yt. . ;>. *-'< £-",*■•$ '■*,v-' w l# ■*c£fi "<-% «*■*;££■; 3*h>\ ^£ >^< '^v;'-^' #i r.-'i '»i% ~~ *r"^L ' ■;$1 NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE Bethesda, Maryland Gift of Edward B. Schlesinger, M.D. 6 ANATOMICAL PLATES. ANATOMICAL ATLAS, ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN BODY. BY HENRY H. SMITH, M.D. Fellow of the College of Physicians, Member of the Philadelphia Medical Society, &c. UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF WILLIAM E. HORNER, M.D., Professor of Anatomy in the University of Pennsylvania, &c. PHILADELPHIA: LEA AND BLANCHA11D. 1H44. Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1843, by Lea and Blanciiard, in the clerk's office of the district court of the United States, for the eastern district of Pennsylvania. 0. SHERMAN, PRINTER, 19 St. James St. Cjjo!D PREFACE. In the performance of the duty which has been confided to me, of forming a set of Plates as an accompaniment to the text of the work entitled, " Special Anatomy and Histology, by Wm. E. Horner, M.D., Professor of Anatomy in the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1843," the present volume is now offered. The utility of drawings in illustration of a purely demonstrative branch, is now too well established to require any argument in its favour. Separated from the centre of instruction, and deprived of the advantages of the Dissecting Room, the ideas once so thoroughly acquired soon begin to fade, and the images once so distinct, become confused and mixed. A recourse to plates, in the absence of dead bodies, is then the only means of refreshing our knowledge. Numerous works, framed with these intentions, have long enjoyed a large share of professional approbation; some from the finished style of their exe- cution ; others from some striking feature of simplicity, or adaptation to the wants of medical men. The claim of the present one is, to have been selected from the most accu- rate of these, as well as from the latest Microscopical Observations on the Anatomy of the Tissues; and where plates were not deemed satisfactory, to have been enriched by original drawings, from specimens furnished by the beautiful Anatomical Museum of the University of Pennsylvania. In the arrangement of the work, it will be seen that reference has been had to the production of a volume suited to general circulation, of such a size as could be conveniently used in the Lecture, Dissecting, or Operating Room; with a Terminology sanctioned by general usage in the United States, and with concomitant references on the same page, thereby saving to the young student much embarrassment and confusion. Lastly, it has been placed at such a price as will render it easy of acquirement by all. To the attention bestowed on the plates by the artists employed in their execution, is due much of their fidelity. The original drawings, as well as those which are copies in a reduced form, are from the pencil of Mr. Pinker- ton, a gentleman now most favourably known in this department of Anatomy. To say that the engravings are in Mr. Gilbert's best style, is sufficient guar- antee for their beauty, his name being now identified with some of the finest wood engravings made in this country. HENRY H. SMITH, October, 1843. 117 South Ninth Street. NOTICE. Owing to other engagements of Mr. Pinkerton, the drawings for Parts Third and Fifth of this work, have been prepared by Mr. J. T. French, and those of Part Fourth by Mr. M. S. Weaver, to whose skill and experience in this department of drawing we are much indebted for the taste and correctness shown in their exe- cution. August, 1844. I N D E X TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS, EMBRACING SIX HUNDRED AND THIRTY-SIX FIGURES. A Highly Finished View of the Bones of the Head......facing the title-page. View of Cuvier's Anatomical Theatre.............................vignette. PART I BONES AND LIGAMENTS. Fig. Page 1. Front View of Adult Skeleton.............17 2. Back View of Adult Skeleton..............18 3. Foetal Skeleton..........................19 4. Cellular Structure of Femur...............20 5. Cellular and Compact Structure of Tibia .... 20 6. Fibres of Compact Matter of Bone........20 7. Concentric Lamellae of Bone..............20 8. Compact Matter under the Microscope......21 9. Haversian Canals and Lacunae of Bone.....21 10. Vessels of Compact Matter................21 11. Minute Structure of Bones...............21 12. Ossification in Cartilage..................22 13. Ossification in the Scapula................22 14. Puncta Ossificationis in Femur............22 15. Side View of the Spinal Column...........23 16. Epiphyses and Diaphysis of Bone..........23 17. External Periosteum.....................23 18. Punctum Ossificationis in the Head.........24 19. A Cervical Vertebra......................24 20. The Atlas..............................24 21. The Dentata............................24 22. Side View of the Cervical Vertebra?........25 23. Side View of the Dorsal Vertebras..........25 24. A Dorsal Vertebra.......................25 25. Side View of the Lumbar Vertebra?.........26 26. Side View of one of the Lumbar Vertebrae .. 26 27. Perpendicular View of the Lumbar Vertebras . 26 28. Anterior of Sacrum......................27 29. Posterior View of Sacrum.................27 30. The Bones of the Coccyx.................27 31. Outside View of the Innominatum.........28 32. Inside View of the Innominatum...........28 33. Anterior View of the Male Pelvis..........29 31. Anterior View of the Female Pelvis........29 35. Front of the Thorax......................30 Fig. Page 36. The First Rib...........................30 37. General Characters of a Rib...............30 38. Front View of the Sternum...............30 39. Head of a Peruvian Indian................31 40. Head of a Choctaw Indian................31 41. Front View of the Os Frontis..............31 42. Under Surface of the Os Frontis...........31 43. Internal Surface of the Os Frontis..........32 44. External Surface of the Parietal Bone.......32 45. Internal Surface of the Parietal Bone.......32 46. External Surface of the Os Occipitis....... 33 47. Internal Surface of the Os Occipitis........33 48. External Surface of the Temporal Bone.....33 49. Internal Surface of the Temporal Bone.....33 50. Internal Surface of the Sphenoid Bone......34 51. Anterior and Inf. Surface of the Sphenoid Bone 34 52. Posterior Surface of the Ethmoid.........34 53. Front View of the Bones of the Face.......35 54. Outside of the Upper Maxilla..............35 55. Inside of the Upper Maxilla...............35 56. Posterior Surface of the Palate Bone........36 57. The Nasal Bones........................36 58. The Os Unguis..........................36 59. Inferior Spongy Bone.....................36 60. Right Malar Bone........................36 61. The Vomer.............................37 62. Inferior Maxillary Bone..................37 63. Sutures of the Vault of the Cranium........37 64. Sutures of the Posterior of the Cranium.....37 65. Diploe of the Cranium....................38 66. Inside of the Base of the Cranium.........38 67. Outside of the Base of the Cranium........38 68. The Facial Angle........................ 39 69. The Fontanels... .......................39 70. The Os Hyoides........................39 Fag* o. PART I. ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. Page 71. Posterior of the Scapula................. 40 72. Axillary Margin of the Scapula........... 40 73. The Clavicle........................... 40 74. The Humerus.......................... 41 75. The Ulna.............................. 41 76. The Radius............................ 41 77. The Bones of the Carpus................ 42 78. The Bones of the Hand.................. 42 79. Aiticulation of the Carpal Bones.......... 42 80. Anterior View of the Femur ............. 43 81. Posterior View of the Femur............. 43 82. The Tibia............................. 43 83. The Fibula............................ 44 84. Anterior View of the Patella............. 44 85. Posterior View of the Patella............. 44 86. The Os Calcis.......................... 44 87. The Astragalus......................... 44 88. The Naviculare......................... 45 89. The Cuboid Bone....................... 45 90. The Three Cuneiform Bones.............. 45 91. Top of the Foot........................ 45 92. The Sole of the Foot.................... 45 93. Cells in Cartilage...................... 46 94. Articular Cartilage under the Microscope... 46 95. Costal Cartilage under the Microscope..... 46 96. Magnified Section of Cartilage............ 46 97. Magnified View of Fibro-Cartilage........ 47 98. White Fibrous Tissue................... 47 99. Yellow Fibrous Tissue.................. 47 , Fig. r»se j 100. Ligaments of the Jaw ................. 48 1101. Internal View of the same.............. 48 ! 102. Vertical Section of the same ............ 48 > 103. Anterior Vertebral Ligaments........... 49 ; 104. Posterior Vertebral Ligaments........... 49 | 105. Yellow Ligaments.................... 49 106. Costo-Vertebral Ligaments.............. 50 > 107. Occipito-Altoidien Ligaments............ 50 > 108. Posterior View of the same.............. 50 ; 109. Upper Part of the same ................ 50 1110. Moderator Ligaments.................. 51 | 111. Anterior Pelvic Ligaments.............. 51 112. Posterior Pelvic Ligaments.............. 51 1113. Sterno-Clavicular Ligaments ............ 52 1114. Scapulo-Humeral Articulation........... 52 1115. External View of Elbow Joint.......... 52 116. Internal View of Elbow Joint........... 52 117. Ligaments of the Wrist................ 53 118. Diagram of the Carpal Synovial Membranes 53 119. Ligaments of the Hip Joint............. 54 120. Anterior View of the Knee Joint ........ 54 121. Posterior View of the Knee Joint........ 54 122. Section of the Right Knee Joint......... 55 123. Section of the Left Knee Joint.......... 55 124. Internal Side of the Ankle Joint......... 55 125. External Side of the Ankle Joint........ 55 126. Posterior View of the Ankle Joint....... 56 127. Ligaments on the Sole of the Foot....... 56 128. Vertical Section of the Foot ............ 56 PART II. DERMOID AND MUSCULAB, SYSTEMS. 129. Muscles on the Front of the Body,/uZ/ length 59 ', 158. 130. Muscles on the Back of the Body,/uZ/ length 60 159. 131. The Cellular Tissue ................... 61 160. 132. Fat Vesicles......................... 61 1161. 133. Blood-Vessels of Fat................... 61 j 162. 134. Cell Membrane of Fat Vesicles.......... 61 163. 135. Magnified View of the Epidermis........ 62 j 164. 136. Cellular Tissue of the Skin ............. 62 165. 137. Rete Mucosum, &c. of Foot............. 62 166. 138. Epidermis and Rete Mucosum.......... 62 j 167. 139. Cutis Vera, Magnified ................. 63 168. 140. Cutaneous Papillae .................... 63 169. 141. Internal Face of Cutis Vera............ 63 170. 142. Integuments of Foot under the Microscope 63 171. 143. Cutaneous Glands ..................... 64 172. 144. Sudoriferous Organs................... 64 173. 145. Sebaceous Glands and Hairs............ 64 \ 174. 146. Perspiratory Gland Magnified .......... 65 j 175. 147. A Hair under the Microscope........... 65 176. 148. A Hair from the Face under the Microscope 65 177. 149. Follicle of a Hair ..................... 65 j 178. 150. Arteries of a Hair..................... 65 j 179. 151. Skin of the Beard, Magnified ........... 66 180. 152. External Surface of the Thumb Nail..... 66 i 181. 153. Internal Surface of the Thumb Nail...... 66 < 182. 154. Section of Nail of Fore Finger .......... 661183. 155. Same highly magnified ................ 66 \ 184. 156. Development of Muscular Fibre......... 67 $ 185. 157. Another View of the same .............. 67 ; 186. Arrangement of Fibres of Muscle ....... 67 Disks of Muscular Fibre ............... 67 Muscular Fibre broken transversely ..... 67 Striped Elementary Fibres, magnified .... 68 Striae of Fibres from the Heart of an Ox .. 68 Transverse Section of Biceps Muscle..... 68 Fibres of the Pectoralis Major........... 68 Attachment of Tendon to Muscle........ 68 Nerve terminating in Muscle ........... 69 Superficial Muscles of Face and Neck .... 69 Deep-seated Muscles of Face and Neck ... 70 Lateral View of the same .............. 70 Lateral View of Superficial Muscles of Face 71 Lateral View of Deep-seated Muscles of Face 71 Tensor Tarsi or Muscle of Horner....... 72 Pterygoid Muscles .................... 73 Muscles of Neck ...................... 73 Muscles of Tongue .................... 73 Fascia Profunda Colli.................. 73 Superficial Muscles of Thorax .......... 74 Deep-seated Muscles of Thorax ......... 74 Front View of Abdominal Muscles ...... 75 Side View of Abdominal Muscles........ 75 External parts concerned in Hernia...... 76 Internal parts concerned in Hernia...... 76 Deep-seated Muscles of Trunk .......... 77 Inguinal and Femoral Rings ........... 77 Deep-seated Muscles of Neck........... 78 Superficial Muscles of Back ............ 78 PART II. ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. Page > Fig. 187. Posterior Parietes of Chest and Abdomen . 79 219. 188. Under side of Diaphragm .............. 79 5 203. 189. Second Layer of Muscles of Back ....... 80 204. 190. Muscles of Vertebral Gutter ............ 80 205. 191. Fourth Layer of Muscles of Back........ 81 206. 192. Muscles behind Cervical Vertebrae ....... 81 207. 193. Deltoid Muscle ....................... 82 208. 194. Anterior View of Muscles of Shoulder--- 82 209. 195. Posterior View of Muscles of Shoulder ... 82 210. 196. Another View of the same.............. 82 j 211. 197. Fascia Brachialis ..................... 83 212. 198. Fascia of the Fore-Arm................ 83 213. 199. Muscles on the Back of the Hand........ 83 j 214. 200. Muscles on the Front of the Arm........ 84 J 215. 201. Muscles on the Back of the Arm......... 84 j 216. 202. Pronators of the Fore-Arm............. 84 217. 218. Deep Muscles on Front of Arm ......... 90 \ Deep Muscles on Back of Arm......... 90 Flexor Muscles of Fore-Arm............ 85 Muscles in Palm of Hand............... 85 Deep Flexors of the Fingers ............ 85 Superficial Extensors .................. 86 Deep-seated Extensors ................. 86 Rotator Muscles of the Thigh......---- 86 Muscles on the Back of the Hip......... 87 Deep Muscles on the Front of Thigh..... 87 Superficial Muscles on the Front of Thigh 88 Muscles on the Back of the Thigh ....... 88 Muscles on Front of Leg............... 88 Muscles on Back of Leg ............... 89 Deep-seated Muscles on Back of Leg .... 89 Muscles on the Sole of the Foot.......... 89 Another View of the same.............. 89 PART III. ORGANS OF DIGESTION AND GENERATION. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228 236 244 252 260 266 268. 269. 270. 271. 272. 273. 274, 275. 276. 277. 278. 279. 280. 281. 282. 283. 284. 285. 236. 287. 2-<8. Digestive Organs in their whole length ... 93 1289. Cavity of the Mouth ................... 93 290. Labial and Buccal Glands.............. 93 J 291. Teeth in the Upper and Lower Jaws..... 94 s292. Upper Jaw, with Sockets for Teeth....... 94 293. Lower Jaw, with Sockets for Teeth...... 94 i 294. Under Side of the Teeth in the Upper Jaw. 94 j 295. Upper Side of the Teeth in the Lower Jaw. 94 296. to 235. Eight Teeth, from one side of the 297. Upper Jaw........................... 95 298. to 243. Eight Teeth, from one side of the 299. Lower Jaw........................... 95 300. to 251. Side View of Eight Upper Jaw 301. Teeth ................................ 95 302. to 259. Side View of Eight Lower Jaw 303. Teeth................................ 96 304. to 265. Sections of Eight Teeth ......... 96 305. to 267. Enamel and Internal Structure of j 306. Two of the Teeth...................... 96 j 307. Bicuspis Tooth under the Microscope .... 97 < 308. Position of Enamel Fibres.............. 97 309. Hexagonal Enamel Fibres.............. 97 310. Enamel Fibres very highly magnified .... 97 j 311. A very highly Magnified View of Fig. 268 97 312. Internal portion of the Dental Tubes..... 98 313. External portion of the Dental Tubes .... 98 314 Section of the Crown of a Tooth......... 98 315. Tubes at the Root of a Bicuspis......... 98 316. Upper Surface of the Tongue........... 98 317. Under Surface of the Tongue ........... 99 318. Periglottis turned off the Tongue........ 99 319. Muscles of the Tongue................. 99 320. Another View of the same............. 99 321. Section of the Tongue ................ 100 322. Styloid Muscles, &c................... 100 323. Section of a Gustatory Papilla .......... 100 324. View of another Papilla................ 100 J 325. Root of the Mouth and Soft Palate....... 101 326. Front View of the Pharynx and Muscles . . 101 327. Back View of the Pharynx and Muscles. .. 101 > 328. I:>pe 11. Under Side of the Soft Palate ........... 101 A Lobule of the Parotid Gland .......... 101 Salivary Glands....................... 102 Internal Surface of the Pharynx......... 10-2 External Surface of the Pharynx ........ 102 Vertical Section of the Pharynx ......... 103 Muscular Coat of the Oesophagus........ 103 Longitudinal Section of the OZsophagus .. 103 Parietes of the Abdomen ............... 104 Reflexions of the Peritoneum............ 104 Viscera of the Chest and Abdomen...... 105 Another View of the same.............. 105 The Intestines in Situ ................. 106 Stomach and Oesophagus............... 106 Front View of the Stomach............. 107 Interior of the Stomach ................ 107 The Stomach and Duodenum ........... 107 Interior of the Duodenum .............. 108 Gastric Glands ....................... 108 Mucous Coat of the Stomach ........... 108 An Intestinal Villus.................... 108 Its Vessels ........................... 108 Glands of the Stomach, magnified....... 108 Villus and Lacteal .................... 108 Muscular Coat of the Ileum ............ 103 Jejunum distended and dried ........... 109 Follicles of Lieberkuhn ................ 109 Glands of Brunner .................... 109 Intestinal Glands ..................... 109 Valvulae Conniventes................... 109 Ueo-Colic Valve....................... 109 Villi and Intestinal Follicles ............ 110 Veins of the Ileum.................... 110 Villi filled with Chyle.................. 110 Peyer's Glands.......... ............. 110 Villi of the Jejunum under the Microscope 110 The Caecum.......................... Ill The Mesocolon and Colon.............. Ill Muscular Coat of the Colon.............. Ill Muscular Fibres of the Rectum ......... Ill PART 111. ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. 329. 330. 331. 332. 333. 334. 335. 336. 337. 338. 339. 340. 341. 342. 343. 344. 345. 346. 347. 348. 349. 350. 351. 352. 353. 354. 355. 356. 357. 358. 359. 360. 361. 362. 363. 364. 365. 366. 367. 368. 3ti9. Page 121 Page ( Fig. Curvatures of the Large Intestine ....... 112: 370. The Bladder and Urethra, full length Mucous Follicles of the Rectum......... 112 371. Muscular Coat of the Bladder ........... 121 Rectal Pouches ....................... 112 372. Another View of the same.............. 121 Follicles of the Colon, highly magnified .. 113 373. Sphincter Apparatus of the Bladder...... 122 Folds and Follicles of the Stomach ...... 113 j 374. Prostate and VesiculaB Seminales........ 122 Follicles, &c. of the Jejunum ........... 113 j 375. Side View of the Pelvic Viscera......... 122 Villi and Follicles of the Ileum.......... 113 j 376. The Glans Penis injected .............. 123 Muciparous Glands of the Stomach...... 1141 377. The Penis distended and dried.......... 123 Ileum inverted, &c ...........,....... 114 \ 378. Section of the same ................... 123 Glands of Peyer magnified ............. 114) 379. Vertical Section of the Male Pelvis, &c. .. 123 Peritoneum of the Liver injected........ 115 380. Septum Pectiniforme................... 123 Liver in Situ ..........,.............. 115 381. Arteries of the Penis .................. 123 Under surface of the Liver ............. 115 i 382. Vertical Section of the Urethra.......... 123 Hepatic Vein.....................,. .. 115 \ 383. Vesiculae Seminales injected ............ 123 Parenchyma of the Liver............... 115 i 384. Muscles of the Male Perineum.......... 124 Hepatic Blood-Vessels .....,......,___ 116 \ 385. Interior of the Pelvis, seen from above ... 124 Biliary Ducts......................... 116 > 386. Testis in the Foetus ................... 125 Angular Lobules of the Liver........... 116 387. Diagram of the Descent of the Testis .... 125 388. Tunica Vaginalis Testis ............... 125 389. Transverse Section of the Testis ........ 125 390. Relative Position of the Prostate, &c.....126 391. Vas Deferens ......................... 126 External Face of the Spleen............. 117 j 392. Vertical Section of the Bladder.......... 126 Internal Face of the Spleen............. 117 393. The Testicle injected with Mercury ..... 126 Splenic Vein .......,........,....,,.. 117 394. Another View .......,................ 126 Pancreas, &,c., injected................. 117 395. Minute Structure of the Testis .......... 126 Urinary Organs...................,... 118 s 396. Female Generative Organs ............. 127 Right Kidney and Capsule............. 118 397. Another View of the same.............. 127 398. 399. Rounded Hepatic Lobules.............. 116 ; Coats of the Gall Bladder---,.......... 116 ! Gall Bladder injected .................. 116; Vena Portarum....................... 117 Left Kidney and Capsule............... 118; Kidney under the Microscope........... 118 ; The Ureter........................... 118 ; External Organs in the Foetus .......... 127 Muscles of the Female Perineum........ 127 400. Side View of the Female Pelvis, &c......128 Section of the Right Kidney ............ 118 j 401, Relative Position of the Female Organs Section of the Left Kidney.............. 118 ; Pyramids of Malpighi ................. 119 Lobes of the Kidney................... 119 Renal Arteries, &.c, injected ,.,......... 119 Section of the Kidney highly magnified .. 120 i 128 402. Section of the Uterus, &c............... 128 403. Fallopian Tubes, Ovaries, &c...........129 404. Front View of the Mammary Gland...... 129 405. The same after removal of the Skin ..... 129 406. Side View of the Breast................ 130 Corpora Mulpighiana ....,............. 120 j 407. Origin of Lactiferous Ducts ............ 130 Same magnified .,.................... 120 408. Lactiferous Tubes during Lactation ..... 130 Tubuli Uriniferi....................... 120 j 409. Minute Termination of a Tube.......... 130 Corpora Wolfiana..........,..., ..... J20 \ 410. Ducts injected; after Sir Astley Cooper .. 130 PART IV. ORGANS OF RESPIRATION AND CIRCULATION. 411. Front View of the Thyroid Cartilage..... 133 j 427. 412. Side View of the Thyroid Cartilage...... 133 1428. 413. Posterior of the Arytenoid Cartilage ..... 133 i 429. 414. Anterior of the Arytenoid Cartilage...... 133 430. 415. Epiglottis Cartilage ................... 133 J 431. 416. Cricoid Cartilage .........,........... 133 432. 417. Ligaments of the Larynx .....,...,___ 134 433. 418. Side View of the same............. .. 134 434. 419. The Thyroid Gland ............,...... 134 435. 420. Internal Surface of the Larynx.......... 134 436. 421. Crico-Thyroid Muscles......., ....... 135 437. 422. Crico-Arytenoid Muscles ............... 135 438. 423. Articulations of the Larynx............ 135 ', 439. 424. Vertical Section of the Larynx.......... 135 J440. 425. The Vocal Ligaments.................. 135 441. 426. Thymus Gland.....,................. 135 < 442. Front View of the Lungs............... 136 Back View of the Lungs ...............136 The Trachea and Bronchia............. 137 Lungs, Heart, &c...................... 137 First appearance of the Blood-vessels..... 138 Capillary Vessels magnified............. 138 Another View of the same.............. 138 Blood Globules........................ 138 Another View of the same...........>.. 13ft The Mediastina....................... 139 Parenchyma of the Lung............... 139 The Heart and Pericardium .....,...... 139 Anterior View of the Heart............. 139 Posterior View of the Heart............. 139 Anterior View of its Muscular Structure .. 140 Posterior View of the same............ 140 Page 12. PART IV. ILLUSTRATIONS. F'?- Page ] Fig. 443. Interior ofthe Right Ventricle .......... 140 < 476. 444. Interior ofthe Left Ventricle............ 140 ,477. 445. Mitral Valve, the size of life ............ 140 ] 478. 446. The Auriculo-Ventricular Valves ........ 141 j 479. 447. Section of the Ventricles ............... 141J 480. 448. The Arteries from the Arch ofthe Aorta . 141 \ 481. 449. The Arteries ofthe Neck, the size of life .. 142 j 482. 450. The External Carotid Artery............ 143 I 483. 451. A Front View of the Arteries of the Head j 484. and Neck........................... 143 J 485. 452. The Internal Maxillary Artery.......... 144 486. 453. Vertebral & Carotid Arteries with the Aorta 144 \ 487. 454. Axillary and Brachial Arteries.......... 144 ; 488. 455. The Brachial Artery .................. 1451 489. 456. Its Division at the Elbow .............. 145 490. 457. One ofthe Anomalies ofthe Brachial Artery 145 j 458. Radial and Ulnar Arteries.............. 146 j 491. 459. Another View of the same.............. 146 492. 460. The Arcus Sublimis and Profundus......146 493. 461. The Aorta in its entire length........... 147 \ 494. 462. Arteries ofthe Stomach and Liver....... 147 463. Superior Mesenteric Artery............. 148 464. Inferior Mesenteric Artery ............. 148 465. Abdominal Aorta...................... 149 466. Primitive Iliac and Femoral Arteries .... 149 467. Perineal Arteries ofthe Male............ 150 468. Position of the Arteries in the Inguinal Canal............................. 150 469. Internal Iliac Artery................. 151 470. Femoral Artery............,.......... 151 471. Gluteal and Ischiatic Arteries.......... 151 472. Branches ofthe Ischiatic Artery ........ 151 473. Popliteal Artery ...................... 152 474. Anterior Tibial Artery................ 152 475. Posterior Tibial Artery................ 152 495. J 496. ^497. \ 498. M99. I 500. 501. 502. 503. 504. 505. 506. 507. 508, Page Superficial Arteries on the Top ofthe Foot 153 Deep-seated Arteries on the Top ofthe Foot 153 Posterior Tibial Artery at the Ankle..... 153 The Plantar Arteries .................. 153 Arteries and Veins ofthe Face and Neck . 154 Great Vessels from the Heart........... 155 External Jugular Vein................. 155 Lateral View ofthe Vertebral Sinuses .... 156 Posterior View ofthe Vertebral Sinuses .. 156 Anterior View ofthe Vertebral Sinuses ... 156 Superficial Veins ofthe Arm............ 157 The same at the Elbow ................ 157 The Veins ofthe Hand ................ 157 The Great Veins ofthe Trunk........... 158 Relative positions ofthe Arteries and Veins of the Trunk ....................... 158 The Venae Cavae ...................... 159 The Vena Portarum .................. 159 Deep Veins ofthe back of the Leg....... 159 Relative positions of the Veins to the Arte- ries in the Arm ..................... 160 Superficial Veins ofthe Thigh .......... 160 Saphena Vein......................... 160 Superficial Veins of the Leg ........... 160 Lymphatics ofthe Upper Extremity ..... 161 The Lymphatics and Glands ofthe Axilla . 161 The Femoral and Aortic Lymphatics .... 161 The Lymphatics ofthe Small Intestines .. 162 The Thoracic Duct.................... 162 The Lymphatics ofthe Groin........... 162 Superficial Lymphatics ofthe Thigh.....162 Lymphatics of the Jejunum ............ 163 Deep Lymphatics ofthe Thigh.......... 163 Superficial Lymphatics ofthe Leg....... 163 Deep Lymphatics ofthe Leg............ 163 PART V. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SENSES. 509. Dura Mater Cerebri and Spinalis........ 166 j 527. 510. Anterior View ofthe Brain and Spinal Mar- [ 528. row ................................. 166 529. 511. Anterior View ofthe Spinal Marrow, &c. . 166 530. 512. Lateral View ofthe Spinal Marrow, &c. .. 167 531. 513. Posterior View ofthe Spinal Marrow, &c 167 532. 514. Decussation of Mitischelli .............. 167 533. 515. Origins of the Spinal Nerves............ 167 534. 516. Anterior View of the Spinal Marrow and j 535. Nerves............................. 168 536. 517. Posterior View of the Spinal Marrow and 537, Nerves ............................. 168 538. 518. Anterior Spinal Commissure............ 168 539. 519. Posterior Spinal Commissure ........... 168 540. 520. Transverse Section ofthe Spinal Marrow . 168 541, 521. Dura Mater and Sinuses ............... 169 542. 522. Sinuses laid open...................... 169 1543. 523. Sinuses at the Base ofthe Cranium...... 169 544. 524. Pons Varolii, Cerebellum, &c........... 169 545. 525. Superior Face ofthe Cerebellum......... 170 546. 526. Inferior Face ofthe Cerebellum ......... 170 i 547. Another View of the Cerebellum ........ 170 View ofthe Arbor Vitae, &c-...........> 170 Posterior View ofthe Medulla Oblongata . 171 A Vertical Section ofthe Cerebellum..... 171 Another Section ofthe Cerebellum....... 171 Convolutions ofthe Cerebrum........... 171 The Cerebrum entire .................. 172 A Section of its Base .................. 173 The Corpus Callosum entire ........... 173 Diverging Fibres ofthe Cerebrum, Sue. ... 174 Vertical Section ofthe Head............ 175 Section of the Corpus Callosum.......... 175 Longitudinal Section of the Brain ....... 175 View of a Dissection by Gall............ 175 The Commissures ofthe Brain.......... 176 Lateral Ventricles..................... 176 Corpora Striata-Fornix, &c............176 Fifth Ventricle and Lyra............... 176 Another View of the Lateral Ventricles .. 177 Another View ofthe Ventricles.......... 177 Origins ofthe 4th and 5th pairs of Nerves . 177 Pago 13. PART V. ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. Page x Fig. 548. The Circle of Willis ................... 178 593. 549. A Side View ofthe Nose............... 178 j 594. 550. The Nasal Cartilages.................. 178 \ 595. 551. Bones and Cartilages ofthe Nose........ 178 < 596. 552. Oval Cartilages, &c.................... 178 < 597. 553. Schneiderian Membrane ............... 178 598. 554. External Parietes ofthe Left Nostril..... 179 £599. 555. Arteries of the Nose................... 179 $ 600. 556. Pituitary Membrane injected............ 179 \ 601. 557. Posterior Nares....................... 179 f 602. 558. Front View ofthe Eye................. 180 603. 559. Side View ofthe Eye.................. 180 604. 560. Posterior View ofthe Eyelids, &c........ 180 605. 561. Glandulae Palpebrarum ................ 1801606. 562. Lachrymal Canals..................... 181 607. 563. Muscles ofthe Eye Ball................ 181 608. 564. Side View of the Eye Ball.............. 181 609. 565. Longitudinal Section ofthe Eye Ball..... 181 610. 566. Horizontal Section ofthe Eye Ball....... 182 611. 567. Anterior View of a Transverse Section .... 183 612. 568. Posterior View of a Transverse Section ... 1831613. 569. Choroid Coat injected.................. 183 j 614. 570. Veins ofthe Choroid Coat............... 183 i 571. The Iris ............................ 183 615. 572. The Retina and Lens.................. 183 573. External View of the same ............. 184 616. 574. Vessels in the Conjunctiva.............. 184 j 617. 575. Retina, injected and magnified .......... 184 618. 576. Iris, highly magnified.................. 184 ) 619. 577. Vitreous Humour and Lens............. 184 j 620. 578. Crystalline Adult Lens................. 184 621. 579. Lens of the Foetus, magnified........... 184 622. 580. Side View ofthe Lens ................. 184 623. 581. Membrana Pupillaris ..................Ib5 '> 624. 582. Another View ofthe same.............. 185 j625. 583. Posterior View of the same ............. 185 i 626. 584. A View ofthe Left Ear ................ 186 627. 585. Its Sebaceous Follicles................. 186 628. 586. Cartilages ofthe Ear .................. 186 629. 587. The same with its Muscles ............. 186 630. 588. The Cranial Side of the Ear ............ 186 631. 589. Meatus Auditorius Exlernus, &c......... 186 j 632. 590. Labyrinth and Bones of the Ear......... 187 633. 591. Full View ofthe Malleus............... 187 634. 592. The Incus............................ 187 Pago Another View of the Malleus ........... 187 A Front View of the Stapes............. 187 Magnified View of the Stapes ........... 187 Magnified View ofthe Incus............ 187 Cellular Structure ofthe Malleus........ 187 Magnified View ofthe Labyrinth........ 188 Natural Size ofthe Labyrinth........... 188 Labyrinth laid open, and magnified...... 188 Labyrinth, natural size................. 188 Labyrinth of a Foetus.................. 189 Another View of the same .............. 18.) Nerves of the Labyrinth................ 189 A View ofthe Vestibule, &c............. 190 Its Soft Parts, &c...................... 190 An Ampulla and Nerve ................ 190 Plan ofthe Cochlea.................... 191 Lamina Spiralis, &c................... 191 The Auditory Nerve................... 191 Nerve on the Lamina Spiralis........... 192 Arrangement ofthe Cochlea............ 192 Veins ofthe Cochlea, highly magnified ... 192 A View of the Opening of the Eustachian Tube in the Throat .................. 193 Origin of the Portio Mollis of the Seventh Pair of Nerves ...................... 193 The Olfactory Nerves.................. 193 The Optic and seven other Pairs of Nerves 194 Third, Fourth, and Sixth Pairs of Nerves . 194 Distribution of the Fifth Pair ........... 194 The Facial Nerve ..................... 195 The Hypo-Glossal Nerve ............... 195 A Plan ofthe Eighth Pair of Nerves..... 1% The Distribution ofthe Eighth Pair ..... 196 The Great Sympathetic Nerve .......... 197 The Brachial Plexus .................. 198 Nerves of the Front of the Arm......... 198 Nerves ofthe Back ofthe Arm.......... 198 Lumbar and Ischiatic Nerves ........... 199 Posterior Branches to the Hip, &c.......199 Anterior Crural Nerve ................. 199 Anterior Tibial Nerve..................200 Branches of the Popliteal Nerve .........200 Posterior Tibial Nerve on the Leg....... 200 Posterior Tibial Nerve on the Foot.......200 Page 14. PART FIRST. BONES: NINETY-TWO FIGURES. LIGAMENTS: THIRTY-SIX FIGURES. ** FIC. l FIG. 1. A FRONT VIEW OF THE ADULT SKELETON. 1. Frontal Bone. 2. Parietal Bone. 3. Nasal Bones. 4. Occipital Bone. 5. Orbits of Eyes. 6. Malar Bone. 7. Upper and Lower Maxillae. 8. Nasal Cavity. 9. Cervical Vertebrae. 10. Clavicle. 11. Scapula. 12. Sternum. 13. Ribs. 14. 14. Dorsal and Lumbar Vertebrae. 15. Innominata. 16. Sacrum. 17. Humerus. 18. Radius. 19. Ulna. 20. Carpus. 21. Meta-Carpus. 22. Phalanges of Hand. 23. Femur. 21. Patella. 25. Fibula. 26. Tibia. 27. Calcisfe Astragalus. 28. Cuneiform & C uboid. 29. Meta-Tarsii3. 30. Phalanges of Tots. l:iju 17. • FIG. 2. FIG. 2. A BACK VIEW OF THE ADULT SKELETON. 1. Occipital Bone. j 5. Lumbar Vertebra?. j 8. Trochanter Major. 2. Cervical Vertebrae. \ 6.6. Ilia. j 9. Trochanter Minor. y. Scapula. \ 7/7< Ischia t, io. Condyles of Femur. 4. Dorsal Vertebra;. > ' Page 18, FIG. 3. FIG. 3 A FRONT VIEW OF THE FffiTAL SKELETON, SHOWING THE GREAT EXPANSION OF THE CHEST AND THE IMPERFECT DEVELOPEMENT OF THE BONES. Page 19. FIG. 4. FtG. FIG. 7. TEXTURE FIG. 4. A Longitudinal section of a Femur, show- ing the Cellular Structure at its ex- tremity. FIG. 5. A Longitudinal section of a Tibia, show- ing 1. The Compact Structure. 2. The Cellular Structure. 3. A Transverse section of the Femur, show- ing its Compact Substance, its Internal Cellular Structure, and the Medullary Canal. OF BONES. FIG. 6. The Texture of a Bone as shown in a Hu- merus, after maceration in dilute acid. 1. 1. The Compact Matter as usually seen. 2. 2. The same split, so as to show the Lon- gitudinal Fibres composing it. 3. The Internal Cellular Matter. 4. The Bone seen under its Articular Car- tilage. FIG. 7. A view of the Concentric Lamell-E of thf Compact Matter of a Bone. Page 20. FIG. 8. 1 "f'"-4s"^' FIG. 11. TEXTURE OF BONES. FIG. 8. A Transverse section of the Compact Mat- FIG. 10. TER AS SEEN UNDER THE MICROSCOPE ; MAGNI- FIED FIFTEEN DIAMETERS. 1. Periosteal or Outer Layer. 2. Medullary or Internal Layer. The intermediate Haversian systems of La- mellse, each perforated by a Haversian Canal, are also shown. FIG. 9. A Transverse section of an old Tibia, showing the appearance of the lamell.e surrounding the Haversian Canals, and ALSO THE APPEARANCE OF THE LaCUN-E, WHEN THEIR PORES ARE FILLED WITH Ll- UUID, A Longitudinal section of the Compact tis- sue OF THE SHAFT OF A LONG BONE SHOWING THE VESSELS. 1. Arterial Canal. 2. Venous Canal. 3. Dilatation of another Venous Canal. FIG. 11. The Minute Structure of a bone magnified 300 diameters. 1 A Haversian Canal surrounded by its concentric Lamella?. 2. The same with its Purkinjean Corpus- cules and converging tubuli. 3. The area of one of the canals. 4. Direction of the Lamella? of the great Medullary Canal. The outlines of three other canals, showing their form and arrangement in the entire bone, are also seen. Page 21. FIG. 13. FIG. 12. •go C> „ — ' .ft." " ^-o ' on0 ,'®»" !®>p 1 ®. '■0 X - Us ^ ^ <&& . /^ . .r *> •§£ «=" SH0WING THE PuNCTA 0ssiFICA. seen resting in the cavities so formed, the j TI0NIS m THE gHAFT AND Epiphyses of the Nuclea being more separated than above, f Femur and Tibia, as well as in the 3. The same, magnified more highly. ', Patella. Page 22. FIG. 15. FIG. 16. DEVELOPEMENT OF BONES. FIG. 15. FIG. 16. A Lateral View of the Spinal Column, j A Young Femur, showing, at showing its Curvatures and Internal j x. 2. 3. 5. the Epiphyses. Structure. 1. Atlas. 2. Dentata. 3. Seventh Cervical Vertebra. 4. Twelfth Dorsal Vertebra. 5. Fifth Lumbar Vertebra. 6. First piece of Sacrum. 7. Last piece of Sacrum. 8. Coccyx. 9. A Spinous Process. 10. 10. Intervertebral Foramina. 4. The Diaphysis. 2.3. afterwards become Apophyses. FIG. 17. The External Periosteum laid open and turned off from a young Humerus. Page 23. FIG. 18, FIG. 10. FIG. 2:i. FIG. 21. FIG. 18. A View of the Punctum Ossificationis in the Flat Bones of the Head of a Fcetus— The Radiating Lines from the Central Point are also shown. FIG. 19. The General Characters Vertebra. BONES OF THE TRUNK. FIG. 20. The Atlas. 1. Anterior Tubercle. 2. Articular Face for the Dentata. 3. Posterior Surface of Spinal Canal. 4.4. Intervertebral Notch. 5. Transverse Process. 6. Foramen for Vertebral Artery. 7. Superior Oblique Process. 8. Tubercle for the Transverse Ligament. of a Cervical 1. Upper Face of the Body. 2. Spinal Canal. 3. Half of an Intervertebral Foramen. 4. Bifid Spinous Process. 0. Bifid Transverse Process. 6. Vertebral Foramen. 7. Superior Oblique Process. 8. Inferior Oblique Process. Page FIG. 21. The Dentata. 1. The Body. 2. Processus Dentatus. 3. Facet for Articulating with the Atlas. 4. Foramen for the Vertebral Artery. 5. Spinous Process. 6. Inferior Oblique Process. 7. Superior Oblique Process. 24. FIG. 22 FIG. 24. BONES OF FIG. 22. A Lateral View of the Cervical Verte- bra. 1. Atlas. 2. Processus Dentatus ofthe second Vertebra. 3. Its Superior Oblique Process. 4. Its Spinous Process. 5.6. Upper and Lower Oblique Processes, showing their inclination. 7. Last Cervical Vertebra. FIG. 23. A Lateral View of the Twelve Dorsal Vertebra. 1. First Dorsal Vertebra. 2. Twelfth Dorsal Vertebra. 3. A Spinous Process. Page THE SPINE. 