HISTORY OF w Mates DETROIT, MICHIGAN 19 19 Lt. Col. Alexander T. Cooper, M. C. COMMANDING UH 470 A2 36 1919 14230480R NLI1 D51DD5D3 S _______________ NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE ARMY MEDICAL LIBRARY FOUNDED 1836 WASHINGTON, DX. NLM051005035 / History of United States Army General Hospital No. 36 DETROIT, MICHIGAN LT. COL. ALEXANDER T. COOPER, M. C. COMMANDING , By Frazer Hood, 1st Lieut., S. C. POST H1ST0MIAN 19 19 \:\\0 PREFACE The plan of the History herewith submitted is, first, to give in running narrative the story of the beginning and development of the Hospital, followed by accounts in more detail of the activities of the several Services and De- ments, and closing with a chapter devoted to the work of the American Red Cross and auxiliary organizations, the Y. M. C. A., K. of C, Jewish Welfare Board, A. L. A., etc. There is an appendix containing the Roster of the Army Nurse Corps, Reconstruction Aides and the enlisted per- sonnel. The roster of the commissioned personnel will be found at the close of Chapter II. It was thought advisable to begin the History with a brief account of the Hospital's activities before it was taken over by the government as a reconstruction hospital. The data for this part of the History was secured by the editor from Mr. E. G. Liebold, the private secretary of Mr. Henry Ford. For assistance in writing the description of equipment the editor is indebted to Mr. Charles Koehler, chief engineer of the hospital. Acknowledgments are due to Lieutenant-Colonel Cooper and Major George F. Arps for the kindly interest manifested, and to Majors Roscoe Sen- senich( Shirley W. Bowles and Lieuts. R. H. Leece and Aug- ust Siedler for helpful assistance tendered during the writ- ing of this History. Major H. D. Hatfield began this His- tory, but his discharge from thet service terminated his work. He had, however, collected material which has been valuable to the editor in his work. Obligations to Major Hatfield are here» acknowledged. LIEUTENANT FRAZER HOOD, S. C, Post Historian. U. S. A. GENERAL HOSPITAL NO. 36, DETROIT, MICHIGAN, JULY 7, 1919. TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages CHAPTER I. Pre-War History of Hospital..........................5-18 CHAPTER II. Activities Since the War ..........................18-23 CHAPTER III. Description of Plant and Equipment.................23-29 CHAPTER IV. Surgical Service ...................................29-36 CHAPTER V. Medical Service....................................36-41 CHAPTER VI. Educational Service ...............................41-50 CHAPTER VII. Dental Service ....................................51-54 CHAPTER VIII. Utilities, Personnel and Registrar....................54-60 CHAPTER IX. Hospital Newspaper ................................60-63 CHAPTER X. Red Cross and Auxiliary Organizations..............63-70 Appendix. OPPORTUNITY They do me wrong who say I come no more, When once I knock and fail to find you in; For every day I stand outside your door, And bid you wake, and rise to fight and win. Wail not for precious chances passed away, Weep not for golden ages on the wane! Each night I burn the records of the day; At sunrise every soul is born again! Laugh like a boy at splendors that have sped, To vanished joys be blind and deaf and dumb; My judgments seal the dead past with its dead. But never bind a moment yet to come. Though deep in mire, wring not your hands and weep; I lend my arm to all who say, "I can." No shamefaced outcast ever sank so deep, But yet might rise and be again a man! Dost thou behold thy lost youth all aghast? Dost reel from righteous Retribution's blow? Then turn from blotted archieves of the past, And find the future's pages white as snow. Art thou a mourner? Rouse thee.from thy spell! Art thou a sinner? Sins may be forgiven! Each morning gives thee wings to flee from hell, Each night a star to guide thy feet to heaven. —WALTER MALONE. CHAPTER I. PRE-WAR HISTORY It will be meet to begin the story of the beginning and development of U. S. A. General Hospital No. 36, by a brief sketch of the pre-war history of the hospital, which gave itself so generously to the Government—a hospital, owned by and bearing the name of Henry Ford. Some eight years ago, there was a corporation formed, in the City of Detroit, for the purpose of erecting a hos- pital, to be designed and equipped along the lino of the latest improvements in hospital construction. Into this corporation, Mr. Henry Ford paid $110,000 in money and material, this being one-sixth of the capital stock. After op- erations had begun, and when four buildings were partly completed, there arose a disagreement among the original stockholders, as to the extent of equipment, and the policy that should govern the operation of the hospital. During several months of discussion among the stockholders, Mr. Ford finally made the proposition that he would pay par- value for the stock owned by the other members of the corporation. The proposition was accepted and Mr. Ford became sole owner of, what was called