SANITARY  COMMISSION.
3XTo. Ev"?
©ettcrat  gustnwtfous  U  ^anitavg  §\x$\mtM$.
  Note.—It is assumed that the Inspector to whom this is addressed has under-
taken to systematically visit a certain section of the army,  (either one of the
military departments, or a subdivision of a department.) A copy of the Army
Regulations ; of a Report on Military Hygiene  and Therapeutics ; and of the Com-
mission's Rules for Preserving the Health of the Soldier, will have been furnished
him, with the contents of which he' is supposed to be familiar.  The section of
the army is supposed to be mainly in a state of rest, and in camp.  If it is in
movement, or about to move, or if an engagement is immediately anticipated,
or has  just occurred, and  the officers are therefore likely'to be occupied with
matters of an unusual and peremptory character, the duties of the Inspector
to which these instructions refer must be mainly suspended.  Precisely where
or how far at such a time  it would be judicious to act under thetn, it must be
left to the discretion of the Inspector to determine.

         »

            Office of the  Sanitary Commission,

                            Treasury Building,  Washington,
To
  Sir : You will,  in the first place, proceed,  if practicable, to
the head-quarters  of the  portion of the army which you are to
visit,  and present your credentials to  the General  commanding.
Having  explained  to  him  the objects of  your visit, you will
request from him such endorsement or aid as will be necessary
to your intended further proceedings.   It  is desirable that you
should then see the Medical Director and Medical Purveyor, and
other superior medical officers of the troops  with which you have
to do, explain  to them your objects, get from them such general 
■)
information as may be desirable, and gain their favor for  your
purposes.   To this end it is  chiefly necessary  that  you make
them understand that you will co-operate with and aid them, by
helping to remove  difficulties Avhich arise from the ignorance and
inexperience of the volunteer surgeons.
  If the regiments which you are to visit are brigaded, you should
also pay your  respects to the brigade commander, or the com-
manding officer of the post, before  calling  on the regimental
officers.
  It is required of you, in all cases, in like manner, to  show
your respect for  the  regulations for the discipline,  order, and
rank of the army,  as far as practicable, by approaching  the in-
ferior by way of the superior officer, and  only with a formal or
implied approval and endorsement of your  purpose by the latter.
Unquestionably, .the first of all conditions  of  health of the  army
is strict discipline. Do all, therefore, in your power to encourage
and strengthen a  good purpose in this respect; do all in  your
power to sustain it.  Honor  in your OAvn conduct the strictest
rules of military etiquette, and let it be seen that you expect them
to be stringently enforced.  Let it be known that you consider
no  disease so destructive to an army  as laxity of discipline.   De-
mand,  wherever you properly can do so, that the standard of the
volunteers shall be at least as high as that of the regulars in this
respect,  and reprove  any intimation  that  this  is  not to be
attempted.
   On  arriving at the  camp of a regiment, (supposing  that no
officer has been detailed by the general to escort you,)  ask for the
officer of the day,  and, stating.your business,  request him to pre-
sent you to the colonel or  commanding officer of  the regiment.
Exhibit to the  latter your  credentials, and, if the opportunity
is  favorable, endeavor at once  to  obtain  his  confidence and
co-operation in your business.  Be careful that he understands
that your  office is not to interfere  with  his, but to aid him in
preserving his men from demoralization and loss.   Request him
to introduce you to the captains, or  to send another officer to do
so, and endeavor in the same manner to establish  a  friendly
acquaintance with them.   At the same time, scrupulously avoid
placing yourself on  terms with them, or under  any obligations, 
which you may feel will embarrass you in  the  exercise of your
duties.
   The most dangerous idea is often held by volunteer  captains
of the functions of their office,  it being derived apparently from
the custom of the militia in peace;  when the privates are living
at their homes, and the captain has little other duty than to see to
the drill of the men and marshal them on parades.   In  our mili-
tary organization the company is the unit of the army, and the
commanding officers of companies are the. principal  agents of all
the  administrative  duties  of  the  organization.  If  a major  or
lieutenant (not acting as a commander) neglects  his  duties, the
body to Avhich he is attached becomes simply in a certain degree
less  effective.   If a company commander neglects his duty, the
men may starve for all that any one else is to do.  The captain
should be, as has often been said, "the father of his company."