4. Articulating Face for the Head of a Rib. 5. Articulating Face for the Tubercle of a Rib. 6. Superior Oblique Process. 7. Inferior Oblique Process. FIG. 24. General Characters of a Dorsal Vertebra. 1. The Body. 2. Portion ofthe Face for the Head of a Rib. 3. Superior Face of the Body. 4. Superior half of the Intervertebral Notch. 5. Inferior half of the Intervertebral Notch. 6. Spinous Process. 7. Articular Face for the Tubercle of a Rib. 8. Two Superior Oblique Processes. 9. Two Inferior Oblique Processes. FIG. 25. FIG. 27. BONES OF THE SPINE. FIG. 25. A Lateral View of the Five Lumbar Ver- tebra. 1. First Lumbar. 2. Superior Oblique Process. 3. Spinous Process. 4. Inferior Oblique Process. 5. Last Lumbar Vertebra. FIG. 26. A Lateral View of a Lumear Vertebra. 1. The Body. 2. Superior Articular Face of the Body. :». Superior half of the Intervertebral Notch. 4. Inferior half of the Intervertebral Notch. 5. Spinous Process. 6. Transverse Process. 7. Two Superior Oblique Processes. 8. Two Inferior Oblique Processes. FIG. 27. A Perpendicular View of a Lumbar Ver- tebra. 1. Face for the Intervertebral Substance. 2. Anterior Surface of the Body. 3. Spinous Process. 4. Transverse Process. 5. Oblique Process. 6. A portion of the Bony Bridges. 7. The Spinal Foramen. Page 26. FIG. 29. BONES OF THE SPINE. 4.4. Foramina FIG. 28. An Anterior View of the Sacrum. 1. Articular Face for the Last Lumbar Ver- tebra. 2. Articular Face for the Coccyx. 3. Promontory of the Sacrum. 4. Line marking the former pieces of the Sacrum. 5. The First Sacral Foramen. 6. The Fourth Sacral Foramen. 7. A portion of the Sacro Sciatic Notch. 8. Ala? of the Sacrum. 9. Oblique Processes for articulating with the Last Lumbar Vertebra. 10. Line of Separation of the last pieces of the Bone. FIG. 29. A Posterior View of the Sacrum. 1. First Spinous Process. 2. Fourth Spinous Process. 3. Roughness for the Muscles and Fascia of the Back. I Page for the Posterior Sacral Nerves. 5. Remnant of an Oblique Process. 6. Roughness for the Sacro Sciatic Liga- ments. 7. Articular Face for the Fifth Lumbar Vertebra. 8. Superior Oblique Processes of the First Piece of the Sacrum. 9. Articular Face for the Second Bone of the Coccyx. 10. Bifid Spinous Process of the Last Piece of the Sacrum. 11. The First Bone of the Coccyx. FIG. 30. The Four Bones of the Coccyx. 1. First Bone. 2. 3. Processes to join the Sacrum. 4. 5. The Notches to form the Foramen for the Sixth Sacral Nerve. 6. The Last Bone of the Coccyx. 27. FIG. 31. FIG. 32. OSSA INN FIG. 31. Outside of the Innominatum of the Right Side. 1. Dorsum of the Ilium. 2. Ischium. 3. Pubis. 4. Crest of the Ilium. 5. Surface for the Gluteus Medius. 6. Surface for the Gluteus Minimus. 7. Surface for the Gluteus Maximus. 8. Anterior Superior Spinous Process. 9. Anterior Inferior Spinous Process. 10. Posterior Superior Spinous Process. 11. Posterior Inferior Spinous Process. 12. Spine of the Ischium. 13. Greater Sacro-Sciatic Notch. 14. Lesser Sacro-Sciatic Notch. 15. Tuber Ischii. 16. Ascending Ramus of the Ischium. 17. Body of the Pubis. 18. Ramus of the Pubis. 19. Acetabulum. 20. Thyroid Foramen. OMINATA. FIG. 32. ; Inside of the Innominatum of the Right Side. ] 1. Surface for the Sacro Iliac Ligaments. > 2. Ischium. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20, Body of Pubis. Anterior Superior Spinous Process. Anterior Inferior Spinous Process. Posterior Superior Spinous Process. Posterior Inferior Spinous Process. Greater Sacro-Sciatic Notch. Plane of the Ilium. Venter of the Ilium The portion of the Venter which is con- tinuous with the Ala? of the Sacrum. Linea Ilio Pectinea. Spine of Ischium. Tuber Ischii. Line of attachment of the Greater Sa- cro-Sciatic Ligament. Point of attachment ofthe Erector Penis, or Clitoridis Muscle. Symphysis Pubis. Ilio Pectineal Protuberance or Boss. Groove for the Obturator Vessels and Nerve. Foramen Thvroideum. Page 28, FIG. 33. FIG. 34. THE PELVIS. FIG. 33. An Anterior View of the Male Pelvis, showing the peculiar Shape of the Su- perior Strait; of the Foramen Ovale, and of the arch of the pubes—wherein it differs from that of the female. FIG. 34. An Anterior View of the Female Pelvis, showing the shape and diameters of the Superior Strait. 1. 2. The Antero-Posterior Diameter, mea- suring 4 inches. 3. 4. The Transverse Diameter, measurino O 5 inches. 5. 5. > The Two Oblique Diameters, measur- 6. 6. i ing 4J inches each. The difference in the Shape of the Arch of the Pubes, in the Foramen Thyroideum and in the Superior and Inferior Straits, are the principal objects of interest between the Male and Female Pelves. Page 29. 12787116 FIG. 35. FIG. 36. H\L FIG. 37. FIG. 33. THE THORAX FIG. 35. A Front View of the Thorax. 1. First Bone of the Sternum. 2. Second Bone of the Sternum. 3. Third Bone or Ensiform Cartilage. 4. First Dorsal Vertebra. 5. Last or Twelfth Dorsal Vertebra. G. First Rib. 7. Its Head. 8. Its Neck. 9. Its Tubercle. 10. Seventh or Last True Rib. 11.11. Costal Cartilages. 12. False or Floating Ribs. 13. Groove for the Intercostal Artery. FIG. 36. A View of the Upper Side of the First Rib of the Right Side, Half the Size of Nature. 1. The Head. 2. The Tubercle. 3. Anterior Surface. 4. Groove for the Subclavian Artery. 5. Groove for the Subclavian Vein. 6. Anterior Extremity for the Cartilage. 7. Tubercle for the Scalenus Anticus Muscle. FIG. 37. General Characters of the other Ribs— seen on their Upper and Under Surface. The Left Hand Figure is the Upper Face of the Rib. 1. Head of the Rib. 2. Its Tubercle. 3. Anterior Extremity for the attachment of the Costal Cartilage. 4. Groove for the Artery and Nerve. 5. Angle of the Rib. The Right Hand Figure is the Under Surface of the Rib. 1. The Head. 2. Its Tubercle. 3. Anterior Extremity. 4. Groove for Intercostal Aitery and Nerve 5. Angle of the Rib. FIG. 38. A Front View of the Sternum. I. First Piece. 2. Second Piece. 3. Ensiform Cartilage, or Third Piece. 4. Articular Face for the Clavicle. 5. Articular Face for the First Rib. 6. Articular Face for the Second Rib. 7. 8. 9. 10. Articular Faces for the Last Five True Ribs. Page 30. FIG. 39. FIG. 40. FIG. 41. FIG. 42. THE CRANIUM FIG. 39. A Lateral View of the Head of a Peru- vian Indian, showing the flatness of the Os Frontis and Occipitis, produced by pressure. 6. Notch for the Supra-Orbitar Nerve. 7. Nasal Protuberance. 8. Semicircular Ridge for the Temporal Muscle. 9. Nasal Spine. FIG. 40. A Front View of the Head of a Choctaw Indian, showing the same ; produced in accordance with the fashion of their tribe. FIG. 41. A Front View of the External Surface of the Os Frontis. 1. Frontal Protuberance of the Right Side. 2. Superciliary Ridge. 3. Supra-Orbital Ridge. 4. External Angular Process. 5. Internal Angular Process. FIG. 42. View of the Lower Part of the Os Frontis. Line of Junction of the two Halves of the Bone. Frontal Protuberances. Supra-Orbitar Notch. 4. Nasal Spine and Space, filled by the Eth- moid Bone. 5. Frontal Sinuses. 6. Orbitar Plates. 7. External Angular Process. The depression for the Lachrymal Gland, is seen in the dark surface just within the line of reference. 8. Surface for the Temporal Muscle. Page 31. FIG. 43. FIG. 11. 7^-: ,,„.!'''■•'■'■■■■'ll"'"l"W/!>/ ■\vvj FIG. 45. THE CRANIUM, FIG. 43. A View of the Internal Surface of the Os Frontis. 1. Serrated Edge for Junction with the Parietal Bones, and Groove for the Superior Lon- gitudinal Sinus. 2. Ridge for the attachment ofthe Falx Major. 3. Foramen Ccecum. 4. Nasal Spine and Surface for the Ethmoid Bone. 5. The Openings of the Frontal Sinuses. 6. The Orbitar Plates. 7. The External Angular Process. 8. Serrated Surface for the Sphenoid Bone. 9. The Line of Junction of the Parietal Bones. 10. A Depression made by the Glands of Pac- chioni. 11. The Surface for the Squamous portion ofthe Temporal Bone. FIG. 44. The External Surface of the Left Pari- etal Bone. 1. The Superior or Sagittal Surface. 2. The Inferior or .Squamous Surface. Pajv 3. The Anterior or Coronal Surface. 4. The Posterior or Lambdoidal Surface. 5. The Ridge for the attachment of the Tem- poral Fascia; the Parietal Protuberance is at the point of the Figure. 6. The Parietal Foramen. 7. The Anterior Inferior, or Elongated Angle. 8. The Posterior Inferior, or Truncated Angle. FIG. 45. The Internal Surface of the Left Pari- etal Bone. 1. The Surface for the Bone of the opposite Side. 2. The Surface for the Temporal Bone. 3. The Surface for the Frontal Bone. 4. The Surface for the Occipital Bone. 5. Part of the Groove for the Superior Longi- tudinal Sinus. H. The Internal Orifice of the Parietal Foramen. 7. Anterior Inferior Angle and Groove for the Middle Artery of the Dura Mater. 8. The Posterior Inferior Angle and Groove for a portion of the Lateral Sinus. FIG. 46. FIG. 47. %A FIG. 48. FIG. 49. FIG. 46. The External Surface of the Occipital Bone. 1. Superior Semicircular Ridge. 2. External Occipital Protuberance. 3. Portion for the attachment of the Ligamentum Nucha?. 4. Inferior Semicircular Ridge. 5. Foramen Magnum. 6. Condyle of the Right Side. 7. Point of the Posterior Condy- loid Foramen. 8. Point of the Anterior Condy- loid Foramen. 9. External Part of the Jugular Eminence. 10. Part of the Jugular Foramen. 11. Basilar Process. 12. Points of attachment of the Odontoid Ligaments. 13. Surface for the Parietal Bones. 14. Surface for the Mastoid portion of the Temporal Bone. FIG. 47. The Internal Surface of the Occipital Bone. 1. Foramen Magnum. 2. Ridge for the Falx Minor, and depression for a small Sinus. 3. Internal Occipital Protuberance, and the depression strongly marked in this Bone for the Torcular Hierophyli. 4.4. Lateral Limbs of the Occipital Cross, and depression for the Lateral Sinus. .1. Surface for the Parietal Bones. (i. Jugular Eminence. ( 7. THE CRANIUM. Jugular Fossa, for the trans- mission of the Jugular Vein, and the Eighth Pair of Nerves. Internal Orifice of the Poste- rior Condyloid Foramen. Surface for the Petrous portion of the Temporal Bone. The Condyles. The Surface for the Sphenoid Bone; or, the Anterior Extrem- ity of the Basilar Process. Exterior Edge of the Basilar Gutter. Surface for the Mastoid portion of the Temporal Bone. Depression for the Cerebellum. Depression for the Posterior Lobes of the Cerebrum. The marks made by its convolu- tions are also seen. FIG. 48. The External Surface of the Left Temporal Bone. 1. The Squamous Portion. 2. The Mastoid Portion. 3. Extremity of the Petrous Por- tion. 4. Zygomatic Portion. 5. Tubercle on which the Condyle of the Lower Jaw touches, when the mouth is widely opened. 6. Posterior part of the Temporal Ridge. 7. The Glenoid Fissure. 8. The Mastoid Foramen. 9. Meatus Auditorius Externus, surrounded by the Auditory Process. 10. Fossa for the Digastric Muscle. Page 33. 11. Styloid Process. 12. Vaginal Process. 13. Glenoid Foramen. 14. Part of the Groove for the Eustachian Tube. FIG. 49. The Internal Surface of the Left Temporal Bone. 1. Squamous Portion. 2. Mastoid Portion and Foramen. 3. Petrous Portion. 4. Groove for the Posterior Branch of the Middle Artery of the Dura Mater. 5. Bevelled Edge ofthe Squamous Portion. 6. Zygomatic Process. 7. Digastric Fossa. 8. Occipital Groove. 9. Groove for the Lateral Sinus. 10. Position ofthe Superior Petrous Sinus. 11. Opening of the Carotid Canal. 12. Meatus Auditorius Internus. 13. Supposed Aqueduct of the Ves- tibule. 14. Styloid Process. 15. Stylo-Mastoid Foramen. 16. Carotid Foramen. 17. Spine separating the Eighth Pair of Nerves from the Jugular Vein. The dark depression immediate- ly in advance of the number, is the Opening of the Aqueduct of the Cochlea. 18. Points to the Vidian Foramen, on the Anterior Surface of the Petrous Portion. 19. Origin ofthe Levator Palati and Tensor Tympani Muscles. FIG. 50. FIG. 51. FIG. 52. FIG. 50. The Internal or Cerebral Surface of the Sphenoid Bone. 1.1. The Lesser Wings or Apo- physes of Ingrassias. 2.2. The Upper extremity of the Greater Wings. 3. Ethmoidal Spine. 4. Optic Foramina. 5. Anterior Clinoid Processes. 6. Posterior Clinoid Processes. 7. Sphenoidal Fissure for the transmission of the 3d, 4th, First Branch of the 5th and the 6th Pairs of Nerves. 8. Foramen Rotandum, trans- mitting the Second Branch of the 5th Pair. 9. Foramen Ovale, for the Third Branch of the 5th Pair. 10. Foramen Spinale, for the Middle Artery of the Dura Mater; its course is shown by the dark line. THE CRANIUM. 11. Styloid Process. 12. External Pterygoid Pro- cess. 13. Internal Pterygoid Process and Hook for the Circum- flexus Palati Muscle. 14. Pterygoid Foramen for the Pterygoid Nerve. 15. Articular Face for the Os Occipitis. 16. Points to the Sella Turcica. FIG. 51. The Anterior and Inferior Surface of the Sphenoid Bone. 1.1. Apophyses of Ingrassias. 2.2. The Great Wings. 3. Ethmoidal Spine. 4. Azygos Process. 5. Sphenoidal Cells, after the removal of the Pyramids of Wistar. 6. Posterior Clinoid Pro- cesses. 7. Sphenoidal Fissure. Page 34. 8. Foramen Rotundum. 9. Depression for the Middle Lobes of the Cerebrum. 10. Surface for the Temporal Muscle. 11. Styloid Process. 12. External Pterygoid Process. 13. Internal Pterygoid Process. 14. Pterygoid Foramen. 15. Articular Face for the Os Frontis. 16. Points to the Sella Turcica. FIG. 52. An Upper and Posterior View of the Ethmoid Bone. 1. Nasal Lamella. 2. Body or Cellular Portion. 3. Crista Galli. 4. Cribriform Plate. 5. Superior Meatus. 6. Superior Turbinated Bone. 7. Middle Turbinated Bone. 8. Os Planum. 9. Surface for the Olfactory Nerve. FIG. 53. FIG. 51. FIG. BONES OF THE FACE, FIG. 53. A Front View of the Skull, showing the Bones com- posing the Face. Os Frontis. Nasal Tuberosity. Supra-Orbital Ridge. Optic Foramen. Sphenoidal Fissure. Spheno-Maxillary Fissure. Lachrymal Fossa, and com- mencement of the Nasal Duct. Opening of the Anterior Nares, and the Vomer. Infra-Orbital Foramen. Malar Bone. Symphysis of the Lower Jaw. Anterior Mental Foramen. Ramus of the Lower Jaw- bone. Parietal Bone. Coronal Suture. Temporal Bone. Squamous Suture. Great Wing ofthe Sphenoid. 19. Commencement of the Temporal Ridge. 20. Zygomatic Process. 21. Mastoid Process. FIG. 54. An External View of the Superior Maxilla of the Left Side. 1. Orbitar Process. 2. Infra-Orbitar Canal. 3. Space for the Os Unguis. 4. Upper part of the Lachry- mal Canal. 5. Nasal Process, and Sur- face for Articulating with the Os Frontis. 6. Surface for the Nasal Bone. 7. Anterior portion of the Floor of the Nostril. 8. Surface for Articulating with its Fellow. 9. Alveolar Process. 10. Points to the Depression just below the Infra-Orbi- tar Foramen. 11. Surface for the Malar Bone. Page 35. FIG. 55. An Internal View of the Superior Maxilla of the Left Side. 1. Antrum Highmorianum. 2. Ductus ad Nasum. 3. Articular Surface for the Os Frontis. 4. Articular Surface for the Na- sal Bone. 5. Surface for the Nasal Car- tilage. 6. Anterior Point of the Floor of the Nostril. 7. Surface for the Bone of the Right Side. 8. Foramen Incisivum. 9. Palate Plate. 10. Surface for the Palate Bone. 11. Anterior part of the Ridge for the Inferior Spongy Bone. 12. Articular Surface for the Palate Bone behind. 13. Surface for the Nasal Plate of the Palate Bone. 14. Surface for the Orbitar Plate of the Palate Bone. 15. Termination of the Nasal Duct. FTG. 56. FIG. 57. FIG. 58. FIG. 59. FIG. 60. FIG. 56. A Posterior and Half Late- ral View of the Palate Bone. 6. 1. Palate Plate on its Nasal Sur- face. 2. Nasal Plate. 3. Pterygoid Process. 4. Surface for Articulating with its Fellow. 5. HalfoftheCrescentic Edge and Spine for the Azygos Uvulae Muscle. Ridge for the Inferior Spongy Bone. Spheno-Palatine Foramen. Orbital Plate. Pterygoid Apophysis. Depression for the External Pterygoid Process of the Sphe- noid Bone. Same for the Internal Pterygoid Process. 57. 11 BONES OF THE FACE 3. Surface for the Nasal Process ofthe Superior Maxillary Bone. 4. Points to the Groove on the In- ner Side, for the Nasal Nerve. 5. Articular Face for the Os Frontis. 6. Foramen for the Nutritious Ar- tery. Left Hand Figure. 1. Posterior Inferior Extremity. 2. Surface for its Fellow. 3. Surface for the Superior Maxilla. 4. Groove for the Internal Nasal Nerve. 5. Surface for the Os Frontis. 6. Lower portion of the Groove for the Nasal Nerve. FIG. An Anterior and Posterior View of the Nasal Bones. Eight Hand Figure. 1. Anterior Inferior Extremity. 2. Articulating Surface for its Fel- low. FIG. 58. An Anterior View of the Os Unguis of the Left Side. 1. Its Anterior Inferior Angle. 2. Orbitar Plate and Side for the Os Planum. 3. Fossa for the Lachrymal Sac. 4. Superior Extremity. Page 36. FIG. 59. An External View of the Inferior Spongy Bone of the Right Side. 1. Anterior Extremity,for resting on the Ridge of the Upper Maxilla. 2. Posterior, for resting on the Ridge of the Palate Bone. 3. Hooked portion, for resting on the Lower Margin of the An- trum Highmorianum. 4. Its Inferior Border. FIG. 60. An anterior View of the Malar Bone of the Right Side. 1. Anterior Orbital Angle. 2. Orbital Face. 3. Superior Angle for Articulating with the Os Frontis. 4. External Angle for the Zygoma of the Temporal Bone. 5. 6. Inferior Angle and Surface for the Superior Maxilla. I 7. Nutritious Foramen. FTG. 61. FIG. 62. FIG. 63. THE FACE AND THE SUTURES. FIG. 61. The Vomer. 1. 2. Posterior and Superior Surface hollowed to receive the Azygos Process of the Sphenoid Bone. 3. Anterior Surface for the Cartilaginous Septum of the Nose. FIG. 62. The Inferior Maxillary Bone. 1. The Body. 2. The Ramus, 3. The Symphysis. 4. Alveolar Process. 5. Anterior Mental Foramen. 6. The Base. 7. Groove for the Facial Artery. 8. The Angle. 9. Extremity of the Ridge for the Mylo-Hyoid Muscle. 10. Coronoid Process. 11. Condyle. Page 12. Neck of the Condyloid Process. 13. Posterior Mental Foramen. 14. Groove for the Inferior Maxillary Nerve. 15. Molar Teeth. 16. Bicuspate Teeth. 17.18. Middle and Lateral Incisors. FIG. 63. A View of the Outside of the Vault of the Cranium, showing the Sutures. 1. The Coronal Suture. 2. The Sagittal Suture. 3. The Lambdoidal Suture. FIG. 64. A Posterior and Inferior View of the Cra- nium, showing the Posterior Sutures. 1. The Palate Suture. 2. Posterior end of the Sagittal. 3. The Lambdoidal. 4. An Additamentum Suturae and Os Wor- miana above the Temporal Bone. 37. FIG. 65. FIG. 66. FIG. 67. FIG. 65. A View of the Skull de- prived of its Outer Table, so as to show the Diploic Structure. The Arbores- cent dark Lines indicate the Channels for the Veins of this Structure. FIG. 66. A View of the Internal Surface of the Base of the Cranium, after the Vault has been removed. 1. Anterior Fossa for the An- terior Lobes ofthe Cerebrum. 2. Lesser Wing of the Sphe- noid Bone. 3. Crista Galli. 4. Foramen C cecum. 5. Cribriform Plate. 6. Processus Olivaris. 7. Foramen Opticum. 8. Anterior Clinoid Process. 9. Groove for the Carotid Ar- tery. 10. Greater Wing of the Sphe- noid Bone. THE SURFACE OF THE HEA 4. i H. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Middle Fossa for the Mid- dle Lobes ofthe Cerebrum. Petrous Portion of the Tem- poral Bone. Sella Turcica. Basilar Gutter for the Me- dulla Oblongata. Foramen Rotundum. Foramen Ovale. Foramen Spinal e. The Hiatus Fallopii is just below this number. Posterior Fossa for the Cer- ebellum. Groove for the Lateral Sinus. Ridge for the Falx Cerebelli. Foramen Magnum. Meatus Auditorius Internus. Posterior Foramen Lacerum for the Jugular Vein. FIG. 67. An External View of the Base of the Cranium. 1. The Hard Palate. 2. Foramen Incisivum. 3. Palate Plate of the Palate Bone. Page 38. D. Crescentic Edge for the Azy- gos Uvula Muscle. 5. The Vomer, separating the Posterior Nares. 6. Internal Pterygoid Process of the Sphenoid Bone. 7. Pterygoid Fossa. 8. External Pterygoid Process. 9. Temporal Fossa below the Zygomatic Arch. 10. Basilar Process. 11. Foramen Magnum. 12. Foramen Ovale. 13. Foramen Spinale. 14. Glenoid Fossa. 15. Meatus Auditorius Externus. 16. Foramen Lacerum Anterius. 17. Carotid Foramen. 18. Foramen Lacerum Posterius. 19. Styloid Process. 20. Stylo Mastoid Foramen. 21. Mastoid Process. 22. The Condyles of the Occi- pital Bone. 23. Posterior Condyloid Fora- men. FIG. (iH. FIG. 69. FIG. 70. THE HEAD, FIG. 68. A Lateral View of the Skull, showing the Lines and Direction of the Facial Angle. 4. Line of Separation of the Os Frontis. 5.5. Coronal Suture in the Infant. FIG. 69. FIG. 70. An Anterior View of the Os Hyoides. 1. The Anterior Convex Side of the Body. A View of the Fcetal Head, showing the 2 The Cornu Majus of the Left Side. Fontanels. g The Cornu Minug of the game side< 1. Posterior Fontanel. { D , c 2. Line of Separation of the Parietal Bones. The Cornua were Ossified to the Body of 3. Anterior Fontanel. I the Bone, in this Specimen. Page 39. FIG. 71. FIG. 72. FIG. 73. THE SHOULDER FIG. 71. A Posterior View of the Scapula of the Left Side. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Fossa Supra Spinata. Fossa Infra Spinata. Superior Margin. Coracoid Notch. Inferior Margin. Glenoid Cavity. Inferior Angle. The Neck and Point of Origin of the Long Head of the Triceps Muscle. Posterior, or Vertebral Margin. The Spine. Smooth Facet for the Trapezius Muscle. Acromion Process. Nutritious Foramen. Coracoid Process. Part of the Origin of the Deltoid Muscle. FIG. 72. The External or Axillary Margin of the Scapula of the Right Side. 1. Articular Face for the Clavicle. 2. Acromion Process. 3. Coracoid Process. 4. Origin of the Long Head of the Biceps Mus- cle. 5. Glenoid Cavity. 6. Origin of the Long Head of the Triceps Muscle. 7. Anterior Costa. 8. Surface for the Teres Major. 9. Surface for a slip of the Latissimus Dorsi. 10. Depression for the Teres Minor Muscle. FIG. 73. An Anterior View of the Clavicle of the Right Side. 1. The Anterior Face of the Body of the Bone. 2. Origin of the Clavicular Portion of the Sterno- Cleido-Mastoid Muscle. 3. The Sternal extremity of the Bone. 4. The Acromial extremity of the Bone. 5. Articular Face for the Acromion Process of the Scapula. 6. Point of Attachment of the Conoid Liga- ment. 7. Point of Attachment of the Rhomboid Liga- ment. Page 40. FIG. 74. FIG. 75. FIG. 76. II-, to THE ARM AND FORE-ARM. FIG. 74. An Anterior View of the Hu- merus of the Right Side. 1. The Shaft, or Diaphysis of the Bone. 2. The Head. 3. Anatomical Neck. 4. Greater Tuberosity. 5. Lesser Tuberosity. 6. The Bicipital Groove. 7. External Bicipital Ridge for the insertion of the Pecto- ralis Major. 8. Internal Bicipital Ridge. 9. Point of insertion of the Deltoid Muscle. 10. Nutritious Foramen. 11. Articular Face for the Head of the Radius. 12. Articular Face for the Ulna. 13. External Condyle* 14. Internal Condyle. 15. 16. The Condyloid Ridges. 17. Lesser Sigmoid Cavity. FIG. 75. An Anterior View of the Ulna of the Left Side. 1. Olecranon Process. 2. Greater Sigmoid Cavity. 3. Coronoid Process. 4. Lesser Sigmoid Cavity. 5. External Surface; just above the Number reposes the An- coneus Muscle. 6. Ridge for the Interosseous Ligament. 7. The Small Head for the Ra- dius, i 8. The Carpal Surface. "Page 41. 9. The Styloid Process. 10. Groove, for the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Tendon. FIG. 76. An Anterior View of the Ra- dius of the Right Side. 1. Cylindrical Head. 2. Surface for the Lesser Sig- moid Cavity of the Ulna. 3. The Neck of the Radius. 4. Its Tubercle, for the insertion of the Biceps Muscle. 5. Interosseous Ridge. 6. Concavity for the Lower End of the Ulna. 7. Carpal Surface. 8. Styloid Process. 9. Surface for the Pronator Quad- ratus Muscle. FIG. 78. FIG. 79. 7 6 BONES OF THE HAND, FIG. 77. The Two Rows of Bones of the Carpus. The Upper or First Row, viewed on its Inferior Articulating Surface. ? 1. The Scaphoides. \ 2. Its Articular Face. j 3. The Lunare. ] 4. Its Articular Face. 5. The Cuneiforme. 6. Its Articular Face. 7. The Pisiforme. The Lower or Second Row, viewed on its Superior Articulating Surface. 1. The Trapezium. 2. Its Tubercle. 3. Its Articular Face. 4. The Articular Face of the Trapezoides. 5. The Superior Surface of the Trapezoides. 6. The Magnum. 7. Its Head, or Articulating Surface. 8. The Unciforme. 9. Its Hook-like Process. FIG. 78. An Anterior View of the Left Hand. 1. The Scaphoides. 2. The Lunare. 3. The Cuneiforme. 4. The Pisiforme. 5. The Trapezium. Page 6. Groove for the Flexor Carpi Radialis Tendon. 7. The Trapezoides. 8. The Magnum. 9. The Unciforme. 10.10. The Five Meta-Carpal Bones. 11.11. First Row of Phalanges. 12.12. Second Row of Phalanges. 13.13. Third Row of Phalanges. 14. First Phalanx of the Thumb. 15. Last Phalanx of the Thumb. FIG. 79. A Posterior View of the Articulations of the Bones of the Carpus in the Right Hand. 1. The Ulna. 2. The Radius. 3. Inter-Articular Fibro-Cartilage. 4. Metacarpal Bone of the Thumb. 5. Metacarpal Bone of the First Finger. 6. Metacarpal Bone of the Second Finger. 7. Metacarpal Bone of the Third Finger. 8. Metacarpal Bone of the Fourth Finger. S. The Scaphoides. L. The Lunare. C. The Cuneiforme. P. The Pisiforme. T. T. Trapezium and Trapezoides. M. The Magnum. U. The Unciforme, 42. FIG. 82. BONES OF THE INFERIOR EXTREMITY. FIG. 80. An Anterior View of the Femur of the Right Side. 1. Depression for the Round Ligament. 2. The Head. 3. The Neck. 4. Trochanter Major. 5. Trochanter Minor. 6. Surface for the Capsular Ligament. 7. Shaft of the Bone. 8. The External Condyle. 9. The Internal Condyle. 10. Surface for the Patella. FIG. 81. | A Posterior View of the Femur of the \ Right Side. 1. Depression for the Round Ligament. 2. The Head. > 3. Depression for some of the Rotatory Muscles. > 4. Trochanter Major. j 5. Trochanter Minor. 6. Roughness for the Gluteus Maximu9 Tendon. J Page 7.7. The Linea Aspera. 8. Surface for the Gastrocnemius Muscle. 9. The External Condyle. 10. Depression for the Anterior Crucial Liga- ment. 11. Depression for the Posterior Crucial Liga- ment. 12. Point of Origin of the Internal Lateral Liga- ment. FIG. 82. An Anterior View of the Tibia of the Right Side. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.6. 7. 9. 10. 43. Spinous Process, and Pits for the Attach- ment of the Crucial Ligaments. Surface for the Condyles of the Femur. Articular Face for the Head ofthe Fibula. The Head. The Tubercle. The Spine and Shaft of the Bone. Internal Malleolus. Process for the Internal Lateral Ligament of the Ankle. Tarsal Surface. Face for the Lower End of the Fibula. FIG. 83. FIG. 84. FIG. 85. FIG. 86. FIG. 87. BONES OF THE INFERIOR EXTREMITY, FIG. 83. An Anterior View of the Fibula of the Right Side. 1. Its Head. 2. Articular Face for the Tibia. 3. Point of Insertion of the External Lateral Ligament and Biceps Cruris Tendon. 4. Shaft of the Bone. 5.5. External Face, for the Peroneus Longus and Secundus Muscles. 6. Interosseous Ridge. 7. Face for the Lower End of the Tibia. 8. Malleolus Externus. 9. Tarsal Surface. FIG. 84. An Anterior View of the Patella. 1# | Surface for the Quadriceps Femoris Tendon. 2. j 3. Lower Extremity and Point of Origin of the Ligamentum Patellae. FIG. 85. A Posterior View of the Patella. 1.2. Its Superior Extremity. 3. Its Inferior Extremity. 4. Elevation for fitting the Trochlea ofthe Femur. i 5.6. Internal and External Sides. FIG. 86. A Lateral View of The Os Calcis of the Left Side. 1. Surface for the Tendo-Achillis. 2. Point, or Inferior Posterior Extremity. 3. The Lesser Apophysis. 4. Articular Face for Part of the Astragalus. 5. The Anterior Extremity, or Greater Apophysis. 6. Groove for the Flexor Longus Pollicis Pedis Tendon. FIG. 87. A Lateral View of the Astragalus of the Right Side. 1. The Semi-Cylindrical Face for Articulating with the Tibia. 2. The Articular Face for the External Malleolus. 3. Surface for the Os Calcis. 4. Posterior Extremity. Page 44. FIG. *«. FIG. 89. FIG. 90. FIG. 91. FIG. 92. BONES OF THE FOOT. FIG. 88. A Lateral View of the Na- viculare. 1. Surface for the Astragalus. 2. Superior Face. 3. Surface for the Cuneiform Bones. FIG. 89. A Half Lateral View of the Cuboid Bone. I. Its Superior, or Dorsal Face. 2. Surface for Metatarsal Bones. 3. Posterior Face for the Os Cal- cis. 4. Inferior Face and Groove for the Peroneus Longus Tendon. 5. Surface for the Cuneiforme Internum. FIG. 90. An Anterior View of the Three Cuneiform Bones, and also of the Cuboid of the Right Side. 1. The Cuboid. 2. The Cuneiforme Externum. 3. The Cuneiforme Medium. 4. The Cuneiforme Internum. FIG. 91. A View of the Upper Sur- face of the Left Foot. 1. The Astragalus on its Up- per Face. 2. Its Anterior Face, Articu- lating with the Naviculare. 3. The Os Calcis. 4. Naviculare, or Scaphoides. 5. The Internal Cuneiform. 6. The Middle Cuneiform. 7. The External Cuneiform. 8. The Cuboid Bone. 9.9. Metatarsal Bones. 10. First Phalanx of the Big Toe. 11. Second Phalanx of the Big Toe. 12.12. }The First, Second and 13.13. CThird Phalanges of the 14.14. J other Toes. Page 45. FIG. 92. The Under Side, or Sole, of the Left Foot. 1. The Lesser Apophysis of the Os Calcis. 2. The Outer side of the Calcis. 3. Groove for the Flexor Lon- gus Pollicis Pedis Tendon. 4. Anterior Face of the Astra- galus. 5. The Naviculare. 6. Its Tuberosity on the Inner side. 7. Internal Cuneiform Bone. 8. Middle Cuneiform Bone. 9. External Cuneiform Bone. 10. The Cuboid Bone. 11. Groove for the Peroneus Lon- gus Tendon. 12.12. The Metatarsal Bones. 13.13. The First Phalanges of the Toes. 14.14. The Second Phalanges of the Toes. 15.15. The Third Phalanges of the Toes. 16. The Last Phalanx of the Great Toe. FIG. 94. FIG. 93. FIG. 95. > -"-' THE CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM. FIG. 93. The Nucleated Cells of Cartilage, from the Lamprey. 1. The Nucleus, with its Nucleolus. 2. Another, seen in Profile. FIG. 94. Articular Cartilage from the Head of the Humerus, magnified 320 Diameters, Ver- tical Section. 1. Section close to the Surface. 2. The Surface of the Cartilage. 3. A Section far in the Interior. Page FIG. 95. A Section of the Cartilage of the Ribs, magnified 320 Diameters, and showing the Cells, their Nuclei and Nucleoli. The Transparent Spaces, result from the re- moval of the Cells by the Knife, their Cavities remaining. FIG. 96. A thin Section of the Thyroid Cartilage, Magnified 320 Diameters. 46. FIG. 97. FIG. THE FIBRO, OR LIGAMENTO-CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM. FIG. 97. A Microscopical View of Fibro Cartilage. 1. Two Cartilage Cells, lying amongst the White Fibrous Tissue, in an Intervertebral Disc. 2. Fibro Cartilage, as Laminae, free on both Sur- faces, and as placed in the Cavity of Diarthro- dial Joints. They are the Menisci of Authors, and exist in the Temporo Maxillary, Sterno- clavicular, and Tibio-Femoral Articulations. 3. Fibro Cartilage, as Triangular Edges to the Glenoid and Cotyloid Cavities, in the Shoul- der and Hip-Joints. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Exhibit various Forms of the Cells in the Central Pulpy Substance of the Intervertebral Matter. In several there is an appearance of Multiplication by Subdivision of the Nucleus, and some seem attached by a Fibrous Tissue. FIG. 98. A Microscopical View of the White Fibrous Tissue, magnified 320 Diameters 1. 2. The Straight appearance of the Tissue when stretched, as in Ligaments of the Funicular and Fasicular kinds. 3.4.5. Show the various Wavy appearances which the Tissue exhibits when not stretched. FIG. 99. The Yellow Fibrous Tissue, showing the Curly and Branched Disposition of its Fibrill.®, their Definite Outline and Ab- rupt Mode of Fracture, magnified 320 Diameters. 1. The Structure undisturbed, and not moved from its natural position, as seen in the rest of the Specimen. 47. FIG. 100. FIG. 101. FIG. 102. ARTICULATION OF THE LOWER JAW. FIG. 100. The Articulation of the Lower Jaw on its External Surface. 1. Zygomatic Arch. 2. The Tubercle in Front of the Glenoid Cavity, on which the Condyloid Process rests when the Mouth is widely opened. 3. The Ramus of the Lower Maxilla. 4. The Mastoid Process of the Temporal Bone. 5. The External Lateral Ligament. 6. The Stylo-Maxillary Ligament. FIG. 101. An Internal View of the Articulation of the Lower Jaw. 1. A Section through a portion of the Temporal and Sphenoid Bones. 2. The Inside of the Ramus and part of the Body of the Lower Jaw. 3. The Internal Surface of the Capsular Liga- ment. 4. The Internal Lateral Ligament. 5. The Opening in it for the Mylo-Hyoid Nerve, a Branch of the Inferior Dental. 6. The Stylo-Maxillary Ligament. FIG. 102. A View of the Articulation of the Lower Jaw, given by sawing through the Joint. 1. The Glenoid Fossa. 2. The Tubercle for the Condyle in its Forward movements. 3. The Inter-Articular Cartilage. 4. The Superior Synovial Cavity. 5. The Inferior Synovial Cavity. G. The Inter-Articular Cartilage removed from the Joint and seen from below. 46. FIG. 104. FIG. 103. FIG. 105. LIGAMENTS OF THE SPINE, FIG. 103. An Anterior View of the Ligaments of the Vertebrae and Ribs. 1. The Anterior Vertebral Ligament. 2. The Anterior Costo-Vertebral Ligament. 3. The Internal Transverse Ligament. 4. The Inter-Articular Ligament, connecting the Head of the Rib to the Intervertebral Substance. FIG. 104. A Posterior View of the Spinal Canal, half of which has been cut away in order to show its Interior. 1.1. The Intervertebral Substance. 2.2. Surfaces of the Vertebrae from which the Bony Bridges have been removed. 3. The Posterior Vertebral Ligament. 4. An Opening for one of the Vertebral Veins. FIG. 105. An Internal View of the Bony Bridges of the vertebra, after their separation from the Bodies of the Bones. 1.1. One Pair of the Ligamenta Flava, or Yellow Ligaments. 2. The Capsular Ligament of one side. FIG. 106. FIG. 107. FIG. 108. FIG. 109. LIGAMENTS OF THE SPINE, FIG. 106. A Posterior View of the Thoracic portion of the Vertebrae. 1.1. The Ligaments of the Spinous Processes. 2.2.2. The Yellow Ligaments. 3. The Anterior, or Internal Costo-Transverse Ligament. 4. The Posterior, or External Costo-Trans- verse Ligament. FIG. 107. An Anterior View of the Ligaments con- necting the Atlas and Dentata with the Os Occipitis. The Basilar Process of the Occipital Bone and the Petrous portion of the Temporal being divided by the Saw. 1. The Anterior Occipito Atloidien Ligament. 2. The Membrana Annuli Anterioris of Caldani. 3. The commencement of the Anterior Verte- bral Ligament. 4.5. The Capsular Ligament of the Oblique Pro- cesses of the Atlas and Dentata. 6. The Joint between the First and Second Cor- vical Vertebrae, after the removal of the Cap- sular Ligament. 7. The Outer Fibres of the Membrana Annuli Anterioris. Page FIG. 108. A Posterior View of the Articulation of the Occiput, Atlas and Dentata. 1. The Atlas. 2. The Dentata. 3. The Posterior Occipito Atloidien Ligament. 4. The Capsular Ligament of the Oblique Pro- cesses of the Atlas and the Condyles of the Occipital Bone. 5. The Ligament between the First and Second Vertebra. 6. The Lateral Fasciculi of the same. 7. The First of the Yellow Ligaments. 8. The Capsular Ligament between the Oblique Processes of the Second and Third Vertebrae. FIG. 109. The Upper Part of the Spinal Canal opened from Behind, to show the Ligaments on its Front. 1. The Basilar Portion of the Sphenoid Bone. 2. Section of the Occiput. 3. The Front Half of the Atlas. 4. The Front Half of the Dentata. 5. The beginning of the Posterior Vertebral Liga- ment. 6.7. The Capsular Ligaments of the Occipito Atloidien, and the First and Second Vertebral Articulations, at their Oblique Processes. 50. FIG. 111. FIG. 110. FIG. 112. LIGAMENTS OF THE SPINE AND PELVIS. FIG. 110. A Posterior View of the Ligaments connect- ing the Atlas and the Dentata with the Occipital Bone. 1. The Upper Part of the Posterior Vertebral Ligament. 2. The Transverse Ligament. 3.4. The Upper and Lower Appendices of the Transverse Ligament. 5. One of the Moderator Ligaments. 6.7. Capsular Ligaments belonging to the Oblique Processes of the First and Second Vertebrae. FIG. 111. An Anterior View of the Ligaments of the Pelvis. 1. The Lower Part of the Anterior Vertebral Li- gament. 2. The Sacro-Vertebral Ligament. 3. The Ilio Lumbar Ligament. 4. The Anterior portion of the Sacro-Iliac Liga- ment. 5. The Obturator Ligament. 6. Poupart's Ligament. 7. That portion of the same which is known as Gimbernat's Ligament. 8. The Capsular Ligament of the Hip-Joint. 9. The Accessory Ligament of the Hip-Joint. FIG. 112. A Posterior View of the Ligaments of the Pelvis. 1. Base of the Sacrum. 2. The Coccyx. 3.3. The Crista Ilii. 4.4. The Tuber Ischii. 5.5. The Greater Sciatic Notch. 6. The Lesser Sciatic Notch. 7. The Femur. 8. The Posterior portion of the Sacro-Iliac Li- gament. 9. The Sacro-Spinous Ligament. 10. The Posterior Sacro-Coccygeal Ligament in its whole length. 11. The Obturator Ligament. 12. The Obturator Foramen. 13.13. The Origin of the Greater Sciatic Ligament. 14. Its Insertion. 15. The Origin of the Lesser Sciatic Ligament. 16. Its Insertion. 51. FIG. 114. FIG. 113. FIG. 115. FIG. 116. ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES. FIG. 113. The Ligaments of the Sterno-Clavicular and costo-sternal articulation. 1. The Capsular Ligament, of the Sterno-Clavi- cular Articulation. 2. The Inter-Clavicular Ligament. 3. The Costo-Clavicular, or Rhomboid Ligament. 4. The Inter-Articular Cartilage. 5. The Anterior Costo-Sternal Ligaments of the First and Second Ribs. FIG. 114. The Ligaments of the Acromio-Clavicular and scapulo-humeral articulations. 1. The Superior Acromio-Clavicular Ligament. 2. The Coraco-Clavicular Ligament. 3. The Coraco-Acromial Ligament. 4. The Coracoid Ligament. 5. The Capsular Ligament of the Shoulder-Joint. 6. The Ligamentum Adscititium, or Coraco-Hu- meral Ligament. 7. The Tendon of the Long Head of the Biceps Muscle, issuing from the Capsular Ligament. Page FIG. 115. An External View of the Elbow-Joint. 1. The Humerus. 2. The Ulna. 3. The Radius. 4. The External Lateral Ligament. 5. The Coronary Ligament. 6. The Insertion of the Coronary Ligament at the Posterior Part of the Lesser Sigmoid Ca- vity of the Ulna. 7. 8. The Portions of the Capsular Ligaments known as the Accessory Ligaments. 9. The Interosseous Ligament of the Fore-Arm. FIG. 116. An Internal View of the Elbow-Joint. 1. The Capsular Ligament. 2. The Internal Lateral Ligament. 3. The Coronary Ligament. 4. The Ligamentum Teres. 5. The Interosseous Ligament. 6. The Internal Condyle, which conceals the Capsular Ligament behind. 52. FIG. 117. FIG. 118. ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES. FIG. 117. An Anterior View of the Ligaments of the Wrist, on the Left Side. 1. The Lower Part of the Interosseous Ligament. 2. The Radio-Ulnar Ligament. 3. The portion of the Capsular Ligament known as the Anterior Ligament. 4. The External Lateral Ligament. 5. The Internal Lateral Ligament. 6. The Capsular Ligament of the Carpal Bones. 7. The Pisiform Bone. 8. The Ligaments connecting the Second Row of the Carpus with the Meta-Carpus. 9. The Capsular Ligament of the Carpo-Meta- carpal Joint of the Thumb. 10. The Capsular Ligament of the Meta-Carpo Phalangial Joint of the Thumb. 11. The External Lateral Ligament of the same Joint. 12. The Capsular Ligament of the Meta-Carpo Phalangial Articulation of the Index Finger. 13.13. Lateral Ligaments of similar Articulations. 14. The Inferior Palmar Ligaments. 15. The Phalangial Joint ofthe Thumb, with its Capsular and Lateral Ligaments. 16.16. The same of the Fore-Finger. The Cap- sular Ligaments have been removed in the other Fingers. FIG. 118. A Diagram showing the Arrangement of the Five Synovial Membranes of the Wrist Joint. 1. The Sacciform Membrane. 2. The Joint between the First Row of Carpal Bones and those of the Fore-Arm. 3.3. The Synovial Membrane between the Two Rows of Bones. 