at the time the Government took over the plant, The Henry Ford Hospital. It was in 1914, while work was still in progress on the first building, that Mr. Ford assumed control. It was not until August 15, 1915, that the hospital opened its doors to re- ceive its first patients. During the time from assuming control until the open- ing of the hospital, Mr. Ford was making diligent investi- gation of all the great hospitals of America, and Europe, for the purpose of acculating a good deal of material that he could use in bringing to fruition his idea of what a mod- ern, well appointed, and scientifically equipped hospital should be. Ho found that one of the very essential fea- tures about a hospital is the kitchen. The main kitchen, in connection with this hospital, might well be taken as a 5 model for future construction. Its spacious proportions; its ventilation; fume hoods; tiled floor, enameled walls and ceiling makes it easy to keep clean and sanitary. Its large pantries and store-rooms enable the work to be dono with the least possible waste of time. It is thoroughly modern in its equipment of ranges, kettles, dishwashing machines, etc. It is, perhaps, in the construction of the surgical build- ing that the most care was expended.There are twelve operating rooms, all inter-connecting, and each with a door opening into the main corridor. There is a double heating plant that obviates exigencies that would arise, should there be but one heating plant and it should go dead. The system oT ventilation permits the tight closing of all the doors and windows in the operating rooms and the heat- ing arrangements are constructed with a view of varying the temperature and humidity of the air. The system of sterilization provides for sterilized cold water, as well as hot water. And the plumbing is chosen, with a view to contributing all that is possible to the convenience of the operating surgeons and assistants. Since the original idea of Mr. Ford in the founding of his hospital was to make* it a place where research would be carried on it was necessary to provide facilities for pre- senting the results of investigation. One of these facilities is a large, woll lighted and ventilated amphitheatre. The first impression one gets when he enters this amphitheatre is that some attention has been paid to aesthetic demands. In size, decorative effects and lighting, it appeals to one's sense of harmony and proportion. This amphith'eatre is in direct connection with each of the twelve operating rooms, so that for clinical purposes it is readily available. The system of artificial lighting, in this amphitheatre, is well deserving of special mention. The overhead system is employed, and after repeated experiment, the architect was able to secure a result that prevented any interference of light, such as shadow effects. 6 By way of parenthesis, I am reminded that but for this splendid amphitheatre the administration of the Army Hospital would have been greatly handicapped. For a long time, it was the only place of public assembly that we had at the post. Since then, the construction of a Y. M. C. A. hut and a Red Cross building have met the growing audi- torium demands. Another agency, contributing toward the idea of re- search, is the original laboratory of the hospital. This equipment includes an entire building, connected with the surgical department by means of a long corridor. The Laboratory Building provides space, interior arrangement, and proper lighting facilities for the conduct of the various branches of laboratory science. The fourth building in the original plan is the Medica. building, 180x46 feet, with basement and three floors. In the basement of this structure is installed the hydro-thera- putic department, with all modern appointments. On each of the three floors are rooms with baths and a die* kitchen, dressing and utilities rooms. In 1917 was begun the main building intended to provide 500 single rooms with bath and toilet. This structure has a frontage of 703 feot and an average width of 117 feet, and when finally completed, according to plans, will be perfect in all details. Mr. Albert C. Wood was the architect of the hospital. The plans were, decided upon after a number of months of study by Mr. Liebold and Mr. Wood of the largest and most modern hospitals throughout the country. The predominant motive of Mr. Ford, in the construction of his hospital was service. He desired this to be a place where men and women in need of medical examination, could come and have, at their disposal the beet that medi- cal science could give. And since serving the public was the main thought that conceived the hospital, the fact that at first the hospital was especially functioning as a place for the treatment of drug addicts is explained by the fact that when it first opened to receive patients the most 7 urgent need need at the time was the service to those poor unfortunates, who had become addicted to the use of drugs, and found themselves in dire plight, as they faced the stringent federal law governing the