Nothing,  however  small,  Avhich  affects the  comfort,  health,
strength, and efficiency of his men is beneath his  attention.  He
is the official registrar, and agent of all necessary communication
between them and the source  of their supplies,  as well  as with
the' superior command.   He must leave the drill  of his company
chiefly to his subalterns and non-commissioned officers,  for if  he
pays all necessary attention to his administrative duties, he will
have no time to give more than a general superintendence to a
task which, in its detail, involves but little exercise of judgment.
Upon the  thoroughness with which  the captains attend to their
duty, both in regard to their companies, and, each in his turn,
as the officer of the day, superintending the police of the regi-
ment, its health mainly depends.   You are, therefore, instructed
to make yourself acquainted with the captains, and to  cultivate
such relations with them as will command a hearty reception for
such instruction as you may see occasion to give  them.
   If necessary, you will point out to  them the danger to which
men in  service are exposed by neglect of sanitary laws, and im-
press on them the great practical importance of the work with
which you are charged.  To do this effectively, you should  be
prepared with a few statistical facts from military history, as, for
instance, with the proportion of deaths from  disease to  deaths
from casualties  of battle during our  Mexican campaign, (more 
4
than 7 to 1.)  See also statistics of the Crimean and other  cam-
paigns in the Report on Military Hygiene and Therapeutics.
  Proceed to thoroughly scrutinize the camps, visiting the  tents
of one company after another ; if possible, having the captains of
each with you, as you examine it.   Do not too much hasten this
part of your work, as it  will probably be your best opportunity
of serving the cause in Avhich you are engaged.  The questions
of the " Camp Inspection Return," with which you will have been
furnished, indicate the more important points which should engage
your  attention.   You are not required to Avrite ansAvers to  these
questions while Avalking through the camp ; yet it will be best to
address most of them, and especially those  from 21  to 57, to
the company officers, noting their answers, and letting them see
that you do so on the " Return;" Avhich thus answers the pur-
pose of a memorandum of matters in which it is generally desira-
ble that instruction should be given.  You  can afterwards Avrite the
answers which, in your judgment, best convey the general facts in
question, in  ink upon  the "Return," and retain this copy as your
private memorandum, copying from it upon another sheet for your
Return to the Commission.  The chief advantage of making your
investigation in this manner is the inoffensive mode  which it offers
you of calling the attention of the officers to  the particulars in
Avhich they will be found (generally through  ignorance) to have
neglected their regular duties.  Probably in nearly all cases you
will be able  to trace whatever is Avrong (sanitarily considered) to
a neglect of some of the requirements of the Regulations, as, for
instance, to  ■[ 88, which  demands of captains " the utmost atten-
tion to the cleanliness of their men,  as to their persons, clothing,
accoutrements, and equipments,  and  also  to  their quarters or
tents," or to ^[ 111, which requires captains to attend carefully
to the messing and economy of their  respective companies ; to
visit kitchens and inspect kettles daily,  and colonels to make
frequent  inspections of kitchens  and messes ;  or ^  96, which
requires  non-commissioned  officers  to see  that all the privates
properly wash their hands  and faces, and comb their hair.
  Endeavor by every means in your power  to remind the officers
of these orders, and of the necessity of their strict obedience to
them, to  the safety and cr.dit of the regiment.  Explain to  them 
0
 that they are based upon a universal  military experience, that
 disastrous  consequences  inevitably follow  the  neglect  of  such
 precautions  as  they are  intended  to secure.  Let  thorn knoAV
 that, although the outbreak of malignant or epidemic  disease in
 camps and quarters can  be almost certainly prevented, it can
 seldom be suppressed after having once broken out, by any mea-
 sures hoAvever energetic, and never without great destruction of
 life.  Point out to them the various sources of mischief that are to
 be anticipated, and explain in what Avay defects in camp-police,
 ventilation,  drainage, cooking, Avater, &c,  are  sure to  operate
 injuriously,  especially in  the destruction  of the esprit du corps
 and morale of the soldier.
