MEDICAL COMMENCEMENT UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, Held March 15, 1860. VALEDICTORY ADDRESS DELIVERED to THE GRADUATES. BY JOSEPH CARSON, M. D., -ROFESSOR OF MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACY. PUBLISHED BY THE GRADUATING CLASS. PHILADELPHIA: COLLINS, PRINTER, 705 JAYNE STREET. 1860. At a meeting of the Graduating Class of the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, held Saturday, March 10th, on motion J. Solis Cohen was called to the Chair, and J. Campbell Shorb appointed Secretary. The following named gentlemen were appointed a committee to procure the Valedictory Address of Prof. Jos. Carson, and have the same published: Messrs. Geo. Halsey Peets, E. C. Franklin, G. W. Barnett, Wm. C Dixon, and Henry M. Wells. And, on motion, the Chairman and Secretary were added to the committee. CORRESPONDENCE. University of Pennsylvania, March 12, 1860. Dear Sir : Fully appreciating the value of your coming Address, and its many useful lessons, and desirous of preserving a fitting memento of one who so long and faithfully has been devoted to our success and welfare as students, we, the undersigned, in behalf of the Graduates of 1860, earnestly solicit a copy of the same for publication, and sincerely trust you will grant their parting request. Yours, with great respect, J. Campbell Shorb, Geo. Halsey Peets, E. C. Franklin, J. Solis Cohen, B. N. Barnett, Wm. C Dixon, Henry M. Wells, Committee. Prof. Jos. Carson. March 12, 1860. Gentlemen : I with pleasure comply with your request for my Valedictory Address, with the view to publication. It was written at a period of pressing engagements, which will serve as an apology for its many imperfections. The short interval before the delivery precludes any elaborate alteration or improvement. If it will afford you any gratification, I shall be most happy to have contributed to it. With my best wishes for the future happiness and success of yourselves and classmates, I am, affectionately yours, JOSEPH CARSON. To Messrs. Shorb, Peets, Franklin, Cohen, Barnett, &c. VALEDICTORY ADDRESS. Gentlemen:— The duty has been delegated to me to address you on this interesting occasion, and publicly to express to you the congratulations of the Faculty and the autho- rities of the University of Pennsylvania, whose honors you have now gained by faithful observance of the requirements that have been exacted. Your task has by no means been an easy one. It has been accomplished by protracted labor, by midnight vigils, by self-sacrifices, and frequently under determined endurance of physical ailments; while, for a period, most of you have been separated from your fond and cherished associations, from the solace and pleasures of family intercourse and affection. The day of fruition has at length arrived, the long wished for object of your ambition has been attained, and you leave the halls of your Alma Mater to be joyfully received by sympathizing relatives and friends at home—a word suggestive of deep emotion, rendered doubly dear when revisited after such a mis- sion as you have been engaged in—with the approval of a good conscience for the use made of precious mo- ments of your life. Surely, then, may I tender you heartfelt congratulations. 6 At the termination of a novitiate which has been highly honorable, the portals of the medical profession have been opened to you, and you are here in our pre- sence for the last time as members of your class, your brows flushed with exultation, and your minds filled with hopeful prospects. In a brief space we part, you to enter upon the battle of life which is before you, and we to pursue the beaten course of duty. Academic guidance will no longer aid you in your studies and inquiries; you will hereafter be coerced to think and act alone, to observe and reason for yourselves, to strive for the perfection of strength and wisdom which untram- melled exercise of the faculties with which each of you has been endowed, can ultimately bestow. With this day, and its ceremonies, opens a career of respectability and usefulness, the responsibilities of which will be ever present, until your allotted part in the affairs of this world has been performed. I may, therefore, be per- mitted—as the organ of my colleagues—for myself, to present some general views with respect to the profes- sion of your choice, which do not fall within the domain of the several departments upon which you have been instructed, and which may profitably be discussed in connection with parting counsel. Success is the aim of every ingenuous mind when embarking in a pursuit which must necessarily become the engrossing subject of thought and effort; and fancy may clothe it in the brightest hues when influenced by an ardent temperament, or it may assume a more sober aspect, subdued in tint by a foreshadowing of the reali- ties which will accompany it. At the outset it may 7 not be irrelevant to inquire what constitutes the suc- cessful issue of professional exertion, and wherein he can attain to it, who starts with aspirations of a lofty order. The attributes with which success is commonly invested are reputation, honors, wealth, and influence, and to covet their possession is indicative of impulses deeply rooted in our nature. An acquaintance with individual history, the study of social organization, so far as our profession is concerned, will show that these results are not concomitant, that they are not inseparably associated. To