sale of narcotics. But it was never intended that this should be the mam service that it would offer to the public. If there can be said to be a main idoa it can be expressed by saying that the hospital is a place for diagnosis more than for treatment. ft was in this latter role that the Henry Ford Hospital was functioning, when the generous offer was made to the Government to turn over this splendid plant for use of the Army as a reconstruction hospital for disabled sailors and soldiers. CHAPTER II. ACTIVITIES SINCE THE WAR Measured in terms of years, U. S. A. General Hospital No. 36 has hardly lived long enough to have made history; but measured by its activities, it has no mean story to chronicle. Beginning to function as a reconstruction hos- pital only in February, 1919, when its first overseas patients arrived, there is yet a story to tell of the busy months preceding the admission of overseas patients—months in which the most careful preparation was made to begin the work immediately the first patients arrived. The lease renting the entire hospital buildings and grounds was drawn up and signed on October 5, 1918, Mr. Ford leasing the hospital to the Medical Department of the Army for the sum of $1.00 per year, the lease being re- newable yearly during the period of the war at the option of the Government and was not to run for more than thirty years or more than eighteen months after declaration of peace between the United States and Germany. The lease was signed by Mr. E. G. Liebold for the Henry Ford Hos- pital and Lieut. Colonel John A. Hornsby for the Medical Department. On October 30, 1918, Lieut. Col. Alexander T. Cooper, Medical Corps, arrived in Detroit to assume command of 8 this hospital and found only one officer, Captain Louis R. Douglas, Q. M. C. who had been, since October 6, on temp- orary duty as construction quartermaster. The main build- ing was far from completion, and there was neither Army Nurse Corps nor enlisted personnel. But on November 5, 1918, Captain Robert Peterson, Sanitary Corps, reported for duty and was assigned Adjutant, and in connection with his other duties, Assistant Personnel and Mess Officer. November 8, Captain Roy T. Urquhart, Medical Corps, and on November 11, 2nd Lieut. Walter H. Hemmingway, San- itary Corps, reported for duty, the former as temporary mess officer, and the latter, temporary detachment com- mander. On November 14, 2nd Lieut. Charles E. Ander- son, Quartermaster Corps, reported for duty, on the 23rd inst. Major Henry D. Hatfield, Medical Corps, reported for duty and assigned chief of surgical service. November 25, Captain Thedore H. Williams, Q. M. C. on the 27th, First Lieut. Stanley J. Soeger, Medical Corps, on the 28th, Second Lieut. James H. Handy, Q. M. C. and on the 30th, Captain John H. Christie reported as quartermaster, Captain Wil- liams as officer in charge of utilities, and Lieut. Handy as assistant to him. In the meantime, Miss Mabel C. Kirk- patrick, A. N. C, had reported for duty as chief nurse from Fort Riley, Kansas, and fourteen nurses from Fort Wayne, and twenty-eight medical detachment men from Camp Cus- ter, arrived for duty. Thus the hospital began to assume form and vesture. Mr. Cotton, field auditor, who arrived on the same day as Colonel Cooper, remained at tho hospital until April 1, 1919. Scarcity of labor and difficulties of assembling material delayed the completion of the main building in the hospital plan, and because the other buildings on the ground were taxed to capacity to house the nurse corps, enlisted person- nel, administration offices, and store equipment which had begun to arrivo, it was not possible to receive overseas patients before the last of February. During the month of January, the influenza epidemic compelled the authorities 0 to improvise a ward in the corridor connecting the old hos- pital buildings. Notwithstanding over 150 admissions for influenza among the command, no deaths resulted among the officers, nurses or enlisted men on the post. But while there were no overseas sick and wounded to care for, there was much work to do in assembling and placing the equipment, supervising the alterations necessary to fit the plant for reconstruction purposes and organizing the sev- eral departments and getting them in readiness for the service awaiting to be rendered. The amount of altera- tions was by no means inconsiderable. To most of the officers, recently ontering the army from civil life Army, the ideas of Reconstruction Hospitals were hut dimly en- visaged, and il va sans dire, the methods of proceedure were far from clear. So that the first three months after the hospital became a Government agency, were a period of adjustment. How well the hospital has done its work is told best in the lives of the patients who have come under its care. At first there wore many forces to be coordinated, many in- divualities to be orchestrated. The history of Number 36 is the story of how the medical surgical and educational officers came to see what part tho coordinated agencies play in the