   From an examination of the tents of each company, pass to its
 kitchen.   Examine  the cooking utensils, the fuel—which is gen-
 erally extravagantly Avasted—the rations which have been drawn,
 and, if there is an opportunity,  taste the cooked food, and  criti-
 cise the  cooking.   Endeavor to stimulate an ambition to make
 Avholesome and palatable  food Avith the  existing rations, by a
 skillful method of cooking with  the  simple utensils furnished by
 Government and the camp fire.   Every  soldier should be a good
 camp cook, and he is not a good camp cook who requires a cook-
 ing stove or  a large assortment of utensils.  As a great  variety
 of cooking stoves intended for camps arc in  use, when  you meet
 Avith these, it will be well to notice the relative value of the differ-
 ent patterns as tested by experience.  But do not encourage the
 opinion  that any of them,  or anything not provided for by Gov-
 ernment, is  necessary to the comfort or efficiency of the  soldier.
 Foster a spirit of simplicity, frugality, and hardihood in  this as in
 all things.
   Subsequently, you Avill call on the quartermaster and commis-
 sary, and investigate the method of making requisitions, (these
 should come  from  the captains in the first place,  and be " con-
 solidated" by the colonel:  see forms 13  and 14, Army Reg.,
 p. 228;)  of  receiving and accounting for supplies;  of dividing
 the rations for companies ; of subdividing for individuals ; and
again,  of dividing Avith reference  to time,  (so that ten days'
alloAvance shall not be exhausted in nine, &c.)  If you hear com-
plaint of insufficient food,  look closely at these points, for it is 
6
unquestionable that, with honesty and a moderate degree of provi-
dence, there will always  be  more than  enough.  Ascertain  if
company funds have  been formed.  (See  ^[  197, Army Reg.,
page 27.)  Unless the regiment has been recently much  on the
march, the want of company funds affords in  itself strong pre-
sumptive evidence of knavery or of incompetency  of officers.
This  incompetency,  hoAvever,  is generally merely the result of
ignorance and inexperience.   You may therefore hope by your
instructions to remedy it.
  It is not necessary that the whole of the camp should be visited
the same day; and it will be better, if any of the captains are
absent, to pass on to general matters, as the sinks, the stables, and
the shambles, or to some other regiment, and  return at another
time,  rather than fail to obtain  the attendance of each captain
in your  examination  of  the  tents and the kitchen  of his com-
pany.
  Give attention  to the sutler's store.   A sutler should be en-
gaged for each regiment,  and  the regulations  prescribed in the
Articles of War (Art. 29) and the Army Regulations («fl  202 to
209, p. 28,) stringently enforced  upon him.   He should be re-
quired to keep every essential article for a healthy soldier's com-
fort, not  provided by  the  quartermaster, such  as brushes, black-
ing, needles and thread,  pipes  and tobacco, and  he  should not
be allowed to  offer anything likely to prove umvholesome to the
men,  such as  green fruit and  leathery pies.   Where diarrhoea
prevails,  both the sutler and itinerant venders should be sharply
looked after in this respect.
  Having  obtained an introduction in your  official capacity  to
the regimental surgeon, it will not generally be difficult for you
to gain his confidence and good Avill; for your  duty Avill lead you
to magnify his office,  and if he properly appreciates its responsi-
bilities and difficulties, he will value the service you  will be able
to render him.
  It is the duty of the surgeon to point out whatever is unfavor-
able to the health of the regiment, and to suggest the proper
remedy.  You should  encourage him to make and  to persevrere  in
making such  suggestions, and wherever possible,  consistently
with your judgment, should add the weight of your own influence 
7
to his advice.  You may find it necessary to remind the surgeon
that he becomes responsible for the existence and continuance of
any unjustifiable sanitary condition pertaining to the camp or to
the management of the regiment against Avhich he does not per-
severingly expostulate.
  It is difficult to define the rights and the duties of regimental
surgeons, because these vary so much with circumstances.   The
medical and surgical provision for  a regiment on detached ser-
vice of a special kind should be altogether  different from that of
a regiment quartered Avith many others in  the immediate vicinity
of  a  general hospital.  The regulations were not  formed  with
reference to large armies  in the  field, and are not  perfectly
adapted to the circumstances in Avhich our volunteer surgeons at
present find themselves.   A patient study of their provisions will,
nevertheless, disclose the means of remedying most of the  diffi-
culties, of Avhich you will hear much complaint.  When this is not
the case, an appeal may be  made to the medical director, or,  if
necessary, to the major general  commanding, who, for a special
purpose, can override the restrictions ordinarily  placed upon the
supply of medical stores and hospital conveniences.