determine, then, what may truly be said to be professional success, it is necessary to take a cursory view of the character and purposes of medical science. That it is essential to the wants and exigencies of man- kind is apparent from the fact of its existence from the earliest ages. Medicine cannot be ignored; in some form or other it has always been practised, and will continue to hold sway over the hopes and confidence of the human race, so long as matter retains its present forms and relations. It has its foundation in the laws of nature, in the mysteries of the animal organization; it searches out the causes of derangement of the body and of the mind, and as far as an all-wise Creator, who alone has a full comprehension of his own works, has bestowed the means, teaches their application for the relief of maladies from which humanity must suffer. In the constitution of the world, it has, for wise purposes, been ordained that life and death should be so linked together in organized beings, that the first should entail the last, that the conditions of vitality should be such as neces- 8 sarily to terminate in dissolution and decay. To pro- long the duration of existence here, to avert a final issue so long as the elements of so frail a tenement as the body can be kept together, is the office of the medical profession, which from the germ growth to its evolution in the form of man, from infancy to old age, should length of years be vouchsafed, is called upon to administer to, and, as far as possible, to mitigate the physical ills of mortals. For the performance of such special and important service, careful preparation is required in every science that can contribute to the attainment of efficiency. i^natomy and physiology, chemistry and the practical branches are associated in a well-ordered scheme of instruction for the single purpose of conferring skill in , diagnosticating disease, and devising means for its relief. With the assumption of practical duties, the superiority of one individual over another is manifested in a more thorough familiarity with the facts and principles that have been presented in the course of educational train- ing. Upon such a basis, as experience is augmented, subsequent maturity and self-reliance can be reared. Careful education, fortified and extended by continued study, research, and observation, insures the certainty of the highest effectiveness; while partial preparation, akin to ignorance, begets hesitancy, or leads to blunders. In no other profession do emergencies arise so often, calling for decision and promptness, as well as the correct course of action; and knowledge is the power which prompts the thought, which guides the hand, or gives the nerve in many an appalling scene. On information and skill 9 combined depends the reputation of the medical man, and in the ordinary acceptation of the term success accompanies it, for he may be regarded as the successful votary of the healing art who in his daily rounds of visitation carries consolation and hope to many a stricken spirit, or ease to the tortured body, be it in the home of luxury or in the abode of squalid poverty. This is the success of every educated physician who faithfully ap- plies himself to the duties of his calling. But further, it is obligatory on every medical man to cultivate sedulously the "science and the art" on which he leans in the performance of his functions; to neglect no means of keeping himself on a level with the advances of the times; and, so far as adaptation of the talents which have been given will permit, or op- portunities present, to aid in the progress of informa- tion by adding, even his mite, to the general treasury of facts and observations. There is no one, whose experience avails him, who has not something that he might bestow as a donation for the common weal, and thus, as far as practicable, evince a readiness to requite in kind favors that have been received. In an extended and new country like our own, there is not a locality which may not afford novelties in connection with disease; where close research and critical obser- vation may not succeed in fixing their causes and suggesting remedies. In the routine of practice in any position materials are at hand for the evolution of some new truth, or the confirmation of one which has already been announced. Timidity or false modesty may deter from making publication of the kind, yet 10 when properly done, and in the spirit of the true philo- sophy which pervades progressive science, the highest commendation is not only elicited, but to many a one the mortification is spared of finding the credit awarded elsewhere for information long possessed and carried into operation. The journals and the transactions of State or other Societies afford ample opportunities for communicating the results of happily directed inquiries. The exploration of localities is a fruitful field, and may lead to developments which will be of special ad- vantage to the community immediately concerned, or of general benefit to the cause of science and to the inte- rests of mankind. For the exposition of the circum- stances connected with unhealthiness, and the detection of influences which are operating prejudicially on the well-being of the population, arising from their situation or industrial pursuits, a large indebtedness on the part of his fellow-citizens, time and again, has been owing to the acute medical observer, from whose suggestions and advice sanitary regulations