restoration of disabled limbs, shattered nervous system and the other war disabilities, the story of how educational officors learned more and more, the big part medicine and surgery play in the learning process, how the physician came to appreciate the curative workshop, how each came to appreciate the service which Dentistry offers, and how the considerate and tactful military dici- pline tended toward a well organized and orderly hospital. In the Surgical Service, there have been two chiefs, Major Henry D. Hatfield, who began this history and whose work is herewith acknowledged serving for just a brief time, and Major Frederick G. Dyas, since January 3, 1919. As head of the Department of Orthopaedics, Major Fred- erick C. Kidner has been on duty since February 27, 1919. Since nearly all of the cases in the hospital are classi- fiable as Orthopaedic, Major Kidner has borne a large 10 share of the responsibility. Serving under Major Kidner are, besides the assistant surgeons, the physio-therapy aides. Captain Tom S. Mebane is first assistant, and Cap- tain Carrol L. Storey is in charge of the brace shop. The medical service has had throe chiefs. The first, Major Ernest B. Bradley, serving until January 15, 1919, when Major Phillip A. Sheaff became chief, serving until March 19, 1919, when Major Roscoe L. Sensonich became chief. Lieut. Robert N. Bramhall is assistant chief of service . Major Shirley W. Bowles, D. C, has been chief of the dontal service since December 12, 1918. Major George F. Arps, S. C, is chief of the educational service, and has been since December 12, 1918, at which time, also, the assistant chief of the educational service, First Lieut. Frazer Hood, S. C, reported for duty. The quartermaster and supply officer, of the hospital, is Captain John H. Christie, Q. M. C, who has been continu- ously on duty since November 30, 1918. This has been a most efficiently directed department, and the work has steadily been increasing in efficiency and amount. The personnel adjutant, and registrar is First Lieut. Aug- ust Siedler, S. C. The report from tho personnel office gives the following interesting details. The Commanding Officer arrived on October 30, 1918; November 23, 1918, the first detachment of enlisted men arrived from Camp Custer, Michigan, twenty-eight men; December 14, 1918, detachment of three hundred and eighty men arrived from Camp Gteenleaf, Ga. On November 23, 1918, the first nurse, Miss Mable C. Kirkpatrick, reported for duty as chief nurse; on the 23rd instant, fourteen nurses arrived from Fort Wayne, Michigan, and on the 25th of December the hospital received a Christmas present, in the person of forty nurses from Fort Riley, Kansas. The number of en- listed men, June 20, 1919: Medical Department, 489; Quartermaster Corps, 2; Motor Transport Corps, 33; Ord- ance Corps, 1. 11 The registrar's office shows that November 25, 1918. was the date the first patient was received in this hos- pital. The total number of admissions to June 20, 1919, is 1,990. The date of arrival of first detachment of overseas patients was February 20, 1919. The number of patients fn the hospital June 20, 1919, was 669. Of the admissions, to the hospital, 363 have been from command, 1,179 by transfer from other hospitals; and 85 from other sources. The dispositions show 873 returned to duty; 55 discharged for disability; 1 died; 38 transferred to other hospitals; 76 otherwise disposed of. Remaining in hospital 592, in quarters, 14. Days lost in hospital, 45,618 and in quarters, 1,901. These figures are for officers and enlisted men. For nurses, the following: Admitted from command, 33; by transfer from other hospitals, 3; re- turned to duty, 26; otherwise disposed of, 2; remaining in hospital, 8; days lost in hospital, 432, in quarters, 60. The figures for civilian employes show admissions to the hos- pital, 29; of these 3 died; otherwise disposed of, 22; re- maining in hospital, 4; days lost in hospital, 175. The hospital dispensary opened December 9, 1918. The number of proscriptions filled to June 20, 1919, was 4,867. The sectional case system is used in the dispensary, and there are three men on duty there, all graduate pharma- cists. The Utilities department has had three heads. The first was Captain Theo. H. Williams, Q. M. C, who reported for duty November 25, 1918. Second Lieut. Roy B. Martin, Q. M. C, who reported for duty December 20, as assistant officer, was later made officer in charge or Utilities and served until June, 1919, when Major E. W. Briggs reported from Camp Devens, Mass., and assumed control. The civilian employes in the Utilities department are the chief engineer, Mr. Charles Koeler, who was the chief engineer under the Ford management, one assistant engineer, four- head plumbers, one; janitor, four; chief electricians, one- head carpenter, two; laborers, four. Besides these, there are 30 enlisted men, four plumbers, eight carpenters six 12 electricians, four firemen, four oilers, two stock-room clerks, one clerk, one orderly. The Motor Transport Corps is a most important