4. The Joint between the Pisiform and Cunei- form Bones. 5. The Synovial Membrane at the Meta-Carpal Joint of the Thumb. 6. The Radius. 7. The Ulna. 8. The Inter-Articular Cartilage, or Triangular Ligament. 9. The Meta-Carpal Bone of the Thumb. 10.10. Those of the Fingers. The Capital Let- ters indicate the Separate Bones of the Car- pus, thus, S. Scaphoides—L. Lunare, &c.,&c. 53. FIG. 119. FIG. 120. FIG. 121. ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES. FIG. 119. A Lateral View of the Ligaments of the Hip-Joint and Pelvis. 1. The Posterior Sacro-Iliac Ligament of the Pelvis. 2. The Greater Sacro-Sciatic Ligament. 3. The Lesser Sacro-Sciatic Ligament. 4. The Greater Sacro-Sciatic Notch. 5. The Lesser Sacro-Sciatic Notch. 6. The Cotyloid Ligament around the Acetabulum. 7. The Ligamentum Teres. 8. The Line of Attachment of the Capsular Liga- ment of the Hip-Joint, posteriorly. The Li- gament has been removed, in order to show the Joint. D. The Obturator Ligament. FIG. 120. An Anterior View of the Knee-Joint of the Right Side. 1. The Tendon of the Quadriceps Femoris Muscle. 2. The Patella. 3. The Ligament of the Patella. 4.4. The Synovial Membrane, after the removal of the Involucrum. 5. The Internal Lateral Ligament. 6. The External Ligament. 7. The Anterior Ligament of the Superior Pe- roneo-Tibial Articulation. FIG. 121. A Posterior View of the Knee-Joint of the Right Side. 1. The Ligament of Winslow. 2. The Tendon ofthe Semi-Membranosus Muscle. 3. Its Insertion, showing the Expansion of its Fibres. 4. The portion which passes beneath the Internal Lateral Ligament. 5. The Internal Lateral Ligament. 6. The External Lateral Ligament. 7. A Fasciculus of the same, sometimes called the Short External Lateral Ligament. 8. The Tendon of the Popliteus Muscle cut short. 9. The Posterior Superior Peroneo-Tibial Liga- ment. Page FIG. 122. FIG. 123. FIG. 124. ARTICULATIONS OF THE FIG. 122. | The Right Knee-Joint laid open. j 1. The Lower End of the Femur covered by its \ Articular Cartilage. > 2. The Anterior Crucial Ligament. s 3. The Posterior Crucial Ligament. | 4. The Transverse Fasciculus adhering to the \ Semilunar Cartilages. I 5. The Point of Attachment of the Ligamentum \ Mucosum, the rest of it has been removed. 5 6. The Internal Semilunar Cartilage. s 7. The External Semilunar Cartilage. j 8. A part of the Ligamentum Patella turned I downwards. j 9. Its Bursa laid open. j 10. The Superior Peroneo-Tibial Articulation. I 11. The Interosseous Ligament. j FIG. 123. A Longitudinal Section of the Knee-Joint of the Left Side. j 1. The Cellular Structure of the Lower End of the Femur. 2. The Tendon of the Quadriceps Femoris. 3. The Patella. 4. Its Ligament. 5. The Cellular Structure of the Tibia. 6. The Bursa Mucosa between the Ligament of the Patella and the Head of the Tibia. i 7. A mass of Fat projecting into the Joint below i the Patella. 8. The Synovial Membrane; the Stars show its < Reflections in the Joint. { Page ; FIG. 125. LOWER EXTREMITIES. 9. One of the Ligamenta Alaria, the other being removed with the opposite Section. 10. The Ligamentum Mucosum. 11. The Anterior Crucial Ligament. 12. The Posterior Ligament. FIG. 124. An Internal View of the Ankle-Joint of the Right Side. 1. Internal Malleolus. 2.2. Part of the Astragalus, the rest being con- cealed by Ligaments. 3. Os Calcis. 4. Scaphoides. 5. Internal Cuneiform Bone. 6. Internal Lateral, or Deltoid Ligament. 7. The Synovial Capsule, covered by a few- Fibres of a Capsular Ligament. 8. Tendo Achillis. A small Bursa is seen be- tween this Tendon and the Tuberosity of the Os Calcis. FIG. 125. An External View of the Right Ankle-Joint. 1. The Tibia. 2. The External Malleolus of the Fibula. 3.3. The Astragalus. 4. The Os Calcis. 5. The Cuboides. 6.7.8. The Anterior, Middle, and Posterior Fas- ciculi of the External Lateral Ligament. 9. The Imperfect Capsular Ligament. FIG. 127. FIG. 128. 3 H- 11 ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES. FIG. 126. A Posterior View of the Ankle-Joint of the Left Side. 1. The Interosseous Ligament ofthe Bones ofthe Leg. 2. The Posterior Inferior Ligament connecting the Tibia and Fibula. 3. The Transverse, or Long Fibres of the same Liga- ment. 4. The Internal Lateral Ligament. 5. The Posterior Fasciculus of the External Lateral Ligament. 6. The Middle Fasciculus of the same. 7. The Synovial Capsule. 8. The Os Calcis. FIG. 127. A View of the Ligaments of the Sole of the Foot. 1. The Under Surface of the Os Calcis. 2. The Astragalus. 3. The Scaphoides. 4.5. The two Planes of Fibres of the Calcaneocu- boid Ligament. 6. The Calcaneo-Scaphoid Ligament. 7. The Plantar Ligaments. 8.8. The Peroneus Longus Tendon. 9.9. The Tarso-Metatarsal Plantar Ligaments. 10. The Capsular Ligament of the First Joint of the Big Toe. 11. The Lateral Ligaments of the First Joints of thej Toes. Fage 12. The Transverse Ligament. 13. Lateral Ligaments ofthe Last Joints ofthe Toes. FIG. 128. A Vertical Section of the Ankle-Joint and Foot of the Right Side. 1. The Tibia. 2. The Astragalus. 3. Os Calcis. 4. The Scaphoides. 5. The Cuneiforme Internum. 6. The Metatarsal Bone of the Great Toe. 7. The First Phalanx of the Great Toe. 8. The Second Phalanx of the Great Toe. 9. The Articular Cavity between the Tibia and As- tragalus, with its Articular Adipose Matter. 10. The Synovial Capsule between the Astragalus and Calcis. 11. The Calcaneo-Astragalien Interosseous Ligament. 12. The Synovial Capsule between the Astragalus and Scaphoides. 13. The Calcaneo-Scaphoid Ligament. 14. The Calcaneo-Cuboid Ligament. 15. The Synovial Capsule between the Scaphoides and Cuneiforme Internum. 16. The Synovial Capsule between the Cuneiforme- Internum and the First Metatarsal Bone. 17. The Metatarso-Phalangial Articulation of the Great Toe, with the Sesamoid Bones below. 18. The Phalangial Articulation of the Great Toe. END OF PART FIRST. PART SECOND. DERMOID and MUSCULAR SYSTEM: NINETY-ONE FIGURES. THE MUSCLES. FIG. 129. Anterior View of the Muscles of the Body. 1. Frontal Bellies ofthe Oc- cipito Frontalis. 2. Orbicularis Palpebrarum.; 3. Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi. 4. Zygomaticus Minor. 5. Zygomaticus Major. 6. Masseter. 7. Orbicularis Oris. 8. Depressor Labii Infe- riors. 9. Platysma Myodes. 10. Deltoid. 11. Pectoralis Major. 12. Axillary portion ofthe Latissimus Dorsi. 13. Serratus Major Ami- cus. 14. Biceps Flexor Cubiti. 15. Anterior portion of the Triceps Extensor Cu- biti. 16. Supinator Radii Lon- gus. 17. Pronator Radii Teres. 18. Extensor Carpi Radi- alis Longior. 19. Extensor Ossis Meta- carpi PoUicis. 20. Annular Ligament. 21. Palmar Fascia. 22. Obliquus Externus Abdominis. 23. Linea Alba. 24. Tensor Vaginae Femo- ris. 25. Section of the Sperma- tic Cord. 26. Psoas Magnus. 27. Adductor Longus. 28. Sartorius. 29. Rectus Femoris. 30. Vastus Externus. 31. Vastus Internus. 32. Tendon Patellae. 33. Gastrocnemius. 34. Tibialis Amicus. 35. Tibia. 36. Tendons of the Exten- sor Communis. Page 59. FIG. 130. THE MUSCLES. FIG. 130. Posterior View ofthe Muscles of the Body. 1. Temporalis. 2. Occipital portion of the Occipito Frontalis. 3. Complexus. 4. Splenius. 5. Masseter. 6. Sterno - Cleido Mastoi- deus. 7. Trapezius. 8. Deltoid. 9. Infra-Spinatus. 10. Triceps Extensor. 11. Teres Minor. 12. Teres Major. 13. Tendinous portion of the Triceps. 14. Anterior Edge of the Triceps. 15. Supinator Radii Lon- gus. 16. Pronator Radii Teres. 17. Extensor Communis Digitorum. 18. Extensor Ossis Meta- carpi Pollicis. 19. Extensor Communis Digitorum Tendons. 20. Olecranon and Inser- tion of the Triceps. 21. Extensor Carpi Ulna- ris. 22. Auricularis. 23. Extensor Communis. 24. Latissimus Dorsi. 25. Its Tendinous Origin. 26. Posterior part of the Obliquus Externus. 27. Gluteus Medius. 28. Gluteus Magnus. 29. Biceps Flexor Cruris. 30. Semi-Tendinosus. o2' | Gastrocnemius. 33. Tendo Achillis. Page 60. FIG. 133. FIG. 131. FIG. 134. THE CELLULAR AND ADIPOSE TISSUES. FIG. 131, FIG. 133. A View of a Portion of Areolar or Cellu- | The Blood-vessels of Fat, magnified 100 Diameters. lar Tissue, Inflated and Dried, showing the general Character of its larger Meshes ; magnified twenty Diameters. « FIG. 132. Fat Vesicles from the Omentum, magnified about 300 diameters, and assuming the Polyphedral form, from pressure against one another. The Capillary vessels are not represented. 1. Minute flattened Fat Lobules, in which the Vessels only are represented. 2. Plan of the arrangement of the Capillaries of the exterior of the Vesicles, more highly magnified. 3. The Terminal Artery. 4. The Primitive Vein. 5. The Fat Vesicles of one border of the Lobule separately represented. FIG. 134, Fat Vesicles from an emaciated Subject. 1.1. The Cell Membrane. 2.2.2. The solid portion collected as a star-like mass, with the Elaine in connexion with it, but not filling the Cell. Page 61. FIG. 135. FIG. 137. FIG. 136. FIG. 138. THE INTEGUMENTS OF THE BODY. FIG. 135. The External Surface of the Epidermis, as seen upon the front extremity of the Fore-Finger, and upon the Ulnar side of THE BACK OF THE Arm, SLIGHTLY MAGNIFIED. 1.1. The circular Wrinkles on the front of the Fore- Finger. 2.2. The curvature of the Wrinkles and Lines on the outer surface of the circular ones. 3. The Transverse Wrinkles. 4.4. Wrinkles made by the Sudoriferous Canals. 5.5. The oblique Wrinkles on the Ulnar side of the j Back of the Arm. j 6.6. The peculiar Diamond-shaped Wrinkles on the j •Back of the Hand, with a few ofthe Hairs found ] at their angles. FIG. 136. The Cellular Tissue on the Internal Sur- face of the Skin, with its Adipose Layer and the Fascia Superficialis. From the Integuments of the Arm. 1.1. The large and smaller Cells of the Skin deprived | of the Fat which filled them. 2. The Sub-Cutaneous Adipose Matter. 3. The Fascia Superficialis. j Face FIG. 137. The Epidermis, Rete Mucosum and Cutis Vera on the Sole of the Foot. The Epidermis and Rete Mucosum have been detached and drawn hack, so as to show the Sudoriferous Canals passing from the Cutis Vera into the Rete Mucosum and Epidermis, 1. The Internal Surface of the Epidermis with its Lines and Transverse Furrows. 2. The Rete Mucosum in connexion with the Inter- nal Face of the Epidermis. 3. The External Surface of the Cutis Vera separated from the Rete Mucosum and Epidermis. 4.4. Sudoriferous or Spiral Canals, so stretched by the withdrawal of the Epidermis that they appear like very thin and straight Filaments. FIG. 138. The Epidermis and Rete Mucosum of the Heel separated from each other and seen on their Internal Surfaces, magnified six times. 1.1. The Internal Face of the Epidermis. 2.2. The Rete Mucosum. 3.3. On the sides of these Figures are the elevated Lines as adapted to the Furrows of the Derm. 4.4. The deep-seated Furrows corresponding to those on the External Face of the Epidermis. 5.5. The smaller Eminences which sink into the Fur- rows between the different series of Papillse ; seen in the Furrows. 6.6. The Cells of the Rete Mucosum in which the Papillae of the Derm rest. These Cells are of the same order as the Cells of the Papillae ofthe Derm, seen in Fig. 139, to which they correspond. FIG. 130. FIG. 140. FIG. 141. FIG. 142. THE INTEGUMENTS OF THE BODY FIG. 139. The External Surface of the Epidermis \ and Cutis Vera, on the Sole of the Foot, magnified six times. (1.) Represents a portion of the Cutis Vera with the Epidermis. 1. The Wrinkles, or Furrows. 2. The prominent Lines. 3. The Funnel-shaped Orifices of the Sudoriferous Canals or the Pores of the Skin. (2.) Represents a portion of the Cutis Vera de- prived of the Epidermis and Rete Mucosum. 4.4. The deep Furrows which correspond to the ele- vated Lines on the Internal Surface ofthe Epider- mis as seen in Fig. 138, at 3. 5.5. The smaller Furrows between the Papillae, in which the small Prominences of the Rete Muco- sum are inserted. 6.6.-Orifices ofthe Sudoriferous Canals ofthe Cutis Vera seen between the Papillae and corresponding to the Funnel-shaped Orifices of the surface of the Skin. 7.7. Ranges of the Papillae which are inserted into the Rete Mucosum. FIG. 140. The Loops of Vessels in the Cutaneous Pa- pillae of the Hand. The Arterial Injec- tion HAS SUCCEEDED ADMIRABLY, AND THE WHOLE IS REPRESENTED AS SEEN UNDER THE j Microscope. j 1.1. The Salient Lines of the Cutis Vera formed by the Papillae (2.2.) j 3. The Furrows. < Page FIG. 141. The Internal Reticulated and Cellular Face of the Cutis Vera, magnified con- siderably. I. The greater and smaller Bands of Fibres. 2. The junction and intercrossing of these Fibres. 3. The greater and smaller Cells from which the Cel- lular Substance which fills them has been removed. FIG. 142. A Perpendicular Section of the Integuments of the Sole of the Foot, as seen under the Microscope. 1.1 6.6 03. The Salient Lines of the External Surface of the Skin cut perpendicularly. The Furrows or Wrinkles of the same. The Epidermis or Cuticle, as formed by its Su- perimposed Layers. The Rete Mucosum. The Cutis Vera, with its Cellular Fibres pressed into Fasciculi and each directed towards the Pa- pillae. The Papillae, each of which answers to the Pro minences on the External Surface of the Skin. The small Furrows between the Papilla?. The deeper Furrows which are between each couple of the Papillae. Cells filled with Fat, and seen between the Bands of Fibres. The Adipose Layer with numerous Fat Vesicles. Cellular Fibres of the Adipose Tissue, continuous with the Sub-Cutaneous Cellular Tissue, and with that of the Cutis Vera. FIG. 143. FIG. 114. FIG. 145. THE SEBACEOUS AND PERSPIRATORY ORGANS OF THE SKIN. FIG. 143. A highly magnified Drawing of the Cuta- neous Glands of the External Meatus Auditorius. (Fig. 1.) A Section of the Skin magnified three Diameters. 1.1. The deep-seated Glands which secrete the Ceru- men or Ear-Wax. 2.2. The Hairs on the Surface. 3.3. The superficial Sebaceous Glands. (Fig. 2.) A Hair perforating the Epidermis, highly magnified. 1.1. Sebaceous Glands. 2.2. Their Excretory Ducts. 3. The Epidermis. 4. The Base of the Hair. 5.5. Its Double Follicle. (Fig. 3.) A view of the Cerumen Gland as formed by the Contorted Tubes. 1.1. The Tubes. 2. The Excretory Duct. 3. The Vessels supplying it. FIG. 144. A magnified View of the Sudoriferous Or- gans of the Skin on the Sole of the Foot. This Figure from 1 to 11, inclusive, is the same as in Figure 142. 12. The Sudoriferous Follicles. 13. The Spiral or Sudoriferous Canals. 14. The Infudibular-shaped Pores or Orifices of these Canals. FIG. 145. The Perspiratory Organs—Granular Seba- ceous Glands and Follicles of Hairs in the Skin of the Axilla ; slightly magnifjed. 1. Epidermis. 2. Cutis Vera. 3. Adipose Tissue. 4.4. Two Perspiratory Follicles. 5.5. Their Spiral Canals. 6.6. Follicles of Hairs. 7.7. Sebaceous Glands, two of which almost always belong to each Follicle. 8.8. The Acini of these Glands. | 9.9. Their Excretory Ducts, continuous with the ! Cavity of the Follicle of the Hair. 10.10. The Orifices of the Follicles of the Hairs. 11.11. Their Roots. [ 12.12. The Hairs as seen under the Microscope. ;e 64. FIG. 147. FIG. 148. FIG. 150. PERSPIRATORY GLANDS AND HAIRS OF THE SKIN. FIG. 146. A Sudoriferous Gland from the Palm of the Hand; magnified 40 Diameters. 1.1. The twisted Tubes compos- ing the Gland. 2.2. The Excretory Ducts formed by the union of these Tubes. 3. The Spiral Canal formed by the Excretory Ducts perfo- rating the Epidermis. 4. Its Opening on the surface. 5.5. The Fat Vesicles in which the Gland is imbedded. FIG. 147. A Hair from an Adult as SEEN UNDER THE MICROSCOPE. 1.1. The Follicle of the Hair. 2. Its Orifice. 3. The Base of the Follicle. 4. Pulp of the Hair. 5. Its Root. 6. The Bulb in which the Pulp is inserted. 7. Trunk of the Hair. 8. The portion which projects beyond the Skin. FIG. 148. a magnified vlew of a small Hair from the Face of a Man — removed with its Follicle and seen under the Microscope. 1.1. Its Follicle. 2. Root of the Hair. 3. Its Trunk. 4. Its Extremity. 5. Its Cortical or External Substance. 6. Its Internal or Medullary Substance. FIG. 149. The Root of one of the Hairs of the Beard with its Pulp and Follicle, considera- bly magnified. 1. A small portion of its Trunk. 2. The Cortical Substance. 3. The Medullary. 4. The Root of the Hair. 5. The Bifid portion of the Root called the Bulb. Page 65. 6. Its excavated Base, in which the Pulp, 7, is inserted. 8. A small Artery. 9. Its distribution to the Pulp. 10. The Membrane of the Fol- licle of the Hair. 11. Its Base placed in the Pulp of the Hair. 12. The Cuticle or Epidermis of the Follicle, which joins with the Bulb of the Hair. FIG. 150. a small portion of the fol- licle of a Hair of the Beard, with the Arteries supplying it—very highly magnified. 1. Its Follicle. 2. Its Pulp. 3. The Trunk of the Hair without the Follicle. 4.4. Two Arteries going to the Base of the Follicle. 5.5. Their Distribution. 6.6. The Reticulated Tissue of the Follicle. FIG. 151. FIG. 152. THE HAIRS AND NAILS. FIG. 151. A Segment of the Skin of the Beard enclosing three Hairs, as seen under the compound Microscope, with the Arteries injected. The Hairs without the Skin. The same in their Follicles. The Follicles. The Follicles in the Pulp. Two Arteries in the Internal Surface of the Skin. Branches which are distributed around the Hairs in the Skin. Branches to the Pulp. The Arterial Net-work around each Follicle. 1.1. 2.2. 3.3. 4.4. 5.5. 6.6. 7.7. FIG. 152. The Thumb-Nail detached from the Thumb and seen on its External Surface, with the Epidermis of which it is a continuation. 1. Root of the Nail deprived of the Epidermis. 2. Its Body. 3. Its Summit. 4.4. The Epidermis covering the sides of the Nail. 5. The Crescent or Lunula of the Nail. FIG. 153. The same Nail seen on its Internal Surface, with the Epidermis. 1. The Root. 2. The Body. 3.3. The Sides of the Nail. 4.4. A portion of the Epidermis near the Nail. 5. The Crescent. The Internal Face of the Nail has been freed from the Rete Muco- sum. The prominent Lines and Furrows corresponding to the Lines and Wrinkles ofthe Cutis Vera, and covered by the Nail, are seen arranged in parallel Lines. Page 66. FIG. 154. A Longitudinal Section of the Nail of the Ring Finger. 1. The Third Phalanx. 2. The Adipose Tissue. 3. The Skin. 4. The Root of the Nail and Fold of the Skin in which the Root is inserted. 5. The Cutis Vera covered by the Nail. 6. The Epidermis. 7. Root of the Nail. 8. Its Body. 9. Its Summit or free End. FIG. 155. The same Figure very highly magnified. The References from 1 to 9 inclu- sive as in Fig. 154. 10. The thin Laminae of the Epi- dermis placed between the Nail and the origin of its Matrix. They are detached from the Epidermis by nature and then add to the proper thickness of the Nail itself. 11.11.11.11. The Lamina; of the Nail arranged in superimposed Layers. FIG. 158. FIG. 157. FIG. 159. FIG. 160. GENERAL ANATOMY OF THE MUSCLES. FIG. 156. The stages of developement of Muscular Fibre. 1. Arrangement of the Primitive Cells in a Linear Series. 2. The Cells united. The Nuclei separated and some of them broken up—Longitudinal Lines becoming apparent. 3.4. The transverse Stripes or Bands beginning to show. 5. Transverse Bands fully formed and dark, with the Nuclei disap- pearing. 6. Elementary Fibres from the Adult,treated with acid, to show the Nuclei. FIG. 157. Another View of the stages of developement of Mus- cular Fibre. 1. A Muscular Fibre of Animal life enclosed in its Sheath or Myo- lemma. 2. An Ultimate Fibril ofthe same. 3. A more highly magnified View of fig. 1., showing the true na- ture of the Longitudinal Striae, as well as the mode of formation of the Transverse Striae. The Myolemma is here so thin as to permit the Ultimate Fibrils to be seen through it. 4. A Muscular Fibre of Organic life with two of its Nuclei; taken from the Urinary Bladder, and magnified 600 Diameters. 5. A Muscular Fibre of Organic life from the Stomach, magnified the same. FIG. 158. A View of the Arrangement of the Fasciculi or Lacerti of Voluntary Muscle, the Fibres separated at one End into Brush-like Bun- dles OF FlBRILLiE. FIG. 159. A portion of Human Muscu- lar Fibre, separating into Disks by cleavage in the direction of its Transverse Stride. FIG. 160. A View of the Fibres of Hu- man Muscle broken Trans- versely. The Fragments are connected by the un- TORN Sarcolemma or Myo- lemma. FIG 101. ■ FIG. 163. FIG. 164. FIG 165. GENERAL ANATOMY OF THE MUSCLES. FIG. 161. A View of the Fragments of Striped Ele- mentary Fibres, showing a cleavage in op- posite directions — magnified 300 Diame- ters. 1. The Longitudinal Cleavage. 2. The Transverse Cleavage, the Longitudinal Lines being scarcely visible. 3. Incomplete Fracture, following the opposite sur- faces of a Disc which stretches across the Inter- val and retains the two Fragments in connexion. The Edge and Surface of this Disc are seen to be minutely granular, the Granules corresponding in size to the thickness of the Disc and to the dis- tance between the faint Longitudinal Lines. 4. Another Disc nearly detached. 5. A detached Disc more highly magnified, showing the Sarcous Elements. 6. Fibrillae separated by violence from each other at the broken end of the Fibre. 7.8. The two appearances commonly presented by the separated single Fibrillae; more highly magnified, at 7 the spaces are rectangular, at 8 the borders are scolloped and the spaces bead-like. FIG. 162. A Fragment of Muscular Fibre from the macerated Heart of an Ox, showing the formation of the Strije by the aggrega- tion of the Beaded Fibrillje. \ Page 68. FIG. 163. A Transverse Section of the Ultimate Fi- brils of the Biceps, showing their Polygo- nal Form and the Ultimate Fibrils com- posing THEM. FIG. 164. A mass of Ultimate Fibres from the Pecto- ralis Major of the Human Foetus at Term. These Fibres have been immersed in a so- lution of Tartaric Acid, and their nume- rous CORPUSCULES TURNED IN VARIOUS DIREC- TIONS, AND SHOWING SOME NUCLEOLI. FIG. 165. A View of the Attachment of Tendon to Muscular Fibre, as shown in the Skate. The component Fibres of Tendinous Struc- ture ARE ARRANGED WITH GREAT REGULARITY, PARALLEL TO EACH OTHER, AND ARE ATTACHED TO THE END OF THE SaRCOLEMMA, WHICH TER- MINATES ABRUPTLY AND WITHOUT THE TAPER- ING of the Muscular Fibre, as some have supposed. FIG. 166. FIG. 167. '^gs^fas^ MUSCLES OF THE FACE AND NECK. FIG. 166. A View of the manner in which the Nerves SUPPLYING THE MUSCLES TERMINATE. FIG. 167. A Front View of the Superficial Layer of Muscles on the Face and Neck. 1.1. Anterior Bellies of the Occipito Frontalis. 2. Orbicularis or Sphincter Palpebrarum. 3. Nasal Slip of Occipito Frontalis. 4. Anterior Auriculae. 5. Compressor Naris. 6. Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi. 7. Levator Anguli Oris 8. Zygomaticus Minor. 9. Zygomaticus Major. 10. Masseter. 11. 12. 13. 14 15 16, 17, 18. 19 20, 21. 22 23, 24, 69. Depressor Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi. Buccinator. Orbicularis Oris. The denuded Surface of the Inferior Maxil- lary Bone. Depressor Anguli Oris. Depressor Labii Inferioris. The portion of the Platysma-Mycdes that passes on to the Mouth, or the Musculus Ri- sorius. Sterno-Hyoideus. Platysma - Myodes. It is wanting on the other side of the Figure. Superior Belly of the Omo-Hyoideus near its insertion. Sterno Cleido Mastoideus. Scalenus Medius. Inferior Belly of Omo-Hyoid. Cervical Edge of the Trapezius. FIG. 168. FIG. 169. MUSCLES OF THE FIG. 168. A Front View of the Deep-seated Layer of Muscles on the Face and Neck. 1.1. Temporalis. 2. The Eye-Ball in the Orbit with its Oblique Mus- cles in situ. 3. Corrugator Supercilii. 4. Points of insertion of the Orbicularis Palpebrarum. 5. Anterior Auriculae. 6. Orbitar portion of the Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi. 7. Compressor Naris. 8. Levator Labii Superioris in its Lower Third, show- ing its intermixture with the Orbicularis Oris. 9. Levator Anguli Oris. 10.11. Depressor Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi, seen on both sides of the Face. 12. Buccinator. 13. Masseter. 14. Orbicularis Oris at the angle of the Mouth. 15. Orbicularis Oris as shown in the edge of the Lower Lip. 16. Depressor Anguli Oris. 17. Levator Menti vel Labii Inferioris. 18. Depressor Labii Inferioris. 19. Adipose Tissue on the Chin. 20. Scalenus Medius. 21. Sterno-Hyoideus. 22. Omo-Hyoideus. 23. Sterno-Cleido Mastoideus. 24. Trapezius as seen on the Neck. 25. Attachment of the Fascia Profunda Colli to the Clavicle. I 3b. Mylo- Page 70. FACE AND NECK. FIG. 169. A Lateral View of the Deep-seated Mus- < CLES OF THE FACE AND NECK. | 1. The Inferior Maxillary Bone. i 2. Superior Maxillary Bone. 3. Malar Bone. | 4.4. Orbicularis Oris Muscle. I 5. Buccinator. \ 6. External Pterygoid. 5 7. Internal Pterygoid. 8. Glenoid Cavity. 9. Constrictor Pharyngis Superior. 10. Mastoid Process of the Temporal Bone. | 11. Splenius. > 12. Stylo-Pharyngeus. 13. Stylo-Glossus. | 14. Constrictor Pharyngis Medius. \ 15. Longus Colli. 16. Scalenus Medius. 17. Levator Scapulae. 18. Serratus Superior Posticus. 19. Scalenus Amicus. j 20. Scalenus Posticus. 21. Rhomboideus Minor. 22. Section of the Trapezius. 23. Supra Spinatus. 24. Acromion Scapulae. 25. First Rib. 26. Sterno-Clavicular Articulation. 27. Clavicle. 28. Trachea. 29. Oesophagus. 30. Crico-Thyroideus. \ 31. Constrictor Pharyngis Inferior. 32. Thyro-Hyoid. 33. Thyro-Hyoid Ligament. 34. Os Hyoides. 35. Hyo-Glossus. FIG. 170. FIG. 171. MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK. FIG. 170. A Side View of the Superficial Layer of Muscles on the Face and Neck. 1. Tendon of the Occipito Frontalis. 2. Its Frontal Belly. 3. Anterior Auriculae. 4. Attollens Auriculae. 5. Occipital Belly of the Occipito Frontalis. 6. Retrahens Auriculae. 7. Orbicularis Palpebrarum. 8.8. Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi. 9. Compressor Naris. 10. Levator Anguli Oris. 11. Buccinator. 12. Zygomaticus Minor. 13. Orbicularis Oris and Zygomaticus Major. 14. Platysma Myodes. 15. Splenius. 16. Masseter. 17. Sterno-Cleido Mastoid. 18. Levator Scapulae. 19. Scalenus Medius. 20. Trapezius. FIG. 171. A Lateral View of the Deep-seated Layer of Muscles on the Face and Neck. 1. Temporal Muscle deprived of its Fascia. 2. Corrugator Supercilii. 3. Nasal Slip of the Occipito Frontalis. 4. Superior or Nasal Extremity ofthe Levator Labii, Superioris Alaeque Nasi. 5. Compressor Naris. 6. Levator Anguli Oris. 7. Depressor Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi. 8. Buccinator. 9. Orbicularis Oris. 10. Depressor Labii Inferioris. 11. Levator Labii Inferioris. 12. Anterior Belly of the Digastricus. 13. Mylo-Hyoid. 14. Stylo-Hyoid. 15. Thyro-Hyoid. 16. Upper Belly of the Omo-Hyoid. 17. Sterno-Cleido Mastoid. 18. Sterno-Hyoid. 19. Scalenus Amicus. 20. Pectoralis Major. 21. Deltoid. 22. Trapezius. 23. Scalenus Medius. 24. Levator Scapulae and Scalenus Posticus. 25. Splenius. 26. Complexua. Page 71 24�9 FIG. 172. MUSCLES OF THE EYE-LID. FIG. 172. A View of the Tensor Tarsi or Muscle of Horner, as shown by a Dissection of the Internal Surface of the Eye-Lids. 1. Origin of the Tensor Tarsi Muscle, from the superior part of the Os Unguis, just in advance of the Vertical Suture, between the Os Pla- num and the Os Unguis. 2. Superior Oblique Muscle of the Eye-Ball. 3. Inferior Oblique Muscle of the Eye-Ball. 4. Origin of the Orbicularis Palpebrarum, from the Nasal Process of the Os Maxillare Supe- rius, Internal Angular Process of the Os Frontis 5. 6. 7.7. and the contiguous part of the Os Unguis— also along the whole Superior Margin of the Internal Palpebral Ligament. A portion of the Palpebral Conjunctiva. External Palpebral Ligament and Canthus of the Eye-Lid. Lower Portion and Terminating Fibres of the Orbicularis Palpebrarum. Bifurcation of the Tensor Tarsi Muscle at the Base of the Caruncula Lachrymalis. The Insertions of the Muscle near the Puncta are also shown. Lachrymal Sac. Page 72, FIG. 173. FIG. 175. FIG. 176. MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK. FIG. 173. A View of the Pte- rygoid Muscles, as shown by the remo- VAL of the Zygoma- tic Arch and the greater part ofthe Ramcs of the Jaw. 1. Sphenoidal portion of the External Pterygoid. 2. Pterygoid portion of the External Pterygoid. 3. Internal Pterygoid. FIG. 174. A Viewof the Superfi- cial and Deep-seat- ed Muscles on the Front of the Neck. 1. Posterior Belly of the Digastricus. 2. Its Anterior Belly. 3. Ligamentous Loop on the Os Hyoides through which its Tendon plays. 4. Stylo-Hyoideus. 5. Mylo-Hyoideus. 6. Genio-Hyoideus. 7. The Tongue. 8. Hyo-Glossus. 9. Stylo-Glossus. 10. Stylo-Pharyngeus. 11. Sterno-Cleido Mastoid. 12. Its Sternal Origin. 13. Its Clavicular Origin. 14. Sterno-Hyoideus. 15. Sterno-Thyroid ofthe Right Side. 16. Thyro-Hyoideus. 17. Hyoid Belly of the Omo-Hyoid. 18. Scapular portion of the Omo-Hyoid. 19. Anterior Edge of the Trapezius. 20. Scalenus Anticus of the Right Side. 21. Scalenus Posticus. 22. Scalenus Medius. FIG. 175. A Vertical Section of the Tongue and Lower Jaw, show- ing theMuscles at- tached thereto. 1. A Section of the Lower Jaw. 2. Styloid Process of the Temporal Bone. 3. Stylo-GlossusMuscIe. 4. Lower portion of Ge- nio Hyo-Glossus. 5. Upper portion of Genio Hyo-Glossus. 6. Tip or Point of the Tongue, showing the Vertical Lingual Mus- cle. 7. Surface of the Tongue. 8. TransversalesLinguae. 9. Superficialis Linguae. 10. Superior Extremity of the Constrictor Pha- ryngis Medius. 11. Stylo-Pharyngeus. 12. Its Insertion. 13. Constrictor Pharyngis Inferior. 14. Os Hyoides. 15. Thyro-HyoidLigam't. 16. Thyroid Cartilage. FIG. 176. A Transverse Sec- tion of the Neck, showing the Fascia Profunda, and its Prolongations as Sheaths for the Muscles. 1. Platysma Myodes. 2. Trapezius. 3. Ligamentum Nuchas. 4. Sheath of Sterno-Cleido Mastoid. 5. Muscle itself. 6. Point of Union of its Fascia. 7. Point of Union of the Fascia Profunda Colli ofeachsideoftheNeck. 8. Section of the Sterno- Hyoid Muscle. 9. Section of the Omo Hyoid Muscle. 10. Section of the Sterno- Thyroid Muscle. 11. Lateral Lobe of the Thyroid Gland. 12. Trachea. 13. OZsophagus. 14. Blood-vesselsandPneu- mogastricNerve in their Sheath. 15. Longus Colli. 16. Rectus Anticus Major. 17. Scalenus Anticus. 18. Scalenus Medius and Posticus. 19. Splenius Capitis. 20. Splenius Colli. 21. Levator Scapula. 22. Complexus. 23. Trachelo Mastoid. 24. Transversalis Cervicis. 25. Cervicalis Descendens. 26. Semi Spinalis Cervicis. 27. Multifidus Spinae. ; 28. A Cervical Vertebra. Fags 73. FIG. 177. FIG. 178. MUSCLES ON THE FR FIG. 177. A View of the Superficial Muscles of the Upper Front of the Trunk. 1. Sterno-Hyoid. 2. Sterno-Cleido Mastoid. 3. Sterno-Thyroid. 4. Clavicular portion ofthe Sterno-Cleido Mas- toid. 5. Anterior Edge of the Trapezius. 6. Clavicle. 7. Clavicular Origin of the Pectoralis Major. 8. Deltoid. 9. Fold of Fibres of the Pectoralis Major on the Anterior Edge of the Axilla. 10. Middle of the Pectoralis Major. 11. The crossing and interlocking of the Fibres of the External Oblique of one side of the Abdomen with those of the other. 12. Biceps Flexor Cubiti. 13. Teres Major. 14. Serratus Major Anticus. 15. Superior Heads of the External Oblique in- terlocking with the Serratus Major. NT OF THE THORAX. FIG. 178. A View of the Deeper-seated Muscles on the Upper Front of the Trunk. 1. Cut portion of the Sterno-Cleido Mastoid. 2. Scalenus Medius. 3. Scalenus Anticus. 4. Trapezius. 5. Omo-Hyoid. 6. Sterno-Hyoid. 7. Sterno Thyroid. 8. Subclavius Muscle. 9. First External Intercostal. 10. Insertion of the Pectoralis Minor. 11. Cut portion of the Coraco-Brachialis and short Head of the Biceps. 12. Body of the Pectoralis Minor. 13. An External Intercostal Muscle. 14. Sub-Scapularis. 15. Latissimus Dorsi. 16. Serratus Major Anticus. 74. FIG. 179. FIG. 180. MUSCLES ON THE FRONT OF THE TRUNK FIG. 179. A View of the Superficial Muscles of the Left Side and of the Deep Muscles of the Right Side, on the Front of the Trunk. 1. Pectoralis Major. 2. Deltoid. 3. Anterior Edge of Latissimus-Dorsi. 4. Serrated Edge of Serratus Major Anticus. 5. Subclavius Muscle. 6. Pectoralis Minor. 7. Coraco-Brachialis, 8. Biceps Flexor Cubiti. 9. Coracoid Process of the Scapula. 10. Serratus Major Anticus after the removal of the Obliquus Externus Abdominis. 11. External Intercostal Muscle of the Fifth In- tercostal Space. 12. External Oblique of the Abdomen. 13. Its Tendon. The Median Line is the Linea Alba.—The Line to the Right of the Num- ber is the Linea Semilunaris. 14. The portion of the Tendon of the External Oblique, known as Poupart's Ligament. 15. External Abdominal Ring. 16. Rectus Abdominis. The White Spaces are the Linea Transversae. 17. Pyramidalis. 18. Internal Oblique of the Abdomen. 19. Common Tendon of the Internal Oblique and Transversalis. 20. Crural Arch. 21. Fascia Lata Femoris. 22. Saphenous Opening. The Crescentic Edge of the Sartorial Fascia is seen just above fig. 22, and the Interior or Pubic Point of the Crescent is known as Hey's Ligament. FIG. 180. A Lateral View of the Muscles of the Trunk, especially on the Abdomen. Latissimus Dorsi. Serratus Major Anticus. Upper portion of the External Oblique. Two of the External Intercostal Muscles. Two of the Internal Intercostal Muscles. Transversalis Abdominis. Fascia Lumborum. Posterior part of the Sheath of the Rectus or Anterior Aponeurosis of the Transversalis Muscle. The Rectus Abdominis cut off and in its Sheath. Rectus Abdominis of the Right Side. Crural Arch. Gluteus Magnus—Medius and Tensor Va- ginae Femoris covered by the Fascia Lata. Page 75. FIG. 181. FIG. 182. MUSCLES AND FASCIA OF THE ABDOMEN. FIG. 181. A View of the External parts concerned in Inguinal and Femoral Hernia. 1.1. The common Integuments and Adipose Tis- sue of the Abdomen turned back. 2. The Penis with its Suspensory Ligament deprived of the Integuments. 3. Integuments of the Scrotum drawn down. 4. Fascia Superficialis of the Abdomen. 5. The same on the Thigh. 6. The Left Spermatic Cord covered by the Fascia Superficialis. 7. The Inguinal Glands which are placed on the Fascia Superficialis. 8. Branch of the External Pudic Artery. 9. Fascia Superficialis turned off the Thigh. 10. Tendon of the External Oblique. 11. Linea Alba. 12. External Oblique Muscle. 13. External Abdominal Ring. 14. Its Superior Column. 15. Its Inferior Column. 16. Testicle covered by the Cremaster Muscle. 17. Anterior Superior Spinous Process. 18. Close Attachment of the Fascia Superficialis on the outside of the Thigh. 19. Cribriform Openings in the Fascia Lata Fe- moris. 20. Saphenous Opening. 21. Branch of the Saphena Vein. i 22. Saphena Vein. \ 23. External Femoral Ring. 24. Testicle. j Page FIG. 182. A View of the Deep-seated parts concerned in Inguinal and Femoral Hernia. 1.1. Integuments and Adipose Tissue. 2. Integuments of the Scrotum. 3.3. Fascia Superficialis Abdominis and Fascia Lata Femoris turned off. 4. External Oblique Muscle. 5. Its Tendon. 6. Linea Alba. 7. Lower part of the External Oblique Tendon divided and turned back. 8. Right Testicle in the Tunica Vaginalis Testis. 9. Internal Oblique and Transversalis Muscles. 10. Epigastric Artery and Vein as placed be- tween the Fascia Transversalis and the Peri- toneum. 11. Points to the Surface of the Peritoneum through the Internal Abdominal Ring. 12. Cord covered by the Cremaster Muscle laying in the Abdominal Canal. 13. External Abdominal Ring laid open. 14. ) Fascia Propria of the Vessels laid open so 15. S as to expose them. 16. Pectineus. 17. The Vessels in their Sheath. 18. Penis and Ligamentum Suspensorium. 19. Testicle and Cord in its entire length. FIG. 183. FIG. 184. MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK. FIG. 183. A Lateral View of the Deep-seated Muscles of the Trunk. 1. Vertebra. 2. First Rib. 3. Superior Origin of the Serratus Major Anticus. 4. Acromion Scapulae. 5. f Show the Convergence of the Fibres of the 6.1 Serratus Major and its Insertion into the 7. [ whole Base of the Scapula. 8. An External Intercostal Muscle. 9. Section of the Sacro-Lumbalis. 10. Transversalis Abdominis. 11. Abdominal Aponeurosis. 12. Rectus Abdominis. 13. Fascia Lumborum. 14.14. Costal Origins of the Serratus Major. 15. External Intercostal Muscle. 16.16. Two Internal Intercostal Muscles. FIG. 184. A View of the Abdominal Muscles and the Abdominal or Inguinal Canal. 1. External Oblique Muscle of the Abdomen. 2. Its Aponeurosis. 3. Its Tendon slit up and turned back to show the Canal. 4. Anterior Superior Spinous Processes. Page 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13, 14. 15. 16. 17, 18 19 20, 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 27. 28. 29. 30. 77. Upper portion of Poupart's Ligament, External Column of the External Ring. Internal Column of the External Ring. Intercrossing of the Tendons of each Side. Body of the Pubes. Upper Boundary of the External Abdominal Ring—the Line points to the Ring. > Fascia Transversalis. Fibres of the Internal Oblique turned up. Fibres of the Transversalis Muscle. Points to the Internal Ring, the Opening is enlarged for the demonstration. Sartorius. Fascia Lata Femoris. , Rectus Femoris. , Adductor Longus. , Penis. Fascia Lata of the opposite Thigh. Point where the Saphena Vein enters the Femoral. Fascia Lata as applied to the Vessels. Insertion of the Transversalis Muscle on the Pubis. 26. Correspond to 11.12. of the opposite side and indicate the Fascia Transversalis. Poupart's Ligament turned off from the In- ternal Muscles. Transversalis Abdominis. Internal Oblique. Rectus Abdominis. FIG. 186. FIG. 185. MUSCLES OF THE BACK. FIG. 185. A View of the Muscles on the Front and Sides of the Cervical Vertebra. 1. Rectus Capitis Anticus Major. 2. Scalenus Anticus. 3. Lower portion of the Longus Colli on the Right Side. 4. Rectus Capitis Anticus Minor. 5. Upper portion of the Longus Colli on the Left Side. 6. Seventh Cervical Vertebra. 7. Scalenus Medius. 8. Scalenus Posticus. 9. One of the Inter-Transversales Muscles. 10. Rectus Capitis Lateralis. FIG. 186. A View of the Muscles of the Back as SHOWN AFTER THE REMOVAL OF THE INTEGU- MENTS. 1. Occipital Origin of the Trapezius. 2. Sterno-Cleido Mastoideus. Page 3. Middle of the Trapezius. 4. Insertion of the Trapezius into the Spine of the Scapula. 5. Deltoid. 6. Second Head of the Triceps Extensor Cubiti. 7. Its Superior Portion. 8. Scapular portion of the Latissimus Dorsi. 9. Axillary Border of the Pectoralis Major. 10. Axillary Border of the Pectoralis Minor. 11. Serratus Major Anticus. 12. Infra Spinatus. 13. Teres Minor. 14. Teres Major. 15. Middle of the Latissimus Dorsi. 16. External Oblique of the Abdomen. 17. Gluteus Medius. 18. Gluteus Minimus. 19. Gluteus Magnus. 20. Fascia Lumborum. 78. 4 FIG. 187. MUSCLES OF FIG. 187. A Vertical Section of the Front of the j Trunk, showing its Posterior Parieties \ and the Cavities of the Chest and Abdo- \ MEN. 1. Sterno-Cleido Mastoid. \ 2. Longus Colli. 3. Scalenus Anticus. 4. Upper portion of the Serratus Major Anticus. I 5. Infra Costales Muscles or Appendices to the Internal Intercostal Muscles. 6. Internal Intercostal Muscles. 7. Foramen Quadratum for the Inferior Vena- Cava. | 8. Back part of the Cordiform Tendon of the Diaphragm. 9. Middle of the Diaphragm showing the Fora- j men 03sophageum. 10. Deltoid. 11. Insertion of the Pectoralis Major. 12. Biceps Flexor Cubiti. 13. Foramen Aorticum of the Diaphragm. 14. Origin of the Lesser Muscle of the phragm. 15. Quadratus Lumborum. 16. Its Sheath. 17. Psoas Magnus. 18. Origin of the Psoas Parvus. 19. Tliacus Internus. FIG. 188. THE TRUNK. 20. Pyriformis. 21. Levator Ani and Coccygeus. 22. Tensor Vaginae Femoris. 