and enactments of the greatest value have proceeded. In this particular application to the public good of acumen and enlightened comprehen- sion, the physician, in the strictest sense, becomes a bene- factor. With regard to everything pertaining to the welfare of communities, he has ever been upon the alert, and I might cite the numerous reports upon the subject, with which medical literature abounds, in confirmation of the statement. Yet the researches of the medical inquirer need not be circumscribed; they may be ren- dered more extensive, and include the objects of interest embraced by an entire section of country—including its 11 geology and natural productions. For a praiseworthy example of such investigations, I may with pleasure point to the Report presented to the State Medical Society of Pennsylvania in 1851, by the late lamented Dr. John Heister, of Reading, whose reputation was greatly enhanced by it, and whose too early death has left a void in the corps of enlightened investigators of his native State, and of his country. Another source of success arises from devotion to particular subjects within the pale of medical science which are of direct practical utility, or of pure scientific interest; and surrounding influences, or inclination from natural endowments, usually lead into this line of special occupation. There can be no doubt that in many cases attention to specialties has been of infinite service. By division of labor much has been accomplished, and the whole science advanced by the conjoined efforts of individual zealous investigators. The profession is under weighty obligations to those who have in this way studied and perfected different departments, and even detached points of medicine. Here it is that genius and industry have shone conspicuously, and rightly directed endeavor in the investigation of truth has been rewarded, as the highest reputation falls legit- imately to the lot of those who have enriched knowledge by discoveries, or have established principles which will endure for future time. The reiterated special contri- butions of the anatomist, the physiologist, the patholo- gist, the chemist, and the therapeutist, when co-ordi- nated, have enlarged our knowledge and greatly con- tributed to the efficacy of our art. While admitting 12 the advantages arising from the concentration of the mind on particular objects of inquiry, and awarding the credit which is due their more extended and accurate elucidation, it cannot be denied that a misapplication may be made of such pursuits. He who by toil and decided acquirement has placed himself in advance of his contemporaries is fully entitled to the superior repu- tation or patronage thereby accruing, and it is readily conceded to him; but, under cover of assumed possession of knowledge and skill, pretension and charlatanry have arisen, which have thrown into the shade the true and honest cultivator of his profession. In the narrow accep- tation of the term, it is impossible for the physician to be a specialist. He must, in order to sustain himself in the estimation of the profession and also of the public, be equal to the demands upon his discrimination, judg- ment, and resources, within the circle of at least prac- tical medicine. This art, based upon science, is a whole which cannot be divided off in sections, requiring as many specialists as there are organs of the body, and, like ancient Egyptian medicine, apportioning to one physician the feet, to another the head, and to another the chest. The exploration of one organ is no more difficult than of another, and to treat the diseases of them all requires a comprehension of the science to its full extent. The principles of medicine apply to every organ, and to the economy in its totality. Physical and chemical exploration, upon which specialties have been engrafted, are now, thanks to their eminent expounders, within the reach of every one, and sufficient time should be appropriated to become masters of these modes of in- 13 terpreting diseased conditions as well as to the critical study of other phenomena. The real difference between physicians ought not to have any other foundation than their industry, their talents, their learning, and experi- ence. The influence enjoyed by the medical practitioner is no unimportant tribute to the estimation which is enter- tained by the community of his worth and services. The position which he holds towards those who are dependent upon his care, his fidelity, and his skill, ena- bles him to maintain powerful sway over their minds and their affections. His visits are not the casual calls of courtesy, nor the business approaches which excite sharp-witted intercourse and close calculations of self- interest, but they are anticipated and earnestly wished for to mitigate suffering, to calm apprehension, or even to soothe the parting moments of life's accomplished drama. Under the most trying circumstances, whether of extreme peril from disease, or in the parting agony, the physician's presence is invoked as of a guardian angel. He may be, under God's direction, the instrument of restoration to health of relatives, or he may whisper consolation to those who grieve under bereavement. To his patients the physician is the friend and counsellor, and naught that in propriety he may urge is usually denied him. With opportunities for the closest and most intimate communication, careful should he be that his influences with reference to this world and