adjunct to the hospital. Second Lieut. Ralph J. Gainey is the officer in charge. He has under him four non-commis- sioned officers and 37 men. The equipment consists of seven ambulances, four Federal trucks, one light Dodge truck, and one light Ford truck, seven Dodge touring cars, two roadsters, four side cars. It was on December fifth that the first five men of the M. T. C. arrived at U. S. A. General Hospital No. 36 from Fort Sheridan, 111. Second Lieut. R. J. Gainey, M. T. C, reached this post on December 14, and took charge of the four big trucks, the two small trucks and the three passenger cars that made up the stock in trade of the M. T. C. at that time. Growth in this department was rapid. By the middle of January there had been added seven ambulances, six tour- ing cars and four motorcycles. Sgt. Harold J. Lee ap- peared on the scene with fifteen men. The first month was a busy one. Beside answering night calls when somo patient on furlough was taken ill, and hauling supplies from the Holden avenue siding to Fort street, and from Fort street to the hospital, and meeting trains, the men of the M. T. C. justified their right to quarters in the service building, close to the garage where the machines, and the 1,000 gallon gasoline tank was situated. In all, each of the passenger cars has traveled more than 6,000 miles since December, while the light trucks have covered a similar distance. The motorcycles have checked up 2,500 miles each, and the ambulances, 1,000 miles. Practically all the work of the ambulances has been in meeting patients at the Michigan Central station, day and night. Ninety-three wounded men was the largest unit handled. Lieutent Gainey believes the total number of patients transported is in the neighborhood of 1,500. 13 No serious accidents have occurred during the life of the M. T. C. here, but there have been minor mechanical diffi- culties enough to keep four repair men constantly at work. Starting with a detachment of fifteen Medical Corps men, the number of soldiers on duty at the hospital was increased to 395 when 380 men arrived here from Camp Greenleaf, Ga., on December 14, 1918, with Captain William C. Squier and Lieut. Mack in command. Captain Squier returned to Camp Greenleaf but on Jan- uary 2 reported again at this hospital and was assigned as detachment commander. Regular military retreat is held every evening at the hospital when all men an duty are required to attend. The first piece of work done by de- tachment men at the hospital was moving to the hospital building, the first patient, a woman. The personnel is headed by Captain William C. Squier, detachment commander; Lieut Austin W. Heine, M. C, first assistant; and Lieut Ralph J. Gainey, Inf., second assistant. Sixty men have been recruited for the Motor Transport Corps of which Lieut. Gainey is in command. The non-commissioned offiicers of the personnel staff are Martin L. Early, first sergeant, who is acting detach- ment sergeant major; Hosp. Sgt. Raymond Emery, acting as provost sergeant; Sgt. 1st cl. Raymond Flint, in charge of correspondence; Sgt. David Miller, record office; Sgt. James Wray, assigning of details; Sgt. Justice McCreary, record office; and Sgt. 1st cl. John Senkel, in charge of medical detachment supplies. William M. Paulick, pvt. 1st cl., has been detailed to many duties in the detachment office. There are four companies in the detachment, A, B, C, and D. These are in charge of Sgt. 1st cl. Stiles East; Sgt. 1st cl. Orion L. Noble; Sgt. 1st cl. Leroy M. Mallory; and Sgt 1st. cl. Lee H. Grueter. The mess sergeant is Sgt. 1st. cl. John D. Clarke. The headquarter's office, is of course, the heart of the administration of the hospital. Captain Robert Peterson, 14 Sanitary Corps, as post Adjutant, is the directing head of this clearing house of all Army paper work. The Adjutant relieves the commanding officer of all matters that do not require his personal attention, and is responsible that all orders and instructions of the Commanding Officer are executed. The organization of this department is: Sergeant Major, Master Hospital Sergeant, John W. Martin. Paper work of all departments must pass through this department, where it is checked and passed upon and copy filed before it is sent out. Here, also, all orders of the commanding officer are prepared, distributed and recorded. Sergeant, First Class Harold II. Smith has charge of paper work and record in connection with courts martial, leaves of absence and special orders. Sergeant 1st Cl. A. Tabb Bassett, handles all paper work concerning disposition of patients and certificates of disability for discharge. Corporal Ben- jamin B. Barrack is in charge of orderlies, Private First Class William Bryer, in charge of supplies, Private First Class Joseph Coberly, head orderly; Private First Class Glen H. Rose, Privates Howard E. Fulton, John Milka, An- thony Pepe, orderlies. Miss Caroline Hall in charge of paper work concerning reconstruction Aides and discharg- ing of officers, Miss Vera Frost, in charge of files, Miss Pru- dence Rich, stenographer