23. Adductor Longus. 24. Pectineus. 25. Rectus Femoris. 26. Sartorius. FIG. 188. A View op the Under Side of the Diaphragm. 2 [The Greater Muscle of the Diaphragm in- 3, J serted into the Cordiform Tendon. 4. The small triangular space behind the Ster- num, covered only by Serous Membrane and through which Hernia sometimes pass. 5. Ligamentum Arcuatum of the Left Side. 6. Point of Origin of the Psoas Magnus, 7. A small Opening for the Lesser Splanchnic Nerve. 8. One of the Crura of the Diaphragm. 9. Fourth Lumbar Vertebra. 10. Another Crus or portion of the Lesser Muscle of the Diaphragm. < 11. Hiatus Aorticus. I 12. Foramen 03sophageum. 13. Foramen Quadratum. 14. Psoas Magnus Muscle. : 15. Quadratus Lumborum. Page 79, FIG. lH!t. FIG. 190. MUSCLES OF THE BACK. FIG. 189. A View of the Second Layer of Muscles of the Back. 1. Trapezius. 2. A portion of the Tendinous Ellipse formed by the Trapezius on both sides. 3. Spine of the Scapula. 4. Latissimus Dorsi. 5. Deltoid. 6. Infra Spinatus and Teres Minor. 7. External Oblique of the Abdomen. 8. Gluteus Medius. 9. Gluteus Magnus of each side. 10. Levator Scapulae. 11. Rhomboideus Minor. 12. Rhomboideus Major. 13. Splenius Capitis. 14. Splenius Colli. 15. A portion of the Origin of the Latissimus Dorsi. 16. Serratus Inferior Posticus. 17. Supra Spinatus. 18. Infra Spinatus. 19. Teres Minor. 20. Teres Major. 21. Long Head of the Triceps Extensor Cubiti. 22. Serratus Major Anticus. 23. Internal Oblique of the Abdomen. FIG. 190. A Vif.w of the Muscles of the Back which fill up the Fossa on either side of the Spinous Processes of the Vertebra. 1. Tendinous Origin ofthe Longissimus Dorsi. 2. Upper portion of the Sacro-Lumbalis. 3. Upper portion of the Longissimus Dorsi. 4. Spinalis Dorsi. 5. Cervicalis Descendens. 6. Transversalis Cervicis. 7. Trachelo-Mastoideus. 8. Complexus. 9. Insertion of the Transversalis Cervicis. 10. Semi-Spinalis Dorsi. 11. Semi-Spinalis Cervicis. 12. Rectus Capitis Posticus Minor. 13. Rectus Capitis Posticus Major. 14. Obliquus Capitis Superior. 15. Obliquus Capitis Inferior. IG. Multifidus Spina; at its Lower Part. The rest is concealed by other Musolrs. 17.17. Levatores Costarum. 18. Inter-Transversarii. 19. Quadratus Lumborum. Page 80. FIG. 191. FIG. 192, MUSCLES OF THE BACK, FIG. 191. A View of the Deep-seated or Fourth Lay er of Muscles on the Back of the Head and Trunk. 1. Occiput. 2. Mastoid Process of the Temporal Bone. 3. First Cervical Vertebra. 4. Rectus Capitis Posticus Minor. 5. Rectus Capitis Posticus Major. 6. Obliquus Capitis Superior. 7. Obliquus Capitis Inferior. 8.8. Inter-Spinales of the Neck. 9. Inter-Spinales of the Dorsal Vertebrae. 10.10. Levatores Costarum. 11.11. Intercostales. 12.12.12. Multifidus Spinae from its Origin to its Insertion. 13.13. Cut Origins of the Multifidus Spinae. 14. Cut Insertions of the Multifidus Spinae. 15. Quadratus Lumborum. 16.16. Insertions of the Longissimus Dorsi. 17.17.18. Insertions of the Sacro Lumbalis. Pago 19. External Intercostals. 20. Outer portion of the Quadratus Lumborum. 21. Section of the Fascia Lumborum. 22. Inter-Transversarii. FIG. 192. An Enlarged View of the Muscles attached to the Cervical Vertebrae Behind. 1. Atlas. 2. Semi-Spinalis Cervicis at its Upper part. 3. Insertions of the Cervicalis Descendens. 4. Middle of the Semi-Spinalis Cervicis. 5.6. Origins of the Cervicalis Descendens. 7. Lower portion of the Semi-Spinalis Cer- vicis. 8. Tenth Dorsal Vertebra, 9. Semi-Spinalis Dorsi. 10.11. Origins of the Transversalis Cervicis. 12.13. Its Insertions. 81. FIG. 193. FIG. 194. 76 5 FIG. 195. FIG, 196. MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER. FIG. 193. A View of the Deltoid Muscle. 1. Clavicle. j ^ ? Origin of the Deltoid from the Clavicle, Acromion 4] ) and Spine of the Scapula. 5. Body of the Scapula. 6. Middle of the Deltoid, showing the Fasciculated character of its Fibres. 7. Its Insertion. 8. Shaft of the Os Humeri. FIG. 194. An Anterior View of the Muscles of the Shoulder. 1. Upper part of the Body of the Scapula. 2. Supra Spinatus Muscle. 3. Section of Acromion Process. 4. Coracoid Process. 5. Origin of the Second or short Head of the Biceps 6. Sub-Scapularis near its Insertion. 7. Deltoid. 8. Tendon of the Pectoralis Major. 9. Insertion of the Deltoid Muscle. 10. Brachialis Internus. 11. Cut Extremity of the Os Humeri. 12. Triceps Extensor Cubiti. 13. Tendon of the Latissimus Dorsi. 14. Teres Major. 15. Axillary portion of the Latissimus Dorsi. 16. Axillary portion of the Sub-Scapularis. 17. Origin of the Teres Major. 18. Lower portion of the Scapula. \ Page FIG. 195. A Posterior View of the Muscles of the Shoulder with the Deltoid. 1. Acromion Scapulae. 2. Supra-Spinatus Muscle. 3. Spine of the Scapula. 4. Posterior portion of the Origin of the Deltoid. 5. Infra-Spinatus Muscle. 6. Teres Major. 7. Teres Minor. 8. Long Head of the Triceps Extensor. 9. Its Second Head. 10. The Shaft of the Os Humeri. 11. Brachialis Internus. 12. Insertion of the Deltoid. 13. Its middle portion forming the round part of the Shoulder. FIG. 196. A Posterior View of the Muscles of the Shoulder which strengthen the Articu- lation. 1. Acromion Scapulae. 2. Supra-Spinatus Muscle. 3. Upper Angle of the Scapula. 4. Spine of the Scapula. 5. Origin of the Infra-Spinatus Muscle. 6.7. Origin of the Teres Major. 8. Origin of the Teres Minor. 9. Insertion of the Teres Major. 10. Shaft of the Os Humeri. 11. Lower part of the Capsular Ligament. 12. Insertion of the Teres Minor. 13. Insertion of the Infra-Spinatus. 82. FIG. 197. FIG. 193. FIG. 199. FASCIA AND MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY. FIG. 197. A View of the Fascia Brachi- alis in its whole extent. 1. Portion covering the Deltoid Muscle. 2. Portion covering the upper part of the Biceps. 3. Portion covering the Coraco- Brachialis. 4. Portion covering the lower part of the Biceps. 5. Tendon of the Biceps. 6. Opening for the Vein. 7. Aponeurosis as strengthened by the Expansion from the Tendon of the Biceps. 8. Fascia over the Flexor Sublimis. 9. Fascia over the Flexor Carpi Radialis. 10. Commencement of the Palmar Fascia. FIG. 198. A View of the Inter-Muscu- lar Fascia or Sheaths of the Muscles of the Fore- Arm. The thickness of the Sheaths has been exagge- rated IN ORDER TO SHOW THEM BETTER. 1. Inferior Extremitv of the Sheath of the Biceps Flexor Cubiti. 2. Tendon of the Biceps cut off just above its Insertion. 3. Aponeurotic Attachment at the Internal Condyle of the Flexors of the Fore-Arm. 4. Sheath of the Pronator Radii Teres. 5. Sheath ofthe Palmaris Longus. 6. Sheath ofthe Flexor Carpi Ul- naris. 7. Sheath of the Flexor Carpi Ra- dialis. 8. Sheath of the Supinator Radii Longus. 9. Fibro Cellular Tissue covering the Flexor Sublimis. 10. Tendon of the Supinator Radii Longus cut off near its Insertion. 11. Tendon of the Flexor Carpi Radialis cut off near its Inser- tion. 12. Tendon of the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris cut off near its Insertion.; 13. Palmaris Brevis. 14. Openings in the Palmar Fascia for the Superficial Nerves. 15. Fascia Palmaris. FIG. 199. A View of the Muscles and Tendons on the Back of the Hand. 1. Lower portion of the Extensor Communis Digitorum. 2. Extensor Minor PoUicis Manus. 3. Tendons of the Extensor Com- munis, 4. Extensor Major PoUicis. 5. The Ulna. 6. Tendon of the Auricularis. 7. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Tendon. 8. Posterior Carpal Ligament. 9. Insertion of the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris into the MetacarpalBone ofthe Little Finger. 10. Abductor Minimi Digiti. 11. Middle Tendon ofthe Extensor Communis. 12. Tendon to the Ring Finger. 13. Prior Annularis. 14. Flexor Parvus Minimi Digiti Manus. 15. Interosseous Digiti Auricularis. 16.16.16. Arrangement of the Ex- tensor Communis Tendons at the Phalangial Articulations. 17. Points to the Interossei Muscles on the Palm of the Hand. 18. Insertions of the Extensor Com- munis. 19. Cross Slips connecting the differ- ent Tendons of the Extensor Communis. 20. Tendon of the Indicator. 21. Prior Indicis. 22. Insertion of the Extensor Major PoUicis. 23. Abductor Indicis Manus. 24. Insertion of the Extensor Carpi Radialis Longior. 25. Extensor Minor PollicisTendon. 26. Extensor Major PollicisTendon. 27. Insertion of the Tendon of the Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevior. Page 83. FIG. 200. FIG. 201. MUSCLES OF THE ARM AND FORE-ARM. FIG. 200. A View of the Muscles on the Front of the Arm. 1. Clavicle. 2. Coracoid Process and Origin of the Short Head of the Bi- ceps. 3. Acromion Scapulae. 4. Head of the Os Humeri. 5. Tendon ofthe Biceps Muscle in the Bicipital Groove. 6. Ligamentum Ascititium dis- sected off. 7. Cut portion ofthe Pectoralis Major. 8. Long Head of the Biceps. 9. Insertion of the Deltoid. 10. Cut portion of the Tendinous Insertion of the Pectoralis Minor. 11. Coraco-Brachialis. 12. Short Head of the Biceps. 13. Latissimus Dorsi. 11. Inner portion ofthe Triceps. 15. Body of the Biceps. 16. Outer portion of the Triceps. 17. Brachialis Internus. IS. Origin of the Flexor Muscles. 19. Brachialis Internus near its Insertion. 20. Tendon of the Biceps. 21. Fasciculus from the Biceps Tendon to the Fascia Bra- chialis. 22. Flexor Carpi Radialis. 23. Palmaris Longus. 24. Supinator Radii Longus. FIG. 201. A View of the Muscles on the Back of the Arm. 1. Supra-Spinatus Muscle. 2. Section of the Clavicle. 3. Acromion Process. 4. Fossa Infra Spinata. 5. Head of the Os Humeri. 6. Capsular Ligament. 7. Tendon of the Infra-Spinatus Muscle. 8. Origin ofthe Long Head of the Triceps. 9 ) * S Teres Minor Tendon. 11. Serratus Major Anticus. 12. Origin of the Second Head of the Triceps. 13. Shaft of the Humerus. 14. Long Head of the Biceps Flexor. 15. Insertion of the Pectoralis Major. 16. Insertion of the Deltoid. 17. Body of the Triceps. 18. Origin of its Third Head, sometimes called Brachialis Externus. 19. Middle of the Biceps Flexor. 20. Middle of the Brachialis Ex- ternus. 21. Origin of the Supinator Ra- dii Longus. 22. Lower portion of the Triceps. 23. Origin of the Extensor Carpi Radialis Longior. 24. Insertion of the Triceps. 25. Shaft of the Ulna. 26. Middle ofthe Extensor Carpi Radialis Longior. 27. Extensor Communis Digito- FIG. 202. A View of the Pronators of the Fore-Arm. 9. 10. 11. Os Humeri. Radius. Ulna. Capsular Ligament of the Elbow. Interosseous Ligament. Origin of the Pronator Radii Longus. Its Insertion. Supinator Radii Brevio. Pronator Quadratus. Tendon of the Biceps. Carpal Articulation. I i FIG. 203. FIG. 205. FIG. 204. MUSCLES OF THE FORE-ARM AND HAND. FIG. 203. A View of the Outer Layer of the Muscles on the Front of the Fore-Arm (Flexors). 1. Lower portion of the Biceps Flexor Cubiti. 2. Brachialis Internus. 3. Lower Internal portion of the Triceps. 4. Pronator Radii Teres. 5. Flexor Carpi Radialis. 6. Palmaris Longus. 7. Part of the Flexor Sublimis Digitorum. 8. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris. 9. Palmar Fascia. ] 10. Palmaris Brevis Muscle. 11. Abductor PoUicis Manus. 12. Portion ofthe Flexor Brevis PoUicis Manus, The Line crosses the Adductor PoUicis. 13. Supinator Longus. 14. Extensor Ossis Metacarpi PoUicis. FIG. 204. A View of the Muscles on the Palm of the Hand. 1. Annular Ligament. 2.2. Origin and Insertion of the Abductor PoUicis. 3. Opponens PoUicis. Page 65. 4.5. Two Bellies of the Flexor Brevis PoUicis. 6. Adductor PoUicis. 7.7. Lumbricales arising from Tendons of the Flexor Profundus Digitorum. 8. Shows how the Tendon of the Flexor Pro- fundus passes through the Flexor Sublimis. 9. Tendon of the Flexor Longus PoUicis. 10. Abductor Minimi Digiti. 11. Flexor Parvus Minimi Digiti. 12. Pisiform Bone. 13. First Dorsal Interosseous Muscle. FIG. 205. A View of the Under Layer of Muscles on the Front of the Fore-Arm (Flexors). 1. Internal Lateral Ligament ofthe Elbow-Joint. 2. Capsular Ligament of the Elbow-Joint. 3. Coronary Ligament of the Head of the Ra- dius. 4. Flexor Profundus Digitorum Perforans. Flexor Longus PoUicis. Pronator Quadratus. Adductor PoUicis Manus. Lumbricales. Interossei. FIG. 206. FIG. 207. FIG. 208. MUSCLES OF THE FORE-ARM AND HIP FIG. 206. A View of the Outer Layer of Muscles on the Back of the Fore-Arm (Extensors). 1. Lower portion of the Biceps Flexor. 2. Part of the Brachialis Internus. 3. Lower part of the Triceps Extensor. 4. Supinator Radii Longus. 5. Extensor Carpi Radialis Longior. 6. Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevior. 7. Tendinous Insertions of these two Muscles. 8. Extensor Communis Digitorum. 9. P;,! :,ion of the Extensor Communis Digitorum called Auricularis. 10. Extensor Carpi Llnaris. 11. Anconeus. 12. Portion of the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris. 13. Extensor Minor PoUicis. The Muscle nearest the Figure is the Extensor Ossis Metacarpi PoUicis. 14. Extensor Major PoUicis. 15. Posterior Annular Ligament. The distribu- tion of the Tendons of the Extensor Commu- nis, is seen on the backs of the Fingers. FIG. 207. ! A View of the Deep-seated Muscles on the ; Back of the Fore-Arm (Extensors). I. Lower part of the Humerus. 2. Olecranon. 3. Shaft of the Ulna. 4. Anconeus Muscle. 5. Supinator Radii Brevis. 6. Extensor Ossis Metacarpi PoUicis. 7. Extensor Minor PoUicis. 8. Extensor Major PoUicis. 9. Indicator. 10. First Dorsal Interosseous Muscle. The others are also shown. FIG. 208. View of the Deep-seated Muscles at the Hip-Joint. , Os Ilium. . Os Sacrum. . Posterior Sacro-Iliac Ligaments. . Tuber Ischii. . Greater Sacro-Sciatic Ligament. , Lesser Sacro-Sciatic Ligament. , Trochanter Major. , Gluteus Minimus. , Pyriformis. . Geminus Superior. . Obturator Interims. . Geminus Inferior. , Quadratus Femoris. . Adductor .Magnus. , Vastus Externus. . Biceps. . Gracilis. . Semi-Tcndinosus. \ 1 \ 2 \ 5 '') 6 \ ~ { 8. > 9 ho 11 : 12 | 13 14 15 16 17 18 ls.i- •*■* FIG. 209. FIG. 210. MUSCLES OF THE THIGH. FIG. 209. A View of the Deep-seated Muscles on the Posterior Part of the Hip-Joint. 1. Fifth Lumbar Vertebra. 2. Ilio-Lumbar Ligament. 3. Crest of the Ilium. 4. Anterior Superior Spinous Process. 5. Origin of the Fascia Femoris. 6. Gluteus Medius. 7. Its Lower and Anterior portion. 8. Pyriformis. 9. Gemini. 10. Trochanter Major. 11. Insertion of the Gluteus Medius. 12. Quadratus Femoris. 13. Part of the Adductor Magnus. 14. Insertion of the Gluteus Magnus. 15. Vastus Externus. 16. Long Head of the Biceps. 17. Semi-Membranosus. 18. Semi-Tendinosus. 19. Tuber-Ischii. 20. Obturator Internus. 21. Point of the Coccyx. 22. Posterior Coccygeal Ligament. 23.) n/ ( Greater Sacro-Sciatic Ligament. 25. Posterior Superior Spinous Process of Ilium. 26. Posterior Sacro-Iliac Ligaments. Page FIG. 210. A View of the Deep-seated Muscles on the Front of the Thigh. 1. Os Ilium. 2. Capsular Ligament of the Hip-Joint. 3. Trochanter Major. 4. Origin of the Pectineus Muscle. 5. Symphysis Pubis. 6. Origin of the Adductor Longus. 7. Insertion of the Iliacus Internus and Psoas Magnus. 8. Insertion of the Pectineus. 9. Middle of the Adductor Longus. 10. Tendinous Insertion of the Adductor Lon Insertion of the Brachialis Internus. 20. Supinator Radii Longus. 21. Opening in the Capsular Ligament. 22. Cut Tendon of the Biceps at its Insertion. 23. Supinator Radii Brevis. 21. Fascia. FIG. 219. A Lateral View of the Deep-seated Mus- cles on the Back of the Arm. 1. Section of the Clavicle. 2. Fossa Supra Spinata of the Scapula. 3. Base of the Scapula. 4. Coraco Acromial Ligament. 5. Coracoid Process. 6. Origin of the Coraco Brachialis. 7. Section of the Sub-Scapularis Muscle. 8. Head of the Os Humeri. 9. Section of the Body of the Scapula. 10. Origin of the Long Head of the Triceps. 11. Insertion of the Latissimus Dorsi. 12. Edge of the Biceps Flexor Cubiti. 13. Coraco Brachialis. 14.) > Origin of the Second Head of the Triceps. 16. Lower portion of the Coraco Brachialis. 17. Body of the Biceps. 18. Body of the Triceps. 19. Origin of the Third Head of the Triceps. 20A Its' middle portion, known as the Brachialis 21. ( Externus. 22. Brachialis Internus. 23. Its Insertion. 24. Capsular Ligament of the Elbow. 25 ) * \ Origin of the Flexors of the Fore-Arm. 27. Prolongation of the Tendon of the Biceps td the Fascia Brachialis. 28. Olecranon. Page 00. PART THIRD. ORGANS OE DIGESTION AND GENERATION: ONE HUNDRED AND NINETY-ONE FIGURES. FIG. 220. FIG. 221. FIG. 222. ORGANS OF DIGESTION. FIG. 220. A View of the Organs of Di-I GESTION, OPENED IN NEARLY: THEIR WHOLE LENGTH. A POR- TION of the Oesophagus has been removed on account of want of space in the flgure., The Arrows indicate the| course of Substances along the Canal. 1. The Upper Lip, turned off the Mouth. 2. Its Fraenum. 3. The Lower Lip, turned down. 4. Its Fraenum. 5.5. Inside ofthe Cheeks, covered by the lining Membrane of the Mouth. 6. Points to the opening of the Duct of Steno. 7. Roof of the Mouth. 8. Lateral Half Arches. 9. Points to the Tonsils. 10. Velum Pendulum Palati. 11. Surface of the Tongue. 12. Papillae near its point. 13. A portion of the Trachea. 14. The Oesophagus. 15. Its internal surface. 16. Inside of the Stomach. 17. Its greater extremity or great Cul de Sac. 18. Its lesser extremity or smaller Cul de Sac. 19. Its lesser Curvature. 20. Its greater Curvature. 21. The Cardiac Orifice. 22. The Pyloric Orifice. 23. Upper portion of Duodenum. ,{ 24.25. The remainder of the Duo- denum. 26. Its Valvulae Conniventes. 27. The Gall Bladder. 28. The Cystic Duct. 29. Division of Hepatic Ducts in the Liver. 30. Hepatic Duct. 31. Ductus Communis Chole- docus. 32. Its opening into the Duode- num. 33. Ductus Wirsungii, or Pan creatic Duct. 34. Its opening into the Duode- num. 35. Upper part of Jejunum. 36. The Ileum. 37. Some of the Valvulae Conni- ventes. 38. Lower extremity of the Ileum, 39. Ileo Colic Valve. 40.41. Ccecum, or Caput Coli. 42. Appendicula Vermiformis. 43.44. Ascending Colon. 45. Transverse Colon. 46.47. Descending Colon. 48. Sigmoid Flexure ofthe Colon, 49. Upper portion of the Rectum. \ 50. Its lower Extremity. Page 93. | 51. Portion of the Levator Ani [ Muscle. \ 52. The Anus. FIG. 221. A View of the Cavity of the Mouth, as shown by dividing the Angles of the Mouth and turning off the llps. 1. The Upper Lip, turned up. 2. Its Fraenum. 3. The Lower Lip, turned down. 4. Its Fraenum. 5. Internal Surface of the Cheeks. 6. Opening of Duct of Steno. 7. Roof of the Mouth. 8. The anterior portion of the Late- ral Half Arches. 9. The posterior portion of the La- teral Half Arches. 10. The Velum Pendulum Palati. 11. The Tonsils. 12. The Tongue. FIG. 222. A View of the Inner Side of theLips. TheMucousMem- brane has been removed so AS TO SHOW THE LaBIAL AND Buccal Glands. 1.1. Ducts of Steno: a Bristle has been introduced to show > the opening into the Mouth. J 2.2. The Labial Glands. FIG. 223. FIG. 225. THE TEETH FIG. 228. A side View of the Upper and Lower Jaw, showing the Teeth in theik Sockets. The outer Plate of the Alveolar Processes has been taken off so as to expose the Fangs of the Teeth and show the kind of Articulation and relative Position of each. 1. First Incisores of the Upper Jaw. 2. First Incisores of the Lower Jaw. FIG. 224. A View of the Under Side of the Upper Jaw without the Teeth. 1.1. The outer Plate of the Alveolar Process. 2.2. The inner Plate. 3.3. The three double Sockets for the Molares. the first two of which have three Sockets and the last only two. The ten single Sockets are seen in advance of; these on each side of the Middle Line. They are for the Incisores, the Cuspidati and the Bicuspidati. FIG. 225. A View of the Upper Part of the Lower Jaw, SHOWING THE SOCKETS OF THE TeETH. 1. The Sockets of the ten single-fanged Teeth. 2. The Sockets of the three double-fanged Teeth. Fage FIG. 226. A View of the Under Side of the Upper Jaw, showing the cutting edges and grinding Surfaces of the Teeth of this Jaw. 1.1. The two Central Incisores. 2.2. The two Lateral Tncisores. 3.3. The two Cuspidati. 4.4. The four Bicuspidati. 5.5. The six Molares or Grinders. FIG. 227. A View, from above and behind, of the Lower Jaw with a full Set of Teeth, showing the cutting Edges and grinding Surfaces of the Teeth in that Jaw, with the Coronoid and Condyloid Processes. 1.1. The two Central Incisores. 2.2. The two Lateral Incisores. 3.3. The two Cuspidati. 4.4. The four Bicuspidati. 5.5. The six Molares or Grinders. 6. Coronoid Process. 7. Condyloid Process. 8. Base of Jaw. 94. FIGS. 228 to 235. FIGS. 236 to 243. FIGS. 244 to 251. THE TEETH. FIGS. 223 to 235. j A View of the Eight Teeth of one side of the Upper Jaw, taken from their Sockets \ so as to show the whole tooth j seen from the outside. 1.1. The two Incisores. i 2. The Cuspidatus, showing how much it is longer than the others. 3.3. The two Bicuspidati. 4.4. The first two Molares, having three Fangs. 5. The third Molar or Dens Sapientiae, having also three Fangs. FIGS. 236 to 243. The same View of the Teeth of the Lower Jaw: the five single ones are similar to those in tiieUpter Jaw, but the Grinders in this Jaw have only two Fangs. The Figures in this Cut have the same Refer- ences as in the preceding Cut. FIGS. 244 to 251. A Side View of the Teeth of one side of the Upper Jaw, showing how the Incisores and Cuspidati in this View differ from the former View more than the Bicuspidati or Molares. 1.1. The two Incisores, showing the hollowed inner Surface of the Body of these Teeth. 2. The Cuspidatus, showing the same. 3.3. The Bicuspidati, showing the two points on the basis of each. The first of them has a forked Fang. 4.5. The Molares. 05. FIGS. 252 to 259. FIGS. 260 to 265. FIGS 266 and 267. THE TEETH. FIGS. 252 to 259. A side View of the Teeth of one side of the Lower Jaw, showing that the Incisores and Cuspidati in this View differ from the View in Fig. 236, more than the Bicuspi- dati or Grinders. l.l. The two Incisores. 2. The Cuspidatus, showing how much longer it is than the others. 3.3. The two Bicuspidati. 4.5. The three Molares. Page FIGS. 260 to 265. A View of the Cavities of the Teeth, as seen in Longitudinal Sections of the In- cisores, Cuspidatus, Bicuspidati and Mo- lares. FIGS. 266 and 267. A View of an Incisor and of a Molar Too ih, given by a Longitudinal Section, and show- ing that the Enamel is striated and that the Stride are all turned to the Centre. The internal Structure is also seen. 1. The Enamel. 2. The Ivory. 3. The Cavitas Pulpi. 96. FIG. 268. FIG. 269. FIG. 270. FIG. 271. FIG. 272. STRUCTURE OF THE TEETH. FIG. 268. A Vertical Section of an Adult Bicuspis, cut from without inwards ; magnified four times. 1.1. The Cortical Substance which surrounds the Root up to the commencement of the Enamel. 2.2. The Ivory of the Tooth, in which are seen the greater Parallel Curvatures, as well as the position of the Main Tubes. 3. Apex of the Tooth, where the Tubes are al- most perpendicular. 4.1. The Enamel. 5. The Cavity of the Pulp, in which are seen, by means of the Glass, the Openings of the Tubes of the Dental Bone. FIG. 269. A Vertical Section of an imperfectly de- veloped Incisor, taken from the Follicle in which it was enclosed. this section is meant to show the position of the Enamel Fibres; and also that a part of the appearances which are seen in this substance under a less magnifying power, originate in parallel curvatures of the Fibres. 1.1. The Enamel. 2.2. The Dental Bone, or Ivory. 3.3. The minute Indentations and Points on the Surface of the Ivory, on which the Enamel Fibres rest. 4.4. Brown Parallel Fibres. 5. Parallel Flexions ofthe Fibres of the Dental Bone in these Stripes. FIG. 270. a portion of the surface of the enamel on which the Hexagonal Terminations of the Fibres are shown. 1.2.3. Are more strongly marked dark crooked Crevices, running between the rows of the Hexagonal Fibres. FIG. 271. The Fibres of the Enamel viewed sideways under a magnifying power of 350 times. 1.1. The Enamel Fibres. 2.2. The Transverse Stripes upon them. FIG. 272. A small Portion of Fig. 268 covered with Turpentine Varnish, viewed under a mag- nifying power of 350 times. 1.2.3. Are the Tubes containing a powdery lumpy substance. They are regular, and closely undulating; but the Branches do not appear, because they are penetrated by the Varnish. Page 07. FIG. 273. FIG. 274. F I G. 275. 5 ■mmI hi FIG. 277. ^fSBF STRUCTURE OF THE TEETH. FIG. 273. A View of the most Interior Portion ofthe Main Tubes of the Dental Bone in an Incisor of a Child two years old, close TO THEIR COMMENCEMENT IN THE CaVITAS PCLPI, IN ORDER TO SHOW THEIR FIRST DIVISION. FIG. 270. A View of the Position of the same Main Tubes, in a Transverse Section near the Root of a Bicuspis, magnified five times. The dark patches in this Figure mark the places in which the bone was espe- CIALLY White, and less Transparent than IN THE CLEARER INTERMEDIATE TRACTS. FIG. 274. A View of the External Portion of the Tubes of the same Tooth, exhibiting their more minute ramifications, which, for the most part, turn towards the crown. FIG. 275. A View of a small Portion of a Transverse Section of the Crown of the Tooth, seen in Fig. 268, viewed under a magnifying power of 350 times. 1.2.3. Are the round openings ofthe Tubes, with Parieties of a peculiar Substance. 4.5.6. Are the Tubes cut more obliquely, in con- sequence of their more External Position. Pa» FIG. 277. A Front View of the Upper Surface of the Tongue, as well as of the Palatine Arch. 1.1. The Posterior Lateral Half Arches, with the Palato Pharingei Muscles, as also the Tonsils. 2. The Epiglottis Cartilage, seen from before. 3.3. The Ligament and Mucous Membrane, ex- tending from the Root of the Tongue to the Base of the Epiglottis Cartilage. 4. One of the Pouches on the side of the Poste- rior Fraenum, in which food sometimes lodges. 5. The Foramen Ccecum, or Central one of the Papillae Maximae. 6. Papillae Conicae, or Maximae. 7. The white point at the end of the line, and all like it, are the Papillae Fungiformes. 8. The Side of the Tongue, and the Rugae Transversa? of Albinus. 9. The Papillae Filliformes. 10. Point of the Tongue. FIG. 278. FIG. 279. FIG. 280. FIG. 281. THE MOUTH. FIG. 278. A View of the Lower Jaw, with the Tongue drawn upwards, so as to show its under Surface in situ. 1. ? The Posterior Superior Surface of the Tongue, 2.5 with the Papillae Maximae. 3. The Opening of the Duct of the Sub-Maxillary Gland, or the Duct of Wharton. 4. The Sub-Lingual Gland, seen under the Mu- cous Membrane of the Mouth. 5. The Lower Jaw. : FIG. 280. A View of the Under Surface of the Tongue, with the Muscles connected with it. 1.1. The Inferior Surface of the Tongue. 2. The Os Hyoides. 3.3. Origin of Hyo-Glossus Muscle. 4.4. The Genio-Hyo-Glossus of each side dis- sected off and turned to one side. 5.5. The White Central Vertical Septum of the Tongue. FIG. 279. A View of the Dorsum of the Tongue, from which, by maceration, the Periglottis has been removed, and turned back on the Right Side. 1. The Sides of the Tongue. 2. Its Base. 3. Its Tip or Point. 4. The denuded portion of the Tongue, showing the Papillae deprived of the Epidermis or Periglottis. 5. The Under Surface of the detached Epidermis, showing its depressions. 6. Foramen Ccecum. 7. The Truncated Papilla near it. 8. The other Papillae, denuded of the Epidermis. 9. Impression of the Periglottis around the de- nuded Papillae. 10. Fraenum to the Epiglottis Cartilage. 11.12. Depressions on the Periglottis, which fits the Elevations on the Tongue. FIG. 281. A View of the Muscles of the Tongue, as seen on its Lower Surface. 1. Body of the Os Hyoides. 2.2. Styloid Processes of the Temporal Bones. 3. Horizontal Portion of the Stylo-Glossus Muscle. 4. The Hyo-Glossus. 5. The Genio-Hyo-Glossus held up by a hook near its origin. 6. Section of the Glossal Portion of the same Muscle. 7. Its Insertion into the Os Hyoides. 8. The Middle Fissure and Fatty Matter be tween the Muscles of each side. 9. The Lingualis. 10. The Transversalis Linguae at the Point of the Tongue. 99. FIG. 282. FIG. 283. FIG. 284. FIG. 285. THE MOUTH. 9. Stylo-Glossus Muscle. 10. Stylo-Hyoid Muscle. FIG. 282. i A View of a Section of the Anterior Por- j tion of the Tongue, as seen from behind. \ ll- Stylo-Pharyngeus Muscle. ™ Tr o , 12- 0s Hyoides- 1. The Upper Surface. 2.2. The Tongue uncovered by the Epidermis, which is slightly drawn forward. 3.3. The Verticales Linguae Muscle. 4. The Middle Septum. 5.5. The Transversales Linguae. 6. The Ranine Arteries. 7. The Glosso Pharyngeal Nerves. 8. The Genio-Hyo-Glossus Muscle of each side. 13. Thyreo-Hyoid Ligament. 14. Thyroid Cartilage. 15. Thyro-Hyoideus Muscle. 16. Cricoid Cartilage. 17. Crico-Thyroid Ligament. 18. Trachea. 19. Oesophagus. FIG. 283. A Lateral View of the Styloid Muscles, AND ALSO OF THOSE OF THE TONGUE. I. Mastoid Portion of Temporal Bone. 2.2. Right Half of the Lower Jaw Bone. 3. Upper Surface of the Tongue. 4. Genio-Hyoideus Muscle. 5. Genio-Hyo-Glossus Muscle. fi ~) ' <■ Hyo-Glossus Muscle. 8. Anterior Fibres of the Lingualis issuing from between Hyo-Glossus and Genio-Hyo- Glossus. FIG. 284. A Vertical Section of one op the Gusta- tory Papill/e op the largest class, show- ing ITS CONICAL FORM, ITS SlDES, AND THE Fissure between the different Papilljb. The length of some of the divided Blood- vessels, a Transverse Section of others, and the Vessels which rise up prom the surface like Loops or Meshes, are also shown. FIG. 285. A View of a Papilla of the smallest class, MAGNIFIED 25 DIAMETERS. The LOOPS OF Blood-Vessels are here shown, each Loor containing usually only one Vessel. Page 100. FIG. 286. FIG. 287. FIG. 2S8. FIG. 289. 7 8 3 9 MOUTH AND FIG. 236. A View of the Roof of the Mouth and of the Soft Palate. 1. The Roof of the Mouth, bounded by the Supe- rior Dental Arch. 2. The Soft Palate. 3. The Velum Pendulum Palati. 4. The Ridges seen on the Roof of the Mouth. 5. The Tubercle behind the Incisor Teeth. 6. The Middle Line of the Hard Palate. 7. Orifices of some of the Mucous Follicles. 8. The Tonsil. 9. The Pharynx. PHARYNX. I 21. Mylo-Hyoideus Muscle. 22. Attachment of Hyo-Glossus. 25. Stylo-Pharyngeus, and Thyreo-Hyoid Liga- l merit. \ 26. Thyroid Cartilage. 27. Constrictor Pharyngis Inferior Muscle. FIG. 287. A Front View of the Muscles of the Palate and of the posterior portion op the pha- rynx, as given by a vertical section of the Sphenoidal Sinuses—of the space between the last Molar Teeth, and of the Tongue, Os Hyoides and Thyroid Cartilages. 1. Sphenoidal Sinuses. 2 2. Petrous portions of the Temporal Bones. 3. Back part of Antrum Highmorianum. 4. Middle and Inferior Spongy Bones. 5. Shows the upper portion of the Palatine Walls, after the removal of 3 and 4. 6. The Circumflexus Palati Muscle. 7. Constrictor Pharyngis Superior. 8. Part of its Origin. 9. Levator Palati. 10. Anterior face of the posterior extremity of the middle Suture of the Palate Bones; above is the Septum Narium. 11. Palatine portion of Levator Palati. 12. Section of the Buccinator Muscle. 13. Anterior Half Arch. 11. Last Molar Tooth of Upper Jaw. 15. Constrictor Isthmi Faucium. 16. Last Molar of Lower Jaw. 17. Portion of Constrictor Pharyngis Superior, where the Tonsil rests. 18. Front portion of the section of the Tongue. 19. Constrictor Pharyngis Superior. FIG. 288. A Posterior View of the Muscles of the Soft Palate, as shown by a section of the Cranium through the Glenoid Cavities. 1. Basilar portion ofthe Sphenoid Bone. 2. Condyles of Lower Jaw. 3. Hard Palate. 4. Levator Palati, on one side entire, on the other partially removed. 5. Eustachian Tubes. , 6. External Pterygoid Muscle. 7. Circumflexus Palati. 8. Azygos Uvulae. 9. Myloid Attachment of Constrictor Pharyngis Superior. 10. Palato-Pharyngeus. FIG. 289. A View of the Muscles of the Soft Palate, AS SEEN FROM BELOW AND IN FRONT. 1. The Roof of the Mouth or Hard Palate, sawed across at the second Molar Tooth. 2. Origin of the Levator Palati Muscle. 3. Its expansion near its insertion. 4. Origin ofthe Circumflexus or Tensor Palati. 5. The Pterygo Maxillary Ligament, which converts the notch through which this Mus- cle plays into a Foramen. 6.6. Palatine Aponeurosis. 7. A section of the Constrictor Pharyngis Su- perior Muscle. 8. Extremity of Azygos Uvulae Muscle. 9. Section of the Eustachian Tube. 20.23.24. Constrictor Pharyngis Medius. FIG. 290. A Lobule of the Parotid Gland of an In- fant, INJECTED WITH MERCURY AND MAGNI- FIED FIFTY DIAMETERS. Fage 101. FIG. 291. FIG. 292. FIG. 293. MOUTH AND PHARYNX. FIG. 291. A View of the Salivary Glands in situ. 1. The Parotid Gland in situ, and ex- tending from the Zygoma above to the Angle of the Jaw below. 2. The Duct of Steno. 3. The Sub-Maxillary Gland. 4. Its Duct. 5. Sub-Lingual Gland. FIG. 292. A Posterior View of the In- ternal Surface of the Pha- rynx. A vertical cut has been made, and the parts turned off on each side. 1. Basilar portion of Sphenoid Bone. 2. Section of Temporal Bones. 3. Orbitar Plate of Os Frontis. 4. Condyle of Lower Jaw. 5. Constrictor Pharyngis Superior. 6. The Walls ofthe Pharynx turn- ed to each side by a section through their origin. 7. Cut portion of the Sphenoidal attachment of the Pharynx. 8. Points to the Eustachian Tube. 9. Circumflexus Palati. On the right side it is in situ ; on the left it is partially turned down- wards. 10. Azygos Uvulae Muscle. 11. Fibres of the Middle Con- strictor of the Pharynx. 12. Fibres of the Inferior Con- strictor. 13. Portion of Superior Constrictor. 14. Palato-Pharyngeus. 15. Its upper portion. 16. Its insertion into Thyroid Car- tilage. 17. The Palato-Pharyngeus of the opposite side. 18. Origin of Palato-Pharyngeus. 19. Insertion of Stylo-Pharyngeus. ; 20. Crico-Arytenoideus-Posticus. 121. Internal Muscular Coat ofthe ffisophagus. FIG. 293. A Posterior View of the Muscles of the external portion of the Pharynx, as shown by removing the Back of the Head and Tho- rax. 1. Basilar portion of the Sphenoid Bone. Page 102. Inferior anterior portion of the Os Frontis, and Crista Gallt of the Ethmoid. Petrous portion of Temporal Bones. Levator Palati Muscle. Constrictor Pharyngis Superior. Constrictor Pharyngis Medius. Constrictor Pharyngis Inferior. Upper part of posterior Face of the Lining Membrane of Pha- rynx, after removing the Mus- cle. Longitudinal Muscular Fibres of the OZsophagus. Internal Pterygoid Muscle. Stylo-Pharyngeus. Myloid attachment of the Con- strictor Pharyngis Superior. Stylo-Hyoideus. Temporal Belly of Digastricus. Platysma Myodes. Sterno- C leido- .VI astoideus. Omo-Hyoideus. Sterno-Thyroid Muscle. Sterno-Hyoid. Section of Sterno-Thyroideus. Section ofthe Trapezius Muscle. FIG. 294. FIG. 295. FIG. 296. THE MOUTH AND CESOPHAGUS. FIG. 294. , A View of the Muscles of the Tongue, Pa- late, Larynx, and Pharynx—as well as the position of the upper portion of the ffisOPHAGUS, AS SHOWN BY A VERTICAL SEC- TION of the Head. 1.1. The Vertical Section of the Head. 2. Points to the Spinal Canal. 3. Section of the Hard Palate. 4. Inferior Spongy Bone. 5. Middle Spongy Bone. 6. Orifice of the Right Nostril. 7. Section of Inferior Maxilla. 8. Section of Os Hyoides. 9. Section of the Epiglottis. 10. Section of the Cricoid Cartilage. 11. The Trachea covered by its Lining Membrane. 12. Section of Sternum. 13. Inside of the upper portion of the Thorax. 14. Genio-Hyo-Glossus Muscle. 15. Its origin. I 16.17. The fan-like Expansion of the Fibres of > this Muscle. I 18. Superficialis Linguae Muscle. 19. Verticales Linguae Muscle. 20. Genio-Hyoideus Muscle. 21. Mylo-Hyoideus Muscle. 22. Anterior Belly of Digastricus. 23. Section of Platysma Myodes. 24. Levator Menti. 25. Orbicularis Oris. 26. Orifice of Eustachian Tube. 27. Levator Palati. j 28. Internal Pterygoid. 29. Section of Velum Pendulum Palati, and Azygos Uvulae Muscle. \ Page 30. Stylo-Pharyngeus. 31. Constrictor Pharyngis Superior. 32. Constrictor Pharyngis Medius. 33. Insertion Stylo-Pharyngeus. 34. Constrictor Pharyngis Inferior. 35.36.37. Muscular Coat of Oesophagus. 38. Thyreo-Arytenoid Muscle and Ligaments; and above is the Ventricle of Galen. 39. Section of Arytenoid Cartilage. 40. Border of Sterno-Hyoideus. FIG. 295. A View of a portion of the OZsophagus of an Adult, seen on its outer side. 1.1. External or Longitudinal Muscular Fibres. 2.2. Internal or Circular Fibres, as shown after the removal of the Longitudinal ones. 3.3. The cut edges of the Longitudinal Fibres, from which a portion has been removed, so as to show the Circular ones. FIG. 296. A Longitudinal Section of the Oesophagus, NEAR THE PHARYNX, SEEN ON ITS INSIDE. 1.1. Superior part near the Pharynx. 2.2. Longitudinal folds of its Mucous Membrane. 3.3. Prominences formed by its Muciparous Glands. 4.4. Capillary Blood-Vessels. 5. Shows the Muscular Coat after the Mucous Coat has been turned off. 103. 4 FIG 297. FIG. 298. ABDOMINAL VISCERA, FIG. 297. A View of the External Parietes of the Abdomen, with the position of the Lines; drawn to mark off its regions. 1.1. A line drawn from the highest point of one Ilium to the same point of the opposite one. 2.2. A line drawn from the Anterior Superior Spinous Process to the Cartilages of the Ribs. 3.3. A similar one for the opposite side. 4.4. A line drawn perpendicularly to these, and touching the most prominent part of the Costal Cartilages, thus forming nine regions. 5.5. The Right and Left Hypochondriac Regions. 6. The Epigastric Region. 7. The Umbilical Region. 8.8. The Right and Left Lumbar Regions. 9. The Hypogastric Region. 10.10. The Right and Left Iliac Regions. 11. The lower part of the Hypogastric, some- times called Pubic. FIG. 298. A View of the Reflexions of the Perito- neum, as given by a Vertical Section of the Body of a Man. 1. A section of the Spinal Column and Canal. 2. A section of the Sacrum. 3. A section of the Sternum, &c. 4. The Umbilicus. 5. A section of the Linea Alba and Abdominal Muscles. 6. The Mons Veneris. 7. Secti< n of the Pubis. 8. The Penis divided at the Corpora Cavernosa. 9. A section of the Scrotum. 10. The Superior Right Half of the Diaphragm. 11. A section of the Liver. 12. A section of the Stomach, showing its cavity. Page 13. A section of the Transverse Colon. 14. A section of the Pancreas. 15. A section of the Bladder, deprived of the Peritoneum. 16. The Rectum, cut off, tied and turned back on the promontory of the Sacrum. 17. The Peritoneum covering the anterior Parie- tes of the Abdomen. 18. The Peritoneum on the inferior under side of the Diaphragm. 19. The Peritoneum on the Convex side of the Diaphragm. 20. Reflection of Peritoneum from Diaphragm to Liver. 21. Its Peritoneum on Front of Liver. 22. The same, on its under surface. 23. The Hepatico-Gastric Omentum. 24. A large pin passed through the Foramen of Winslow into the Cavity behind the Omentum. 25. The anterior Face of the Hepatico-Gastric Omentum, passing in front of the Stomach. 26. The same Membrane leaving the Stomach to make the anterior of the four layers of the Great Omentum. 27.28. The junction of the Peritoneum from the front and back part of the Stomach, as they turn to go up to the Colon. 29. The Gastro-Colic, or Greater Omentum. 30. The separation of its Layers, so as to cover the Colon. 31. The posterior Layer passing over the Jejunum. 32. The Peritoneum in front ofthe right Kidney. 33. The Jejunum cut off and tied. 34.34. The Mesentery cut off from the small Intestines. 35. The Peritoneum reflected from the posterior Parietes of the Bladder to the anterior of the Rectum. 36. The Cul de Sac between the Bladder and Rectum. 104. FIG. 299. FIG. 300. THE VISCERA. FIG. 299. A View of the Viscera of the Chest and Abdomen, in their natural position, as given by the removal of the anterior Parietes of each cavity. 1.2. The Ribs forming the side of the Chest. 3. Fatty tissue in the anterior Mediastinum. 