another are salutary. If this be not the influence which grati- fies ambition, it is that which enables its possessor to fulfil a holy trust. If office and honors are not gained 14 by it, a consciousness of rightly performed requirements begets inward peace and satisfaction. It may be inquired by the young medical aspirant, if distinction, business, and influence can be acquired by industry and knowledge and skill, whether fortune does not follow in the train, as thus depicted \ Is she not bound to the triumphal car of reputation ? Wealth in our profession, as in all others, depends upon contin- gencies, and few medical men have acquired affluence by the profession alone. The larger proportion of those in whose behalf strength and labor are expended are not endowed with means to liberally compensate the services received, and gratitude is frequently the only fee that can be tendered. The patronage of the great and the affluent, or the fashion of the times, has in some cases made position and wealth for most deserving men, who have shone as ornaments, and rightly wielded their power and influence; while they have elevated others in no manner superior to their contemporaries. The lot of eminent medical and surgical practitioners, as well as scientific benefactors of the profession, has been diverse. A Cooper and a Halford have been exhibited to us as the favorites of potentates and the nobility—have been themselves ennobled, and accumulated princely fortunes; while the renowned name of John Hunter has been transmitted to posterity associated with the assertion that through his pure devotion to science his relict was scantily provided for. Jenner lived and died upon the scene of his discovery, an unostentatious country prac- titioner; and Bourgery, to whose artistic and scientific labors surgical anatomy is so much indebted, pursued 15 his avocations in an attic. Still, these are but illustra- tions of the varying fortunes of the votaries of medical science; and it may be safely asserted that the medical practitioner, possessed of a fair share of talents and accomplishments, in flourishing communities, can not only attain a competency, but sometimes more. With him, especially, is it becoming and honorable that his moderation should be known unto all men. You now, gentlemen, are about to enter upon the duties of your profession, at an advanced period of the world's existence, aided by all the appliances and light which civilization, in its onward course, has brought to bear upon the condition of the human race. Its history is associated with the story of man's progress. The same arts and sciences which have contributed to exalt his physical and intellectual position have fostered the perfection of the art which we profess. There have, indeed, been necessarily induced action and reaction between all the departments of intellectual exploration. The mind was given for self-advancement, for meliora- tion of physical disability; and certainly in medicine, as in other branches, it has been exercised effectively from the time when the first inhabitants of this earth were thrown upon their own resources. Upon exa- mining the records of medical science, the evidence is decisive, that from the earliest period, investigation has been as sagaciously impelled in this direction as in any other, and it may with correctness be asserted that in- telligence of as high an order has been ever occupied in solving problems connected with organization, with the laws of vital existence, of derangement and vitia- 16 tion, and the means of their arrest, as upon questions pertaining to the arrangement and structure of the uni- verse, the determination of economical and political principles, or the elucidation of moral and mental truths. For the establishment of this position abundant proof might be presented. An elaborate argument is not deemed necessary to show that medicine is clothed with the character of positiveness to the extent that can be found in other experimental and inductive branches of natural science. The efforts which have been made to enlarge the bound- aries of discovery have been fortunate, and facts have been elicited which have stood the test of reiterated scrutiny. Upon this ground, and this solely, medical science rests its claims for respect and confidence, and it will not be amiss to illustrate the position taken by reference to a few prominent topics connected with its history. The sympathies between organs, remote and contiguous, at an early date, attracted the attention of the philosophic medical observer. The more he exa- mined them, the more he was puzzled by them; they were as fixed facts to his mind, but inscrutable as regarded their satisfactory solution. He inferred a dependence on one structure, then on another, the light gradually aug- menting as the functions of the nervous system slowly unfolded themselves. Even Haller, and the astute Hun- ter, were in a vortex of perplexity which renders the perusal of their account at the present time a painful occupation. The key to the solution of these mysterious phenomena at length was given to Sir Charles Bell; and subsequent experimenters, as Muller, Marshall Hall, and 17 Bernard, have established the origin and operation of the sympathies on the surest footing. In the department of pathology, a convincing vindication of the claim of posi- tiveness might be derived from reference to diseases of the pulmonary apparatus, which can now be distinguish- ed by the accomplished