to the adjutant, Mr. Robert Pal- mer, stenographer to the Commanding Officer, completes the personnel. The accuracy of his work, the familiarity with Army Reg- ulations and the clerical judgment of the Adjutant, have made him a very valuable member of the hospital. MORALE BRANCH Major George F. Arps—Hospital Morale Officer. First Lieut. Walter Ketchum, Chaplain—Assistant Mor- ale Officer. Second Lieut. Donald C. Drake—Assistant Morale officer. On December 13, 1918, by Special Order No. 17, Major George F. Arps was appointed morale officer for this com- 15 mand, Vice-Captain, Theodore H. Williams, Q. M. C. In view of the low state of morale among practically the entire command of this hospital, as this hospital was or- ganized after the signing of the armistice and of the uni- versal desire on the part of enlisted men and officers to be immediately discharged from the service because it was considered that the task of whipping the Hun had been accomplished, the work of the morale office presented problems of no inconsiderable importance and complexity. In these circumstances it was thought desirable to enlist the active cooperation of the more important civic forces of the City of Detroit. Moreover it was thought desirable to centralize all recre- ational activities conducted by semi- or extra-military or- ganization, such as the Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., K .of C, Salvation Army, and others, under the general supervision of the morale officer. It was believed that this would tend to coordinate the activities of these organizations; prevent wasteful duplication of effort and duplication of entertain- ment, and that the unification of these various organiza- tions would prevent possible conflict or interference with military duties or with such special entertainments which might come to the hospital under independent auspices. To secure the desired ends, the commanding officer of this post issued Memoranda Nos. 26 and 45. From the latter memorandum, the following paragraphs are quoted: "Two main groups of recreational activities under the direction of extra or semi-military organizations, are hereby established at this general hospital. "The first group pertains to those recreational activi- ties for enlisted personnel outside of the hospital grounds. Home entertainments, dinners, parties, dances, theatre par- ties, and like activities fall into this group. The two re- sponsible ends of the machinery for this group are the War Camp Community Service, represented by Mr. Eswald Pettitt, executive secretary, as civic end, and Second Lieut. D. C. Drake, assistant morale officer, for the hospital end. 91 Hereafter in the interest of economy of effort, and to avoid unnecessary duplication and confusion, all forms of recre- ation under this group will be conducted through this chan- nel. "The second group pertains to those recreational activi- ties taking place within the hospital grounds. In this group are included entertainments which will probably occur in Welfare buildings, assembly rooms in the hospital and in the wards. The two responsible ends of the. machin- ery of this group are the War Camp Community Service, represented by Mrs. Trowbridge, of the civic end, and the field director of the American Red Cross on duty at this hospital, for the hospital end. The various activities comprehended under this group will be conducted through this more or less elastic channel." The comparative smoothness and harmony which exists between the various welfare organizations, and the results attained by them, have fully justified the wisdom of the commanding officer in issuing the above quoted memoran- dum leading to the coordination of the several agencies. Their service has been relativeJy free from indiscriminate sporadic attempts to administer to the welfare of the patients and enlisted men and as a result there have been practically no manifestations of excessive emotionalism in any of their efforts to care for the best interests of all. On the contrary, the outstanding features of the conduct of all individuals and organizations interested in bolstering up the morale of patients and personnel, at this post, may be de- scribed as thoughtful, deliberats and singuarly ire,e from sentimental indulgence. The excellent work of the morale department succeeded in raising the esprit de corps of the officers and men so that the morale of the post rose to a very high degree consider- ing the difficulties to contend with, not the least of which wap the universal desire to leave the service as it was now considered the war was over. The importance of viewing the needs and welfare of the 17 patients from the standpoint of a perspective of years, has at all times been emphasized. It has beein pointed out that sentimentalism, as a rule, fails to view the patient from the standpoint of his future needs; that it is essentially effer- vescent in character, and that its view consists solely of the immediate present. Intellectual attitud", on tho other hand, soberly faces the fact that the