4.4. The section of the Pleura of each side. 5. The Pericardium enclosing the Heart. 6. Superior Lobe of the right Lung. 7. Inferior Lobe of the right Lung. 8. The Fissure which separates them. 9. Upper Lobe of the left Lung. 10. Lower Lobe of the left Lung. 11. Fissure between them. 12. A transverse section of the Diaphragm. 13. Superior Face of the right Lobe of the Liver. 14. Superior Face of the left Lobe of the Liver. 15. Lower end of the Gall Bladder. 16. Inferior and anterior Edge of the Liver. 17. Round Ligament of the Liver. 18. Suspensory Ligament of the Liver. 19. Anterior Face of the Stomach. 20. Its greater Extremity. 21. Its lesser Extremity. 22. Its lesser Curvature. 23. Its greater Curvature. 24. The Pylorus. 25. The Duodenum. 26. A part of the Gastro-Hepatic Omentum. 27.27. The Gastro-Colic Omentum. 28.28. Convolutions ofthe small Intestines, seen through this Omentum. 29. The Spleen. 30.30. The large Intestines. 31.31. Parietes of the Abdomen turned down. FIG. 300. A view of the same Viscera, after the re- moval of the Fat in the Chest and the Omentum Majus of the Abdomen. The Liver also has been turned back to show its under surface and the Lesser Omen- tum. The great Blood-Vessels of the Heart. The Lungs of each side. The Heart. The Diaphragm. Under surface of the Liver. The Gall Bladder. Union of the Cystic and Hepatic Ducts to form the Ductus Coledichus. Anterior Face of the Stomach. The Gastro-Hepatic, or lesser Omentum. A female Catheter has been passed through the Foramen of Winslow, and is seen through the Omentum. Gastro-Colic, or greater Omentum, cut off, so as to show the small Intestines. The Transverse Colon, pushed slightly downwards. Its ascending portion, also pushed down. Small Intestines. The Sigmoid Flexure. Appendicula Vermiformis. Page 105. FIG. 301. FIG. 302. THE VISCERA. FIG. 301. A View of the Heart and Intestines in situ. the Lungs, Trachea, and Omentum Majus, having been removed, and the colon turn- ed upwards. 1.2. The Ribs on one side of the Chest. 3. The right Ventricle of the Heart. 4. The right Auricle of the Heart. 5. The left Ventricle. 6. The left Auricle. 7. The Descending Vena Cava. 8.9. Right Subclavian and Vena Innominata. 10. Arch of the Aorta. 11. Arteria Innominata. 12. Left Primitive Carotid Artery. 13. Left Subclavian Artery. j 14. Lower portion of the Thyroid Gland. j 15.15. The Jejunum. 16.17. The Ileum. \ 18. One ofthe Longitudinal Bands ofthe Colon. 19. The Ccecum. 20. Appendicula Vermiformis. 21. Ascending Colon. 22. Left end of the transverse Colon. 23. Descending Colon. 24. Sigmoid Flexure. 25. Transverse Mesocolon. ! 26. Rifht Lumbar portion of Mesocolon. Pago 27. Left Lumbar portion of Mesocolon. 2'.s.28. Parietes of the Abdomen turned down. FIG. 302. A View of the Stomach and Oesophagus, in their natural position. the thoracic Viscera—nearly all the Diaphragm and the Intestines have been removed—the Peritoneum has been detached from the Kidneys, and the Duodenum is left. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Upper portion of the Oesophagus. Arch of the Aorta. Lower portion of the Oesophagus. Vertebral Column. Vena Cava Ascendens. The Pancreas. The cut edge of the Diaphragm. 8. Great Cul de Sac of the Stomach. 9. Cardiac orifice of the Stomach. 10. Pyloric orifice of the Stomach. 11. The Spleen. 12. The Peritoneal Coat of the Stomach par- tially turned off. 13. The right Kidney. 14. Lower curvature of the Duodenum. 1 5. Ascending Vena Cava. 16. Abdominal Aorta. 17. A section of the Rectum. 106. FIG. 303. FIG. 304. FIG. 305. THE STOMACH. FIG. 303. A Front View of the Stomach, distended by FLATUS, WITH THE PERITONEAL COAT TURNED OFF. 1. Anterior Face of the Oesophagus. 2. The Cul de Sac, or greater Extremity. j 3. The lesser or Pyloric Extremity. ! 4. The Duodenum. I 5.5. A portion of the Peritoneal Coat turned back. 6. A portion of the Longitudinal Fibres of the Muscular Coat. \ 7. The Circular Fibres of the Muscular Coat. \ 8. The Oblique Muscular Fibres, or Muscle of Gavard. 9. A portion of the Muscular Coat of the Duo- denum, where its Peritoneal Coat has been removed. 3. Its greater Extremity, or Cul de Sac. 4. The greater Curvature. 5. Line of attachment of the Omentum Majus. 6. The Muscular Coat. 7. The anterior cut Edge of the Mucous Coat. 8. The Rugae of the Mucous Coat. 9. The lesser Curvature. 10. The beginning of the Duodenum. II. Pyloric Orifice, or Valve. 12. The first turn of the Duodenum downwards. FIG. 304. A View of the Interior of the Stomach, as given by the removal of its anterior Parietes. 1. 03sophagus. 2. Cardiac Orifice of the Stomach. FIG. 305. A View of the interior of the Stomach and Duodenum in situ, the inferior portion of each having been removed. 1.1. The under side of the Liver. 2. The Gall Bladder. 3.3. The lesser Curvature and anterior Faces, as seen from below. 4. The Rugae, about the Cardiac Orifice. 5. The Pyloric Orifice. 6. The Rugae, and thickness of this Orifice. 7.7. The Duodenum. 8. Lower End ofthe Right Kidney. Pa;-'e 107. FIG. 306. FIG. 307. ml mmm FIG. 310. FIG. 309. FIG. 308. FIG. 311. FIG. 312. *# i>;,^i #? FIG. 306. a portion op the stomach and Duodenum laid open to show their interior. 1.1. The Right or Pyloric Extre- mity of the Stomach. 2.2. The Folds and Mucous Fol- licles of the Mucous Coat of the Stomach. 3. Points into the Pylorus. 4. The thickness ofthe Pylorus. 5.5. The Rugae of the Internal Coat of the Duodenum. 6. The Opening of the Ductus Communis Choledochus into the Duodenum. FIG. 307. A Section of the Coats of the Stomach near the Py- lorus, showing the Gas- tric Glands. 1. Magnified three times. 2. Magnified twenty times. THE STOMACH. FIG. 308. A Portion of the Mucous Membrane of the Sto- mach, showing the En- trances to the Secreting Tubes, in the Cells upon i its Surface. j FIG. 309. j (l.)The apex of an Intestinal Villus from the Duodenum i of the Human Female. j (2.) A Mesh of the Vascular Net-j work. 1. The Net-work. 2. Delicate Vesicular Tissue, magnified near 45 diameters.) FIG. 310. LINGER, MAGNIFIED ABOUT 45 DIAMETERS. 1. Veins rilled with white in- jection. 2. Arteries injected with red. FIG. 311. The Glands in the Coats of the Stomach, magnified 45 diameters. 1. A Gastric Gland, from the middle of the Stomach. 2. Another, of more complex structure, and appearing to contain Mucus — from the neighbourhood ofthe Pylorus. FIG. 312. The Vessels of an Intestinal i One of the Intestinal Villi, Villus of a Hare, from a dry preparation by dol- Page 106. with the commencement of a Lacteal. FIG. 313. FIG. 314. FIG 315. FIG. 317. FIG. 316. FIG. 318. ^GliftS FIG. 319. THE INTESTINAL CANAL, FIG. 313. A View of the muscular Coat of the Ileum. 1.1. The Peritoneal Coat. 2. A portion of this Coat turn- ed off and showing a por- tion of the Longitudinal Fi- bres of the Muscular Coat adherent to it. 3.4.5. The Circular Muscular Fi- bres in different parts of the Intestine. FIG. 314. A PORTION OF THE JEJUNUM, IN- VERTED, DISTENDED AND DRIED. 1. The Sub-Mucous Cellular Tissue distended by the in- flation. 2. The Cellular Tissue of the Mesentery close to the In- testine. 3.3. The Peritoneal Coat. 4. The Muscular Coat. 5. The Union of the Perito- neal and Muscular Coats. 6. The Mucous or Villous Coat. 7.7.7. Valvulae Conniventes, seen thus in consequence ofthe inflation of the Sub-Mucous Cellular Tissue. FIG. 315. a portion of the mucous Coat of the small Intes- tines AS ALTERED IN FEVER. The Follicles of Lieber- kuhn being filled with a whiie tenacious mucus. FIG. 316. One of the Conglomerate [ Glands of Brunner, from the commencement of the Duodenum. Magnified an hundred times. FIG. 317. A View of one of the Glan- j DUL-ffi Majores Simplices of the large Intestine, as seen from above, and also in a Section. FIG. 318. A Longitudinal Section of the Upper Part of the Je- junum extended under wa- ter. Page 100. 1.1. Valvulae Conniventes. 2.2. The Summits of two of the Valvulae placed side by side. The Villi cover the whole Mem- brane, but are best seen on its edges in this cut. FIG. 319. A Longitudinal Section of the End of the small In- testines, or Ileum, and of the beginning of the large Intestines, or Colon. 1.1. A portion of the Ascending Colon. 2.2. The Ccecum,or Caput Coli. 3.3. Lower portion of the Ileum. 4.4. The Muscular Coat, covered by the Peritoneum. 5.5. The Cellular and Mucous Coats. 6.6. Folds of the Mucous Coat at this end of the Colon. 7.7. Prolongations of the Cellular Coat into these Folds. 8.8. Ileo-Colic Valve. 9.9. The Union of the Coats of the Ileum and Colon. ! FIG. 320. FIG. 321. MM 'Ml KWr .■■:■•- ■ $i''■■■ FIG. 322. FIG. 323. C.v t ftp. ' i HI THE INTESTINAL CANAL. FIG. 320. A View of a Longitudinal Section of the Ileum, extended under Water. The Vil- li and Mucous Follicles, known as the Glands of Bruner, are well seen. The Follicles are rendered more apparent by a Woman who was drowned shortly after eating. The Villi are filled with Chyle and appear as small cylindrical prolon- GATIONS, CURVED TOWARDS THEIR FREE EX- TREMITY. FIG. 323. THEIR BEING INDURATED, AND THEIR ORIFICES seen at the Surface of the Intestine, j There are no Valvule Conniventes in I A portion of one of the Patches of Peyer's this piece. > Glands from the end of the Ileum, highly „ _ i magnified. The Villi are also seen. FIG. 321. 5 A View of a portion of the Ileum with the ) Veins injected. FIG. 324. 1. The Intestine. \ A View of a Longitudinal Section of the 2. The Mesentery. Jejunum, showing the Villi as seen under \ the Microscope. TC T C 399 > 1.1- The Terminal Orifices of the Villi. A View of a portion of two of the Valvule 2.2. The Internal Coats of the Intestine. Conniventes with their Villi, taken from j 3. The Peritoneal Coat. Page 110. FIG. 325. FIG. 326. FIG. 327. THE INTESTINAL CANAL. FIG. 325. A View of the Coscum—after IT HAS BEEN DISTENDED—DRIED AND LAID OPEN IN FRONT. 1. The Ascending Colon. 2. One of the Cells of the Colon. 3. The Ileo-Colic Valve. 4. The Opening into the Appen- dicula Vermiformis. 5. Appendicula Vermiformis. 6. A Section of the Lower End of the Ileum. FIG. 326. A View of the Mesocolon in ITS CONNEXION WITH THE ME- SENTERY, AS WELL AS THE CON- NEXIONS of the Colon with the Mesocolon—the Open- ing of the Ileum into the CffiCUM, AND THE PASSAGE OF the Duodenum from the Su- perior to the Inferior Part of the Abdomen. I. The Peritoneum of the Lum- bar Region, and the Origin of; the Left Lumbar Mesocolon. 2. The Left Lumbar Portion of the Mesocolon. 3. The Transverse Mesocolon. 4. The Right Lumbar Mesoco- lon. 5. The Union of the Mesocolon with the Mesentery. 6. The Mesentery. 7.7. The Folds of the Mesentery cut off from the small Intes- tines. 8. Lower End of the Ileum. 9. The Coecum. 10.10. The Ascending Colon. 11. The Transverse Colon. 12. The Descending Colon. 13. The Sigmoid Flexure. 14. The Anterior Muscular Band of the Colon. 15. The Duodenum, passing 1 from the Superior to the In- i ferior Portion of the Abdo- men. 16. The Colon ending in the Rectum. 17. Section of the Ileum. ) FIG. 327. A View of the Muscular Coat of the Colon, as seen after the removal of ihe Perito- neum. 1.1. One of its three Bands of Longitudinal Muscular Fi- bres. 2.2. The Circular Fibres of the Muscular Coat. FIG. 328. A View of the Longitudinal Muscular Fibres of a Sec- tion of the Rectum. Termination of the Sigmoid Flexure in the Rectum. Upper Portion of the Rectum. The three Bands of Longitu- dinal Fibres of the Colon continued upon the Rectum. The Longitudinal Muscular Fibres of the Rectum formed by the expansion of those of the Colon. Page 111. FTG- 329- . FIG. 330. THE INTESTINAL CANAL. FIG. 329. A View of the Position and Curvatures of the large Intestines. 1. The End of the Ileum. 2. Appendicula Vermiformis. 3. The Ccecum, or Caput Coli. 4. The Transverse Colon. 5. The Descending Colon. 6. The Sigmoid Flexure. 7. Commencement of Rectum. 8.8. The Rectum. 9. The Anus. — The Levator- Ani Muscle is seen on each side. | FIG. 330. \ A View of a Portion of the $ Rectum, cut off longitudi- £ nally and extended under i WATER. s> 1.1. A Portion ofthe Perineum. | 2.2. The Anus laid open. 3.3. The Folds and Doublings of the Mucous Coat. ! 4.4. Orifices of the Mucous Fol- licles. | 5.5. The Mucous Lacunae, or I Pouches near the Anus. Page 112. FIG. 331. A Vertical Section of the Parietes of the Anus, with the Rectum, so as to show the relation of the rectal Pouches to the surround- ing Parts, their Orifices being marked by Bristles. 1.1. Columns of the Rectum. 2.2. Rudiments of Columns. 3. Section of Internal Sphincter. 4. Section of External Sphincter. 5.5. Radiated Folds of the Skin on the Surface of the Nates. 6. Imperfect Pouches. 7. Bristles in the Rectal Pouches. FIG. 332. FIG. 333. FIG. 334. FIG. 335. MINUTE ANATOMY OF MUCOUS COAT. FIG. 332. A View of the Follicles of the Colon, mag- nified about 115 TIMES. In the Mucous Coat of the Alimentary Ca- nal is to be found a Cribriform Texture of Veins, almost without an Artery. The fine Venous Trunks of a deeper Layer have their originating extremities directed vertically towards the cavity of the Gut, and the meshes of the Venous Inter- i texture are exceedingly minute, producing in the Colon an appearance resembling a plate of metal \ pierced with round holes closely bordering on each other. These holes are the Follicles of \ Lieberkuhn, are gaping Orifices, the Edges of j which are rounded off, and their depth is that of ] the thickness of the Venous Anatomosis. The \ aggregate number of these Follicles in the Colon, is estimated at Nine Million Six Hundred and i Twenty Thousand. j FTG. 333. A View of the Folds and Follicles of the Stomach, highly magnified. | In the Stomach the Follicles vary much in size, j and many of the smaller ones open into the larger, j Fage On an average, about Two Hundred and Twenty- Five are found upon every square of an eighth of an inch, which, by calculation from this prepara- tion, would give One Million Two Hundred and Ninety-Six Thousand Follicles to the entire Sto- mach. FIG. 334. A View of the Follicles and Villi of the Jejunum, highly magnified. The Villi, being erected by injection, here run into each other and press one upon another like the convolutions of the Cerebrum. Some of them are merely semi-oval plates, the Transverse Diameter of which exceeds the length or eleva- tion. The Follicles are seen between them and at their Bases. FIG. 335. A View of the Villi and Follicles of the Ileum, highly magnified. These Villi are curved with their Edges bent in, or concave ; but there is, in the whole Canal, every variety of shape, from oblong, curved and serpentine Ridgps, to the laterally flattened Cone standing on its Base. FIG. 336. FIG. 338. FIG. 337. MINUTE ANATOMY OF THE MUCOUS COAT. FIG. 336. A MAGNIFIED VlEW OF THE FaVOUS DEPRESSIONS of the Mucous Coat of the Stomach, and the Muciparous Glands. FIG. 337. A Section of the Ileum, inverted so as to show the appearance and arrangement of the Villi on an extended Surface, as well as the Follicles of Lieberkuhn ; the whole seen under the Microscope. A close examination of this Cut, will show a great number of black points in the spaces be- ? Page tween the projections or Villi: these are the Fol- licles of Lieberkuhn. FIG. 338. A Section of the small Intestine containing SOME OF THE GLANDS OF PEYER, AS SHOWN UNDER THE MICROSCOPE. These Glands appear to be small Lenticular Ex- cavations, containing, according to Bcehm, a white, milky and rather thick Fluid, with numerous round Corpuscules of various sizes, but mostly smaller than Blood Globules. The Meshes seen in the Cut are the ordinary tripe-like Folds of the Mu- cous Coat, and not the Venous Texture spoken of under the Follicles. 114, FIG. 339. FIG. 340. FIG. 341. FIG. 342. FIG. 343. THE LIVER. FIG. 339. A View of a portion of the Peritoneum covering the Liver, with its Capillary Vessels Injected. FIG. 340. A View of the Liver in Situ, together with the parts ADJOINING, IN A NEW-BORN In- FANT. 1.1. The Integuments of the Ab- domen turned back. 2.2. The Thoracic Surface of a Section of the Diaphragm. 3. Anterior Face of the Right Lobe of the Liver. 4. The Left Lobe. 5. The Suspensory Ligament. 6. The Round Ligament. 7. Point of Origin of the Co- ronary Ligament. 8. The Spleen. 9. Section of the Stomach. 10. Upper portion ofthe Colon. 3. Its Anterior, Inferior or Thin | 25. Lobulus Spigelii 4. FIG. 341. The Inferior or Concave Sur- face of the Liver, showing its Subdivisions into Lobes. 1. Centre ofthe Right Lobe. 2. Centre of the Left Lobe. 5 6, I 7, 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 21. Margin. Its Posterior, Thick or Dia- phragmatic Portion. The Right Extremity. The Left Extremity. The Notch on the Anterior Margin. The Umbilical or Longitudi- nal Fissure. The Round Ligament or re- mains ofthe Umbilical Vein. Lobulus Caudatus. 27. Inferior Vena Cava. 28. Curvature of Liver to fit the Ascending Colon. 29. Depression to fit the Right Kidney. 30. Upper portion of its Right Concave Surface over the Re- nal Capsule. 31. Portion of Liver uncovered by the Peritoneum. The Portion of the Suspen- 32. Inferior Edge ofthe Coronary sory Ligament in connexion with the Round Ligament Pons Hepatitis, or Band of Liver across the Umbilical Fissure. Posterior End of Longitudi- nal Fissure. ! Attachment of the Oblite- rated Ductus Venosus to the Ascending Vena Cava. Transverse Fissure. Section of the Hepatic Duct. Hepatic Artery. Its Branches. Vena Portarum. Its Sinus, or Division into Right and Left Branches. Fibrous remains ofthe Duc- tus Venosus. Gall Bladder. Its Neck. Lobulus Quartus. Ligament in the Liver. 33. Depression made by the Ver- tebral Column. FIG. 342. A View of the Connexion op the Lobules op the Liver with the Hepatic Vein. 1. Trunk of the Vein. 2.2. Lobules depending from its Branches like leaves on a tree, the centre of each being occupied by a venous twig— the Intra-Lobular Vein. FIG. 343. 1. Nucleated Cells composing the Parenchyma of the Gland. 2. Lobules of Human Liver with Ramifications of the Hepatic Vein. Page 115. FIG 311 FIG. 317. ^ 1H£ u VT FIG. 348. :rhr 2 2^-\*' 4ft X' FIG. 345. ir^i \> FIG. 346. FIG. 349. THE LIVER AND GALL BLADDER FIG. 344. A Horizontal Section of three superficial Lobules of the Liver, showing the two principal Systems of Blood-Vessels, l.l. Intra-Lobular Veins proceeding from the Hepatic Veins. 2.2. Intra-Lobular Plexus formed by branches of the Portal Veins. FIG. 345. A Horizontal Section of two Superficial Lobules, show- ing the Intra-Lobular Plex- j us op Biliary Ducts. 1 1. Intra-Lobular Veins. 2.2. Trunks of Biliary Ducts, pro- ceeding from the Plexus which traverses the Lobules. 3. Inter-Lobular Tissue. 4. Parenchyma of the Lobules. FIG. 346. Angular Lobules in a state of Anemia as they appear on the External Surface of the Liver. 1. The Surface. 2. Inter-Lobular Spaces. 3. Inter-Lobular Fissures. 4. Intra-Lobular Veins occupying the Centres of the Lobules. 5. Smaller Veins terminating in the central Veins. FIG. 347. A View of the Rounded Lob- ules IN THE FIRST STAGE OF Hepatic Venous Conges- tion as they appear on the Surface of the Liver. 1.1. The Lobules. 2.2. Inter-Lobular Spaces and Fis- sures. rage 11(3. FIG. 348. ! Shows the three Coats of ; the Gall-Bladder sepa- rated FROM EACH OTHER. \ 1. The External or Peritoneal Coat. \ 2. The Cellular Coat with its ves- 5 sels injected. ( 3. The Mucous Coat covered with Wrinkles. 14.4. Valves formed by this Coat in > the Neck of the "Gall-Bladder. \ 5.5. Orifices of the Mucous Follicles ', at this point. FIG. 349. A View of the Gall-Bladder Distended with Air, and with its Vessels Injected. 1. Cystic Artery. 2. The Branches of it which supply the Peritoneal Coat of the Liver. 3. The Branch of the Hepatic Ar- tery which goes to the Gall-Blad- der. 4. The Lymphatics of the Gall- Bladder. FIG. 351. FIG. 350. FIG. 352. FIG. 353 FIG. 354. THE SPLEEN AND PANCREAS. FIG. 350. A View of the Roots, Trunk and Divisions of the Vena portarum. 1.1. The Veins coming from the In- testines. 2. Trunk of the Vena Portarum. 3.3. Branches as distributed in the Liver. FIG. 351 Represents the Convex or Ex- ternal Face of the Spleen or the side which corre- sponds to the Diaphragm. 1. Its Superior Extremity. 2. Its Inferior Extremity. 3.3. Anterior Edge. 4.4. Posterior Edge. f>.5. Its Convex Surface. \ FIG. 352 ; Shows the Internal Face of j the Spleen where it touch- ; es the Stomach. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. .8. 9.9. Superior Extremity. Interior Extremity. Posterior Part of the Concave Face. Anterior Part of the same. Fissure of the Spleen. Splenic Artery. Splenic Vein. Anterior Edge of the Spleen. Its Posterior Edge. FIG. 353 Represents the Splenic Vein with its Branches and Ra- mifications. 1. Trunk of the Vein. 2. Gastric Branch of this Vein com- ing from the Stomach. Page 117. 3. Blanches coining from the Sub- stance of the Spleen. 4. A small Mesenteric Vein cut off. 5. Branches coming from the Exter- nal Coat of the Spleen. 6. Branches of the Lymphatic Ves- sels of the Spleen. FIG. 354. An Anterior View of the Pancreas, Spleen and Duo- denum with their Blood- vessels Injected. 1. The Spleen. 2. Its Diaphragmatic Extremity. 3. Its Inferior Portion. 4. The Fissure for its Vessels. 5. The Pancreas. 6. Its Head, or the Lesser Pancreas. 7. Duodenum. 8. Coronary Arteries of the Sto- mach. 9. The Hepatic Artery. 10. The Splenic Artery. 11. The Splenic Vein. FIG. 356. FIG. 355. FIG 357 THE KIDNEYS AND RENAL CAPSULES, FIG. 355. A View op the Urinary Or- gans in Situ. 1.1. The Kidneys. 2.2. The Capsulae Renales. 3.3. The Ureters in their course to the Bladder, and their relations to the Blood-Vessels. 4. Bladder distended with Urine. 5. The Rectum. 6. The Emulgent Arteries. 7. The Abdominal Aorta. 8. Its Division into the Iliacs. 9. The Primitive Iliacs at the point where the Ureters cross them. FIG. 356. A View of the Right Kidney with its Renal Capsule. Anterior Face of the Kidney. External or Convex Edge. Its Internal Edge. Hilum Renale. Inferior Extremity ofthe Kidney. Pelvis of the Ureter. Ureter. } Superior and Inferior Branches 5 of the Emulgent Artery. }The three Branches of the Emulgent Vein. Anterior Face of the Renal Cap- sule. Its Superior Edge. Its Externa! Ed A Portion of the Surface of I the Kidney seen through ; the Microscope. ; 1. Superficial Veins forming a net- 1 work on the Surface. 2. The Capillary Vessels that these Veins receive from the Cortical Substance of the Kidney. 3. Areola formed on the Surface by the Superficial Veins. 4. Smaller Veins forming Stars over this Surface. FIG. 359. A View of the Pelvis of the Ureter with the Calices. 1.1. Two small Calices at the Up- per Portion. 2. A larger Calix formed by the ; j union of the two preceding. ; i'VI Two other Calicos. 5. Three smaller Inferior Calices. 6. A larger Calix formed by the union of these and opening into the Pelvis. 7. Opening of 3 and 4. 8. Origin of the Ureter. 9. The Ureter. FIG. 360. A Section of the Right Kid- ney SURMOUNTED BY THE Re- nal Capsule. 1. Supra-Renal Capsule. 2. Cortical Portion. 3. Medullary or Tubular. 4. Two of the Calices receiving the Apex, of their corresponding Cones. 5. The Infundibula. 6. The Pelvis. 7. The Ureter. FIG. 361. A Vertical Section of the Left Kidney. 1. Cortical or Vascular Structure. 2. Pyramids of Malpighi or Tubular Structure. | 3. Papillae or Apices of Pyramids. ! 4. Terminations of other Papillae in I Infundibula. 5. Calices. 6. The three Infundibula. 7. Pelvis of the Ureter. s. The Ureter. fk; MINUTE STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY. FIG. 362. A Section of one of the Pyra- mids of Malpighi, and of its corresponding Cortical Substance, as seen under the Microscope. 1. Portion of the Surface of the Kidney. 2. From this Figure up to 1, is the Cortical Substance of the Kidney. 3. From 2 to this number is the Tubular portion. 4. The Foveola. 5.6. Arteries and Veins ramifying through the Kidney. 7. Arteries to the Acini of the Kidney. 8. Capillary Extremities of Veins anastomosing with cor- responding Arterioles. 9. Tortuous Extremities of the Arteries directed into the In- terior of the Gland. 10. Bases of the Cones of the Cortical and Pyramidal Sub- stance of the Kidney. From 10 to 4 is a collection of these Cones. 11. The Envelope ofthe Cortical Liver. 12. Prolongations of the Tubu- lar portion. 13. Tortuous Tubes, or those of Ferrien. 14. Straight Tubes, or those of Bellini. 15. Vessels which wind between them. 16. Course of the Uriniferous Tubes in theTubular portion. 17. The matter between these Tubes. 18. Bifurcation of the Straight Tubes. 19. Sections of these Tubes. 20. Their Orifices. FIG. 363. A View of Half a Kidney di- vided Vertically from its Convex to its Concave Edge. One of its Extre- mities is PERFECT. 1.1. The Lobes which form the Kidney. 2.2. The Lines of Separation of these Lobes. 3. The Cortical Substance. ; 4.5. The Pyramids of Malpiohi. ] 6. The Hilum Rrnale split up and cleared of its Vessels, j Page 110. ; 7.7. Points to the Tubes of Bellini. | 8. One of the Papillae. 9.10. Two other Papilla;, uncut but deprived of the Calices that surrounded them. 11. One of the Foveolae in the Papilla. 12.12. The Vascular Circle sur- rounding the Papillae. 13. Circumference of the Tubu- lar portion. 14. External Surface of the Kid- ney. 15. The portion of its External Surface on a Line with its Fissure. FIG. 364 Represents the Half of a Kidney divided Vertically, and with its aliteries in- JECTED. The Matter has ALSO PASSED INTO THE EX- CRETORY Ducts. 1.2. Branches of the Emulgent Ar- tery. 3.3. Hilum Renale. I 4. Cortical Substance,as essentially formed by the Capillary Termi- nations of the Vessels of the Kidney. 5. Medullary or Tubular portion. FIG. 365 FIG. 367. \\ MINUTE STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY. FIG. 365. | A SMALL PORTION OF THE KiD- \ NEY MAGNIFIED ABOUT SIXTY TIMES. 1. Ccecal Extremity of a Tu- bulus Uriniferus. 2.2. Recurrent Loops of Tubuli. 3.3. Bifurcations of Tubuli. f')Tubuli converging towards q ( the Papilla. f Corpora Malpighiana seen 7.7. ! to consist of Plexuses of; 7.7.] Blood-Vessels, connected I with a Capillary net-work. 8. Arterial Trunk. FIG. 366. Portion of the Kidney of a new-born Infant. Natural Size. 1.1. Corpora Malpighiana as dis- persed Points in the Corti- cal Substance. 2.2. Papilla. FIG. 367. A smaller Part, magnified. 1.1. Corpora Malpighiana. 2. Tubuli Uriniferi. FIG. 368. I Extremity of one of the Tu- \ buli Uriniferi from the Kid- > ney of an Adult, showing \ its Tesselated Epithelium. \ Magnified 250 Diameters. FIG. 369. Corpora Wolffiana as shown in the Embryo of Birds, with the Kidney and Testes. 1. Kidney. 2.2. Ureters. 3. Corpus Wolffianum. 4. Its Excretory Duct. 5.5. Testicles.—On the top of the Figure are seen the Supra- Renal Capsules. Paue 120. FIG. 370. FIG. 371 FIG. 372. THE BLADDER AND URETHRA. FIG. 370. The Bladder and Urethra of a man, laid open in its whole LENGTH. 1.1 15. 16. 17. 18. The Bladder, cut open by a crucial Incision and the four Flaps separated. , The Ureters. Their Vesical Orifices. , Uvula Vesica?. The Trian- gle formed by the Points at 3.4 is the Vesicle Triangle. Superior Fundus of the Blad- der. < Bas Fond of the Bladder, i The smooth Centre of the j Vesical Triangle. < Verumontanum or Caput Gal-| linaginis. \ Orifice of the Ductus Ejacu- ] latorius. Depression near the Veru-; montanum. ] Ducts from the Prostate Gland. 13. Lateral Lobes of the Pros- tate Gland. Prostatic Portion ofthe Ure- thra ; just above is the Neck of the Bladder. Its Membranous Portion. One of Couper's Glands. The Orifices of their Excre- tory Ducts. Seel ion of the Bulb of the Urethra with its Erectile Tis- < sue. ! 19. Cut Edges of the Corpora ; Cavernosa. 20. Cut Edges ofthe Glans Penis. 21. Prepuce dissected off. 22. Internal Surface of the Ure- thra laid open. 23. Outer Surface of Corpora Cavernosa. 21.25. Accelerator Urinae Muscle. 26.27. Erector Penis Muscles. FIG. 371. A Three-Q,uarter View of the Urinary Bladder, dis- tended with Air and show- ing its Muscular Fibres. 1.1. The Bladder. 2. Urachus. 3. Two Planes of Longitudinal Muscular Fibres on the An- terior and External Portion of the Bladder. 4. A Band of Fibres separat- ing from these and running upwards and outwards. 5. Muscular Fibres which form Loops on the Posterior Sur- face of the Bladder. 6.7. Other Muscular Fibres form- ing a Layer between the Ex- j ternal and the Internal. 8. Left Ureter. 9. Left Portion of the Vesiculae Seminalis. 10. Vas Deferens of the same Side. 11.11. The Lateral Lobes of the Prostate Gland. 12. Muscular Fibres which run on the Sides of the Prostate. 13. Other Fibres on its Anterior. 14. The Urethra tied with a Cord. FIG. 372. Another Urinary Bladder distended with Air, and showing a different ar- RANGEMENT of the Muscular Fibres. 1. Neck of the Bladder. 2. Two Bands of Fibres on the Anterior and External Faces of the Bladder, running up to its top, and answering to those marked 3, in Fig. 371. 3. Urachus raised up on the sum- mit of the Bladder. 4. Inferior Fundus. 5. Right Ureter surrounded by Muscular Fibres. 6. Very strong Muscular Fibres running upwards to lose them- selves under No. 2. 7. Other strong Fibres intercross- ing with these. 8. Fibres passing from the Neck and Inferior Fundus to the Su- perior Fundus. 9. Internal Layer of Fibres. Page 121. FIG. 373. FIG. 374. FIG. 375. THE GENITO-URINARY ORGANS. FIG. 373. A View of the Sphincter Ap- paratus of the Neck ofthe Bladder, as described in Vol. II., p. 94, Horner's Spe- cial Anatomy. 1843. 1.1. Orifice of the Neck of the Bladder. 2.2. Orifices of the Ureters. 3.3. The Triangular Muscle un- der the Vesical Triangle. 1.4. The Crescentic Muscular Fibres at the Neck of the Bladder. 5. The Transverse Fasciculus of Muscular Fibres. FIG. 374. A Side View of the Position of the Urinary Bladder, Prostate and Vesicul^: Se- j minales, in the Cavity of the Pelvis. 1. Symphysis Pubes. ; 2. Section of the Ilium. ; 3. A Section of the Left Corpus Cavernosum. ; 4. A Vertical Section of both of I the Corpora Cavernosa. i 5. Ligamentum Suspensorium of j the Penis. 't 6. Bulb of the Urethra. 7. A Vertical Section of the Urethra. 8. Membranous Portion of the Urethra. 9. Prostate Gland. 10. Left Seminal Vesicle. 11. Left Vas Deferens. 12. Left Ureter. 13. Urinary Bladder, emptied and flattened. 14. Tendon of the Rectus Abdo- minis. 15. Right Pyramidalis Muscle. 16. Peritoneum. 17. Section ofthe Psoas Magnus. 18. Section of the Iliacus Inter- nus. 19. Glutens Minimus. 20. Gluteus Medius. 21. Gluteus Maximus. 22. Section of the Pyriformis. 23. Musculus Ischio Coccygeus. 24. Obturator Internus. 25. Last Bone of the Coccyx. 26. Gluteus Maximus. 27. Right Ramus of the Pubis. 28. Sigmoid Flexure of the Co- lon. 29. Rectum. 30. Anus. 31. External Sphincter Muscle. FIG. 375. A Side View of the Viscera of the Pelvis, showing the Bladder and its surround- ing Parts. 1. Symphysis Pubis. 2. The Bladder. 3. The Recto-Vesical Fold of the Peritoneum. 4. The Ureter. 5. The Vas Deferens. 6. Vesicula Seminalis of the Right Side. 7. Section ofthe Prostate Gland. 8. Section of the Neck of the Bladder. 9. Prostatic Portion of Urethra. 10. Membranous Portion. 11. Corpus Spongiosum. 12. Anterior Ligament of the Bladder. 13. Rectal End of the Pelvic Fascia. 14. Space between the Deep and Pelvic Fascia. 15. Triangular Ligament. 16. One of Couper's Glands. 17. Continuation of Superficial Perineal Fascia. 18. Scrotum. 19. Deep Fascia prolonged to the Rectum. 20. Portion of the Levator Ani. 21.22. Course of Deep Fascia. Page 122. THE PENIS. FIG. 376. A View of the Glans Pe- nis Injected. 1.1. Portions of the Corpora Ca- vernosa. 2. The Prepuce turned back. 3. Its Frcenum. 4.4. Glandulro Odoriferse Tysoni. ', 5. Point ofthe Glans Penis. 6. Prominences of the Glans on each side of the Frcenum. 7. The Furrow which separates ', the Sides ofthe Glans. 8. Corona Glandis. FIG. 377. The Penis deprived of its Skin, distended, dried and seen on its Inferior Surface. I. Surface of the Cellular Mem- brane of the Penis separated from the Skin. 2. The Corpora Cavernosa. 3. Septum Pectiniforme as seen from behind. 4. Urethra, surrounded by the Corpora Cavernosa. 5. Internal Surface of the Skin. (i. Glans Penis. 7. Thickness of the Cellulur Membrane as shown in a Sec- tion of the Penis. 8. Fibrous Membrane of the Cor- pora Cavernosa. FIG. 378. A Section of the Penis inflated, dried, and deprived of its Exter- nal Cellular Mem- brane. 1. Fibrous Coat of the Corpora Cavernosa. 2. Corpora Cavernosa. 3. Their Septum. 4. Corpus Spongiosum Urethra?. 5. Canal of the Urethra. 6. Internal Filaments of the Cor- pora Cavernosa which pass from the Median Septum tu the External Fibrous Mem- brane. 19. Right Vesicula Seminalis. 20. Vas Deferens. | 21. Rectum covere.d by the Pel- vic Fascia. ' 22. Portion of the Levator Ani Muscle. I 23. Sphincter Ani. ; 24. Space between the Deep and Superficial Perineal Fascia. FIG. 379. A Side View of the Vis- cera ofthe Male Pel- vis in Situ, as given by a Vertical Section ' through the Bones of the Pelvis. 1. Section of the Pubis. 2. Section of the Sacrum. 3. Body of the Bladder. 4. Its Fundus. 5. The Base of the Bladder. 6. The Ureter. 7. The Neck of the Bladder. 8. Pelvic Fascia. 9. Prostate Gland. 10. Membranous Portion of the Urethra. ! II. Triangular Ligament. ; 12. One of Couper's Glands. j 13. The Bulb ofthe Corpus Spon- s giosum. I 14. Body of Corpus Spongiosum, i 15. End of Corpus Cavcrnosum. S 16. Sigmoid flexure of theColon. 5 ! 17. Recto Vesical Fold of the < Peritoneum. < 18. Mu-cular Fibres of the Rec-! turn. i FIG. 380. A View of the Septum Pectiniforme of the Corpora Spongiosa. 1. Course of the Urethra. 2. Glans Penis. 3. Vena Dorsalis Penis. 4. Posterior Portion of the Sep- tum. 5. Comblike Processes of Sep- tum Pectiniforme. Glans Peris. Orifice ofthe Urethra. Fossa Naviculars. Corpus Spongiosum Urethra? Anterior Portion of the Sep- tum Pectiniforme. Its Posterior Portion. Bulbous port ion of theUrethra. Bulb of the Corpus Spongio- sum. Posterior End of the Corpus Cavernosum. FIG. 381. A View of the Arteries of the Penis Injected. The Penis is distend- ed and dried. 1.2 3. Represent the same parts as in the previous Figure. 4. Arteria Dorsalis Penis. 5.6. Deep Arteries of the Cor- pora Cavernosa giving off Branches to these Bodies. FIG. 382. A Vertical Section of the Penis and Ure- thra. FIG. 383. The Vesiculje Semina- les,Bladder and Pros- tate, the Right Semi- nal Vesicle only is opened, the Left is in- jected AND DISTENDED. 1. The Urinary Bladder, 2. The Posterior Longitudinal Layer of Muscular Fibres. 3. The Prostate Gland. 4. Membranous Portion of the LTrethra. 5. The Ureters. 6. Blood-Vessels. 7. Right Vas Deferens. 8. Left Vas Deferens. 9. Right Seminal Vesicle in its Natural Position. 10. Ductus Ejaculatorius of the Right Side traversing the Pros- tate Gland. 11. Left Seminal Vesicle injected with wax and dissected out. 12. Blind Pouches of Vesiculae. 13. Other Appendages. 14. Left Ductus F.jaculatorius traversing the Prostate. rage 123. FIG. 334. FIG. 385. THE MALE PERINEUM. FIG. 384. A View of the Muscles op the Perineum of the Male. Only one side is numbered. I. Ascending Ramus of the Ischium. 2. Tuber Ischii. 3. Posterior Face of the Coccyx. 4. Portion of the Great Sacro-Sciatic Ligament. 5. Musculus Accelerator Urinae. u\ Erector Penis Muscle. 7. Transversus Perinei. 8. Sphincter Ani. 9. Levator Ani. 10. Musculus Coccygeus. 11. Section of the Gluteus Magnus. 12. Adductor Longus. 13. Adductor Brevis. 14. Adductor Magnus. 15. Extremity of the Gluteus Magnus. lf». The Urethra. 17. Corpora Cavernosa turned up. 18. Spermatic Cord turned up. 1 9. Free Extremity of the Penis with its Integu- ments. FIG. 385. A View of the Interior of the Pelvis, as seen from above. 1. Symphysis Pubes. 2. IIeo Pectineal Protuberance. 3. A Section of the Body of the Ilium. 4. Obturator Internus freed from the Pelvic Fascia. 5. Pyriformis Muscle. 6. Ischio Pubic Bands of the Pelvic Fascia. 7. Part of the Levator Ani Muscle. 8. The Portion of the Fascia of the opposite side which covers it. 9. Lesser Sacro-Sciatic Ligament. 10. Spine of the Ischium. 11. Opening for the Obturator Vessels. 12. Openings for the Sacral Plexi of Nerves and the Blood-Vessels. 13. Top of the Greater Ischiatic Foramen. 14. A little Muscle, occasionally seen and known as the Curvator Coccygis of Scemmerring. 15. Section of the End of the Sacrum and Coc- cyx. Page 121. P I G. 386. FIG. 336. A View of the Position of the Testicle in a Fcetus op about Six Months, show- ing the Gubernaculum Tes- tis. I. Lower Portion of the Liver. ; 2. The Kidneys. 3. The Emulgent Vessels. 1. The Aorta. 5. The Ascending Cava. G. The Ureter. 7. Spermatic Vessels. 8.8. Testicle in the Iliac Fossa and also in the Scrotum. > 9. Gubernaculum Testis of one ] Side. 10. Tunica Vaginalis in advance of the Testis. 11. Rectum filled with Meconium. 12. Tunics of Scrotum. FIG. ssr. A Diagram of the Descent of ; the Testis as shown ry a ■ Lateral Section. I. The Testis. 2. The Epididymis. THE TESTICLE. ' 3. The Peritoneum. 4. The Portion of it thrust down- ward by the Testis in its de- scent. : 5. Point of Insertion of the Cro- ! master Muscle. \ G. The Portion of its Fibres j coming from the Fibres of the Internal Oblique and Trans- versalis. 7. Gubernaculum Testis. 8. Cavity of the Scrotum. In the other Figure the Testis has completed its descent, the Gubernaculum is shortened to its utmost, and the Cremaster everted. The Pouch of the Pe- ritoneum above the Testis is compressed so as to form a Tu- bular Canal. The Dotted Line at 1 marks where the Tunica Vaginalis will terminate. FIG. 388. The Tunica Vaginalis Testis and Coverings ofthe Sper- matic Cord. 1.1. The Spermatic Cord. Page 12 P. 2. The Testicle covered by the Tunica Albuginea. 3. The Epididymis covered by the same Membrane. 1.1. Tunica Vaginalis Testis. 5.5. Common Covering of the Testicle and Spermatic Cord. G. Proper Sheath of the Sper- matic Cord. FIG. 389. A Transverse Section of the Testicle. 1. The Cavity of the Tunica Va- ginalis. 2. The Tunica Albuginea. 3. Corpus Highmorianum or Me- diastinum Testis. The cut ends of the vessels below the figure belong to the Rete Tes- tis ; those above, to the Blood- vessels of the Testicle. Tunica Vasculosa of the Tes- tis. One ofthe Lobules of the Tu- buli Seminiferi terminating in the Vas Rectum. A Section of the Epididymis. ' 4 FIG. 390. FIG. 391. FIG. 392. FIG. 393. FIG. 394. FIG. 395. THE TESTICLE AND MUCOUS GLANDS. FIG. 396. The relative Position of the Prostate, Vesicul^e Semi- nales and Bladder, as seen from before, after the re- MOVAL ofthe Perineal Mus- cles. 1. Section of the Urethra. 2. Prominences formed by the Bulb of the Urethra. 3. Membranous Portion ofthe Ure- thra. 4. Prostate Gland. 5. Vesieulae Seminales. 6. Fundus of the Bladder lying upon the Rectum. 7. Section of the Rectum. 8. Portion of the Coccyx. FIG. 391. A Vertical Section of the Union of the Vas Deferens and Vesiculje Seminales so as to show their Cavities. 1.1. Vas Deferens with thick Parie- tes and narrow Cavity. 2.2. Portion of the same where the Cavity is enlarged. 3.3. The Extremities of the Vas De- ferens from each side where they join the Vesieulae Semina- les and Ductus Fjaculatorius. 4.1. Vesieulae Seminales distended with air and dried. 5.5. Arteries to the Vesieulae. 6. Portion of the Peritoneum co- vering the Posterior Part ofthe Vesieulae. 7. Ejaculatory Ducts. FIG. 392. A Vertical Section of the Bladder and Urethra. 1. The Urethra laid open. 2. Fundus of the Bladder. 3. Anterior Parietes ofthe Bladder. 4. Urachus. 5. Orifice of the Left Ureter. 