auscultator with the precision of an expert. The stethoscope of Laennec has been the wand to dispel the confusion in diagnosis which formerly existed. In other particulars, to how great an extent are we indebted to Bird, to Becquerel, to Bright, and a host of others, for their invaluable positive expositions either of diseased structural metamorphoses or their attendants; while, in the now popular branch of micro- scopy, the comparatively coarse delineations of Leuwen- hceck and Swammerdam have been transformed into the exquisite exemplifications of healthy or morbid forms by Donne, Kolliker, Funke, Lebert, and Robin. To the student who has traced the advance of patho- logical anatomy from Morgagni to the appearance of such recent expounders of its truths as Rokitanski, Virchow, and Wedl, the conclusion is inevitable that this department has not only been progressive, but emi- nently positive. Yet I may cite one further illustration, and that pertains to the subject of fevers, formerly a confused array, not definitely distinguished until the advent of Huxham, whose clear perception seized the thread of their entanglement and left little to be demon- strated, but the causes of diversity, a service which has been performed with irrefragable precision by the labors of Louis, of Graves, and Stokes, and of my own class- mate and fellow-graduate, Gerhard. 2 18 Let us turn, now, to the resources of our art and see if they have been left behind in the onward march, or if attention to their increase and improvement has been neglected. The Pharmacopoeia and the Dispensatory have already rendered familiar the wonderful results of chemical research, industriously applied to unravel the intricate composition or to indicate the most suitable forms of medicinal substances. Tact in manipulation, and ingenuity in devices, have presented products rival- ling the wildest dreams of seeming alchemical delusion. The Meconium of the Greek has been resolved into its numerous proximate elements, and the no less important Jesuits' bark has been forced to yield its quaternary alka- loids. I forbear to dwell further on this view of the subject. My object is but a single one, to inspire you, gentlemen graduates, with a firm faith in the positive- ness, the importance, and the capabilities for improve- ment of your future occupation. There is no undertaking in which one can engage that does not require a close examination of the motives which have prompted it, as well as a just estimate of the ability possessed to endure the trials, vexations, and disappointments that may be encountered. In common with many other pursuits, the medical profession is, from its very nature, accompanied by these sources of dimi- nished gratification in the performance of its duties. With incentives the most laudable, issuing from the de- sire to become useful and estimable citizens, to secure a name for worth, probity, and excellence in the line of life that has been chosen, it is important, before assuming responsibilities, that some appreciation should be enter- 19 tained of the endurance that will be requisite. Yet ex- perience alone can bring fully to each one the numerous difficulties that will spring up along the path of even the most successful practitioner; and the fixed determination should be early formed to submit with grace to whatever cannot be avoided. Among the many qualities the young medical man is especially called upon to display, a prominent one is perseverance. There is no fact more settled than that instability and infirmity of purpose are the rock on which have been wrecked the hopes and prospects of many an otherwise estimable character. Talents or intellectual brilliancy are no substitutes for perseverance, which ever has attained and ever will attain success, though opposition be encountered. The "unconquerable will" is a potent element in securing fortune, nay, even of enslaving her; and favored is he who to a decided extent possesses it. The advances made in public favor during the early period of the physician's career are proverbially tardy, but inducement to cheerful acquiescence exists under circumstances of seeming neglect and inattention. It is the time for garnering resources, of laying the founda- tion which secures the erection of a higher and "more enduring structure as life proceeds. The seed having been planted, the harvest will come. The narrative of the early life of every eminent man in our profession is the account of struggles and trials, of labor, study, and research. The hours spent by the bedside of the indi- gent in the lanes and purlieus of a city, or in the hovels of the country, may be made to evoke the richest lessons of experience, the most esteemed guidance of a subse- 20 quent prosperous and distinguished career, while the leisure that can be devoted to the perfection and exten- sion of information, conduces largely to after effectiveness of thought and action. There has been a part in this world's concerns allotted to all, and he will be called upon to perform the most important, whose preparation renders him best fitted. To the young it is not so ap- parent that the world is but a shifting scene, that society is but a panorama of dissolving views, and that the op- portunity must sooner or later come to assume position. Business and office are as changeable by the stream of time as the sand that moves obedient to the current. In the facility of embracing opportunity resides an ability of commanding