patient must, in due time, face again, the stern realities of civil, life, and insists that nothing must be done to incapacitate him, or to un- dermine his self-respect, self-reliance, and initiative—all of which are factors essential to success in civil life, when or- ganized relief agencies are not as readily accessible. These cardinal principles have always controlled tho work of the morale office at this post. March 6, 1919, at U. S. A. General Hospital No. 36, was made memorable by the ceremony in connection with the presentation to the post of a large silken national flag. This was a gift from the General O. M. Poe's Woman's Relief Corps No. 8, Auxiliary to the, Grand Army of the Republic. One hundred members of this organization assembled in the foyer of the administration building to make the presentation, which was received on the part of the hospital, by Lieut. Col. Cooper, commanding officer. Mrs. Anna M. Earle, patriotic instructor of the General O. M. Poe's Woman's Relief Corps No. 8 in presenting the flag said that while her organization was formed to serve as best they may, the "Boys in Blue," she felt it was a most fitting thing to do to show their interest in the "Boys in Khaki" as well, and no better symbol of their love for the boys in olive drab could be found than the Stars and Stripes. In the glow of the sheen of Old Glory, she felt the boys in the hospital could be reminded that her or- ganization felt an interest in them. In addition to Mrs. Earlo's speech of presentation, Mrs Evelyn Grensere, post department, president of the corps and Mr. Tucker made short addresses. Mrs. McCrum added a touch of patriotic ferver by singing a number of national songs. The flag has been appreciated more and 18 more since its presentation and has served the double pur- pose of a national emblem and a geurdon to be gained by that ward which shows the best inspection report. Wherever in the hospital it may be found, it stands for an evidence of the high military esprit and sanitary conditions of the ward. Of more than ordinary interest is the fact that three De- troit doctors who served as medical officers overseas re- ported at the hospital to receive their discharges. They were Col. Angus McLean, Lieut. Col. Theodore A. McGraw, and Col. Burt R. Shurley. The following is a chronologically arranged list of the officers who are now or who were at one time associated with the hospital: Douglas, Louis R., Capt, Q. M. C, reported October 6, 1918; assigned as construction Q. M.; transferred. Cooper, A. T.. Lieut. Col. M. C. reported, October 30, 1918; assumed command. Peterson, Robert, Captain, S. C; reported November 6, 1918; assigned as adjutant. Urquahart, Roy T., Capt., M. C, reported November 8, 1918; discharged February 22, 1919. Hemingway, Walter H., 2nd Lt, S. C, reported November 11, 1918; assigned as detachment commander; transferred to U. S. A. General Hospital No. 21, June 3, 1919. Anderson, Charles E., 2nd Lt. Q. M. C, reported Novem- ber 14, 1918 for duty as Q. M.; discharged April 4, 1918. Hatfield, Henry D., Major, M. C, reported November 23, 1918. Williams, Theo. H., Capt. Q. M. C. reported November 25, 1918 for duty as utilities officer; transfered to Camp Grant on June 20, 1919. Seeger, Stanley J., 1st Lt M. C. reported November 27, 1918; discharged January 22, 1919. Handy, James H., 2nd Lt., Q. M. C, reported November 28, 1918 for duty as assistant to officer in charge of utilities. Christie, John H., Capt, Q. M. C, reported November 30, 1918 for duty as quartermaster. Baker, Horace M., 1st Lt, M. C, reported December 1, 1918. 19 Platner, Wm. D., 1st Lt, Q .M. C, reported December 2, 1918 for duty as assistant to Q. M.; transferred to Langley Field, Va., January 22, 1919. Siedler, August, 1st. Lt, S. C, reported December 3, 1918. Heine, Austin Wm., 1st Lt., M. C, reported December 5, 1918. Bradley, Ernest B., Major, M. C, reported December 6, 1918; discharged March 21, 1919. Burnham, Melvin, Capt, M. C, reported December 7, 1918; transferred to Camp Beauregard, February 9, 1919. Miller, Charles Dale, 1st. Lt., S .C, reported December 7, 1918. Pope, William Hansford, Capt. M. C, reported Decem- ber 8, 1918. Cutter, Erving Samuel, Capt, M. C, reported December 10, 1918; discharged. Arps, George F., Major, S. C, reported December 12, 1918 for duty as chief of education service. Bowles, Shirley West, Major, D. C, reported December 12, 1918. Hood, Frazer, 1st. Lt., S. C, reported December 12, 1918; assigned as assistant chief of educational service. Fox, Delbert Chester, 1st. Lt, M. C, reported December 6, 1918; discharged January 28, 1919. Metheny, Albert Ralstin, Capt., M. C, reported December 16, 1918; transferred January 20 to Camp Grant, 111. Marshall, Victor Fred, Capt., M. C, reported December 16, 1918; discharged February 5, 1919. Gainey, Ralph J., 2nd. Lt., Inf., reported December 16, 1918. Martin, Roy B., 2nd. Lt., Q. M. C, reported December 20, 1918 for duty as assistant officer in charge of utilities. Mitchell, Edward D., Capt., M. C, reported December 25, 1918, discharged