  Inexperienced   regimental surgeons will generally be  found
to err in attempting to  maintain  too  complicated and  extensive
hospital arrangements, and  in undertaking to deal Avith cases for
which proper supplies and accommodations  cannot be provided,
except in fixed general  hospitals.   There  should be nothing in  a
regimental  hospital to stand  in  the way of sudden and rapid
movements ; and  whenever  a  cure cannot  shortly be expected,
patients  should lie transferred to a general hospital.  In  some
cases, hoAvever, this will not be  possible; and when you meet
Avith these,  you are expected to  do all in your power to obtain
such  supplies as  are immediately needed,  and  which cannot be
got by official process.  This may be done either by requisition
upon the stores of the Commission, bj an  appeal to local charity,
or,  Avhen necessary, by a  moderate  expenditure of money on
account of the Commission.   Whenever practicable, special au-
thority for this purpose may be requested by telegraph.
  Regimental surgeons also frequently err  in the  opposite ex-
treme, sending patients to general hospital avIio have some simple 
8
illness Avhich Avould yield to judicious treatment, even under can-
vas, in a few davs.  Experience  is needed  to enable the judg-
ment to be exercised confidently in discriminating between proper
and improper cases for camp treatment, and your opportunities
of observation and comparison will stand you in place of an ex-
tended experience in this respect.   It is your primary duty, as it
is that of the regimental  surgeon, not to take care of the sick,
but to guard against Avhatever weakens or embarrasses the  use
of the greatest possible strength of the regiment for warlike pur-
poses. The surgeon's stores, and the hospital, and-the ambulance,
should all  be instruments to the end  of  the utmost possible
rapidity, spirit,  and force of movement in  the regiment.  Dis-
courage whatever really Aveakens the regiment;  encourage Avhat-
ever tends  to strengthen it, against the enemy.  Oftentimes ten-
derness to  individuals  is not true humanity ; and the surgeon
whose baggage impedes an advarice  or a  retreat may easily be
the cause of more suffering than  the one who carries the hospital
stores for a regiment in a knapsack, or Avhose medicines and in-
struments are all conveyed in a pocket case.
   The surgeon should be prepared for battle duty.   If he has an
ambulance, has he a trusty driver for it, and an ambulance carps,
upon Avhich he can depend under fire ?   Do they know how to
lift and carry a man with shattered limbs?   Do they know that
Avater is  more precious than gold to those Avho  follow the track
of a battle,  and are they instructed Iioav to secure it and admin-
ter it providently ?  Beds  and sheets and Avine  and delicate food
in the hospital  tent are of little consequence  to the regiment
compared  with these preparations.  It is  usfml  to employ the
band as an ambulance corps, but it will be of little service unless
previously  drilled for the  duty,  a$d  habituated  to obey com-
mands from the surgeon.
   Having completed your survey of the camp, call again on the
commanding officer, and acquaint him,  in such a manner as you
judge will be most likely to have the desired effect, with whatever
you  have seen to be important sanitary defects of the camp ;
question  him if they cannot be remedied, or point  out the proper
remedies.  Full  and specific directions for this purpose cannot be
given you.    The Commissioners depend mainly on your general 
                              !)

knowledge of  the conditions of health, and upon  your ingenuity
and tact in  so dealing  in each  case  as will under the  circum-
stances best contribute to the desired result.   The  present in-
structions  have  reference  only to  the more common defects of
camps, and to remedies of general application.
  With regard to the  selections of camp  sites,  and  the proper
precautions for the lodging of the men, you will find useful hints
in the  Report on Military Hygiene,  p. 10;  also  in Rules for
Preserving the Health of the  Soldier,  ^f 15, 16, 17, 18,  19, and
20, p.  6.
  As experience proves that  every camp ground becomes pois-
oned or malarious (it is supposed from  the  accumulated  em;;na-
tions from the bodies of the men) after thirty days, at most,  of
occupation, you  will  urge on  the colonel  the importance of fre-
ijuent changes of position,  even if  only to a few hundred yards
distance, and it may be best for you to indicate a safe  and advan-
tageous site to Avhich the camp may be  removed.   Camp sites
lately  vacated should  in no  case  be re-occupied.    Looking to
sanitary conditions  alone,  a  camp site cannot be  changed  too
often.   Such  change  also tends  to  break up the  monotony of
camp-life, and improves the moral  tone of the men.