it, and as the public usually en- courage those who can best serve them4 opportunity presents the power. A noted illustration of the truth of my remarks may be cited in the case of a distinguished practitioner of this city, the late Dr. Joseph Parrish, whose reputation was made from the appearance of the epidemic typhus fever of 1812, on the opposite shore of the Delaware, and whose tact and discrimination there taught him its character and treatment. An accidental circumstance may be the turning point, and under a di- recting Providence, bring prominently forward a merito- rious individual. It is recorded that in the city of Berlin, an eminent and influential practitioner, upon one occa- sion, was visiting a patient in an extensive hotel, where, by accident, he missed his way and was led to the exit on a street bordered by habitations of the lower order of the population. As he passed along he was attracted by the light from a dingy pane of glass, and on looking 21 in beheld a surgeon performing an important operation alone, and by the aid of a single candle. He entered the abode and introduced himself to the young and ac- complished operator, who, from that time forward, was his protege. The surgeon has been extensively known to fame. He was no less a person than the illustrious Dieffenbach. The enthusiastic cultivator of his profession will permit no obstacles to stand in the way of his ad- vancement, and frequently, when most absorbed in his researches, or engaged in avocations which absorb his whole attention, give zest to his existence, and leave no moments for repining at the fickleness of fortune, he finds that his sphere of usefulness has widened, that his resources have augmented, or that he has been trans- ferred from a comparatively humble post, and placed conspicuously before the world, to exhibit his gift to all men. The lesson that should be early learned, and in- flexibly carried out, is clear, to labor industriously and systematically, and, while laboring, to hope. " Sow in the morn thy seed, At eve hold not thy hand ; To doubt and fear give thou no heed ; Broadcast it o'er the land." With the assumption of your professional duties, it should be recollected that you have entered into a brotherhood, and, without the formality of a vow, you , are as morally bound to conform to its rules and ethical regulations as were the members of the chivalric order of the Templars to conform to the requirements of their solemn compact. The interests of the profession, as well 22 as the relation existing between those who pursue it upon an elevated and honorable footing, should never be lost sight of or neglected. The two are inseparably associated, and it is imperative that no act should be committed which may endanger the character of the one, or lead to a disturbance of the other. The rules adopted to sustain the respectability and interests of the profes- sion, as well as to govern the intercourse of medical men, have been framed upon the broad principles of in- tegrity, honor, and philanthropy; they have received the sanction of the good and the great, whose lives may be appealed to as illustration of the principles they not only inculcated but practised. From the moral consti- tution of man, and the numerous temptations to a de- parture from the strict line of rectitude, it may be a dif- ficult task at all times to resist the allurements of self- interest or proffered advantages, which siren-like entice but to betray; especially guarded, therefore, should be the medical man not to lend his name or influence to doubtful schemes of enterprise, which may involve his profession in disrepute, or endanger the strict fraternal position he holds with respect to the rights and privi- leges of his fellows. Gentlemen, the field of the world is before you in which to labor and gain "a great opinion," or fail, as you may profitably employ the abilities that have been given you, or suffer them to waste from indolence and self-indulgence. That you will encounter difficulties, and, in the rude struggle with the world, undergo sore trials to your patience and your fortitude, is inevitable. Let not, however, your courage fail, or your principles 23 of rectitude be shaken. Amidst numerous causes for distrust, lose not your confidence in the ultimate triumph of integrity and uprightness, and let charity, which covereth a multitude of offences, be a governing quality in interpreting the actions and motives of others with whom you are brought closely into contact. " Go forth, then, everywhere" with a firm trust in an overruling Providence to mould your destiny and guide you into right paths of duty, usefulness, and success. Farewell. GRADUATES. At a Public Commencement, held March 15th, 1860, in the Musical Fund Hall, the Degree of Doctor of Medicine was conferred by John F. Frazer, LL. D., Vice- Provost, upon the following gentlemen; after which an Address was delivered by Joseph Carson, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica. NAME. TOWN OR P. 0. COUNTY. STATE. SUBJECT OF THESIS. Ackley, J. B. Albright, Joseph S. Applebach, Nelson Arnold, Thomas T. Ashurst, John, jr. Bacon, W. C Bagnall, Richard D. Barnett, Benj. Neville Burton, Henry L. Buster, W. L. Carden, Peter S. Carr, George W. Carter, Eobert K. Christ, Theodore S. Clarke, Edward Clark, Jonathan B. Clarke, John J. Cleborne, Christ'r Jas Cohen, J. Solis Collins, James Commander, Jos., jr. Comfort, A. Ivins Cook, "William M. Cornick, William F. Cox, Henry