6. Orifice of the Right Ureter. 7. Veruniontanum. 8. Bulb of the Urethra. 9. Prostate Gland. 10. Vas Deferens. 11. Ureter. 12. Vesicula Seminalis. FIG. 393. The Testicle injected with Mercury. 1. Tunica Albuginea. 2. Seminiferous Tubes. 3. The Rete Vasculosum Testis. 4. A Globule of Mercury which has ruptured the Tubes. 5. The Vasa EfFerentia which form the Coni Vasculosi. 6. Coni Vasculosi forming the Head of the Epididymis. 7. Epididymis. 8. Globus Minor ofthe Epididymis. 9. Vas Deferens. FIG. 394. The Testis more minutely in- jected with Mercury. 1.1. Lobules of the Tubuli Semini- feri. 2. Rete Testis. 3. Vassa Efferentia. 4.5. Coni Vasculosi forming the Globus Major. 6. The Epididymis. 7. Vasculum Aberrans. 8. Globus Minor. 9. Vas Deferens. FIG. 395. A View op the minute Struc- ture of the Testis. 1.1. Tunica Albuginea. 2.2. Corpus Highmorianum. 3.3. Tubuli Seminiferi Convoluted into Lobules. 4. Vasa Recta. 5. Rete Testis. 6. Vasa Efferentia. 7. Coni Vasculosi constituting the Globus Major of the Epididy- mis. 8. Body of the Epididymis. 9. Its Globus Minor. 10. Vas Deferens. 11. Vasculum Aberrans or , Blind Duct. Page 1^(3. FIG. 396. FIG. 397. FIG. 399. FIG. 398. / 13 FEMALE ORGANS OF GENERATION. FIG. 396. The External Organs of Ge- neration IN THE UNMARRIED Female, the Labia Majora being closed together. 1.1. Labia Majora. 2. Rima or Fissura Vulvae. 3. Fourchette or Posterior Commis- sure—the Line of Reference is a little too high. 4. The Anterior Commissure. 5. Perineum. FIG. 397. A View of the External Or- gans of Generation in the unmarried Female — the Vulva being partially open. 1.1. Labia Majora. 2. Fourchette. 3. Mons Veneris. 4. Prepuce Clitoridis around the Glans Clitoris. 5. Vestibulum. 6. The Nymphae. 7. Points to the Meatus Urinarius. 8. The Hymen, open in its central portion and surrounding the In- ! ferior Extremity of the Vagina. : 9. The Perineum. 10. The Anus. FIG. 398. The External Organs op Ge- neration in a Female Fce- tus at Term. 1.1. Labia Majora. 2. Clitoris covered by its Prepuce. 3. The Nymphae. 4. Meatus Urinarius. 5. Vestibulum. I 6. The Hymen pierced with its or- j dinary Opening. { 7. A thicker Portion of the Hy- j men forming a sort of Froenum. ! FIG. 399. A View op the Muscles op the Perineum in the Female. 1. Tuber Ischii. 2. Sphincter Vaginae Muscle. 3. Its Origin from the Base of the Clitoris. 4. Vaginal Ring of the same Mus- cle, which receives a part of the Fibres of the Levator Ani. 5. Intercrossing of the Sphincter Ani and Sphincter Vaginae Mus- clesUrt the Perineal Centre. 6. Erector Clitoridis Muscle. 7. The Clitoris covered by its Pre- puce. 8. Transversus Perinei Muscle of the Female. 9. Sphincter Ani. 10. Levator Ani. 11. The Gracilis. 12. Adductor Magnus. 13. Posterior Part of the Gluteus Magnus. Page 127. FIG. 400. FIG. 401. FIG. 402. FEMALE ORGANS OF GENERATION FIG. 400. A Side View op the Viscera of the Fe- male Pelvis. 1. Symphysis Pubis. 2. Abdominal Parietes. 3. The Fat forming the " Mons Veneris. 4. The Bladder. 5. Entrance of the Left Ureter. 6. Canal of the Urethra. 7. Meatus Urinarius. 8. The Clitoris and its Prepuce. 9. Left Nympha. 10. Left Labium Majus. 11. Orifice ofthe Vagina. 12. Its Canal and Trans- verse Rugae. 13. The Vesico - Vaginal Septum. 14. The Vagino - Rectal Septum. 15. Section of thePerineum. 16. Os Uteri. 17. Cervix Uteri. 18. Fundus Uteri. 19. The Rectum. 20. The Anus. 21. Upper Portion of the Rectum. 22. Recto-Uterine Fold of the Peritoneum. 23. Utero Vesical Reflec- tion ofthe Peritoneum. 24. The Peritoneum re- flected on the Bladder from the Abdominal Parietes. 25. Last Lumbar Verte- bra. 26. The Sacrum. 27. The Coccyx. FIG. 401. A Vertical Section through the Linea Alba and Symphy- sis Pubis so as to show the Bladder, Vagina,Uterus and Rectum in Situ.— The Peritoneum has been cut at the Points where it is Reflected. 1. Anterior Parietes of \ the Abdomen. > 2. Sub-Cutaneous Cel- | lular Tissue. ( 3. Hairs on the Mons Ve- l neris. 4. Cellular Tissue on the ^ Mons Veneris. ] 5. Rectus Abdominis of > the Right Side. j 6. Right Labia Majora. 7. Symphysis Pubis. 8. The Clitoris. > 9. Its opposite Crus. \ 10. Right Labia Minora. ; 11. Orifice ofthe Vagina. I 12. Portion of the Left Labia Minora. 13. The Fourchette, or PosteriorCommissure ofthe Vulva. 14. The Perineum. 15. The Anus. 16. A Portion ofthe Inte- guments of the But- tock. 17. Left Side of the Blad- der. 18. Neck ofthe Bladder. 19. The Urethra. 20. Meatus Urinarius. 21. Entrance of the Left Ureter into the Blad- der. 22. Left Ureter cut off. 23. Left Side of the Va- gina. 24. Left Side ofthe Neck of the Uterus outside of the Vagina. 25. Fundus ofthe Uterus. 26. Left Fallopian Tube separated from the Pe- ritoneum. 27. Its Fimbriated Extre- mity. 28. Its Entrance into the Uterus. 29. Left Round Ligament. 30. Left Ovary. 31. Fimbriated Portion which unites the Tube to the Ovary. 32. Insertion of the Liga- ment of the Ovary to the Uterus. 33. Right Broad Ligament of the Uterus. 34. Lower Portion of the Rectum. 35. Rectum turned off and tied. I 36. The Peritoneum lin- ing the Anterior Parie- tes ofthe Abdomen. 37. The Peritoneum which . covers the PosteriorPa- rietes ofthe Abdomen.; FIG. 402. i The Uterus, Fallo- \ pian Tubes, Ovaries j and a Part of the' Vagina of a Female 1 op Sixteen Years.: On one Side the Tube and Ovary is divided Vertically; the other Side is untouched. The An- terior -Portion of the Uterus and Va- gina have also been removed. I. Fundus of the Uterus. I. Thickness of its Parie- ties anteriorly. I. External Surface ofthe Uterus. 1. Section of the Neck of the Uterus. 5. Section of the Anterior Lip. 5. Its Posterior Lip un- touched. 7. Cavity ofthe Uterus. 3. Cavity of its Neck. 9. Thicknessof the Walls ofthe Vagina. 3. Its Cavity and Poste- rior Parietes. 1. Openings of Fallopian Tubes into the Uterus. 2. Cavily of the Left Tube. 3. Its Pavilion. 4. Corpus Fimbriatum. 5. Its Union with the Ovary. 6. Left Ovary vertically divided. 7. The Vesicles in its Tis sue. Ligament of theOvary. Right Fallopian Tube, untouched. lis Corpus Fimbria- tum. Right Ovary. The Broad Ligament. Page 128. II FIG. 403. FIG. 404. FIG. 405. FEMALE ORGANS OF GENERATION. FIG. 403. { A View of the Uterus, Ovaries, Fallopian \ Tubes, Round Ligaments, Vagina and a \ Portion of the External Parts of the ] Female. 1. Anterior Face of the Uterus covered by the j Peritoneum. 2. Its Fundus. 3. One of its Superior Lateral Angles near the Origin of the Fallopian Tubes. 1. Sides of the Uterus. 5. Its Neck embraced by the Upper End of the Vagina. 6. Portion of the Broad Ligaments. 7. The Ovaries drawn up by Hooks above their \ natural position. 8. The Ligaments which unite the Ovaries to the Uterus. 9. Fallopian Tubes. \ 10. The Enlargement near their Extremities. 11. Their Trumpet-shaped Mouths. '■ 12. The Pavilion. 13. Corpus Fimbriatum. 14. A Portion of the Fimbriated Processes run- \ ning to the Ovary. j 15. Section of the Round Ligaments. IG. A Longitudinal Section of the Vagina. 17. Portion of the External Surface of the Vagina. 18. A Portion of its Internal Anterior Parietes. 19. Longitudinal Lines forming a sort of Raphe on its Posterior Part. 20. Transverse Wrinkles or Folds. 21. Anterior Lip of the Os Uteri. 22. Its Posterior Lip. 23. Os Kxternum. p;. The Lobules and Lobes composing the Gland. FIG. 408. A Preparation op the Lacti- ferous Tubes, during Lac- tation. 1.2. Top and Base of theNipple. 3. Lactiferous Tubes in the Na- tural State. • 4. Two in the Nipple which \ are injected. 5. These Tubes dilated and \ forming a kind of Sinus at < the Base of the Nipple. > Page 130, 6. The Roots of the Lactiferous Ducts. 7. Lobules of the Gland. 8. The Orifices of the prepared Tubes. FIG. 409. Termination of a Portion of a Lactiferous Duct in the Cells ofthe Lobules, from a Mercurial Injection by Sir A. Cooper; enlarged FOUR TIMES. FIG. 410. The Distribution of the Lac- tiferous Ducts during Lac- tation; INJECTED WITH Wax, ''after Sir A. Cooper). PART FOURTH. ORGANS OF RESPIRATION AND CIRCULATION: NINETY-EIGHT FIGURES. FIG. 411. FIG. 412. FIG. 413. FIG. 415. FIG. 414. THE LARYNX. FIG. 411. A Front View of the Thyroid Cartilage. I. Left Half of the Cartilage. 2. Anterior projecting Angle. 3. Superior Margin. 4. Its Notch. 5. Inferior Margin. tJ.6. Cornu Majus of each Half. 7.7. Cornu Minus of each Half. FIG. 412. A Lateral View ofthe Thyroid Cariilage. 1. Its Left Half. 2. Its Right Half. 3. The Superior Margin. 4. The Notch. 5. Anterior Angle. 6. Inferior Margin. 7. Posterior Margin. 8.8. Cornu Majus of each Side. 9. Cornu Minus. FIG. 413. A Posterior View of the Left Arytenoid ! Cartilages. j 1. Its Posterior Face. \ 2. The Summit. 3. The Base and Cavity for Articulating with the Cricoid Cartilage. Page 4. Its External Angle. 5. Its Internal Angle. FIG. 414. An Anterior View of the Left Arytenoid Cartilages. 1. Its Anterior Face. The other References as in Fig. 413. FIG. 415. A Lateral View op the Epiglottis Carti- lage. I. Anterior or Convex Surface. 2. Posterior or Concave Surface. 3. Superior Margin. 4. Inferior Margin or Pedicle. 5. Its Sides. The Openings of the Muciparous Ducts are also shown. FIG. 416. A Front View of the Cricoid Cartilage. 1. Its Internal Face. 2. The Cavity of the Larynx as formed by this Cartilage. 3. Its Inferior Surface. I. The little Head or Convexity for Articulating with the Arytenoids. 5. The Surface of the Superior Edge for the At- tachment of the Lateral Crico Arytenoid Mus- cles. FIG. 417. THE L FIG. 417. A Front View of the Ligaments of the La- rynx. I. Body of the Os Hyoides. 2. Its Appendices. 3. Its Cornua. 4.5. Thyreo-Hyoid Ligament. fi. Lateral Thyreo-Hyoid Ligament. 7. Cornu Majus of each Half of the Thyroid Cartilage. 8. Sides of the Thyroid Cartilage. 9. Its Projecting Angle. 10.11. Crico-Thyroid Ligament. 12. Cornu Minus of each Side of the Thyroid Cartilage. 13. First Ring of the Trachea. FIG. 418. A Latkral View of the same. 1. Os Hyoides. 2. Thyreo-Hyoid Ligament. 3. Cornu Majus ofthe Thyroid Cartilage. 4. Its Angle and Side. 5. Cornu Minus. 6. Lateral Portion of the Cricoid Cartilage. 7. Rings of the Trachea. FIG. 419. A Front View of the Thyroid Gland in Situ. 1. Os Hyoides. FIG. 418. FIG. 420. ARYNX, J 2. Thyreo-Hyoid Ligament. 3. Thyroid Cartilage. 4. Crico-Thyroid Ligament. 5. Cricoid Cartilage. 6. Thyroid Gland. 7. Trachea. FIG. 420. A Vertical Section of the Larynx to show its Internal Surface, 1. Section of the Root of the Tongue. 2. Os Hyoides. 3. The Muciparous Gland of the Epiglottis. 4. Top of the Epiglottis Cartilage. 5. A Section of its Anterior Face. 6. A Fold of Mucous Membrane from the Ary- tenoids to the Epiglottis. 7. Superior Vocal Ligament. 8. Section of Thyroid Cartilage. | 9. Ventricle of Galen or Morgagni. 10. Lower Vocal Ligament. 11. Arytenoid Cartilages. 12. Inside of the Cricoid Cartilage. \ 13. Its Posterior Portion. 14. Lining Membranes of the Trachea. 15. End ofthe Cornu Majus ofthe Os Hyoides. I 16. Cornu Majus of the Thyroid Cartilage. I 17. Mucous Membrane of the Pharynx. 18. 03sophagus. \ 19. Thyroid Gland. Page 134. FIG 421 FIG. 425. FIG. 422. THE LARYNX AND THYMUS GLAND. FIG. 421. A Front View of the Crico- Thyroid Muscles. I. Thyroid Cartilage. 2. Crico-Thyroid Ligament. 3. Right Crico-Thyroid Muscle. 4. Its Origin. 5. Its Insertion. 6. First Ring of the Trachea. FIG. 422. A Posterior View of the Ary- tenoid andCrico-Arytenoi- deus Muscles. 1.2.3. Thyroid Cartilage. 4. Summit of the Arytenoid Cartilages. 5. Insertion of Arytenoid Mus- cles. 6. Cricoid Cartilage. 7. Its Middle Portion. 8.9. Crico-Arytenoideus Mus- cles. 10. Posterior Portion of the Trachea. 11. Arytenoid Muscles. FIG. 423. A Posterior View of the Ar- ticulations of the Carti- lages of the Larynx. 1. Posterior Face ofthe Epiglottis. 2. Appendices of the Os Hyoides. 3. Its Cornua. 4. Lateral Thyreo-Hyoid Liga- ments. \ 5. Posterior Face of the Thy- \ roid Cartilage. I 6. Arytenoid Cartilages. < 7. Cricoid Cartilage. i, 8. Crico-Arytenoid Articula- $ tion. } 9. Posterior Crico-Thyroid Li- | gatnent. j 10. Cornu Minus of the Thy- < roid Cartilage. ; 11. Anterior Crico-Thyroid Li- i gament. I 12. Ligamentous Portion of the \ first Ring of the Trachea. FIG. 424. A Vertical Section of the Larynx to show some of its Muscles. 1. Cornu Majus of the Thyroid Cartilage. 2. Its Superior Border. 3. Section of its Body. 4. Its Internal Surface. 5. Arytenoid Cartilage. \ fi. Posterior Surface ofthe Thy i roid Cartilage. j 7.8.9. Arytenoid Muscles. 10.11.12. Thyreo-Arytenoid Mus- cle. 13. Crico-Arytenoideus Latera- j lis Muscle. | 14. Cricoid Cartilage. 15.16.17. Crico - Arytenoideus Posticus. 18.19. First Rings of the Tra- ; cheaas united by Ligament. FIG. 425. A View of the Larynx from above, showing the Thyreo- Arytenoid or Vocal Liga- ments. 5.5. 6.6, Superior Edge ofthe Larynx. Its Anterior Face. Cornua Majores of the Thy- roid Cartilage. Posterior Face of the Cricoid Cartilage. Arytenoid Cartilages. Thyreo-Arytenoid Ligam'ts. Their Origin within the An- gle of the Thy roid Cartilage. Their Terminations at the Base of the Arytenoid Car- tilages. The Glottis. Anterior Part of the Inferior Surface of the Cricoid Car- tilage. FIG. 426. A Section of the Thymus Gland at the 8th Month. 1. Cervical Portion ofthe Gland. 2. Secretory Cells seen upon its Surface. 3. The Pores or Openings of the Cells and Pouches. The con- tinuity of the Reservoir of the Lower and Cervical Portion ofthe Gland is also seen. Page 135. FIG. 427. FIG. 428 ORGANS OF RESPIRATION FIG. 427. An Anterior View of the Thoracic Viscera in Situ, as shown by the removal op their Anterior Parietes. 1. Superior Lobe of the Right Lung. 2. Its Middle Lobe. 3. Its Inferior Lobe. 4.4. Lobular Fissures. 5.5. Internal Layer of the Costal Pleura forming the Right Side of the Anterior Mediastinum. 6.6. The Right Diaphragmatic Portion of the Pleura Costalis. 7.7. The Right Pleura Costalis on the Ribs. 8. Superior Lobe of the Left Lung. 9. Its Inferior Lobe. 10.10. Interlobular Fissures. j 11. The Portion ofthe Pleura Costalis which forms ', the Left Side of the Anterior Mediastinum. j 12. The Left Diaphragmatic Portion of the Pleura \ Costalis. 13. Left Pleura Costalis. 14.14. The Middle Space between the Pleurae, known $ as the Anterior Mediastinum. 15. The Pericardium. 16. Fibrous Partition over which the Pleura: are re- , fleeted. \ 17. The Trachea. \ 18. Thyroid Gland. I 19. Anterior Portion of the Thyroid Cartilage. 20. Primitive Carotid Artery. 21. Subclavian Vein. 22. Internal Jugular Vein. \ 23. Brachio-Cephalic Vein. 24. Abdominal Aorta. 25. Xyphoid Cartilage. FIG. 42a. A Posterior View of the Thoracic Viscera, showing their relative Positions by the removal op the Posterior Portion of their Parietes. 1.2. Upper and Lower Lobes ofthe Right Lung. 3. Interlobular Fissures. 4. Internal Portion of the Pleura Costalis, forming one of the Sides of the Posterior Mediastinum. 5. Twelfth Rib and Lesser Diaphragm. 6. Reflection of the Pleura over the Greater Mus- cle of the Diaphragm on the Right Side. 7.7. Right Pleura Costalis adhering to the Ribs. 8.9. The two Lobes of the Left Lung. 10.10. Interlobular Fissures. 11.11. The Left Pleura, forming the Parietes of the Posterior Mediastinum. 12.13. Its Reflections over the Diaphragm on this side. 14.14. The Left Pleura Costalis on the Parietes of the Chest. 15. The Trachea. 16. The Larynx. 17. Opening of the Larynx and the Epiglottis Car- tilage in Situ. 18. Root and Top of the Tongue. 19.19. Right and Left Bronchia. 20. The Heart enclosed in the Pericardium. 21. Upper Portion of the Diaphragm on which it rests. 22. Section of the (Esophagus. 23. Section of the Aorta. 24. Arteria Innominata. 25. Primitive Carotid Arteries. 26. The Subclavian Arteries. 27. Internal Jugular Veins. 28. Second Cervical Vertebra. 29. Fourth Lumbar. Page 13G. FIG. 429. FIG. 430. ORGANS OF RESPIRATION. FIG. 429. The Larynx, Trachea and Bronchije, de- prived of their Fibrous Covering, and with the outline of the lungs. 1.1. Outline ofthe Upper Lobes ofthe Lungs. 2. Outline of the Middle Lobe of the Right Lung. 3.3. Outline of the Inferior Lobes of both Lungs. 4. Outline of the 9th Dorsal Vertebra, show- ing its relation to the Lungs and the Ver- tebral Column. 5. Thyroid Cartilage. 6. Cricoid Cartilage. 7. Trachea. R. Right Bronchus. 9. Left Bronchus. 10. Crico-Thyroid Ligament. 11.12. Rings of the Trachea. 13. First Ring of the Trachea. 14. Last Ring of the Trachea, which is Corset- shaped. 15.16. A complete Bronchial Cartilaginous Ring. 17. One which is Bifurcated. 18. Double Bifurcated Bronchial Rings. 19.19. Smaller Bronchial Rings. 20. Depressions for the Course of the large Blood-Vessels. FIG. 430. A View of the Bronchia and Blood-Vessels of the Lungs as shown by Dissection, as well as the relative position of the Lungs to the Heart. 1. End of the Left Auricle of the Heart. 2. The Right Auricle. 3. The Left Ventricle with its Vessels. 4. The Right Ventricle with its Vessels. 5. The Pulmonary Artery. 6. Arch of the Aorta. 7. Superior Vena Cava. 8. Arteria Innominata. 9. Left Primitive Carotid Artery. 10. Left Sub-Clavian Artery. 11. The Trachea. 12. The Larynx. 13. Upper Lobe of the Right Lung. 14. Upper Lobe of the Left Lung. 15. Trunk of the Right Pulmonary Artery. 16. Lower Lobes of the Lungs. The Distribution of the Bronchia and of the Arteries and Veins, as well as some of the Air- Ceils of the Lungs, are also shown in this dis- section. Page 137. FIG. 432. FIG. 431. wear* -m FIG. 433. FIG. 434. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. FIG. 431. First appearance of Blood-Vessels in the Vascular Layer of the Germinal Mem- brane of a Fowl at the thirty-sixth Hour after Incubation. FIG. 432. A View of the Termination of the Arteries in the Veins as shown in the Web of a Frog's Foot—Magnified 3 Diameters. 1.1. The Veins. 2.2. The Arteries. FIG. 433. A Magnified View of the Capillary Cntcr- lation in the Web of a Frog's Foot—Mag- nified 110 Diameters. 1. Trunk of a Vein. 2.2. Its Branches. 3.3. Pigment Cells. FIG. 434. Particles of Frog's Blood, magnified about 500 Diameters. 1.1. Their Flattened Face. 2. A Particle turned Edgeways. 3. A Lymph Globule. 4. Blood Corpuscles altered by dilute Acetic Acid. FIG. 435. \ Corpuscles op Human Blood, magnified about | 500 Diameters. | (I). Single Particles. 1.1. Their Flattened Face. ( 2. A Particle seen Edgeways. ( (2). Aggregation of Particles in a Columnar s Form. Fage 138. FIG. 436. FIG. 437. FIG 439. FIG. 438. FIG. 440. BlOfc SmW THE LUNGS AND HEART. FIG. 436. An Outline of a Transverse Sec- tion of the Chest, showing the relative Position of the Pleu- rje to the Thorax and its Con- tents. 1. The Skin on the Front of the Chest drawn up by a Hook. 2. The Skin on the Sides of the Chest. 3. That on the Back. 4. The Sub-Cutaneous Fat and Muscles on the outside of the Thorax. 5. Section of the Muscles in the Vertebral Gutter. 6. Section of the 5th Dorsal Verte- bra. 7. The Spinal Canal. 8. Spinous Process. 9.9. ? Sections of the Ribs and In- 10.10.5 tercostal Muscles. 11. Their Cartilages. 12. The Sternum. 13. The Division of the Pulmonary Artery. 14. The Exterior Surface of the Lungs. 15. Posterior Face of the Lungs. 16. Anterior Face of the Lungs. 17. Inner Face of the Lungs. 18. Anterior Face of the Heart co- vered by the Pericardium. 19. Pulmonary Artery. 20. } [ts Division into Right and Left 21.3 Branches. 22. Portion of the Right Auricle. 23. Descending Cava cut off at the Right Auricle. 24. Section of the Left Bronchus. 25. Seiiion of the Right Bronchus. 26. Section of the (Esophagus. 27. Section of the Thoracic Aorta. The space between Figures 12 and 18 and the two 16's is the Anterior Mediastinum, and the space which contains 26 and 27 is the Posterior Mediastinum. These spaces are formed by the Reflections of the Pleurae. FIG. 437. A Magnified View of a Section of the Lung, showing the Ar- rangement OF SOME OF THE Lo- bules, the communication of the alr-cells in one lobule and their separation from those of the adjoining lobule. The Ramifications of the Blood-Vessels in the Texture of the Lung and their Course through the Air - Cells are : also seen. | 1.1. Branches of the Pulmonary | Veins. i 2.2. Branches of the Pulmonary | Artery. 8. Right Ventricle. 9. Right Auricle. 10. Left Ventricle. FIG. 439. An Anterior View of the Heart in a Vertical Position with its Vessels injected. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. FIG. 433. An Anterior View of the Heart in Situ, the Pericardium eeing divided and drawn back. 1. The Greater Muscle of the Dia- phragm. 2. The Xyphoid Cartilage. 3. Tendinous Centre ofthe Dia- phragm. 14.4. Section of the Pericardium drawn off from the Heart. 5. The Aorta. 6. Descending Vena Cava. 7. The Pulmonary Arten 39. Right Auricle. Left Auricle. Right Ventricle. Left Ventricle. Descending Vena Cava. Aorta. Left Pulmonary Artery. 8. The Arteria Innominata. 9. Left Primitive Carotid. 10. Left Sub-Clavian Artery. 11. Anterior Cardiac Vessels in the Vertical Fissure. 12. PosteriorVessels from the Trans- verse Fissure. 13. Main Trunk of the Pulmonary Artery. FIG. 440. A Posterior View of the Heart in a Vertical Position and with its Vessels injected. 1. Right Auricle. 2. Left Auricle. 3. Right Ventricle. 4. Left Ventricle. 5. Ascending Vena Cava. 6. Right Posterior Pulmonary Vein. 7. Left Posterior Pulmonary Vein. 8. End of the Left Auricle. 9. Great Coronary Vein. 10. Posterior Cardiac Vessels in the Vertical Fissure. 11. The same in the Transverse Fis- FIG. 441. FIG. 412 FIG. 445. FIG. 443. HEL.^3 THE HEART. FIG. 441. An Anterior View of the External Muscu- lar Layer of the Heart after the remo- val of its Serous Coat, &c. 1. Right Auricle. 2. Descending Vena Cava. 3. Right Anterior Pulmonary Vein. 4. A Horizontal Band of Fibres passing across the Base of the Auricles. 5. Left Anterior Pulmonary Vein. 6. Muscular Fibres between the Auricles. 7. The Fringed or Ring-shaped Bands of Fibres at the Extremity of the Left Auricle. 8. The Muscular Fibres at the Base of the Right Auricle. 9. Section of the Pulmonary Artery, showing the Semi-Lunar Valves. 10.11. The Anterior Bis Ventricular Muscular Fibres. 12.13. Their Continuation on to the Left Ventricle. FIG. 442. A Posterior View of ihe same. 1. Right Auricle. 2. Descending Vena Cava. 3. Right Posterior Pulmonary Vein. 4. Muscular Fibres of the Left Auricle. 5. Left Posterior Pulmonary Vein. 6.7. The Arrangement of the Muscular Fibres at the end of the Left Auricle. 8. Orifice of the Great Coronary Vein. 9. Band of Fibres between the two Venae Cava?. 10. The Orifice of the Ascending Vena Cava; the Eustachian Valve is at the end of the Line. 11.12. Muscular Fibres at the Base of the Auricle. 13.14. Muscular Fibres in the Ventricles. FIG. 443. A View of the Interior op the Right Ven- tricle. The kest of it has been removed, but the Left Ventricle is entire. 1. Section ofthe Parietes ofthe Right Ventricle. 2. Left Ventricle. 3. Thickness of the Tarictcs of the Right Ventricle. 4. Thickness at the commencement of the Pul- monary Artery. 5. Anterior Fold of the Tricuspid Valve. 6. A Portion of the Right Ventricle untouched. 7.8. Columnae Carneae of the Right Ventricle with their Cordae Tendinese. 9. The Right Side ofthe Ventricular Septum. 10.11. Cavities between the Bases of the Columnae Carneaj. 12. The Depression leading to the Pulmonary Ar- tery. 13. Interior ofthe Pulmonary Artery. Two ofthe Sigmoid Valves are seen, the third has been removed. FIG. 444. A Three-Guarter View of the Left Ventri- cle after the removal of its Anterior Pa- rietes. 1. Outer Side of the Left Ventricle. 2. Outer Side of the Right Ventricle. 3. Thickness of its Outer Parietes. 4. Thickness of a Section near the Side of the Right Ventricle. 5. The Mitral Valve. 6.7. Two ofthe Columnae Carneae with their Cordee Tcndineae as attached to the Valve. 8. Thickness of the Ventricular Parietes at the Origin of the Aorta. 9. Cavity of the Aorta. 10.10. Section of the Superior Surface of the Right Ventricle, showing the Ostium Venosum and Tricuspid Valve from above. 11. Tricuspid Valve. 12. Semilunar Valves of the Aorta. FIG. 445. A View of the Mitral Valve of the size of life. The Drawing shows its two Folds, its Cordae Ten- dinece arising from the Columnae Carneae and those coming from the other Columnae of the Ventricle. > The lower part of the Figure is the portion of the Left > Ventricle from which the main Columnae arise; the ■ upper portion is ihe Left Auiiculo Ventricular Septum i around the Left Ostium Vcuosuin. Page 140. FIG. 446 FIG. 447. FIG. 448. THE HEART AND ARTERIES. FIG. 446. A Vertical View of the Auriculo-Ventricu- lar and Arterial Valves, as given by a Section of the Heart at the Ostium Ve- NOSUM AND OF THE ARTERIES AT THEIR VaLVES. 1. Depression in the Left Auricle at the Left Ostium Venosum. 2. Depression in the Right Auricle at the Right Os- tium Venosum. 3.3. Section of the Parietes of the Left Auricle. 4. Superior or Auricular Face of the two Folds of the Mitral Valve. 5. Section of the Greater Coronary Vein. 6.6. Section of the Parietes at the Base of the Right Auricle. 7. Auricular Face of the three Folds of the Tricus- pate Valve. 8. The Orifice of the Greater Coronary Vein. 9. Septum of the Auricles. 10. A Section of the A orta to show its Sigmoid Valves. 11. The Pulmonary Artery with its Valves. 12. The Mitral Valve. 13. Ventricular Opening of the Aorta. 14.15. Columnae Carneae of the Mitral Valve. FIG. 447. A Transverse Section of the Top op the Ven- tricles just below the Base of the Auricles. 1.1. Section of the Right Ventricle. 2. Right Auriculo-Ventricular Opening or Ostium Venosum. 3. The largest Fold of the Tricuspate Valve. 4. Depression to direct the Blood to the Pulmonary Artery. 5. Funnel-shaped enlargement near the Pulmo- nary Artery. 6. Section of one ofthe Columnae Carneae attached by the Cordae Tendineae to the Tricuspate Valve. 7.8. Other Columnae Carneae. 9. Section of the External Parietes of the Left Ventricle. 10. Section showing the thickness of the Ventricu lar Septum. 11. Left Ostium Venosum FIG. 448. A View op the Arteries of the Chest and Neck. 1. The Aorta at its Exit from the Heart. 2. Ascending Portion of its Arch. One of the Coronary Arteries is just below the Line. 3. Arch of the Aorta. 1. Arteria Innominata. 5. Left Subclavian Artery. 5. Bronchial and Thymic Arteries, which are here not from the Aorta but from the Sub-Cla- i vian Artery. S 7. External Mammary Arteries. ! 8. The Superior Phrenic Arteries, branches of i the last. s 9. The Vertebral Artery. \ 10. The Superior Scapular Artery ; on the Right ; it goes to the Fossa Supra Spinata, and on the j Left it is lost in the Trapezius Muscle. 11. Transverse Cervical. 12. Inferior Thyroid Artery seen on the Body of the Gland. 13. The Cervicalis Ascendens. 14. Primitive Carotid on the Neck. 15. Internal Carotid. 16. External Carotid. 17. Superior Thyroid Artery. 18. Arteria Facialis. 19. Arteria Axillaris. 20. Superior Thoracic, which furnishes the Acro- mial. 21. Trunk of the Anterior Circumflex and Inferior Thoracic. 22. Posterior Circumflex. 23. Thoracic Aorta. 24.24. Intercostal Arteries. 25. Distribution of the Phrenic Arteries upon the Diaphragm. lVge 141. FIG. 449. THE CAROTID ARTERY AND ITS BRANCHES FIG. 449. A View of the Arteries of the Neck and Shoulder. 1. Primitive Carotid Artery. 2. Internal Carotid Artery. 3. External Carotid Artery. 4. The Superior Thyroid Artery. 5. Branches to the Muscles. 6. Main Branch to the Gland. 7. Inferior Pharyngeal Artery. 8. Lingual Artery. 9. Facial Artery. 10. Its Branches to the Sub-Maxillary Gland. 11. Sub-Mental Branch. 12. Principal Branch of the Facial as it goes over the Jaw. 13. Occipital Artery. 14. Branches to the Muscles on the back of the Neck. 15. Main Trunk to the Occiput. 16. Posterior Auricular Artery. L7. A Branch cut off, which goes to the Parotid Gland. 18. Origin of the Internal Maxillary Artery. 19. Origin of the Temporal Artery. 20. Origin of the Anterior Auricular. 21. The Sub-Clavian. 22. Origin of the Internal Mammary. 23. Trunk of the Inferior Thyroid, from which arise in this subject the Anterior and Poste- rior Cervical Arteries. 24. Branch of the Inferior Thyroid going to the Thyroid Gland. 25. Anterior Cervical going up the Neck. 26. Posterior or Transverse Cervical. 27. Branches to the Scaleni and Levator Scapulae Muscles. 28. The Superior Scapular Artery. 29. TheThoracica Superior of theAxillary Artery. 30. A Branch to the Deltoid. 31. Recurrent Branches of the Intercestals. Page 142. FIG. 450. FIG. 451. THE CAROTID ARTERY AND ITS BRANCH. FIG. 450. A View op the External Carotid Artery and its Branches. 1. Left Primitive Carotid Artery, seen through a Section of the Sterno-Cleido Mastoid Muscle. 2. Internal Carotid Artery. 3. External Carotid Artery. 4. Superior Thyroid Artery. 5. A Branch to the Sterno-Cleido Muscle. 6. Lingual Artery. 7. Origin of the Facial Artery. 8. Sub-Mental Branch. 9. Branch to the Sub-Maxillary Gland. 10. Facial Artery passing over the Jaw. 11. Inferior Coronary Artery. 12. Superior Coronary. 13. Branch to anastomose with the Infra-Orbitar. 14. Branch to the Alae Nasi. 15. Anastomosis of Facial with Ophthalmic. 16. Nasal Branch of Ophthalmic. 17. Its Frontal Branch. 18. Branch to the Orbicularis Palpebrarum Muscle. 19. Origin of the Occipital Artery. 20. Point where it passes under the Splenius Muscle. 21. Posterior Auricular Artery. 22. Origin of the Internal Maxillary. 23. Temporal Artery. 24. Transverse Facial. 25. Point of Division of the Temporal Artery. 26. Anterior Temporal Artery. 27. Middle Temporal Artery. 28. Posterior Temporal Artery. 29. Internal Mammary Artery. 30. Inferior Thyroid Artery. 31. Transversalis Cervicis Artery. FIG. 451. A Front View of the Arteries of the Head and Neck. Primitive Carotid Artery. Superior Thyroid Artery. Its Muscular Branches. Its Main Branch to the Gland. External Carotid Artery. Facial Artery passing over the Jaw. Inferior Coronary Artery. Superior Coronary Artery. Buccalis Ascendens. Anastomosis of the Facial with the Ophthal- mic Artery. Branches of the External Carotid to the Masseter Muscle. Temporal Artery where it divides. Anterior Temporal Artery. Its principal Branches. Nasal Branch of the Ophthalmic Artery. A Branch to the Forehead. Supra-Orbitar Artery. Temporal Artery. Infra-Orbitar Artery. Deep Temporal Artery. Anterior Cervical Artery. Sub-Clavian Artery. Vertebral Artery. Transverse Cervical. Inferior Thyroid Artery. Anterior Cervical. Superior Scapular. Internal Mammary. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. { 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. \ 16. J17. 18. 19. 20. 21. I 22. I 23. | 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Page 143. F 1 (J. 451, THE CAROTID AND SUBCLAVIAN ARTERIES. FIG. 452. A View of the Internal Max- illary Artery, as given by Sections of the Bones of the Head and Face. 1. Primitive Carotid Artery. 2. External Carotid. 3. Internal Carotid. 4. Section of the Superior Thy- roid Artery. 5. Point where the Facial Artery crosses the Lower Jaw. 6. Inferior Coronary Artery. 7. Superior Coronary Artery. 8. Point of anastomosis of Fa- cial with the Nasal Branch of Ophthalmic. The Occipital Artery. Posterior Auricular. 11. Temporal Artery. 12. Origin of the Internal Maxil- lary Artery. 13. Meningea Magna of the Dura Mater ramifying over its Sur- face. 14. Inferior Dental Artery in the Alveolar Processes of the Lower Jaw. 15. The Pterygoid Arteries. 16. The Masseter Arteries. 17. Deep-seated Posterior Tem- poral Artery. 18. Deep-seated Anterior Tem- poral Artery. 19. Buccal Arteries. 20. Infra-Orbital. 21. Posterior Palatine. 22. Origin of the Pterygoid Ar- tery. 23. Origin of the Spheno-Pala- tine. the 9. 10. FIG. 453. A View of the Vertebral Ar- tery, Carotid and Arch of the Aorta, as given by a Vertical Section of the Neck. 1. Commencement of the Tho- racic Aorta. 2. The Innominata at its Origin. 3. The Left Sub-Clavian. 4. The Internal Mammary Ar- tery. 5. The Artery ofthe Right Side. 6. The Inferior Thyroid. 7. The Vertebral in the Trans- verse Processes of the Cer- vical Vertebrae. 8. Superior Inter-Costal Artery. 9. Left Primitive Carotid. 10. External Carotid Artery. 11. Superior Thyroid. 12. The Lingual, which has here a common Trunk with Facial. 13. Internal Carotid. 14. Origin of the Aorta. FIG. 454. The Axillary and Brachial Arteries with their Branches. 1. The Deltoid Muscle. 2. The Biceps. 3. The Tendinous Process from the Tendon of the Biceps. 4. Brachialis Internus Muscle. 5. The Supinator Longus. 6. The Coraco-Brachialis. 7. The Middle Portion of the Triceps Muscle. 8. Its Inner Head. 9. The Axillary Artery. 10. The Brachial Artery. 11. The Thoracica Acromialis Artery. 12. The Superior and Inferior Thoracic Arteries. 13. The Serratus Magnus Muscle. 14. The Subscapular Artery. 15. The Profunda Major Artery. 16. The Profunda Minor. 17. The Anastomotica. 18. The Profunda Major inoscu- lating with the Radial Re- current Artery. Page 144. FIG. 455 FIG. 456 THE AXILLARY AND BRACHIAL ARTERIES. FIG. 455. A View op the Arteries on the Anterior Portion of the Arm and Shoulder. 1. Axillary Artery. 2. Thoracica Acromialis Artery. 3. Thoracica Superior. 4. Sub-Scapularis Branch. 5. Inferior Scapulae. 6.7. Branches to the Teres and Sub-Scapularis Muscles. 8. Anterior Circumflex. 9. Brachial Artery. 10. Profunda Major Humeri. 11. Posterior Circumflex. 12. Main Trunk of the Profunda Major. 13. Muscular Branches of the Brachial to the Biceps Muscle. 14. Branches to the Brachialis Internus. 15. Recurrens Ulnaris anastomosing with the Anas- tomotica of the Brachial. FIG. 456. The Anterior Surface of the Elbow-Joint with its Vessels. 1. The Brachial Artery. >2. The Radial Artery. : 3. Recurrens Radialis. ; 4. The Ulnar Artery. c 5. Recurrens Ulnaris. 6. Interosseous Anterior Artery. 7. Interosseous Posterior Artery. FIG. 457. i, A View of one of the Anomalies in the Ar- \ rangement of the Brachial Artery. 1. Termination of the Axillary Artery. 2. The Brachial Artery. 3.3. Radial Artery. 4.4. Ulnar Artery. 5. A Recurrent Branch. 6. Anterior Interosseous Artery. 7. Superficial Palmar Arch formed bv the Ulnar Ar- tery. 8. Deep-Seated Palmar Arch. 9. The Anastomosis of the two Arteries, much en- larged. Page 145. FIG. 458. FIG. 460. FIG. 459. THE RADIAL AND ULNAR ARTERIES. FIG. 458. A View op the Arteries of the Lower Portion of the Su- perior Extremity, as seen after the removal of the Integuments. 1. Lower part of the Brachial Ar- tery. 2. Arteria Anastomotica. 3. Aponeurotic Expansion of the Tendon of the Biceps. 4. Recurrens Radialis Artery. 5. Radial Artery. 6. Muscular Branches. 7. Superficialis Volae giving off a Branch to the Arcus Sublimis. 8. The Tendons passing under the Annular Ligament ofthe Wrist- Joint. 9. Branch ofthe Superficialis Volae on the Ball ofthe Thumb. 10. Points to the Palmaris Pro- funda. 11. Magna PoUicis Artery. 12. Radialis Indicis. 13. Cubito-Muscular Arteries. 14. Lower part of the Ulnar Artery. 15. Branches to the Palm and Mus- cles of the Little Finger. 16. The Arcus Sublimus. 17. Branches running to supply the Fingers. 18. The Digital Arteries. FIG. 459. The Arteries op the Fore- Arm AFTER THE REMOVAL OF A PORTION OF THE MUSCLES. 1. Lower part of the Brachial Ar- tery. \ 2. Inter-Muscular Aponeurosis. 3. Recurrens Radialis. 4. Division of the Brachial into the Radial and Ulnar, as usually seen. 5. Recurrens Ulnaris. 6. Ulnar Artery. 7. Radial Artery. 8. Interosseous Anterior Artery. 9. Dorsalis Carpi Artery. 10. Magna PoUicis Artery. 11. Arcus Profundus formed by the Palmaris Profundus and anas- tomosing with a Branch from the Arcus Sublimis. 12. The Digital Arteries. FIG. 460. (I.) A View of the minute Di- visions of the Arcus Sub- limis and its Branches. 1. The Ulnar Artery at the lower portion of the Fore- Arm. 2. Point where it passes between the Anterior Annular Liga- ment and the Aponeurosis Palmaris. 3. Point where it reaches the Palm ofthe Hand. The Digital Branches which it gives off in the Palm of the Hand. Point of Anastomosis of its branch No. 8 with the branch from the Arcus Profundus. 11. The termination ofthe Radial Artery in sending a branch to the Thumb and Fore-Fin- .9. > 4.5 6 8.9. 10 12.12. Digito-Radial Branches of the Arcue Sublimis. 13.13. Digito-Ulnar Branches ofthe same. 14.14. Anastomosis and Capillary Terminations of these Arte- ries in the Pulps ofthe Fingers. 15. The Radial Artery. 16. Point where it passes to the back and outside of the Hand under the Extensor Tendons of the Thumb. 17. Last Branch of the Radial Artery,called Radialis Indicis. 18. End of the Arcus Profundus on the Ulnar side ofthe Hand. 19.20. Superficial MuscularBranches of the Radial at the Wrist. 21.22. Superficialis Volae and Branch- es to the Ball of the Thumb. (2.) The minute Divisions of the Aiicus Profundus and its Branches. 1. Point where the Radial comes into the Palm ofthe Hand. 2. Anastomosing Branch to give off. 3. A Branch on the side of the Thumb. 4. A Branch to the Fore-Finger. 5. Anastomosis of theArcus Pro- fundus and a Digital Branch of the Ulnar. 6. The Magna PoUicis Artery. 7.1 A succession of Interosseous Branches which anastomose 9. I with the Digital Branches of ger. 10. 11 12. the Ulnar before their bifur- cations to each finger. The Anastomoses are in Arches Faae 146. FIG. 461. FIG. 462. ttfiH 5^!, »,«M.ire; THE ABDOMINAL AORTA. FIG. 461. A View of the Aorta in its whole length, and op its Branches, as given by a sec- tion of the Anterior Parie- tes op the Trunk. 1. Commencement and Arch of the Aorta. 2. Thoracic Aorta. 3. Abdominal Aorta. 4. Arteria Innominata. 5. Right Primitive Carotid. 6. Superior Thyroid. 7. Right Sub-Clavian. 8. Vertebral. 9. Inferior Thyroid. 10. Anterior Cervical. 11. Transverse Cervical. 12. Superior Scapular. 13. Superior Intercostal. 14. Section of Internal Mammary. 15. Left Primitive Carotid. 16. Left Sub-Clavian. 17. A small Artery to the Superior Mediastinum. 18. Some of the Upper Intercostal Arteries. 19. (Esophageal Arteries. 20. Phrenic Arteries, here corning off from the Ccnliac. 21. Remains of the Diaphragm and commencement of the Cceliac Artery. 22. Tripod of Haller, or Division of the Coeliac, into Hepatic, Gastric and Splenic Arteries. 23. Superior Mesenteric, cut off. 24. Emulgent Arteries. 25. Inferior Mesenteric. 26. Division of the Aorta into Iliacs. 27. Middle Sacral—last Branch of the Aorta. 28. Primitive Iliacs. 29. External Iliacs. 30. Epigastric Artery. 31. Circumflex Ilii. 32. Internal Iliac Artery. 33. Ileo-Lumbar. 34. Lateral Sacral. 35. Gluteal. 36. Vesical Arteries. 37. Obturator. 38. Ischiatic. 39. Internal Pudic. Fage 147. FIG. 462. A View of the Arteries of the Stomach and Livkr. 1.1. Crura of the Diaphragm. 2. The Liver turned upwards. 3. Its Left Lobe. 4. Its Right Lobe. 5. Lobulus Spigelii. 6. Portae of the Liver. 7. Ductus Choledocus. 8. Vena Portarum. 9.10.11. The Stomach. 12. The Duodenum. 13. The Spleen. 14. The Pancreas. 15. The Great Omentum. 16. The Small Intestines. 17. Tripod of Haller. 18. Abdominal Aorta. 19. Phrenic Arteries. 20. CoronaryArtery ofthe Stomach. 21. Splenic Artery. 22. Gastric Artery. 23. Hepatic Artery. 24. Right Gastro-Epiploic Artery. 25. Branches to the Greater Curva- ture of the Stomach. 26. Branches to the Omentum Ma- jus. 27. Main Trunk of the Hepatic dividing into Right and Left Branches, and giving off the Cystic Artery. FIG. 463. FIG. 464. THE MESENTERIC ARTERIES. FIG. 463. A View of the Distribu tion of the Superior Mesenteric Artery. 1. Descending portion of the Duodenum. 2. The Transverse portion. 3. The Pancreas. 4. The Jejunum. 5. The Ileum. 6. The Ccecum. 7. The Ascending Colon. 8. The Transverse Colon. 