  In studying the salubrity of a position,  you should  not neglect
to observe the character of the  subsoil.   Should it  be damp or
hard and  impervious, it will  generally be your  duty to urge a
change of position.   If a change for the better cannot be made,
you should recommend  the most careful drainage without delay.
Should the camp be on  a side-hill, you will especially recommend
catch-Avater drains above it, and around  its sides,  by Avhich the
flow of Avater  from the  upper part of the hill will  be effectually
diverted.
  You Avill endeavor to secure also in every case the digging of
a trench  (the deeper the  better, but at  least six  inches deep)
around each tent or  hut.   These trenches  should be  connected,
as far  as may  be, according to the nature of  the  ground, Avith
main  drains,  so  as  to  carry  off rain Avater.   They should  be
made  as  straight as practicable, as  all  sinuosities  arrest  the
floAV of Ava'ter, and lead to stagnation.  The sides should be cut
sloping. 
10
  You Avill urge, if you see occasion, that all drains, (especially
those around tents and huts) should be kept clean, and that  re-
fuse food, &c, be not thrown into them.  If they become offensive,
they should be cleaned out at once, and disinfected with lime or
charcoal.
  As, under the must favorable circumstances, tents must be  ex-
pected to be croAvded, urge the commanding officer, if he has  not
already done so, to make immediate and, if necessary,  repeated
requisitions for all the  tents to which  the  regiment is  entitled.
(See Regulations, ^[ 1034, page 133 :  " Allowance of camp and
garrison equipage.")   It will sometimes be in the power of  the
commanding officer to erect huts for  a portion of his command.
By  this means the number required to  lodge in the tents ma\ be
reduced.
  Both in tents and huts, or citizens' houses occupied by soldiers,
if they afford proper shelter, there is  generally a  deficient ven-
tilation, which is often the parent of much disease.  Wherever
you find this to be the case, you  must  endeavor  to  devise some
immediately practicable remedy or improvement, such as cutting
square openings in the ends of tents,  to be covered  Avith canvas
flaps, fastened doAvn  when necessary by lacings,  or, in a house,
opening additional windoAVs, or establishing wooden flues through
the  building.   Where it  is feasible,  ventilation  may  be very
greatly improved by introducing  a lighted lamp  or candle into
such flue.   A Sibley tent  may be effectually ventilated by hang-
ing  a lantern  near the roof.   Any large building occupied as a
hospital will require immediate attention, and no time  should be
lost in providing it with perfect ventilation.
  In till cases  you will visit 'he privies of the camp, and let it
be seen that you regard the manner  in which they are formed
and kept as most seriously affecting the character  of  the regi-
ment, as it is sure to  have an  important relation to  its sanitary
condition.   A proper arrangement  of  the privies, and the usual
method employed in  well-organized armies of keeping  them, is
described in 1"  14,  page 5, of  the  Rules for Preserving  the
Health of the Soldier.
  You will advise that the manure and litter of  alT horses  and
cattle be collected, removed from camp and covered with earth, 
11
 or burned, at short and regular intervals ; and also that the offal
 of cattle slaughtered  near any camp or post be buried at once,
 and at  sufficient depth.   See page 13,  Report  on  Military
 Hygiene.
   lou  will  observe whether men are in the habit  of  throwing
 away refuse  food or slops anywhere and at random, or of doing
 anything else that  tends  to make the atmosphere  of  the camp
 unAvholesome.   If such  practices  prevail, you  will use  every
 means in your power to put a stop to them.
   You  will  ascertain whether quicklime or  sulphate  of lime
 (plaster of Paris) can be readily obtained in large quantities for
 purposes  of  disinfection ;  and  if so,  recommend  its free use.
 The use of lime is to be  especially  urged for the whiteAvashing
 of hospitals, quarters, &c.   If neither of these articles are at
 hand, you will remember that charcoal (either wood or peat) is
 among the best and most efficient of deodorizers or disinfectants,
 and urge that men be detailed to burn a supply of this  material,
 and that it be copiously used.
   If the water supplied to the men  is impure or umvholesome,
 you  will endeavor to devise some mode of improving it, however
 rough  and temporary—as, for  instance,  aeration,  by letting it
 fall from one vessel to another,  or filtration through  a barrel
 half full of coarsely-poAvdered charcoal.   At the Avestern camps,
 and  in many portions of Virginia, special attention must be paid
 to this  subject.  All springs  should  be carefully  cleaned and
 secured by surrounding them  Avith  a barrel,  or Avith masonry.