March 29, 1919. Hines, Harley Cameron, 2nd Lt., S. C, reported December 26, 1918. ' Baade, Lester F., 1st. Lt. Q. M. C, reported December 20, 1918 for duty as assistant to quartermaster. Shelden, Ellsworth, 1st Lt., M. C, reported December 30 1918, transferred to Erie Proving Ground, Ohio, Januarv 23, 1919. y Squier, Wm. C, Capt, M. C, reported January 2, 1919, 20 Armstrong, Arthur S., Capt. M. C, reported January 3^ 1919; discharged February 5, 1919. Allen, Wm. H., 1st Lt., M. C, reported January 3, 1919. Dyas, Frederick G., Major, M. C, reported January 3,1919. Ehrhardt, Raymond P., 2nd Lt., Q. M. C, reported Janu- ary 3, 1919; discharged May 7, 1919. Crockett Frank S., Capt., M. C, reported January 6, 1919, discharged February 4, 1919. McKim, Gordon F., Capt, M. C, reported January 6, 1919; discharged January 16, 1919. Kirksey, Oscar T., 1st. Lt., M. C, reported January 7, 1919. Thomas, Adrian, 2nd. Lt., S. C, reported January 9, 1919. Hughes, James W., 1st. Lt., M. C, reported January 11, 1919. Seale, Joseph P., Capt, M. C, reported January 13, 1919. Bramhall, Robert N., Capt., reported January 15, 1919. Klemptner, Dietrich, 1st Lt., M. C, reported January 13, 1919; discharged May 26, 1919. Sheaff, Phillip A., Major, M. C, reported January 15, 1919; discharged March 30, 1919. Smith, Francis H., 1st. Lt., M. C, reported January 18, 1919; discharged March 30, 1919. Ingher, Erving S., 1st. Lt, M. C, reported January 22, 1919; discharged May 25, 1919. Cowen, Leon B., 1st. Lt, M. C, reported January 23,1919; transferred to Camp Custer May 21, 1919. Reudemann, Rudolph H., 1st. Lt, M. C, reported January 25, 1919; discharged May 26, 1919. Cole, Frederick S. 1st. Lt., M. C, reported January 27, 1919. Murtha, Arthur V., 1st Lt, M. C, reported January 29, 1919. Mebane, Tom S., Capt., M- C, reported January 29, 1919. Boughton, Guy C, Major, M. C. reported February 3, 1919; discharged Feb. 28, 1919. Chalet, Jacob N., 1st. Lt., M. C, reported February 5, 1919; discharged May 16, 1919. Drummond, John F., 1st. Lt., D. C, reported February 3, 1919; discharged May 21, 1919. 21 Clift, Myron W., Major, M. C, reported February 9, 1919; discharged May 7, 1919. Shalek, Victor J., 1st. Lt., D. C, reported Feb. 10, 1919: discharged May 4, 1919. Scholes, Paul Sheldon, 1st Lt., M. C, reported February 16, 1919. Harris, Earl R., Capt., M. C, reported February 22, 1919- Fox, Edward F., 1st. Lt., M. C, reported February 24, 1919; discharged April 24, 1919. Demong, Charles W., 1st. Lt., M. C, reported February 26, 1919. Engberg, Edward John, 1st. Lt., M. C, reported February 26, 1919; discharged May 19, 1919. Kidner, Frederick C, Major, M. C, reported February 27, 1919. Bittker, I., 1st., Lt, M. C, reported February 28, 1919; discharged. Leece, Robert H., 1st. Lt, M. C, reported March 2, 1919. Sinkel, Richard E., 1st. Lt, M. C, reported March 15, 1919. Stanbro Gregory E., Capt., M. C, reported March 17, 1919. McRae, Donald H., 1st. Lt., M. C, reported March 18, 1919. Seosenich, Roscoe L., Major, M. C, reported March 19, 1919. Leitch, Arthur E., Capt., M. C, reported March 22, 1919; discharged in May. Sage, Edward O., Capt., M. C, reported March 21 1919. Niles, Wm. H., 1st. Lt, M. C, reported March 22, 1919; discharged May 26, 1919. Storey, Carroll L., Capt, M. C, reported March 28, 1919. Drake, Donald C, 2nd Lt., Inf. Hawkins, Joseph Francis, Major, M. C. Ketchum, Walter H., Chaplin U. S. A., reported April 5, 1919. DeBois, Charles F., 1st. Lt, M. C, reported April 10, 1919. Arthur, Edwin I., 2nd. Lt F. A., reported April 10, 1919; assigned as director of general education, educational service. Brachman, Herman Joseph, Capt., D. C, reported April 16, 1919. Gardner, Cyrus Bunting, Capt., M. C, reported April 19, 1919. 22 Nevius, Fred Porter, Capt., M. C. reported April 24, 1919. Corbett, John James, Capt., M. C, reported April 29 1919. Dwyer, Harry J., 1st. Lt, M. C, reported May 5, 1919. Devendorf, Louis E., Capt., M. C. reported May 9, 1919. Marden, T. B., Capt, M. C, reported May 12, 1919. Conley, B. N., Capt., M. C, reported May 14, 1919. VanGorder, George Wilson, Capt., M. C, reported May 14, 1919. Reye, Heinrich, 1st. Lt., M. C, reported May 17, 1919. Pearce, Albert R., Capt., M. C, reported May 19, 1919. Johnson, John, 1st Lt., M. C, reported May 20, 1919. Venable, George, 1st. Lt, M. C, reported May 23, 1919. Griffin, N. A., Capt., M. C; transferred to U. S. A., Gen- eral Hospital No. 31, May 28, 1919. Hubbel, Leo, 1st. Lt, D. C, reported May 30, 1919. Hawkins, Joseph F., Major, M. C, reported May 31, 1919. CHAPTER III. DESCRIPTION OF PLANT AND EQUIPMENT United States Army General Hospital No. 36 is located in the City of Detroit, Wayne County, in the State of Michi- gan. Its latitude is 42, 20 min. north, and its longitude, 83, 6 min. west. The terrain is rolling, the soil, clay, and the climate, salubrious. The roads on the hospital grounds are in good shape, being composed of gravel and concrete. Neighborhood and physical environments are exceptionally favorable and the sanitary status is high. Organization date