9. The commencement of the Descending Colon. 10. The Superior Mesenteric Artery. II. The Colica Media. 12. Anastomosis with the Colica Sinistra. 13. Anastomosis with the Pancreatico-Duodenalis. I I. Colica Dextra Artery. 15. Ileo-Colic Artery. 16. Branches of the Superior Mesenteric to the small Intestines. Page FIG. 464. The Distribution of the Inferior Mesente- ric Artery. 1. Superior Mesenteric, with its Branches to the small Intestines turned back. 2. The Ccecum. 3. Ascending Colon. 4. Transverse Colon. 5. Descending Colon. 6. Sigmoid Flexure. 7. The Rectum. 8. The Aorta. 9. The Inferior Mesenteric Artery. 10. Colica Sinistra. 11. Colica Media anastomosing with the latter. 12. Branches of the Inferior Mesenteric to the Sigmoid Flexure. 13. Superior Hemorrhoidal. 14. The Pancreas. 15. Descending portion of the Duodenum. 14«. FIG 465. FIG. 466. THE AORTA AND FEMORAL ARTERIES. FIG. 465. A View op the Abdominal Aorta and its Branches. 1.1. The Diaphragm. 2. Foramen Quadratum and Section of the Ascending Vena Cava. 3. Foramen O^sophageum and Section ofthe Oesophagus. 4. Foramen Aorticum in the Crura of the Diaphragm. The Phrenic Arteries are seen going to the Diaphragm. 5. Capsulae Renales. 6. The Kidneys. 7. Abdominal Aorta. 8. Phrenic Arteries. 9. Cceliac—giving off. 10. The Splenic. 11. The Gastric. 12. The Hepatic. 13. Section of Superior Mesenteric. 14. Emulgent Arteries. 15. Spermatic Arteries. 16. Inferior Mesenteric. 17.17. Lumbar Arteries. 18. Division of the Abdominal Aorta. 19. Its last Branch—the Middle Sacral. 20. Primitive Iliacs. 21. Ureters—in their Position to the Arteries. 22. Internal Iliacs. 23. External Iliacs. 24. Circumflex Ilii. 25. Distribution of the Epigastric. 26. Bladder distended with Urine. The Ve- sical Arteries are seen near it. FIG. 4C6 A Front View of the Femoral Artery, as well as of the external and primitive Iliacs of the Right Side. 1. Primitive Iliac Artery. 2. Internal Iliac Artery. 3. External Iliac Artery. 4. Epigastric Artery. 5. Circumflex Ilii Artery. 6. Arteria Ad Cutem Abdominis. 7. Commencement of the Femoral just un- der the Crural Arch. 8. Point where it passes the Vastus Internus Muscle. 9. Point where it leaves the Front of the Thigh to become Popliteal. 10. Muscular Branch to the Psoas and Iliacus. 11. External Pudic Artery cut off. 12. Origin of the Internal Circumflex. 13. Profunda Femoris. 14. Muscular Branch. 15.16. Artery to the Vastus Externus Muscle. 17. Artery to the Pectinpus and Adductors. 18. First Perforating Artery. 19.19. Muscular Arteries. 20.21. Anastomotica. 22. Superior External Articular. 23. Middle Articular. 24. Inferior External Articular. 25. Inferior Internal Articular. Page 149. F I G 467. FIG. 4 11. Trunk ofthe Vena Azygos after the junction of the Vena Hemi-Azygos; above this it empties into the Descending Vena Cava. 12. Superior Inter-Costal Veins emptying into the Vena Azygos and the Brachio-Cephalic Vein. 13. Lumbar Arteries and Veins. 14. Ascending Vena Cava. 15. Emulgent Veins. 16. Primitive Iliac Veins. 17. Internal Iliac Veins. 18. External Iliac Veins. 19. External Iliac Arteries cut off. FIG. 490. | A Posterior View op the Arteries and j Veins op the Trunk, showing their rela- ( tive Positions. < 1. The Aorta, cut off at its origin in the Heart, i FIG. 490. THE TRUNK. 2. The Descending Vena Cava, cut off at the Heart. 3. Arteria Innominata. The Right Brachio- cephalic Vein is seen near it. 4. Right Primitive Carotid. 5. Right Internal Jugular Vein. 6. Right External Jugular Vein. 7. Occipital Artery and Vein. 8. Sub-Clavian Artery and Vein. 9. Vertebral Artery and Vein. 10. Axillary Artery and Vein. 11. Humeral Artery and Vein. 12. Cephalic Vein of the Arm. 13. Sub-Scapular Artery and Vein. 14. External Mammary Artery and Vein. 15. Scapular Artery and Vein. 16. Great Vena Azygos. 17. Smaller Vena Azygos, or Hemi-Azygos. 18. Opening or Origin of the Vena Azygos in the Ascending Vena Cava. 19. Point where the Vena Azygos enters the Descending Vena Cava. 20.20. Inter-Costal Arteries and Veins. 21. Lumbar Arteries and Veins. 22. Anastomosing Branch of the Lumbar Vena Azygos and the Primitive Iliac Veins. 23. Lower portion of the Thoracic Aorta. 24. Emulgent Artery and Vein. 25. Primitive Iliac Artery and Vein. 26. Middle Sacral Artery and Vein. 27. Gluteal Artery and Vein. 28. Lateral Sacral Artery and Vein. 29. Internal Pudic Artery and Vein. Page 158. FIG. 491. FIG. 493. VENJE CAVJE AND VEINS OF THE LEG. FIG. 491. A View ofthe Veins op the Trunk and Neck. The Descending Vena Cava. 2. The Left Vena Innominata. 3. The Right Vena Innominata. 4. The Right Sub-Clavian Vein. 5. The Internal Jugular Vein. 6. The External Jugular. 7. The Anterior Jugular. 8. The Inferior Vena Cava. 9. The External Iliac Vein. 10. The Internal Iliac Vein. 11. The Primitive Iliac Veins. 12.12. Lumbar Veins. 13. The Right Spermatic Vein. 14. The Left Spermatic Vein. 15. The Right Emulgent Vein. 16. The Trunk of the Hepatic Veins 17. The Vena Azygos. 18. The Hemi-Azygos. 19. A branch communicating with the Left \ 8.9 Renal Vein. The Termination of the Hemi-Azygos in the Vena Azygos. The Superior Inter-Costal Vein. 7. The Descending Portion of the Duodenum. 8. Its Transverse Portion. 9. The Vena Portarum. 10. The Hepatic Artery. 11. The Ductus Communis Choledochus. 12. The Divisions of the Duct and Vessels at the Transverse Fissure of the Liver. 13. The Cystic Duct. FIG. 493. The Arteries and Deep-seated Veins on the Back of the Leg. 1 2 3.4, 20. 21. 10.1 FIG. 492. An Enlarged View op the Vena Portarum. 1. The Inferior Mesenteric Vein. 2. The Pancreas. 3. The Splenic Vein. 4. The Spleen. 5. The Gastric Veins, opening into the Splenic Vein. 6. The Superior Mesenteric Vein. 12, 13, 14 15 16, 17 18, 19, 20, Popliteal Vein. Popliteal Artery. * Vein and Artery in their relative Position on the Back of the Knee-Joint. Popliteal Vein on the inner side ofthe joint. Popliteal Artery without and beneath it. Extremity of Saphena Minor Vein. Internal Articular Vessels, both Arteries and Veins. 1. External Articular Vessels, both Arteries and Veins. Junction of the Peroneal and PosteriorTibial Veins. A Venous Branch from the Anterior Tibial Vein. A Vein from the Gastrocnemius. * Anterior Tibial Artery coming through the Interosseous Ligament. Posterior Tibial Artery. Its two Venae Comites. Peroneal Artery. Its two Venae Comites. Vessels on the Heel. Page 159. FIG. 491. FIG. 495. FIG. 497. VEINS OF THE EXTREMITIES. FIG. 494. The Deep-seated Veins on the Front of the Upper Extremity in their relations to the Ar- teries. Axillary Artery. Axillary Vein. Humeral Vein. Basilic Vein. Brachial Artery. The same Artery at the bend of the Arm. Median Basilic Vein. Cephalic Vein. Median Cephalic Vein. Radial Artery. Its two Venae Satellites. 12. Ulnar Artery. Its two Venae Satellites. Recurrens Radialis Artery and Vein. Recurrens Ulnaris Artery and Vein. Interosseal Arteries and Veins. Palmar Arch and Digital Ves- sels, of which there is an en- larged View in Fig. 488. FIG. 495. A View of the Superficial Veins of the Thigh, as seen on its < inner Side. i 1. Great Saphena Vein. \ 2. Point where it traverses the Fas- ! cia to enter the Femoral Vein. 3. Lower Femoral portion of the I Saphena; in its whole course it \ is on the inner edge of the Sar- I torius Muscle. I 4. A Collateral Branch of the Sa- ) phena. i 5.6. Anastomosing Branches. '. 7. An Anastomosis which receives \ the Veins of the Leg just below the Knee. j 5. FIG. 496. The Superficial Veins on the inner Side of the Legs. 1. The Saphena Major at the inside of the Knee. 2. A Collateral Branch of the Sa- phena Major on the Leg. 3. The Anastomosis of the Veins just below the Knee. ) 4. Internal Saphena at the Middle ofthe Calf of the Leg. Origin of the Saphena Vein at the Ankle-Joint. 6. Anastomosing Branch of the Sa- phena Major and Minor. 7. Branches on the back ofthe Leg. 8. The Great Internal Vein of the Foot. 9. The Arch of Veins on the Meta- Tarsal Bones. 10. A Branch from the Heel. 11. Brancheson the Sole ofthe Foot. FIG. 497. The Superficial Veins of the Front of the Leg. 1. Saphena Major above the Leg. 2. The same Vein on the inner Side of the Leg. 3. A Transverse Branch below the Knee which receives all the Ve- nous Branches from the Front of the Leg. 4. A Branch which Anastomoses with the Deep-seated Veins. 5. The Great Vein on the inner Side of the Foot. 6. The Arch formed by the Veins from ihe Meta-Tarsus. 5age 160. FIG. Mh!hi/hhP~^r' ~~— FIG. 500. 3/ 5 I FIG. 498. The Superficial Lymphatic Ves- sels of the Upper Extremity. 1. Median Vein. 2. Cephalic Vein. 3. Posterior Basilic Vein. 4. Median Cephalic. 5. Cephalic Vein high up the Arm. 6. Median Basilic Vein. 7. Superficial Lymphatics of the Hand. 8. Lymphatic Trunks from the in- side of the Hand. 9.9. Principal Fasciculus of Lympha-' tics from the Front and Back of; the Fore-Arm. 10. A Branch from the Superficial to the Deep Lymphatics of the Fore-Arm. 11. An accidental Lymphatic Gland, i 12. Superficial Lymphatics which dip down with the Basilic Vein. 13. The Lymphatic Glands of the Axilla, which receive the Lym- phatic Vessels of the Arm. ' FIG. 499. A View of the Vessels and Lym- phatic Glands of the Axilla. 1. The Axillary Artery. THE LYMPHATICS. 2. The Axillary Vein. 3. The Brachial Artery. 4. The Brachial Vein. 5. The Primitive Carotid Artery. 6. The Internal Jugular Vein. 7. The Sub-Cutaneous Lympha- tics of the Arm at its Upper' Part. 8. Two or three of the most Infe- rior and Superficial Glands into which the Superficial Lympha- tics empty. 9. The Deep-seated Lymphatics : which accompany the Brachial Artery. 10. The Lymphatics and Glands ; which accompany the Infra- Scapular Blood-Vessels. 11. The Glands and Lymphatics ac- companying the Thoracica Lon- ga Artery. 12. Deeper-seated Lymphatics. 13. The Axillary Chain of Glands. 14. The Acromial Branches of the Lymphatics. 15. The Jugular Lymphatics and Glands. 16.17. The Lymphatics which emp- ty into the Sub-Clavian Vein near its junction with the Right Internal Jugular Vein. FIG. 500. A Front View of the Femoral Iliac and Aortic Lymphatic Vessels and Glands. 1. Saphena Magna Vein. 2. External Iliac Artery and Vein. 3. Primitive Iliac Artery and Vein. 4. The Aorta. 5. Ascending Vena Cava. 6.7. Lymphatics which are alongside of the Saphena Vein on the Thigh. 8. Lower Set of Inguinal Lympha- tic Glands which receive these Vessels. 9. Superior Set of Inguinal Lym- phatic Glands which receive these Vessels. 10. The Chain of Lymphatics in Front of the External Iliac Ves- sels. 11. Lymphatics which accompany the Circumflex Iliac Vessels. 12. Lumbar and Aortic Lymphatics. 13. Afferent Trunks of the Lumbar Glands, forming the Origin of the Thoracic Duct. 14. Thoracic Duct at its commence- ment. Page 161. FIG. 501. FIG. 502 FIG. 504. THE LYMPHATICS. FIG. 501. A View of the Lymphatics of the Small Intestines of a Man dead from Ascites. 1. Thoracic Duct. 2. Section of the Aorta. 3. Glands around the Aorta which receive the Lymphatics from the Intestine and give off Vessels to the Thoracic Duct. 4. Superficial Lymphatics on the Intestine. 5.5. More Lymphatic Glands receiv- ing Vessels from the Intestine. 6.7. Lymphatics ofthe Intestine and Mesentery. FIG. 502. A View of the Course and Ter- mination of the Thoracic Duct. 1. Arch of the Aorta. 2. Thoracic Aorta. 3. Abdominal Aorta. 4. Arteria Innominata. 5. Left Carotid. 6. Left Sub-Clavian. 7. Superior Cava. 8. The two Venae Innominatae. 9. The Internal Jugular and Sub- Clavian Vein at each side. 10. The Vena Azygos. 11. The Termination of the Vena Heini-Azygos in the Vena Azy- gos. 12. The Receptaculum Chyli: se- veral Lymphatic Trunks are seen opening into it. 13. The Thoracic Duct dividing, opposite the Middle Dorsal Ver- tebra, into two branches, which soon re-unite ; the course of the Duct behind the Arch of the Aorta and Left Sub-Clavian Ar- tery is shown by a Dotted Line. 14. The Duct making its turn at the Root ofthe Neck and receiving several Lymphatic Trunks pre- vious to terminating in the Pos- terior Angle of the Junction ofthe Internal Jugular and Sub- Clavian Veins. 15. The Termination of the Trunk ofthe Lymphatics ofthe Upper Extremity. FIG. 503. The Lymphatic Vessels and Glands of the Groin of the Right Side. 1. Saphena Magna Vein. 2. Veins on the Surface of the Ab- domen. 3. External Pudic Vein. 4. The Lymphatic Vessels collected in Fasciculi and accompanying the Saphena Vein on its inner side. 5. The External Trunks ofthe same set of Vessels. The Lymphatic Gland which re- ceives all these Vessels. It placed on the Termination of the Saphena Vein. 7. The Efferent Trunks from this Gland; they become Deep-seated and accompany the Femoral Ar- tery. 8. One of the more External Lym- phatic Glands of the Groin. 9. A Chain of four or five Inguinal Glands, which receive the Lym- phatics from the Genitals, Abdo- men, and External Portion ofthe Thigh. FIG. 504. A View of the Superficial Lym- phatics of the Thigh. 1. The External or Saphena Minor Vein. 2. The Venous Anastomosis be- low the Patella. 3. Femoral Portion ofthe Saphena Major. 4. Point where it enters the Femo- ral Vein. 5. The Great Chain of Superficial Lymphatics on the inner side of the Thigh. 6.6. A Chain of three or four Paral- lel Trunks, which accompany the Saphena-Major Vein. 7. Branches from the Front ofthe Thigh. 8. Branches from the Posterior Part. 9.9. The Inguinal Glands into which the Superficial Lymphatics of the Lower Extremity enter. Page 162. FIG. 505. FIG. 506. FIG. 508. FIG. 507. THE LYMPHATICS. FIG. 505. A View of the Lymphatics of the j 12 Jejunum and Mesentery,inject ' ' ed : the Arteries are also in- i i jected. 1. Section ofthe Jejunum. 2. Section of the Mesentery. 3. Branch of the Superior Mesenteric Artery. 4. Branch ofthe Superior Mesenteric I Vein. 5. Mesenteric Glands receiving the Lymphatics of this Intestine. J11. Lymphatics ofthe External Cir cumflex Vessels. Lymphatics on the outer side of the Femoral Vessels. A Lymphatic Gland always found outside of the Vessels. 14. A collection of Vessels and Glands from the Internal iliac Vessels. 15. The Lymphatics of the Primi- tive Iliac Vessels. FIG. 506. A Front View of the Deep-seated Lymphatics of the Thigh. 1. Lower End of the Aorta. 2. Primitive Iliac Vein. 3.4. External Iliac Artery and Vein. 5. Femoral Artery. 6. Section of the Femoral Vein. 7. Vena Saphena on the Leg. 8. Lymphatics near the Knee. 9. Lymphatics accompanying the Femoral Vessels. 10. Deep Lymphatics going from the inside of the Thigh to the Glands in the Groin. FIG. 507. ; The Superficial Lymphatics of the inner side of the Foot and Leg. 1. The Venous Anastomosis on the Phalangial Ends of the Meta- Tarsal Bones. 2. The Saphena Magna Vein. 3. Lymphatics on the back of the Leg. 4. The same Vessels on the lower part of the Thigh. 5.5. Lymphatics coming from the Sole of the Foot. 6.6. Lymphatics from the Dorsal Surface of the Foot. 7. The Lymphatics which accom- pany the Saphena Vein. Page 163. 8. Branches of Lymphatics from the Front and Outside of the Leg. 9. Branches from the Posterior and Internal side of theCalf of the Leg. FIG~7508. The Deep-seated Lymphatic Ves- sels and Glands on the back of the Leg. 1. Popliteal Artery. 2. Popliteal Vein. 3. Posterior Tibial Vessels : the Artery is between its two Veins. 4. Peroneal Artery and Veins. 5. Lymphatic Vessels from the Front of the Leg, coming through the Opening in the Interosseous Ligament. 6. Deep-seated Lymphatic Vessels which arise in the Sole ofthe Foot and accompany the Blood-Ves- sels. 7. Anastomosis of the Superficial and Deep-seated Lymphatics. 8.9. Uniting Branches of Posterior Tibial Lymphatics. 10.10. Popliteal Ganglions which re- ceive the Deep Lymphatics of the Leg and Foot. 11.11. Efferent Popliteal Trunks which accompany the Blood-Ves- sels to the Femoral Ganglions. PART FIFTH. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE SENSES: ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-SIX FIGURES. FIG. 509- FIG. 511. FIG. 510. •m ymmc: ■■ ijMr THE MEDULLA SPINALIS. FIG. 509. An Anterior View of the Exter- nal Surface of the Dura Ma- ter of the Spinal Marrow and Brain. 1. The portion of the Dura Mater Cerebri which is attached to the Crista Galli. 2. The part covering the Anterior Fossae of the Cranium. 3. A series of little Canals that it furnishes to the Olfactory Nerves. 4. The Fibrous Sheath of the Optic Nerves. 5. The Eye-Ball. 6. The Dura-Mater at the Superior Face of the Sphenoid Bone. 7. The same at the Sella Turcica. 8. The portion which covers the Basilar Gutter. 9. The part which passes through the Foramen Magnum to be continued on to that of the Me- dulla Spinalis. 10. The Dura Mater at the Foramen Lacerum ofthe Sphenoid Bone. 11. The 3d, 4th and 6th Pairs of Nerves, piercing the Dura Ma- ter to pass out of the Foramen Sphenoidale. 12. The Dura Mater below the Ca- vernous Sinus. 13. The Carotid Artery. 14. The Dura Mater at the Tempo- ral Fossa. ! 15. That on the sides of theCranium. I 16.17.18. Three Branches of the | 5th Pair of Nerves piercing the '■ ; Dura Mater. j ; 19. The Facial and Auditory Nerves ] passing through their Canal. 20. Enlargement for the Internal Jugular Vein. 21. Glosso-Pharyngeal Nerve. 22. Pneumo-Gastric Nerve piercing the Dura Mater in front of the Enlargement for the Jugular Vein. 23.23. The Fibrous Sheaths fur- nished to the Spinal Nerves by the Dura Mater of the Medulla : Spinalis. 24. The Bones of the Coccyx with the Processes of the Dura Mater inserted into them. 25. The Anterior Face ofthe Dura ; Mater ofthe Medulla Spinalis. FIG. 510. An Anterior View of the Brain and Spinal Marrow, as ex- tracted from their Osseous Cavities. 1.1. The Hemispheres of the Cere- brum. 2. The Great Middle Fissure. 3. The Cerebrum. 4. The Olfactory Nerves. 5. The Optic Nerves. 6. The Corpora Albicantia. Page 166. 7. The Motor Occuli Nerves. 8. The Pons Varolii. 9. The Fourth Pair of Nerves. 10. The lower portion of the Me- dulla Oblongata. 11.11. The Medulla Spinalis in its whole length. 12.12. The Spinal Nerves. 13. The Cauda Equinae. FIG. 511. An Anterior View of the Spinal Marrow, Medulla Oblongata, &c, of a new-born Infant. 1. The Pituitary Gland. 2. The Infundibulum. 3. The Optic Nerves. 4. The Corpora Albicantia. 5. Crura Cerebri. 6. The triangular space between the Crura. 7. Corpus Geniculatum Internum. 8. Corpus Geniculatum Externum. 9. Posterior portion of the Thalami Nervi Optici. 10. Pons Varolii. 11. Its Prolongation into the Crus Cerebelli. 12. Emminentia Olivaria. 13. Corpora Pyramidalia. 14. Corpus Restiforme. 15. Anterior Middle Fissure of the Spinal Marrow. 16. Enlargement for the Origin of the Lumbar Nerves. FIG. 5P2 FIG. 514. FI G. 515. THE MEDULLA SPINALIS. FIG. 512. A Lateral View of the Spi- nal Marrow, &c, of a new- born Infant, to show the Lateral Fasciculus, which is then more Apparent. 1. Crura Cerebri. 2.3.4. One of the Hemispheres of the Cerebellum. 5. External Fasciculus ofthe Crus Cerebelli. 6. Lobulus Amygdaloides and Nervi Pneumogastrici. 7. Point where the Lateral Column of the Spinal Marrow enters the Cerebellum. 8. Pons Varolii. 9.10.11. Continuation of 7, or ofthe Lateral Fasciculus all the way down the Spinal Marrow. In the new-born Infant it is very nearly white, whilst the matter around is of a light grey. 12. Emminentia Olivaria. 13. Corpora Pyramidalia. 14. Corpus Restiforme. FIG. 513. A Posterior View of the Me- dulla Spinalis, with the j Fasciculi op the Corpora Restiformia cut off from each side of the calamus Scriptorius. From the top of this section as far j as the Lumbar portion of the Me- dulla Spinalisjhese posterior Fas- ciculi have been dissected out down to the Axis of the Medulla. 1. The Pineal Gland. 2. The Tubercula Quadrigemina. 3. Origin ofthe 4th Pair of Nerves. 4. The Valve of the Vieussens turned up a little. 5. Posterior portion of the Crus ; Cerebri. ! 6. Section of the Crus Cerebelli. j 7. Anterior portion of the Crus; Cerebri. ! 8. Section of the Corpus Resti-! forme on one side. j 9. The Corpus Restiforme un- < touched on the other side. 10. A prominent Lateral Fasciculus : on the Floor of the Calamus < Scriptorius. ; 11. Point of the Calamus. From ; its Point to the End of the Medulla Spinalis are seen the junctions of the Fasciculi of each side, which make the Axis ! of the Medulla Spinalis. 12. The Lateral Fasciculus. 13. The enlargement for the Axil- lary Nerves. 14. The enlargement for the Lum- bar Nerves. FIG. 514. An Anterior View of the Me- dulla Oblongata and of the Termination of the Decus- sation OF MlTISCHELLI. 1. The Pons Varolii. 2. The Emminentia Olivaria. 3. The Corpus Pyramidale. 4. The Corpus Restiforme. 5. The Decussation of Mitischelli. 6. The Anterior Columns of the Spinal Marrow. 7. The Lateral Columns. FIG. 515. A View of a small portion of the Spinal Marrow, show- ing the Origins of some of the Spinal Nerves. 1. The Anterior or Motor Root of a Spinal Nerve. 2. The Posterior or Sensory Root of a Spinal Nerve. 3. The Ganglion connected with the latter. Page 167. FIG. 510. FIG. 517. FIG. 519. FIG. 520. THE MEDULLA SPINALIS. FIG. 516. An Anterior View of the Spinal Marrow, sekn in its whole length, after removal from the Spinal Canal. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.9 Lines indicating the Corpora Pyramidalia. Eminentia Olivaria. Anterior Face of the Spinal Marrow. Anterior Roots of the Cervical Spinal Nerves. Anterior Roots of the Dorsal Nerves. Anterior Roots of the Lumbar Nerves. Anterior Roots of the Sacral Nerves. 10.11. The Anterior and Posterior Roots of the Spinal Nerves, united to pass out of the Dura Ma- ter. Dura Mater of the Medulla Spinalis. Ganglia on the Cervical Nerves. Ganglia on the Dorsal Nerves. Ganglia on the Lumbar Nerves. Ganglia on the Sacral Nerves. Cauda Equince. Sub-Occipital Nerve. Ligamentum Denticulatum. FIG. 517. A Posterior View of the same Spinal Mar- row. 1. Inferior Extremity of the Medulla Oblongata. 2. The Calamus Scriptorius. 3. The Posterior Face of the Spinal Marrow, with the Middle Fissure. 4.5.6.7. The Posterior Roots of the Cervical, Dorsal, Lumbar and Sacral Nerves. The other parts of this cut are the same as in Fig. 516. FIG. 518. $ A View of the Cervical Nerves of a Child of four Years of age, showing the Ante- rior Fissure laid open and the Suture-like appearance of the Anterior Commissure. 1. The Sides of the Anterior Middle Fissure. 2. The union of the two Halves, or the Anterior Com- missure of the Spinal Marrow. FIG. 519. A View of the Posterior Commissure of the same Subject. 1. The Sides or Borders of the Posterior Fissure. 2. The union of the two Sides at the bottom of the Fissure, or the Posterior Commissure. This is seen to be formed by Longitudinal Fibres, whilst the Anterior is by Transverse. FIG. 520. A Transverse Section of the Spinal Mar- row. 1.1. The two Halves of the Spinal Marrow. 2. The Anterior Middle Fissure. 3. The Posterior Middle Fissure. 4. The position of the Cineritous Matter to each Half of the Spinal Marrow. 5. The Origin of one of the Anterior Roots of a Spinal Nerve. 6. The Origin of one of the Posterior Roots. Page 168. PIG. 522. FIG. 521. FIG. 523. FIG. 524. THE CEREBRAL SINUSES AND MEDULLA OBLONGATA. FIG. 521. A View of the Dura Mater of the Cranium and part of the Spi- nal Canal, with theirSinuses. 1.2.3. A Section of the Bones com- posing the Vault of the Cranium, showing the arched attachment of the Falx Major. 4. Anterior portion of the Superior Longitudinal Sinus. 5. Its Middle Portion. 6. Its Inferior Portion; the outer table of .the Cranium is removed. 7. Commencement of the Inferior Longitudinal Sinus. 8. Its Termination in the Straight Sinus. 9. The Sinus Quartus or Rectus. 10. The Venae Galeni. 11. One of the Lateral Sinuses. 12. The Torcular Hierophili. 13. The Sinus of the Falx Cerebelli. 14. The Internal Jugular Vein. 15. The Dura Mater of the Spinal Marrow. 16. The Tentorium Cerebelli. 17.17. The Falx Cerebri. FIG. 522. The Junction of the Sinuses of the Dura Mater, seen from ee- hind and laid open. 1.1. A portion of the Dura Mater of the Superior Occipital Fossa. 2.2. Portion of the Dura Mater of the Inferior Occipital Fossa. 3. The Dura Mater from the Fo- ramen Magnum. 4. Posterior Extremity of the Su- perior Longitudinal Sinus. 5. Portions of the Lateral Sinuses. 6. Outline ofthe Lower Occipital Sinus. 7. The Torcular Hierophili. 8.9. The Openings into the Torcu- \ lar Hierophili. FIG. 523. A Horizontal Section of the Cranium to show the Sinuses at its Base: those on the Right Side are injected, those on the Left are empty. 1. The Fossae for the Anterior Lobes of the Brain. 2. The Fossae for the Middle Lobes. 3. The Fossae for the Posterior Lobes. 4. The Basilar Gutter lined by the Dura Mater. 5. The Optic Nerves. 6. The Infundibulum. 7. A Section of the Superior Lon- gitudinal Sinus. 8. The Torcular Hierophili. 9. The Middle part of the Lateral Sinuses. 10. The same Sinus at the Poste- rior Foramen Lacerum. 11. One of the Occipital Sinuses. 12. The Superior Petrous Sinus. 13. Its Anterior Extremity opening into the Cavernous Sinus. 14. The Inferior Petrous Sinus. 15. The Sella Turcica ofthe Sphe- noid Bone. 16. The Cavernous Sinus. 17. The Circular Sinus around the Sella Turcica and opening into the Cavernous Sinus. FIG. 524. A Posterior Superior View of the Pons Varolii, the Cere- bellum, and the Medulla Ob- longata and Spinalis. 1.1. The Crura Cerebri. 2. The Pons Varolii or Tuber- Annularis. 3. Its middle Fossa. 4. An Oblique Band of Medullary Matter seen passing from its side. 5. The External Surface of the Crus Cerebelli in its natural state. 6. The same portion deprived of outer layer. 7. The Nervous Matter which united it to 4. 6. The Trigeminus or Fifth Pair of Nerves. 9. Portion ofthe Auditory Nerve. The white Neurine is seen passing from the Oblique Band which comes from the Corpus Restiforme to the Trigeminus Nerve in front, and the Auditory Nerve behind. 10.11. The Superior portion of the Hemispheres of the Cerebellum. 12. Lobulus Amygdaloides. 13. Corpus Olivare. 14. Corpus Pvramidalc. 15. Medulla S'pinalis. Fuge 169. FIG. 525. FIG. 526. FIG. 527. FIG. 528. THE CEREBELLUM. FIG. 525. A View of the Superior Face of the Cerebellum. 1.1. The Circumference of the Cerebellum. 2. The Space between its He- mispheres behind. 3. One of the Hemispheres of < the Cerebellum, showing the Laminae which compose it. 4. The Vermis Superior. 5. The Tubercula Quadrige- mina. 6. Section ofthe Crura Cerebri. FIG. 526. A View of the Inferior Surface of the Cerebellum and a por- tion OF THE MEDULLAOBLONGATA. 1.1. The Circumference of the Cerebellum. ] 2.2. The two Hemispheres of the Cerebellum. 3. Lobulus Amygdaloides. 4. The Vermis Inferior. 5. Lobulus Nervi Pneumogas-1 trici. 6. The Calamus Scriptorius. 7. Its Point. 8. Section of the Medulla Ob- longata. Points to the Origin of the Pneumotrastric Nerve. 9. 2. Canal for the Corpus Pyra- midale. 3. Canal for the Emminentia Olivaria. 4. Canal for the Fasciculi of the Corpus Restiforme. 5. The Seventh Pair of Nerves. 6. The Auditory Nerve. 7. The Roots of these Nerves united to the Floor of the 4th Ventricle. 8. Medullary Layer to unite the Auditory Nerves to the Lo- bulus Amygdaloides. 9. These Lobules. 10. Medullary Matter by which the Auditory Nerves are con- nected with the Vermis In- ferior. 11. The Vermis Inferior. 12. The Striae running to the Lobulus Amygdaloides. 13. Posterior Face of the Left Crus Cerebelli. 14. External face of this Crus. 15.15. The Expansion of the Fi- bres of the Crus Cerebelli. 16. Left Corpus Rhomboideum laid open; on the other side it is untouched. 17. The Fissure between the He- mispheres ofthe Cerebellum. I 3 \ 9. 10 FIG. 527. A View of the under side of the Cerebellum. The Pons Varolii is at the top of the cut, and the Fasciculi of the Spinal Marrow which ran on to the Pons have been carefully de- tached. I. Pons Varolii. FIG. 528. A View of the Arbor Vit^e and the Fundamental Portion of the Cerebellum, together with the Floor of the Fourth Ventricle. I. TheTuberculaQuadrigemina. 13 2. The Superior Surface of thej 14 Cerebellum. 11 12 Its Inferior Surface, and also the Arbor Vitae. In the Trunk of the Arbor Vitae are seen three Fasciculi running up to the Tubercula Quadrigemina. The most internal of these is A Fibrous Layer in which are collected all the Filaments which pass from the Parietes of the Aqueduct of Sylvius to the Vermis Inferior. Is the Fasciculus outside of the preceding, which runs from the Trunk of the Arbor Vitae behind the Tubercula Quadrigemina. Is that from which all the Fasciculi of the Vermis Su- perior pass to the Tubercula Quadrigemina. A very delicate Medullary Layer, which passes from the Anterior Surface of the Crus Cerebelli under the Ci- neritious Matter of the Cere- brum. The Anterior Extremity ofthe Fourth Ventricle, drawn back and leading to the Aqueduct of Sylvius. Middle Furrow on the Floor of the Fourth Ventricle. Tracts of Nervous Matter Tun- ning to the Auditory Nerve. Elevated portion of the same on the Floor of the Fourth Ventricle. Middle Fissure in the Cala- mus Scriptorius. . Corpora Restiformia. , Lateral portion of the Spinal Marrow. Page 170. FIG. 529 FIG. 530. FIG. 531. FIG. 532. THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA AND CEREBELLUM. FIG. 529. A Posterior View op the Me- dulla Oblongata, as split open vertically on the mid- DLE Line. At the bottom of the Fissure is a succession of Fasciculi which inter- lock and cross from Right to Left. ; The Cerebellum has also been cut off from its Crura with great care, so as to show plainly the three prin- cipal elements in jts composition. 1. The Thalami Nervi Opticislight- ly separated. 2. The Corpora Geniculata. 3. The Tubercula Quadrigemina. 4. The Pineal Gland divided in the middle. 5. The Aqueduct of Sylvius laid open. I 6. The Fasciculated portion of the j Crura Cerebelli. 7.8.9. The Internal, Middle and Ex- ternal Fasciculi of the Crura Cerebelli. 10. Root of the Auditory Nerve. 11. Corpus Restiforme. 12. Posterior portion of the Corpus Pyramidale. 13. Posterior Middle Fissure of the Spinal Marrow. 14. Point ofthe Calamus Scripto- rius. 15.15. Between these Figures is seen the interlocking of the two halves ofthe Medulla Oblongata. FIG. 530. A View of the Prolongation of the Anterior Fasciculus of the Crus Cerebelli into the Fibres of the Lobulus Amyg- daloides, &c, given by a Ver- tical Section of the Cerebel- lum, AND TURNING IT BACK. 1. The Arbor Vitae of the Vermis Superior. 2. The Medullary Matter which passes from the Cortical sub- stance ofthe Cerebellum to the Tubercula Quadrigemina. 3. Section of the Lobulus Amyg- daloides and Nervi Pneumogas- trici. 4. The Internal Fasciculus of the Anterior portion of the Crus Cerebelli. 5. Prolongations of this Fasciculus into the Lobulus Amygdaloides and Nervi Pneumogastrici. 6. The Root of the Auditory Nerve which forms with the preceding parts a system of Fi- bres which envelope the Inter- Cerebellar Prolongations of the Corpus Restiforme. All these Fibres form the Parietes of the 4th Ventricle and the Aqueduct of Sylvius. 7. The Testes. 8. Anterior extremity of the 4th Ventricle; the Medullary streak just above the Line is the Valve of the Brain. 9. The nervous tracts on the Ca- lamus Scriptorius. 10. Lower portion of the Calamus. 11.12. The Medulla Oblongata and Spinalis. Page 171 FIG. 531. : In this Figure the External portion of the Crus Cere- belli HAS BEEN REMOVED SO AS TO SHOW THE DEEPER-SEAT- ED PARTS, AS THE PROLONGA- TION of the Auditory and Trigeminus Nerves into the Fundamental portion of the Cerebellum. 1. Expanding Fibres of the Crus Ce- rebri. 2. Posterior Surface of the Crus Cerebri. 3. Trigeminus Nerve. 4. Its Prolongation to the centre of the Cerebellum. 5. Its Prolongation to the Corpus Restiforme. 6. Auditory Nerve. 7. Medullary Matter going from this Nerve to the Trigeminus. 8. Doubling of the Fibres of the Laminae of the Cerebellum and their continuation to Fig. 7. 9. Emminentia Olivaria. FIG. 532. A View of the Appearance of the Convolutions of one Side of the Cerebrum, as seen from above. 1. The Anterior Lobe of the Cere- brum. 2. Its Posterior Lobe. 3. The Middle Lobe. *» FIG. 533. THE CEREBRUM. FIG. 533. $ 18. Superior part of the Medulla Spinalis. 19. Middle Fissure of the Medulla Oblongata. 20. The Corpus Pyramidale. 21. The Corpus Restiforme. 22. The Corpus Olivare. 23. The Olfactory Nerve. 21. Its Bulb. 25. Its External Root. 26. Its Middle Root. 27. Its Internal Root. 28. The Optic Nerve beyond the Chiasm. 29. The Optic Nerve before the Chiasm. 30. The Motor Occuli, or Third Pair of Nerves. 31. The Fourth Pair, or Pathetic Nerves. 32. The Fifth Pair, or Trigeminus Nerves. 33. The Sixth Pair, or Motor Externus. 34. The Facial Nerve. 35. The Auditory—the two making the Seventh Pair. 17. Its Posterior part and the Fissure of its He- ', 36.37.38. The Eighth Pair of Nerves. (The mispheres. j Ninth Pair are not here seen). Page 172. A View of the Base of the Cerebrum and Cerebellum, together with their Nerves. 1. Anterior Extremity of the Fissure of the Hemispheres of the Brain. 2. Posterior Extremity of the same Fissure. 3. The Anterior Lobes of the Cerebrum. 4. Its Middle Lobe. 5. The Fissure of Sylvius. 6. The Posterior Lobe of the Cerebrum. 7. The Point of the Infundibnlum. 8. Its Body. 9. The Corpora Albicantia. 10. Cineritous Matter. 11. The Crura Cerebri. 12. The Pons Varolii. 13. The top of the Medulla Oblongata. 14. Posterior Prolongation of the Pons Varolii. 15. Middle of the Cerebellum. 16. Anterior part of the Cerebellum. FIG. 531 FIG 535. THE CEREBRUM. FIG. 534. A View of the Base of the Cerebrum after the removal of its Middle and Posterior Lobes, as well as of the Cerebellum. 1. Superficial Intercrossing of the Anterior Cords of the Spinal Marrow. 2. Corpora Pyramidalia. 3. Emminentia Olivaria. 4. Corpora Restiformia. 5. External Surface of the Crura Cerebelli. 6. Oblique Bands extending from the Corpora Restiformia alongside of the Pons Varolii. 7. The Pons Varolii. 8. The Crura Cerebri. 9. The Emminentia Mammillares. 10. The Tract of the Optic Nerves. 11.12. A perforated space near the Roots of the Optic Nerves, and diverging from these Nerves near their Chiasm. 13. The Anterior Commissure shown by the rup- ture of the Cineritious Matter; this is formed by the union of the Roots of these Nerves. 14. The Internal Root of the Olfactory Nerve. | 15. Its External Root coming from the Posterior Margin of the Anterior Lobe of the Cerebrum. 16. The Bulb of the Olfactory Nerve. 17. The Great Middle Fissure of the Cerebrum. 18. The Anterior Lobes of the Cerebrum. | 19. The Middle Lobes of the Cerebrum. The > rest of the Brain is wantino-. I ____° FIG. 535. A View of the extent and shape of the Cor- \ pus Callosum as seen from above. On its \ outer side are seen the Convergence of the Fibres of the Hemispheres. 1. The Cerebellum. 2.3.4. The Convolutions on the inner side of the Hemispheres. 5. The Median Tract, or Raphe of the Corpus Callosum. 6. Its Transverse Fibres. 7. The Fibres curved inwards upon its outside. 8. The Converging Fibres of the Hemispheres. 9. The Concave Surface of the Hemispheres which overlaps the sides of the Corpus Cal- losum. ; 10.10. Its Posterior Extremities. 173. FIG. 536. THE CEREBRUM. FIG. 536. A View op the Connexions of the Cerebral Centre with the Hemispheres, in the Ex- pansion op the Diverging Fibres. The Cerebrum is lying upon its Convex or Up- per Surface, and has been divided Transversely throughout its substance, by a cut which.starting from the Base of the Olfactory Nerves, runs up- wards to the superior part of the Cerebrum at the Coronal Suture. 1.1. The Medullary Matter of a Section of the Corpus Callosum. 2.2. Medullary Matter on the outer side of the Corpora Striata. 3.3. Medullary Matter running to the Septum Lu- cidum. 4. The Point where this Matter unites to form the Septum. To the right and left of this I is a black Crescent, marking the Cavity of > the Lateral Ventricles. 5. The 5th Ventricle between the Layers of the \ Septum Lucidum. 6. The Ventricular side of the Corpora Striata. 7.8. Medullary and Cineritious Fibres in the Cor- pora Striata. j 9. The Superior Face of the Corpus Callosum. 5 10. External Face of the Cineritious Layer which envelopes the Corpora Striata. 11. Marks the continuation of the Medullary Matter of 7, in the Corpus Striatum, into that of the Cerebral Hemisphere. 12. The Medullary Matter ofthe Cerebrum, seen as continued from 11. 13. Shows the Intercrossing of the Fibres of the Fibrous Layer of the Corpus Callosum with that of the Hemispheres. 14.15. Show the continuation of the Medullary and Cineritious Striae of the Corpora Striata with that of the Hemispheres. 16. Section of the Optic Nerves and their Ante- rior Gray Root. 17. Portion of the Convolutions of the Cerebrum adjacent and above the Corpus Callosum. 18. The Fissure of Sylvius. 19. Chiasm of the Optic Nerves. 20. The Infundibulum. 21. The Optic Nerves. 22. Tuber Cinerium. 23. Emminentia Mammillares. 24. Crura Cerebri. 25. Temporal portion of the Middle Lobes of the Cerebrum. 26. Pons Varolii with the Oblique Fasciculi com- ing from the Corpora Restiformia. : 174. FIG. 537. 5____IP_!Q_3 FIG. 538. THE CEREBRUM. FIG. 537. A Section of the Head to show the Falx Major, Tentorium and other parts, found under the Median Line of the Head. 1. Vertical Section of the Head. 2. The Frontal Sinus. 3. The Falx Major Cerebri. 4. Its Origin from the Crista Galli. 5. Its Attachment along the Sagit- tal Suture. 6. The lower or concave Edge of the Falx. 7. Its continuation to the Tento- rium. 8. The Tentorium. 9. Its Attachment to the Petrous portion of the Temporal Bone. 10. The free Edge ofthe same part. 11. The Convolutions of the Right Anterior Lobe of the Cerebrum. 12. The Anterior Extremity of the Corpus Callosum. 13. The Septum Lucidum. 14. Section of the Anterior Com- missure. 15. Anterior Crus of the Fornix. 16. Middle of the Fornix. 17. Its Posterior Extremity joining the Corpus Callosum. 18. Internal side of the Thalami Nervi Optici. 19. Section of the Corpora Striata. 20. Lateral Parietes of the 3d Ven- tricle. 21. A portion of the Dura Mater > turned off. 22. Section of the Internal Carotid Artery. FIG. 538. A Vertical Section of the Cor- pus Callosum through its mid- dle. The Left Internal Side of the Cerebrum is also shown. 1.1. Section of the Corpus Callosum. 2. The Septum Lucidum. Anterior Column of the Fornix. Section of the Anterior Com- missure. Another Figure 4 is seen in the convex Surface of the Thalami Nervi Optici. The Thickness or Central Sub- stance of the Thalamus. The Aqueduct of Sylvius. The Pineal Gland. A Medullary Band running from the Pineal Gland to the Anterior Commissure. Section ofthe Crus Cerebri. One ofthe Corpora Albicantia. The Tuber Cinereum. Section of the Chiasm of the Optic Nerves. The Optic Nerve beyond the Chiasm. The Olfactory Nerve. Anterior Surface of the Hemi- sphere. The Fissure between the Pos- terior and Middle Lobes of the Cerebrum. FIG. 539. The Mesial Surface of a Longi- tudinal Section of the Brain. 1. The Inner Surface of the Left Hemisphere. 2. The Divided Surface of the Ce- rebellum, showing the Arbor Vitas. 3. The Medulla Oblongata. 4. The Corpus Callosum. 5. The Fornix. 6. One of the Crura ofthe Fornix. 7. One ofthe Corpora Albicantia. 8. The Septum Lucidum. 9. The Velum Interpositum. 10. The Middle Commissure. 11. The Anterior Commissure. 12. The Posterior Commissure; the Commissure is somewhat above and to the left of the Number. The Space between 10 and 11 is the Foramen Commune Ante- rius. The Space between 10 and 12 is the Foramen Com- mune Posterius. 13. The Corpora Quadrigemina. 14. The Pineal Gland. 