 All springs and Avells should be inspected from time  to time, and
 be kept  always under a guard.   Wells  should be  cleaned  out
 with care, especially in cases of epidemic.   They are apt to be-
 come foul, from matters carelessly  or wantonly throAvn into them.
 They are then  fruitful sources of disease.
  If you find  that clothing or other articles furnished by con-
 tract have proved so grossly defective as to indicate fraud on the
 part of the contractor, you  will report all  particulars in regard
thereto,  and  will also fonvard written statements, under oath or
otherwise,  on  which  the   Commission  can  determine  whether
criminal  proceedings  against the  contractor  can be instituted
with any prospect of success. 
12
   You will pay particular attention to the quality of the rations,
 and the mode of cooking them.
   If they are umvholesome from bad cookery, you  will point out
 the  defect, and  urge its remedy.  See  *([ 8, 9, 10,  and 11, of
 Rules for Preserving the Health of the Soldier.
   Should you find the meal-times of the soldiers less regular than
 they might be, you will urge the necessity of correcting the evil
 as far as possible, as it is known to be provocative of diarrhoea
 and other disorders.
   You Avill keep in view the importance of varying the rations,
 and of supplying the men Avith fresh vegetables, as far  as prac-
 ticable.
   You will recommend the  use of beds  of hemlock, pine,  or
 cedar boughs Avhere they can be  readily had.   If straAv be so
 used, it should be taken to a distance  from camp and burned at
 least once  a Aveek.
   All  plank floorings of tents  should be raised at. least once  a
 Aveek, and  the ground under them  covered  with lime or char-
 coal.
   Tents should be raised and their interior and floors  exposed to
 direct sunlight every fine day, if possible.   They should be struck,
 turned inside  out, and thoroughly sunned, and the plank floors,
 if any, raised and sunned once a Aveek, at least.
   Since  men are  apt  to spend   their pay as soon as received
 thoughtlessly, and to their own injury, forgetting  the wants of
 their families at home, you will  consider the feasibility of organ-
 izing clubs or associations among them for the systematic saving
 or  remittance  of the Avhole or a,  part  of their  pay  to those
 dependent  on them for subsistence.  And  if it be practicable,
 you  Avill endeavor, with the concurrence of the officers, to get up
 societies for that purpose in each regiment.
   Accompanying your " return" upon the printed form,  send to
 this  office a Avritten report  of any especial characteristic of the
 camp of Avhich information will  not otherwise have been  given,
 and  especially state the more important particulars of the advice
 which you  have  given to the regimental, company,  or medical
officers, and Avherein you have been able  to  be  of  assistance #to
them.  Report if any of the  officers exhibit marked peculiarities 
13
of character or habits, likely to much  affect the condition of the
regiment, especially if any of them  appear to be unusually well
or ill qualified for their duties.
   If  you have found  your  advice  disregarded, and  important
sanitary precautions persistently neglected, without sufficient mili-
tary or other reasons  therefor, address the proper officer on the
subject in writing, stating the grounds of your advice.  Take
pains to do this  in such a manner as  not  to  cause- irritation or
give  offence, and, at  the end of the Aveek, send a  copy of your
letter to this office, together with  any answer which may have
been given  you.
   Having made one return for each regiment in accordance Avith
the foregoing instructions,  a record of subsequent  visits should
be made in tlie form of a diary.  In this,  all  important changes
which have occurred since  previous reports should be noticed ;
and especially it should be  stated whether and how far  advice
previously given has been followed, and Avith what results.   This
Official diary should be kept on foolscap sheets,  with a wide mar-
gin, so it can be bound with others, and should  be transmitted to
this office Aveekly,  together with a  concise general  report of the
sanitary condition of  the department, including a  statement  of
tta  prevailing diseases and tendencies of  disease.   It is not re-
 quired that this report shall be accurate, but that it shall express
 the  result  of your judgment upon the  information  which  has
 reached you.
   Whenever  you  see  occasion,  advise action  Avhich  you  think
 desirable to be  taken  by the Commission  or  to be initiated at
 Washington.   On urgent  occasions,  communicate  directly with
 the  Governors  of States or  other  authorities,  sending copies of
 your communications  to this  office.
              *        Your obedient servant,
                              FRED. LAW  OLMSTED,
                                                  Secretary.