told. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io 251 IV. stands for Krumbhaar; we've two in our store And I'm sure you'll agree, that we wish we had more. For they've done their duty, done more than they should, Or to put it quite tersely, they've more than "made good." J\. stands for Knowles, a Lieutenant as yet But who as they tell me, is willing to bet, That he'IIs soon be a Captain proud, wearing two bars And that ere the War's over, he'll be sporting stars. Lu stands for Laney, please prefix D E And you have our C. O., whom we all like to see, When he's not on "inspection" tours, prowling around, To see what in stoves, pots and pans can be found. M stands for Mitchell, what more need I state, We love his bland smile and his dear old bald pate. He's Vaux's "old woman," they quarrel all night As those who lodge near them, to know, "have a right." N stands for Newlin, the steady and staid, Whom, when we are sick, we all turn to for aid. He lodges with Cruice, and has torn out his hair For the snoring of John, it has been his despair. N stands for Norris, of whom it is said The "Division Chief" business has quite turned his head. He's so feeble of mind that he cannot decide To wear his hair parted, at middle, or side. O stands for Outerbridge: Perfectly clear He's an expert at finding a flea in an ear, But strangely enough when it comes to a blouse, He can't for the life of him get out the louse. 252 PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io I stands for Packard—man of tasks manifold, As A and D Chief, he a record doth hold. He gives anesthetics, cuts tonsils away. And is writing a hist'ry for some future day. Voi stands for Quitters—we've none in the fold, At least this opinion thus far, seems to hold. The chicks we are told should resemble the hen, And they don't grow that kind back at home at old Penn. K. stands for "Roue," of course you all know Of that terrible "Sport" who his wild oats does sow. I hear that at Abbeville—'tis whispered aloud— They say he raised Hell there—that young fellow Cloud. K too stands for Roberts, whose long curly hair Was once as we noted, the C. O.'s despair. He had it cut short, and I truly may state That by the so-doing, he greatly lost weight. O stands for Sweet, whom we all like to see, Making rainbows and halos with Chloramine-T. He's been made a Major by those who know best As a fitting reward for----or was it a jest? 1 stands for Taylor, of correct etiquette Who, on questions of "Uniforms" settles the bet. He has ordered his spurs and will wear them you'll see When he clanks down the ward—after dressings—for tea. \J stands for Upholsterer, Earnshaw we hail Who spends half his time with a hammer and nail; And when he gets hard up for something to do, Will sit up all night and drive pegs in a shoe. PENNSYLVANIA BASE HOSPITAL NO. io V stands for Vaux: Handsome lad, and a "dear," His patients all love him, but really I fear The contagion is spreading, to others nearby, Since he went off on "leave," No. 4's one great sigh. VV for Wilmer, who holds many jobs down. In a ward he's a "Chief," in a "Show" he's a clown. He runs round the camp with the speed of a bomb And has well earned the sobriquet—Peeping Tom. J\. stands for Exit, and Kidwell I hear Is going to "beat it," with never a tear. Disguised in a moustache, he's going away Perhaps with some other fair damsel to play. lis a symbol which represents here Certain ones of our Unit who do not appear, So gifted with vices, with foibles so small That we haven't as yet, classified them at all. Lj stands for the end of this silly tirade And bespeaks your indulgence for what has been said; While the author retreats and draws in his horns, And freely begs pardon for treading on corns. My Alphabet, it has run out, tho there is more to tell And others in the Unit who deserve a "roasting," well, Alas my Muse, she went on strike and ran off like a streak When of the Sisters' Mess it was suggested she should speak. Paul B. Hoeber 67-69 East 59TH Street New York 34.32 3NOia3w do Aavaan tvnouvn aNiDiasw do Aavaan tvnouvn 3NiDia3w do Aavaan tvnouvn national library of medicine NATIONAL library of medicine NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE 3NIDIQ3W do Aavaan tvnouvn 3NOia3w do Aavaan tvnouvn 3nidiq3w do Aavaan v NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF M a 3 a. 3NiDiaaw do Aavaan tvnouvn y 3nidio3w do Aavaan tvnouvn 3nidiq3w do Aavaan n NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NATIONAI LIBRARY OF Ml 3NOI03W do Aavaan tvnouvn 0- 3noic3w jo xavaan ivnouvn 3nidiq3w do Aavaan i> NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF M NATIONAL LIBRARY OF I / UH 470 A2B 10 1921 14230590R NLN D51DD53T 3 NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE raf ScCti mii iSp^i^-5^^-fcs^JW>■■}-.' •• viBiIt NLM051005393