S. Cowan, Isaac F. Philadelphia, Pa. The Phenomena of Re- production. Hamburg, Berks, Pa. Complicated Delivery of the Placenta. Applebachville, Bucks, Pa. Scarlatina Comorn, King George, Va. The Circulation of Blood. Philadelphia, Pa. Nervous Action. Upper Darby, Delaware, Pa. The Absorption and Cir- culation of Matter in Exogenous Plants. Norfolk, Norfolk, Va. Iron. Yazoo City, Yazoo, Miss. Leucorrhoea. La Grange, Fayette, Tenn. Mutual Relation of Mind and Body. Memphis, Shelby, Tenn. Iodine. Clover Depot, Halifax, Va. Acute Gastritis. Providence, R. Island. The Pleasures of "Has- heesh." Newtown P. 0. or Stephensburg, Frederick, Va. Scarlet Fever. Lewisburg, Union, Pa. Chorea Sancti Viti. Scarborough, England. Anaesthesia in Surgery. New Salem, Randolph, N. C. Post-partum Hemorrhage. Mechanicsburg, Cumberland, Pa. Formation and Develop- ment of Man. Pa. Asclepias Syriaca. Shelby, Tenn. Fractures. Pa. The Pathology and Diag- nosis of Mammary Tu- mors. Pasquotank, N. C. Stillingia Sylvatica. Pa. Dissertatio Medica de i. Philadelphia, Memphis, Philadelphia, Elizabeth City, Philadelphia, Prairie Bluff, Norfolk, Mt. Pleasant, Camden, Wilcox, Norfolk, Maury, Cowie, Andrew J. Crawford, Robt. (M.D Darden, James H. Dick, Walter B. Dilworth, Joseph B. Dixon, William C. Draper, James A. Liverpool, ) Cooperstown, Piney Grove, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Camden, Corpusculis Ala. Heat. Va. Menstruation. Tenn. Pneumonia. N. J. Anatomy and Conserva- tive Surgery of the Hand. Nova Scotia. Diphtheria. Venango, Sampson, Kent, Pa. N. C. Pa. Pa. Pa. Del. Epidemic Dysentery. Enteric Fever. The Tongue, Anatomi- cally and Physiologi- cally considered. Enteric Fever. Anatomy of the Foetus. The Effects and Patholo- gical Changes induced by PenetratingWounds of the Chest. 3 26 NAME. TOWN OR P. 0. COUNTY. STATE. Duer, Edward L. Crosswicks, Burlington, N. J. Dunn, William A. Raleigh, Wake, N. C. Edwards, Nicholas M. La Fayette, Christian, Ky. Ellegood, William T. Concord, Sussex, Del. Elmer, Robert W. Bridgeton, Cumberland, N. J. Erdman, W. B. Macungie, Lehigh, Pa. Fauntleroy, A. M. Winchester, Frederick, Va. Finney, James B. Harrisburg, Dauphin, Pa. Fleming, Albert Wayne Mobile, Mobile, Ala. Fletcher, J. S. (M.D.) Murfreesboro', Rutherford, Tenn. Fort, William S. Franklin, Edward C. Gait, Robert Gaskins, James II. Goddard, Kingston, jr. Graham, Joseph D. Gray, William H., jr. Green, William Hackley, Charles E. Hardeman, John Harris, Henry H. Harris, Robert Harris, Robert B. Lambertville, Hunterdon, N. J. Providence, Columbia, Norfolk, Cincinnati, Fluvanna, Norfolk, Hamilton, Draper's Valley, Pulaski, Philadelphia, Trenton, Mercer, Philadelphia, Clinton, Forestville, Harrisburg, Jefferson, Hayes, Joseph Byron Canandaigua, Hayley, L. B. Hendrie, W. Scott Hewston, Geo. (M.D.) Hillier, Joseph W. Hinton, John R. Hoehling, Adolphus A. Holliday, S. T. Huggins, Jacob, jr. Barton, Doylestown, Philadelphia, Cooperstown, Petersburg, Philadelphia, Winchester, New Berne, Hunter, Andrew, jr. Charlestown, Hunter, Frederick Bladensburg, Jacobs, Theodore Norristown, Jaquett, George P. Salem, Jennings, William M. Titusville, Jones, Isaac N. La Grange, Jones, Samuel J. Bainbridge, Kennard, William R. Livingston, Kimbrough, M. D. Huntsville, Kinsey, Thomas J. Washington, Lawing, John M. Charlotte, Lewis, Joel B. Tarboro', Lippincott, Allen Fallsington, Love, William S. Natchez, Martin, Richard A. Milford, McClenahan, William Pittsboro', R.I. Va. Va. Ohio. Va. Pa. N.J. Pa. Jones, Ga. Wake, N. C. Dauphin, Pa. Rutherford, Tenn. N. Y. Franklin, Ala. Bucks, Pa, Pa. Venango, Pa. Dinwiddie, Va. Pa. Frederick, Va. Green, Ala. Jefferson, Va. Prince George, Md. Montgomery, Pa. Salem, • N. J. Crawford, Pa. Fayette, Tenn. Lancaster, Pa. Sumter, Ala. Yadkin, N. C. Rappahannock, Va. Mecklenburg, N. C. Edgecombe, N. C. Bucks, Pa. Miss. Adams, Kent, Del. Chatham, N. C SUBJECT OF THESIS. Acute Dysentery. Enteric Fever. Physiology of Sleep. Fibrin. Ergota. Peritonitis. Des Signs de la Grossesse, Mortality in large Cities. Tetanus. The Effects of Alcohol upon the Human Sys- tem. The Phenomena of Men- struation. Phthisis Pulmonalis. Amputation. Acute Pleurisy. Varicocele. Enteric Fever. Phthisis. Influence of the Mind in Disease. Cancer. Apoplexy. Bright's Disease. Phthisis. Anaesthesia in Parturi- tion. De Inflammationis Cura- tione. Thesis. Intussusception. The Menses. Intermittent Fever. Enteric Fever. Intermittent Fever. Special Sensations in Diagnosis. Hereditary Influence. Stone in the Bladder. Dislocations and Frac- tures of the Femur. Acute Dysentery. Pneumonia. The Blood. Miasmatic Fever. Enteric Fever. Intermittent Fever. Scarlet Fever. Ansesthesie dans l'Ac- couchement. Difficulties attending the Practice of Medicine in the Country in the South. The Treatment of Inter- mittent Fever. Croup. Paralysis. Tobacco Dyspepsia. 27 NAME. TOWN OR P. 0. COl'NTY. STATE. McClure, A. W. (M.D.) Mount Pleasant, Henry, Iowa. McGee, James W. Kenansville, Duplin, N. C. McKenzie, Sultan W. St. Matthews, Orangeburg Dist., S.C. McLean, John K. Cheraw, Chesterfield Dist., S.C. McNeill, T. C. Paris, Henry, Tenn. Meux, Thomas R. Miller, George W. Milton, James H. F. Mims, Alexander D. Morrison, Gilbert M. Moffett, James Morse, T. D. Nesbit, Louis R. Oates, D. Dunlap Peets, George Halsey Petway, Phesanton S. Wesley, Philadelphia, Kingsessing, Prattville, Springfield, Holly Retreat, Pleasant Ridge, Hernando, Wacahoota, Percy's Creek, Tarboro', Haywood, Tenn. Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Autauga, Ala. Richmond, N. C. Wilkinson, Miss. Princess Anne, Va. De Soto, Miss. Marion, Fla. Wilkinson, Miss. Edgecombe, N. C. Pickett, J. R. Washington City, Pile, Charles H. Philadelphia, Pope, F. E. Hernando, De Soto, Pratt, Nathan Hazlettville, Kent, Purnell, William I. F. Berlin, Worcester, Puryear, James D. Oak Hill, Granville, Randolph, Archy Cary Millwood, Clarke, Ray, J. Edwin Paris, Bourbon, Recio, Serapio Puerto Principe, Reeves, Jas. E. (M.D.) Phillippi, Barbour, Rice, William Buckingham, Bucks, D. C. Pa. Miss. Del. Md. N. C. Va. Ky. Cuba. Va. Pa. Richardson, Joseph S. Roach, Elisha D. Robertson, S. G. Robinson, John M. Roebuck, Peter J. Roseberry, Charles J. Rossiter, Joseph P. Row, Lewis Rountree, Scott L. Savage, Thomas J. Scales, N. M. Schelly, Ambrose Y. Schenck, Peter V. Hintonsville, Napan, Somerville, Miamiville, East Hanover, Easton, Norristown, Tunica, Williamsport, Selma, Old Richmond, Hereford, Camden, Pasquotank, N. C. Cumberland, N. S. Fayette, Tenn. Clermont, Ohio. Lebanon, Pa. Northampton, Pa. Montgomery, Pa. West Feliciana, La. Maury, Tenn. Dallas, Ala. Forsythe, N. C. Berks, Pa. Camden, N. J. Shackleford, Wm. C. Stony Point, Albemarle, Va. Shaw, Robert G. Sherard, Christoph. C. Sherk, J. Henry Shoemaker, Joseph T. Shorb, J. Campbell Slack, J. H. Smith, J. P. Smith, L. Turner Snare, Edmund Sutton, R. F. Q. Snyder, Ezra H. Stallings, Thomas D. Stathem, Thomas E. Stein, Luther K. Stein, Edward M. Fairfield, Mobile, West Hanover, Chester, Emmittsburgh, Philadelphia, Miccosukie, Wilton, Huntingdon, Buenos Ayres, Danville, Greenville, Greenwich, Myerstown, Richmond, Bedford, Tenn. Mobile, Ala. Dauphin, Pa. Delaware, Pa. Frederick, Md. Pa. Leon, Fla. Granville, N. C. Huntingdon, Pa. South America, Montour, Pa. Butler, Ala. Cumberland, N. J. Lebanon, Pa. Henrico, Va. SUBJECT OF THESIS. Bronchitis. Chorea. Phthisis Pulmonalis. Enteric Fever. The Detection of Arsenic in Chemico-Legal In- vestigations. Pneumonia. Tetanus. Diagnosis. Inflammation. Enteric Fever. Tetanus. Bilious Remittent Fever. Enteric Fever. Opium. Gossypium Herbaceum. Health — Mentally and Bodily. Yellow Fever. Diabetes. Physiology. Diabetes. Blennorrhagia. Enteric Fever. Dropsy. Remittent Fever. The Signs and Symptoms of Fever. Indigestion and Dyspep- sia. Utero-Gestation. Hemorrhagia Uterina. Intermittent Fever. Phthisis Pulmonalis. Pneumonia. Typhlitis. Fractures. Erysipelas. Pernicious Fever. Placenta Prsevia. Rheumatism. Scarlatina. Medicine, and Medical Men. Circulation and Func- tions of the Blood. Pernicious Fever. Pneumonia. Colica Pictonum. Disease. Pus. Glonoine. Circulation of Blood. Lobar Pneumonia. Placebos. Yellow Fever. Scarlatina. Enteric Fever. Fever. Wounds. Inflammation of Lun«;s. 28 Stewart, Lawrence Stinson, J. Frank Stormont, David W. Sutton, William T. jr. Tatem, J. P. Taylor, H. Genet Temple, Wilson S. Terrill, R. M. Terrell, Willis M. Thomas, Charles K. Thompson, J. Wesley Thompson, J. Cathmor TOWN OR P. 0. Laurinburgh, Sulphur Springs. Grand View, Merry Hill, Great Bridge, Camden, Hintonsville, Orange C. H. Roxboro', Spread Eagle, Smithland, Mifflinburg, SUBJECT OF THESIS. Thompson, Eugene M. Okolona, Toxey, Caleb Tuscaloosa, Toxey, William S. Tuscaloosa, Van Derslice, Aug. M. West Hanover, Voorhies, Alfd. Hunter Columbia, Waggoner, John S. Carlisle, Warrington, C. B. Swedesboro', W'eidman, W. Murray Lebanon, Wells, Henry M. Northampton, Welling, E. Livingston Pennington, (M. D.) West, Joseph G. Pughtown, Whistler, Wm. McNeill Philadelphia, Widdifield, Caspar S. Doylestown, Williams, Thomas F. Clarksville, Williamson, George R. Berlin, Wilson, John H. Milford Square, Wilson, John R. Charlotte, Wilson, W. Randolph Chula, Woods, Robert C. Rocky Mount, Yeager, Theodore C. Allentown, Richmond, N. C. Intermittent Fever. Merriwether, Ga. Intermittent Fever. Edgar, 111. Typhoid Pneumonia. Bertie, N. C. Pleuritis. Norfolk, Va. Pernicious Fever. Camden, N.J. Scarlatina. Pasquotank, N. C. Miasma. Orange, Va. Enteric Fever. Person, N. C. Enteric Fever. Chester, Pa. Tuberculosis. Livingston, Ky. Anaesthesia. Union, Pa. Disease of the Spinal Marrow. Chickasaw, Miss. Epidemic Erysipelas. Tuscaloosa, Ala. Cystitis. Tuscaloosa, Ala. Gonorrhoea. Dauphin, Pa. Acute Pleurisy. Maury, Tenn. Chloroformum. Cumberland, Pa. Lumbar Abscess. Gloucester, N.J. The Skin and its Func-tions Lebanon, Pa. Iritis. Hampshire, Mass. Yellow Fever. Mercer, N.J. Enteric or Typhoid Fever. Chester, Pa. Incised Wounds. Pa. The Pathology and Treat-ment of White Swell-ing. Bucks, Pa. Milk Sickness. Montgomery Tenn Puerperal Convulsions. Marshal, Tenn. Belladonna. Bucks, Pa. Electrical Changes as a Cause of Disease. Mecklenburg , N.C. Scarlatina. Amelia, Va. Light. Franklin, Va. Enteric Fever. Lehigh, Pa. Typhlitis. At a public Commencement, held July, 1859, the Degree of Doctor of Medicine was conferred upon— NAME. TOWN OR P. 0. COUNTY. STATE. Atkinson, Isaac L. Vincentown, Burlington, N. J. Eagleton, James N. Murfreesboro', Rutherford, Tenn. Freeman, Wm. Henry Philadelphia, Pa. Morris, Sidney R. Philadelphia, Pa. Of the above, there are from— Alabama 11 Mississippi 7 Buenos Ayres 1 New Jersey 12 Cuba .... 1 New York . 1 Delaware 4 North Carolina . 21 District of Columbia . 1 Nova Scotia 2 England 1 Ohio .... 2 Florida 2 Pennsylvania 53 Georgia 2 Rhode Island 2 Illinois 1 South Carolina . 2 Iowa .... 1 Tennessee . 16 Kentucky . 3 Virginia 22 Louisiana . 1 __ Maryland . 3 Total . 173 Massachusetts . 1