15. The Aqueduct of Sylvius. 16. The Fourth Ventricle. 17. The Pons Varolii, through which are seen passing the Diverging Fibres of the Corpora Pyrami- dalia. 18. The Crus Cerebri. 19. The Tuber Cinereum, from which projects thelnfundibulum, having the Pituitary Gland ap- pended to its extremity. 20. One of the Optic Nerves. 21. The Left Olfactory Nerve. FIG. 540. A View of the Course of the An- terior Columns of the Spinal Marrow to their Termination in the Hemispherical Ganglia of the Cerebrum — after the Dissections of Gall. ("The Motor Tract'traced out 1.1. i fiom the Anterior Columns of 1.1.1 the Spinal Cord to the Hemi- spherical Ganglion. 2. Corpus Pyramidale. 3. Emminentia Olivaria. 4. Pons Varolii. 5. Crus Cerebri. 6. Corpus Striatum. 7. Hemispherical Ganglion or Cine- ritious Neurine ofthe Cerebrum. 8. The Cerebellum. 9. The Olfactory Nerve. 10. The Optic Nerve. 11. The 4th Pair of Nerves. 12. The Sensory Root of the 5th Pair. 13. The 7th and 8th Pairs of Nerves. \ 14. The Anterior Commissure. ! 15. Emminentia Mammillare. - 16. Corpus Geniculatum. Fagp 17?. FIG. 541. FIG. 542 FIG. 543. FIG 514. » THE VENTRICLES OF THE ERA1N FIG. 541. A View of the Connexions of the DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BRAIN BY MEANS OF THE COMMISSURES— AS GIVEN BY A VERTICAL SECTION. 1. The Great Transverse Commis- sure or Corpus Callosum divided on its Middle Line. 2. The Commissura Mollis. 3. The Anterior Commissure. 4. The Thalamus. 5. Section ofthe Crus Cerebri. 6. The Cineritious Matter in the Crus. 7. The commencing Fibres of the Inferior Longitudinal Commis- sure or Fornix. 8. Corpus Mammillare. 9. The remains of the Corpus Stri- atum—the rest of it has been scraped away. 10. The Septum Lucidum. 11. Body of the Fornix or Centre of the Commissure. 12. Taenia Hippocampi or Descend- ing Fibres of the Inferior Lon- fitudinal Commissure. ibres covering the Hippocam- pus Major. 14. Fibres covering the Pes Hippo- campi. 15. Fibres covering the Hippocam- pus Minor. It will be thus seen that the different portions of the Convoluted Surface of the Brain are connected together by this Inferior Longitudinal Com- missure, called the Fornix. FIG. 542. A View of the Lateral Ventri- cles of the Brain. The Hemisphere has been divided Vertically so as to lay open the La- teral Ventricle in its greatest extent. Another Section passing from the Fissure of Sylvius has opened the Lateral Ventricle on the External Limit of the Corpus Striatum and all the convexity of the Hemisphere has there been cut away, so as to open the Ventricle outwardly. 1.1.? Is the whole Cavity of the 2.2.5 Ventricle. 3.3. Convolutions on the under side or Base of the Brain. 4. Points to the opening of the Fissure of Sylvius. 5.5. The External Circumference of the Hemisphere. 6. The Fissure separating the Pos- terior from the Middle Lobes ofthe Cerebrum. 7. The bottom of this Fissure to- j wards the Ventricle. 8. The bottom of the Fissure of Sylvius. 9. The Plexus Choroides. 10. The Large Extremity of the Cornu Ammonis. FIG. 543. A View of the Superior Part of the Lateral Ventricles, Cor- pora Striata, Septum Lucidum, Fornix, &c, as given by a Transverse Section of the Ce- rebrum. 1. Section of the Os Frontis. 2. Section of the Os Occipitis. ! 3. Section ofthe Ossa Parietalia. ' 4.5. Anterior and Posterior Extre- j mities of the Middle Fissure of: the Cerebrum. 6. Anterior Extremity ofthe Cor-; pus Callosum. 7. Its Posterior Extremity joining : the Fornix. 8.8. Points to where the Corpus Cal- losum joins the Lateral Medul- lary Matter of the Cerebrum. 9. Its Place of junction Anteriorly. \ 10. Posterior point of union. 11. Middle portion of the Corpora; Striata (Lateral Ventricle). 12. Taenia Pjriata. I 13. The Scutum Lucidum. 14. The Fifth Ventricle. 15. The Fornix. 16. Its Posterior Crura. 17. The Plexus Choroides. 18. The Ergot or Hippocampus Minor. 19. Posterior Crura ofthe Lateral Ventricle. FIG. 544. A Transverse Section of the Brain on a level with the La- teral Ventricles, in order to show the Fifth Ventricle and that portion of the Fornix known as the Lyra. 1. Section of the Os Frontis. 2. Section of the Ossa Parietalia. 3. Section of the Os Occipitis. 4. Anterior Lobes of the Cerebrum. 5. Its Posterior Lobes. 6. Anterior Extremity of the Great Middle Fissure. 7. Its Posterior Extremity. 8. The Centrum Ovale, or Medul- lary Matter of the Cerebrum. 9. The Cortical or Cineritious Mat- ter. 10. Section of the Anterior portion ofthe Corpus Callosum. 11. Anterior Extremities of the La- teral Ventricles. 12. Corpora Striata. 13. The Sides ofthe Septum Luci- dum. 14. The Cavity between its sides, or the 5th Ventricle. 15. The Thalami Nervi Optici. 16. The Taenia Striata. 17. Section of the Anterior Crura of the Fornix, which is here turned backwards. 18. Cavity of the 3d Ventricle. 19. Lateral Portion of the Fornix. 20. Its Posterior Crura. 21. The Striae on its under Surface known as the Lyra. 22. Posterior Cornu of the Lateral Ventricle. Page 176. FIG. 51' FIG. 546. FIG. 547. THE CEREBRUM. FIG. 545. The Lateral Ventricles of the Cerebrum. 1.1. The two Hemispheres cut down to a level with the Corpus Callo- sum, so as to show the Cen- trum Ovale Majus. The Sur- face is studded with the small Puncta Vasculosa. 2. A small portion of the Anterior Extremity of the Corpus Callo- sum. 3. Its Posterior Boundary; the in- termediate portion, forming the Roof of the Lateral Ventricles, has been removed so as to com- pletely expose these Cavities. 4. Apartof the Septum Lucidum, showing a space between its Layers which is the 5th Ven- tricle. 5. The Anterior Cornu of one side. 6. The commencement ofthe Mid- dle Cornu. 7. The Posterior Cornu. 8. The Corpus Striatum of one Ventricle. 9. The Taenia Striata. 10. A small part of the Thalamus Opticus. 11. The Plexus Choroides. 12. The Fornix. 13. The commencement of the Hip- pocampus Major in the Middle Cornu. The Rounded Oblong Body in the Posterior Cornu of the Lateral Ventricle, directly behind the Figure 13, is the Hip- pocampus Minor. A Bristle is seen in the Foramen of Munro. FIG. 546. A View of the Ventricles of the Brain, as given by a Transverse Section of the Cerebrum just above the top op the Lateral Ven- tricles and a Perpendicu- lar Section op the Cere- bellum. 1. Section of the Os Frontis. 2. Its Orbitar Plate. 3. Anterior Lobes of the Cere- brum. 4. Its Posterior Lobes. 5. The Medullary or White Mat- ter of the Cerebrum. 6. TheCineritiousor Grey Matter. 7. Anterior portion of the Middle Fissure ofthe Cerebrum. 8. Section of the Anterior portion of the Corpus Callosum. 9. The curved portion of the An- terior part of the Corpus Callo- sum placed between the Cor- pora Striata. 10. Anterior portion ofthe Corpora Striata. 11. Their Posterior Extremity. 12. The Thalami Nervi Optici. 13. The Taenia Striata. 14. Section of the Anterior Crura of the Fornix. 15. Anterior Extremity of the 3d Ventricle. 16. Its Posterior Extremity. 17. The Commissura Mollis. 18. The Peduncles of the Pineal Gland. 19. The Pineal Gland. 20. The Tubercula Quadrigemina. 21. The Valve of Vieussens divided and turned on each side. 22. Section of the Cerebellum and Arbor Vitae. 23. The 4th Ventricle.—The dark middle Fissure which leads from the Fourth to the Third Ventri- cle under the Valve of Vieus- sens is the Aqueduct of Syl- vius. 24. Lower portion of the Calamus Scriptorius. 25. Extremity of the Medulla Spi- nalis. FIG. 547. A View of a Section of the Brain, showing the Motor Origin of the Fifth Pair pf Nerves and the Origin of the Fourth Pair, with the Position of their Commis- sure. 1. The Pineal Gland lying on the Tubercula Quadrigemina, just above the Nates. 2. The Superior of the Tubercula Quadrigemina, or the Nates. 3. The Inferior or Testes. 4. The Motor Root of the 5th Pair of Nerves. 5. The Thalamus Nervi Optici. 6. The Sensory Root of the 5th Pair. 7. The 4th Pair of Nerves. 8. The 5th Pair of Nerves. Page 177. FIG. 549. FIG. 54H. FIG. 550. FIG. 551. THE ORGAN OF SMELLING. FIG. 548. A View of the Circle of Wil- lis. 1. The Vertebral Arteries. 2. The two Anterior Spinal Branches. 3. One of the Posterior Spinal Arteries. 4. The Posterior Meningeal Ar- tery. The Inferior Cerebelli Artery. The Basilar Artery. The Superior Cerebelli Artery.; The Posterior Cerebelli. The Posterior Communicans. The Internal Carotid. The Ophthalmic Artery. 12. The Middle Cerebral Artery. 13. The Anterior Cerebri. 14. The Anterior Communicans. G. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. FIG. 549. A Side View of the Nose de- prived of its Epidermis in order to show the sebace- OUS Follicles of the Skin. 1. Lower part of the Forehead. 2. Root of the Nose. 3. Its Point. 4. Opening of the Right Nostril. 5. The Lips. 6. Ala of the Nose. 7. The Side of the Nose and its Follicles. 8. The same on its Front. FIG. 550. A View op the Cartilages of the Nose. 1. The Nasal Bones. 2. The Cartilaginous Septum. 3. The Lateral Cartilages. 4. The Alar Cartilages. 5. The Central portions of the Alar Cartilages which con- stitute the Columns. 6. The Appendices of the Alar Cartilage. 7. The Nostrils. FIG. 551. A Side View op the Bones and Cartilages of the Nose, seen on the Right Side. 1.1. An outline of the thickness of the Integuments. 2. The Nasal Bone. 3. The Lateral Cartilage. 4. The External portion of the Cartilage of the Ala Nasi. 5. The Internal portion of the same Cartilage. 6. The Three small Cartilages which support the Ala Nasi. 7. The Fibrous Tissue that holds them together. FIG. 552. An External View ofthe Na- sal Cartilages around the Nostril. 1. The Outer Plate of one ofthe Oval Cartilages. 2. Its Inner Plate. 3. The Columnae Nasi. 4. The small Cartilages of the Ala Nasi. FIG. 553. A portion of the Pituitary Membrane op the Nasal Septum, Magnified 9 times, and showing the Number, Sizes and Arrangement op the Mucous Crypts. Page 178. FIG. 554. FIG. 555. FIG. 553. FIG. 557. THE ORGAN OF SMELLING FIG. 554. A View of the External Parietes of the Left Nostril, as given by the removal of the Septum. 1.2. Sections of the Cartilage of the Nose. 3. The Hollow on the Inner Side of the Ala Nasi, with the Hairs and Mucous Follicles there found. 4. The rounded Prominence where the Skin and Mucous Membrane unite. 5. The Inferior Spongy Bone. 6. The Middle Spongy Bone. 7. The Superior Spongy Bone. 8. An Excavation giving the appearance of a fourth Spongy Bone. 9. The Inferior Meatus of the Nose. 10. The Middle Meatus. 11. The Superior Meatus. 12. An Elongated Projection which separates the Nose from the Pharynx. 13. The opening of the Eustachian Tube. 14. Left half of the Velum Pendulum Palati. FIG. 555. The Arteries of the Left Side of the Nasal Septum. I. The Posterior Ethmoidal Artery. 2. The Anterior Ethmoidal Artery. 3. Branches of the Spheno-Palatine Artery. 4.5.6. The minute Anastomoses of the Branches of the Spheno-Palatine with the Ethmoidal Ar- tery, showing the Vascularity of this Surface. FIG. 556. A portion of the Pituitary Membrane with its Arteries and Veins injected—magni- fied 15 Diameters. The natural size of this piece is seen at the bottom of the Cut. 1.1.1. The Orifices of Three Mucous Crypts sur- rounded by Veins and Arteries. FIG. 557. A Vertical Section of the Middle part of the Nasal Foss.e, giving a Posterior View of the Arrangement of the Ethmoidal Cells, &c. 1. Anterior Fossae of the Cranium. 2. The same covered by the Dura Mater. 3. The Dura Mater turned up. 4. The Crista Galli of the Ethmoid Bone. 5. Its Cribiform Plate. 6. Its Nasal Lamella. 7. The Middle Spongy Bones. 8. The Ethmoidal Cells. 9. The Os Planum. 10. Inferior Spongy Bone. 11. The Vomer. 12. Superior Maxillary Bone. 13. Its union with the Ethmoid. 14. Anterior Parietes of the Antrum Highmoria- num, covered by its Membrane. 15. Its Fibrous Layer. ! 16. Its Mucous Membrane. \ 17. Palatine Process of the Superior Maxillary '/ Bone. J 18. Roof of the Mouth, covered by the Mucous ; Membrane. 19. Section of this Membrane. A Bristle is seen \ in the Orifice of the Antrum Highmorianum. Fage 1*1, FIG. 558. FIG. 559. FIG. 560. FIG. 561. THE EYE. FIG. 558. A Front View ofthe Left Eye—moderately Opened. 1. The Super Cilia. 2. The Ciliae of each Eye-Lid. 3. The Inferior Palpebra. 4. The Internal Canthus. 5. The External Canthus. ft. The Caruncula Lachrymalis. 7. The Plica Semilunaris. 8. The Eye-Ball. - V. The Pupil. FIG. 559. A Side View of the same Eye, showing that the Cilije of the Upper Lid are Concave upwards, and those of the Lower Lid Con- cave downwards. The general Convexity of the Eye-Ball is also seen. FIG. 560. A Posterior View of the Eye-Lids and Lach- rymal Gland. 1.1. The Orbicularis Palpebrarum Muscle. 2. The Borders of the Lids. Fage 3. The Lachrymal Gland. 4. Its Ducts opening in the Upper Lid. 5. The Conjunctiva covering the Lids. 6. The Puncta Lachrymalia. 7. The Lachrymal Caruncle as seen from behind. FIG. 561. A Posterior View of the Eye-Lids—as seen undertheMicroscope,soastoshow clearly the Glandule Palpebrarum. 1.1. The Orbicularis Palpebrarum Muscle. 2. The opening of the Lids, through which are seen the Ciliae of the Upper Lid. 3. The Levator Palpebrae Superioris MuscIp. 4. The openings of the Ducts of the Lachry- mal Gland. 5. The Conjunctiva of the Eye-Lids. 6. The Conjunctiva turned back so as to show the Glands which are beneath it. 7. The Meibomian Glands of the Upper Eye- Lid, seen through the Conjunctiva. 8. The same Glands of the Lower Lid. 9. The Puncta Lachrymalia. 180. FIG. 562. FIG. 563. FIG. 565. FIG. 564. THE EYE. FIG. 562. A View of the Shape and Position op the Lachrymal Canals. 1. The Puncta Lachrymalia or openings of the Lachry-: mal Canals in the Lids. 2. The Cul de Sac at the Orbital end of the Canal. 3. The course of each Canal to the Saccus Lachrymalis. ! 4.5. The Saccus Lachrymalis. 6. The Lower part of the Ductus ad Nasum. FIG. 563. A View op the Muscles of the Eye-Ball, taken from the outer slde op the rlght Orbit. 1. A small Fragment of the Sphenoid Bone around the entrance of the Optic Nerve into the Orbit. 2. The Optic Nerve. 3. The Globe of the Eye. 4. The Levator Palpebrae Muscle. 5. The Superior Oblique Muscle. 6. Its Cartilaginous Pulley. 7. Its Reflected Tendon. 8. The Inferior Oblique Muscle ; a piece of its Bony Origin is broken off. 9. The Superior Rectus Muscle. 10. The Internal Rectus almost concealed by the Op- tic Nerve. 11. Part of the External Rectus showing s two Heads. 12. The Extremity of the External Rectus at its In- sertion ; the intermediate portion of the Muscle having been removed. 13. The Inferior Rectus Muscle. 14. The Sclerotic Coat. A View of the Tensor Tarsi, or Muscle of Horner, has been already given—see Figure 172. | FIG. 564. ; A Side View of the Eye-Ball—entire. 11. The Middle of the Cornea. 2. Its union with the Sclerotic Coat. 3. The Sclerotica. 4.5.6. The Tendons of the Recti Muscles, losing themselves in the Sclerotic Coat. 7. Point where the Optic Nerve penetrates the Coals of the Eye-Ball. 8. The Optic Nerve. FIG. 565. A Longitudinal Section of the Globe of the Eye. 1. The Sclerotic Coat. 2. The Cornea. 3. The Choroid Coat. 4. The Ciliary Ligament. 5. The Ciliary Processes. 6. The Iris. 7. The Pupil. 8. The Retina. 9. The Canal of Petit, which encircles the Lens. 10. The Anterior Chamber of the Eye, containing the Aqueous Humour. 11. The Posterior Chamber. 12. The Lens enclosed in its proper Capsule. 13. The Vitreous Humour enclosed in the Hyaloid Membrane. 14. A Tabular Sheath of the Hyaloid Membrane. 15. The Neurilema of the Optic Nerve. 16. The Arteria Centralis Retina. Page 181. FIG. 566 £ '* 6 THE EYE-BALL. FIG. 566. A Horizontal Section of the Eye-Ball. 1. Sclerotic Coat. 2. Sheath of the Optic Nerve, orCa- nal of Fontana. 3. Circular Venous Sinus of the Iris. 4. Proper Substance ofthe Cornea. 5. Arachnoidea Oculi. 6. Membrane of the Anterior Cham- ber ofthe Aqueous Humour. Of the Two Dotted Lines one points to the supposed Membrane of De- scemet, the other to the supposed continuation of that Membrane over the Anterior Surface of the Iris. 7. Choroid Coat. 8. Annulus Albidus. 9. Ciliary Ligament. ? 10,10'. Ciliary Body, consisting of j (10') a Pars non-Fimbriata, and ) (10) a Pars Fimbriata formed by 21, the Ciliary Process. j 11. OraSerrata of the Ciliary Body. 22, 12. Iris. 23, 13. Pupil. | 24, 14. Membrane of the Pigment. 5 25, 15. Delicate Membrane lining the > Posterior Chamber ofthe Aque- \ ous Humour. < 16. Membrane of Jacob. \ 26, 17. The Optic Nerve surrounded by 27. its Neurilema. j 28. 17'. The Fibres ofthe Optic Nerve < consisting of Fasciculi of Primi- I 29. tive Tubules. j 18. Central Artery of the Retina. 30. 19. Papilla Conica of the Optic Nerve. 31. 20. Retina. The situation of its Vas- ! cular Layer is indicated by a Dotted Line. Central Transparent Point of the Retina. Vitreous Humour. The Hyaloid Membrane. Canalis Hyaloideus. Zonula Ciliaris. In the Plate, none of its Fimbriated part is seen, being concealed by the Ci- liary Processes. Canal of Petit. Crystalline Lens. Anterior Wall of the Capsule of the Lens. Posterior Wall of the Capsule of the Lens. Posterior Chamber of the Aque- ous Humour. Anterior Chamber ofthe Aque- ous Humour. Page 182. FIG. 591. FIG. 592. FIG. 593. FIG. 594. FIG. 590. FIG. 595. FIG. 596. |pfe THE BONES OF THE EAR. FIG. 590. ; A View of the Labyrinth and ; Tympanum of the Ear, with the ! Bones in Situ;highly magnified. 1. Processus Longus of the Mai- : leus. | 2. Its Processus Brevis. 3. Its Manubrium. ] 4. Its Neck. 5. Its Head. j 6. Body of the Incus. 7. Its Processus Brevis. ! 8.8. Its Processus Longus, with the 1 little head for articulating with j the Stapes. ; 9. The Head of the Stapes. 10. Its Anterior Crus. 11. Its Posterior Crus. 12. Its Base. 13.14.15. The first turn of the Coch- lea. 16.17.18. Its second turn. 19. Its half turn. 20. The Cupola. 21. The Fenestra Rotunda. 22.23. The Vestibule. 24.25.26. Anterior Semicircular Ca- nal. 27. Its junction with the Posterior Canal. 28.29.30.31. The Posterior Semicir- cular Canal. 32.33.34.35. The External Semicir- cular Canal. The Enlargements on these Canals are called Am- pullae. FIG. 591. A full View of the Malleus. 1. Processus Longus. 2. Processus Brevis. 3. The Manubrium. 4. The Neck. 5. The Head of the Malleus; near the Figure is seen a small Arti- culating Face for the Incus. FIG. 592. >. A View of the Incus. > 1. Its Body, with the Articular \ Face for the Convex Head of ', the Malleus. \ 2. Its Short or Horizontal Process. ) 3. Its Long or Perpendicular Pro- ' cess. \ 4.4. The Head of this Process for i articulating with the Head of j the Stapes. It is also called > the Orbiculare. FIG. 593. A View ofthe Malleus, showing its Processus Brevis and the Articulating Face for the In- cus. > 1. The Processus Brevis. FIG. 594. A Front View of the Stapes. 1.2. The Head of the Stapes with its Articulating Face placed Obliquely. 3. Its Neck. 4. Its Anterior Crus. 5. Its Posterior Crus more curved than the other. 6. Its Base, the part which co- vers the Fenestra Ovalis. FIG. 595. A Magnified View of the Stapes from aeove, showing the Fe- nestrum in its Base. 1. Cartilaginous Articular Face. with the Orbiculare attached to it. 2. Its Anterior Crus. 3. Its Posterior Crus. 4.4. Its Base slightly open. FIG. 596. A Magnified View ofthe Cellu- lar Structure in the Centre of the Incus. FIG. 597. A Magnified View of the Inter- nal or Cellular Structure of the Mallets on the side of its Processus Brevis. Page 187. FIG. 567. FIG. 569. FIG. 570. FIG. 568. FIG. 571. F1 G. 572. THE EYE-BALL. FIG. 567. The Anterior Segment of a Trans- verse Section of the Globe of the Eye, seen from within. 1. The divided Edge of the Three Coats — the Sclerotic, Choroid and Retina. 2. The Pupil. 3. The Iris; the surface presented to view in this Section being the Uvea. 4. The Ciliary Processes. 5. The Anterior Border of the Re- tina. FIG. 568. The Posterior Segment of a Transverse Section of the Globe of the Eye, seen from within. 1. The divided Edge of the Three Coats—the Membrane covering the whole Internal Surface is the Retina. 2. The Entrance ofthe Optic Nerve with the Arteria Centralis Retinae piercing its centre. 3.3. The Ramifications ofthe Arte- ria Centralis. 4. The Foramen of Soemmering; the Shade from the sides of the Sec- tion obscures the Limbus Luteus which surrounds it. 5. A Fold of the Retina, which ge- nerally obscures the Foramen of j Soemmering after the Eye has been opened. FIG. 569. A View of the Choroid Coat with its Vessels injected. 1. The Optic Nerve. 2. Posterior portion ofthe Sclero- tica, cut off circularly. 3.4. The Ciliary Ligament. 5. The Iris. 6. Ciliary Nerves. 7. Long and Short Arteries of the Choroid Coat. 8. Long Internal Ciliary Arteries ofthe Choroid Coat. 9.10. Vasa Vorticosa. FIG. 570. A View of the Veins of the Choroid Coat, as distend- ed by Blood. 1. The Optic Nerve. 2.3. Section of the Sclerotic Coat. 4.5. The Circumference of the Iris. 6. The Pupil. 7. The Veins of the Choroid Coat. 8.9. The Ciliary Nerves. FIG. 571. An Anterior View op the Iris as Attached to the Cho- roid Coat. 1. The Choroid Coat. 2.3. The Ciliary Ligament. 4. The Great Circumference of the Iris. 5. The Anterior Face of the Iris. 6. Its Lesser Circumference. 7. Shows the Striated or Ray-like appearance of the Iris. 8. The Pupil. 9. The Ciliary Nerves dividing as they penetrate the Ciliary Liga- ment. 10.11. The Ciliary Blood-Vessels. FIG. 572. A Front View op the Retina, with the Lens in its Cap- sule. 1.1. The Retina. 2.2. Its Anterior Limits. 3.3. The Lens in its Capsule. 4. The Central Foramen of the Retina, seen through the Trans- parent Lens and Vitreous Hu- mour. Page 183. FIG. FIG. 573. FIG. 576. FIG. 574. FIG. 577. FIG. 578. FIG. 579. FIG. 580. THE EYE-BALL. FIG. 573. The External Face of the Re- tina, with the Lens attached TO IT. 1. The Retina. 2. Its Central Foramen. 3. The Optic Nerve deprived of its Sheath. 4. The Ciliary Body. 5. The distance of this Body from the Lens. 6. The Lens in its Capsule. FIG. 574. A View of the Left Eye of a Fox- tus of Six Months, magnified 2 Diameters — showing the Ves- sels in the Conjunctiva. 1.2.3.4. The Internal, Superior, Ex- ternal and Inferior parts of the Eye-Ball, with the Blood-Vessels injected. 5. The Transparent Cornea. FIG. 576. A Segment of the Anterior Face of the Iris with its Vessels in- jected—magnified 25 Diame- ters. 1.1. A portion ofthe Pupillary Cir- cumference of the Iris. 2.2. A part of its Greater Circumfe- rence surrounded by a Branch of the Long Ciliary Artery. 3. Part of the Lesser Circle of the Iris. 4.4. Part of its Greater Circle. 5.5. Three Arteries which are larger than the others, and coming from the Greater Circle are lost in the Iris. 6. Smaller Arteries arising from these. 7. Branches of the Larger Arte- ries, which are lost in the Small- er Circle of the Iris. An outline of the Natural Size of this piece is seen on the side of the Figure between 3 and 7. FIG. 575. A portion of the Retina of an Infant, with its Vessels inject- ed and magnified 25 Diameters. An outline of the Natural Size of this piece is seen just below the i 1. The Lens main Cut. ' 2. Its Anterior Face FIG. 577. A Side View of the Vitreous Hu- mour and Lens of a Foetus at 8 Months, showing the Shape and Direction of the Canal of Petit. 3. Filaments which unite the Cir- cumference of the Lens to the Ciliary Processes. 4. The Hyaloid Membrane sur- rounding the Vitreous Humour. 5. The Reflexions of this Mem- brane at the back of the Eye Ball. 6. The Hyaloid Canal for the Ar- tery to the Lens. Its Posterior Orifice by which the Posterior Artery enters. The Canal of Petit around the Lens. FIG. 578. A Front View of the Crystal- line Humour or Lens, in the Adult. FIG. 579. A Magnified View of the Lens of a Foetus of 8 Months, seen on its Anterior Face, with the marks of its division into the Three Pieces that form it at that period. FIG. 580. A Side View of the Adult Lens. 1. Its Anterior Face. 2. Its Posterior Face. 3.3. Its Circumference. Page 184. �9999992 FIG. 581. FIG. 582. FIG. 583. THE EYE-BALL, FIG. 581. An Anterior View of the Choroid, Iris and Membrana Pupillaris of a Foetus op 7 Months, highly injected and magnified 4 Diameters. 1.2. The Choroid Coat. 3. The Ciliary Ligament. 4. The Iris. 5. The Membrana Pupillaris with its Vessels minutely injected. 6.6. The Long Ciliary Arteries. 7.7. The Vasa Vorticosa. FIG. 582. An Anterior View of the Iris and Membra- na Pupillaris op an Infant of 6£ Months, with their Vessels injected—highly mag- nified. 1.1. The two Long Ciliary Arteries. 2. The Circle around the Iris, formed by their Anastomosing Branches. 3. Branches which arise from this Circle, and run in Front of the Iris. Page 4. Anterior Face of the Iris. 5. Extremities of the same Arteries, forming Arches between the two Layers of the Mem- brana Pupillaris. 6. The Centre of the Membrana Pupillaris, usually free from Vessels, where the Mem- brane ruptures spontaneously. The Natural Size of this piece is seen on the side of the Cut. FIG. 583. A Posterior View of the same, also much magnified, and with the Membrana Pupil- laris Ruptured. 1.1. Long Ciliary Arteries. 2. The Greater Arterial Circle of the Ins. 3. The Posterior Face of the Iris covered with Pigmentum Nigrum. 4. Flaps formed by the remains of the Pupil- lary Membrane. 5. The Centre of the Pupil. The Natural Size of the piece is seen mi its, side. FIG. 581. FIG. 585. FIG. 586. fiijMjtiM0lli^ FIG. 587. FIG. 589. FIG. 588. THE EXTERNAL EAR. FIG. 584. A View of the Left Ear in its Natural State. 1.2. The origin and termination of the Helix. 3. The Anti-Helix. 4. The Anti-Tragus. 5. The Tragus. 6. The Lobus of the External Ear. ; 7. Points to the Scapha, and is on i the front and top of the Pinna. ' 8. The Concha. ' 9. The Meatus Auditorius Exter- < nus. < \ prived of its Skin and show- ing HOW MUCH THE SHAPE OF the Ear is due to the Car- tilaginous Plate. 1. A Fissure found in the lower front portion of the Helix. 2. The Fissure found in the. Tragus. 3. The Fissure and Caudate Shape of the lower end of the Helix, These Fissures favour the Flexion of the different portions of the Car- tilaginous Plate of the External Ear. FIG. 585. \ FIG. 587. A View op the Sebaceous Fol- \ The Cartilage of the Exter- licles ofthe External Ear. \ NAL Ear, with some op its They are rendered more ap- \ Muscles. parent prom Maceration. \ 1.2. The Helicis Major Muscle on ----- the front of the Helix. FIG. 586. 3-4- The Helicis Minor Muscle. A View of the Cartilage of "• ™JJt J^of ^TragT^ the External Ear,—de- j 7.8. The Anti-Tragicus Muscle. Page 186. FIG. 588. ; A View of the Inner Side of the Cartilage op the Ex- ternal Ear, or that next to the Cranium. 1.2.3. The Transversus Auriculae Muscle in its usual position. FIG. 589. An Anterior View of the Ex- ternal Ear, as well as of the Meatus Auditorius, La- byrinth, &c. 1. The Opening into the Ear at the bottom of the Concha. 2. The Meatus Auditorius Externus or Cartilaginous Canal. 3. The Membrana Tynipani stretch- ed upon its Ring. 4. The Malleus. 5. The Stapes. 6. The Labyrinth. FIG. 598. FIG. 600. F 1 G. 599. FIG. 601. THE INTERNAL EAR. FIG. 598. FIG. 599. A View op the Labyrinth of the Left Ear An Outline, of the Natural Size, of Fig- of a Fostus op 8 Months, as seen from < ure 598. above.—Magnified 4 Diameters. \ --- FIG. 600. ; A View of the Labyrinth of the Left Side i ; laid open and showing its Contents. 1.2.3. The Cochlea. 1.1. Its First Turn. 2.2. Its Second Turn. 3.3. Its Third or Half Turn, and Apex or Cupola 4. The Foramen Rotundum. 5. The Foramen Ovale. 6. The Groove around it. 7.7. The Vestibule. 8.9.10. The Inferior Semicircular Canal, with its Ampulla at 8. 11.11. The Superior Semicircular Canal. 12. The External Semicircular Canal. \ Page 168. This Figure has the same References as Fig. 598, and is the same as it, except that the Ellip- tical Sacs and the Membranous Semicircular Ca- nals, &c, are seen within the Bony Cavity as shown in Fig. 602. FIG. 601. The Natural Size of Fig. 600. FIG. 602. FIG. 61: FIG. 604. THE INTERNAL EAR. FIG. 602. A View op ihe Labyrinth of the Left Side, laid open in its whole extent so as to show its Structure. These figures are all magnified. 1. The Thickness of the outer Co- vering of the Cochlea. 2.2. The Scala Vestibuli or upper Laver of the Lamina Spiralis. 3.3. The Scala Tympani or lower Layer of the Lamina Spiralis. 4. The Hamulus Cochleae. 5. Centre of the Infundibulum. 6. The Foramen Rotundum com- municating with the Tympanum. 7. The Thickness of the outer Layer of the Vestibule. 8. The Foramen Rotundum. 9. The Fenestra Ovalis. 10. The Orifice of the Aqueduct of j the Vestibule. 11. The Inferior Semicircular Canal. 12. The Superior do. do. 13. The External do. do. 14. The Ampulla of the Inferior Canal. 15. The Ampulla ofthe Superior! Canal. 16. The common Orifice ofthe Su- ; perior and Inferior Canals. ; 17. The Ampulla of the External ! Canal. FIG. 603. The Labyrinth of the Left Side, laid open throughout its whole extent, and show- ing on its lower Half, more plainly thanthe preceding Figures, the Thickness of its different paris. 1.2.3. The lower part ofthe Cochlea or the Scala Tympani. 1.1. The First Turn or Layer. 2.2. The Second Turn or Layer. 3.3. The Half or Third Turn. 4.5. The Inferior Half of the Ves- tibule. 6. Is in the Fenestra Ovalis. 7. The External Canal opening into the Vestibule. 8.8. The Inferior Canal. 9.9. The Superior Canal. 10. Part of the Ampulla of the External Canal. 11. The Union of the Superior and Inferior Canals. FIG. 604. A View op the Labyrinth in AN INVERTED POSITION, LAID OPEN SO AS TO SHOW THE DIS- TRIBUTION of the Nerves. 1.2.3. The Cochlea laid open in its fullest extent, so as to show the Lamina Spiralis. The Fi- gures are placed on the Two Turns and a Half. 4.5.6. The remains of the Parietes of the Cochlea. 7.8. The Vestibule. 9.10. Superior Canal. 11.12. Inferior Canal. 13 The External Canal. 14.14. The Semicircular Membra- nous Canals. 15.16.17. The Auditory Nerve in its > course to the Labyrinth. Page 189. FIG. 605. FIG. 606. FIG. 607. THE INTERNAL EAR. FIG. 605. A highly Magnified View of the External Face of the Bony Labyrinth of the Left Side, opened so as to expose the Vestibule and its Con- tents, &c. The difference of Colour in the shades of this Figure, is intended to assist in distinguishing the external from the internal faces of the La- byrinth, andalsothecavities supposed to be occupied by the Liquor of Co- tunnius. 1. The Ampulla of the Superior Semicircular Canal. 2. The Ampulla of the External Canal. 3. The Ampulla of the Inferior Ca- nal. 4. The Superior Membranous Se- micircular Canal. 5. External Membranous Canal. 6. The Inferior Membranous Canal. 7. The Spaces between the Bony and Membranous Semicircular Canals, thought to be occupied by the Liquor Cotunnii. 8. The common Tube formed by the union of the Superior and In- ferior Membranous Canals. 10 12 (14 19 . The place where thelnternal Se- micircular Canal opens into the Sacculus Ellipticus of the Vesti- bule. . The Sacculus Ellipticus contain- ing the Otoconie of Breschet, j seen at 11. Sacculus Sphericus, containing also some Otoconie, as seen at 13. 15.16.17.18. The expansions of the Auditory Nerve to the Membra- \ nous Canals and the Sacculus I Ellipticus, and also to the Sphe- ricus. The turns of the Lamina Spi- ralis. The Scala Tympani. The Nervous expansion to the Posterior Ampulla. The Scala Vestibuli. The Modiolus. FIG. 606. The soft parts of the Ves- tibule taken out of their bony case, so as to show the distribution op the Nerves in the Ampullae. 1. The Superior Semicircular Mem- branous Canal or Tube. 2. The External Semicircular Tube. 3. The Inferior Semicircular Tube. 4. The Tube of union of the Supe- rior and Inferior Canals. 5. The Sacculus Ellipticus. 6. The Sacculus Sphericus. 7. The Portio Dura Nerve. 8. The Anterior Fasciculus of the Auditory Nerve. 9. The Nerve to the Sacculus Sphe- ricus. 10.10. The Nervous Fasciculi to the Superior and External Ampullae. 11. The Nerve to the Sacculus El- lipticus. 12. The Posterior Fasciculus of the Auditory Nerve, furnishing 13. The filaments to the Sacculus Sphericus, and 14. The filaments to the Cochlea, cut off. FIG. 607. The Ampulla of the Exter- nal Semicircular Membra- nous Canal, showing the mode of termination of its Nerve. Fage 190. FIG. 608. FIG. 609. FIG. 610. THE COCHLEA. FIG. 608. An IMAGINARY FiGURE OR PLAN OF THE CoCH- LEA. This Figure is designed to show how the two Scalae of the Cochlea communicate in its Summit. The Parietes of the Scala Vestibuli are supposed to be removed. 1.1. The Osseous portion of the Lamina Spi- ralis. Its small end is the Hamulus Cochleae. 2.2. The dark ground here represents the Mem- branous portion of the Cochlea or the Zona Membranacea. 3. The commencement of the Scala Tympani. 4. Its External Edge. 5. Its Internal Edge. 6. Corresponds to the Modiolus around which the Lamina Spiralis is wound. 7. Its Summit. 8. The point of communication of the two Scala?. FIG. 603. A View of the Axis ofthe Cochlea and the Lamina Spiralis, showing the Arrange- ment OF THE THREE ZONES. THE OSSEOUS Zone and the Membrane of the Vestibule have been removed. 1. The natural size of the parts. The other Figure is greatly magnified. 2. Trunk of the Auditory Nerve. 3. The distribution of its Filaments in the Zona Ossea. 4. The Nervous Anastomosis in the Zona Vesi- cularis. 5. The Zona Membranacea. 6. The Osseous tissue of the Modiolus. 7. The opening between the two Scalae. FIG. 610. The Auditory Nerve taken out op the Cochlea. 1.1.1. The Trunk of the Nerve. 2.2. Its Filaments in the Zona Ossea of the Lamina Spiralis. 3.3. Its Anastomoses in the Zona Vesicularis. Page 191. FIG. 611. FIG 612. FIG. 613. THE COCHLEA. FIG. 611. a highly magnified vlew of a small piece of the Lamina Spiralis, showing the Globu- lar Structure op the Nerves and the man- ner in which they leave their Neurilemma as they anastomose. - The natural size of the piece is seen on the side of the Figure. 1. Portion of the Auditory Nerve. 2.2. Osseous Canals in the Zona Ossea of the Lamina Spiralis. 3.3. Anastomoses in the Zona Mollis. 4.4. The Neurilemma leaving the Nervous Loops and interlocking to form the Layer of the Zona Membranacea. FIG. 612. A Vertical Section op the Cochlea, highly magnified to show the arrangement and Connexion of its parts. 1.1. The Trunk of the Auditory Nerve. 2.2. Filaments of it in the Zona Ossea. 3.3. Anastomoses in the Zona Vesicularis. 4.4. Zona Membranacea. 5.5. The doubling up of its external edge. 6.6. The Axis of the Cochlea. 7. The Modiolus. 8.8. Exterior osseous parietes of the Cochlea. 9.9. The bony plates of the Lamina Spiralis. 10. The Scala Tympani. 11. The Scala Vestibuli. 12. The Hamulus Cochleae. 13. The Infundibulum. 14. A Bristle passed through the course of the Lamina Spiralis. FIG. 613. A Magnified View of the Veins in the Inte- rior of the Cochlea, as given by a Verti- cal Section. The Arteries accomfany the Veins. 1.1. Veins accompanying the Auditory Nerve. 2. The First Anastomosis on a line with the periphery of the Zona Ossea. 3. The Second Anastomosis on a line with the periphery of the Zona Coriacea. 4. The last Branches occupying the Zona Mem- branacea. 5. The Venous Sinus in the periphery of the Zona Membranacea. FIG. 614. FIG. 615. FIG. 616. THE NERVES. 1 FIG. 614. A Vertical Section of the Head and Neck THROUGH THE MESIAL LlNE, IN ORDER TO SHOW THE OPENING OF THE EUSTACHIAN TUBE AND ITS RELATIONS TO THE PHARYNX. 1. Section of the Os Frontis. 2. Section of the Os Occipitis. 3. The Muscles on the back of the Neck. 4. The Integuments on the Chin. 5. The Frontal Sinus. 6. The Middle Spongy Bone. 7. The Inferior Spongy Bone. 8. The Middle Meatus of the Nose. 9. The Inferior Meatus of the Nose. 10. Thickness of the Roof of the Mouth and Floor of the Nostril. 11. Opening of the Eustachian Tube. A Cathe- ter is introduced in the Nostril and about to enter the Tube. 12. Cartilaginous Nasal Septum. 13. Genio-Glossus Muscle. 14. The Soft Palate. FIG. 615. A View op the Origin and Distribution of the Portio Mollis of the Seventh Pair or Auditory Nerve. I. The Medulla Oblongata. 2. The Pons Varolii. ; 3.4. The Crura Cerebelli of the Right Side. I 5. The Eighth Pair of Nerves. | 6. The Ninth Pair. ■> 7. The Auditory Nerve distributed to the Coch- lea and Labyrinth. | 8. The Sixth Pair of Nerves. \ 9. The Portio Dura of the Seventh Pair. j 10. The Fourth Pair. ! 11. The Fifth Pair. | FIG. 616. ; A View of the First Pair or Olfactory Nerves, with the Nasal Branches of the Fifth Pair. 10 Frontal Sinus. Sphenoidal Sinus. Hard Palate. Bulb of the Olfactory Nerve. Branches of the Olfactory Nerve on the Supe- rior and Middle Turbinated Bones. Spheno - Palatine Nerves from the Second Branch of the Fifth Pair. Internal Nasal Nerve from the first Branch of the Fifth. Branches of 7 to the Schneiderian Membrane. Ganglion of Cloquot in the Foramen Incisi- vum. Anastomosis of the Branches of the Fifth Pair on the Inferior Turbinated Bone. Pige .J', FIG. 61 FIG. 619. FIG. 618. THE SECOND AND FIFTH PAIRS OF NERVES. FIG. 617. A View of the Second Pair or Optic Nerves, with the origin of Seven other Pairs of Nerves. 1.1. Globe of the Eye; the one on the Left Hand is perfect, but that on the Right has the Scle- rotic and Choroid Coats removed in order to show the Retina. 2. The Chiasm ofthe OpticNerves. 3. The Corpora Albicantia. 4. The Infundibulum. 5. The Pons Varolii. 6. The Medulla Oblongata. 7. The Third Pair, Motores Oculi. 8. Fourth Pair, Pathetici. 9. Fifth Pair, Trigemini. 10. Sixth Pair, Motor Externus. 11. Seventh Pair, Auditory and Fa- cial. 12. Eighth Pair, Pneumogastric, Spinal Accessory and Glosso- pharyngeal. 13. Ninth Pair, Hypoglossal. FIG. 618. A View of the Third, Fourth and Sixth Pairs of Nerves. 1. Ball of the Eye and Rectus Ex- ternus Muscle. 2. The Superior Maxilla. 3. The Third Pair, orMotoresOculi, distributed to all the Muscles of i the Eye except the Superior Ob- lique and External Rectus. ; 4. The Fourth Pair, or Pathetici, foing to the Superior Oblique luscle. 5. One of the Branches of the Se- venth Pair. 6. The Sixth Pair, or Motor Exter- nus, distributed to the External Rectus Muscle. 7. Spheno - Palatine Ganglion and Branches. 8. Ciliary Nerves from the Lenticu- lar Ganglion, the short Root of which is seen to connect it with the Third Pair. FIG. 619. A View of the Distribution of the Trifacial or Fifth Pair. 1. Orbit. 2. Antrum Highmorianum. 3. Tongue. 4. Lower Jaw-Bone. 5. Root of the Fifth Pair, forming the Ganglion of Gasser. 6. First Branch of the Fifth Pair, or Ophthalmic. 7. Second Branch ofthe Fifth Pair, or Superior Maxillary. 8. Third Branch ofthe Fifth Pair, or Inferior Maxillary. 9. Frontal Branch, dividing into External and Internal Frontal Nerves. 10. Lachrymal Branch of the Fifth Pair. 11. Nasal Branch. Just under the Figure is the long Root of the Lenticular or Ciliary Ganglion and a few of the Ciliary Nerves. 12. Internal Nasal Nerve, disappear- ing through the Anterior Eth- moidal Foramen. 13. External Nasal Nerve. 14. External and Internal Frontal Nerve. 15. Infra- Orbit ary Nerve. 16. Posterior Dental Branches. 17. Middle Dental Branch. 18. Anterior Dental Nerve. 19. Terminating Branches of the Infra-Orbital Nerve, called the Labial and Palpebral Nerves. 20. Subcutaneus Malee, or Orbitar Branch. 21. Pterygoid, or Recurrent Nerve, from Meckel's Ganglion. 22. Five Anterior Branches of the Third Branch ofthe Fifth Pair. 23. Lingual Branch of the Fifth, joined by the Chorda Tympani. 24. Inferior Dental Nerve. 25. Its Mental Branches. 26. Superficial Temporal Nerve. 27. Auricular Branches. 28. Mylo-Hyoid Branch. Pago 194. P I G. 6'20. FIG. 621. £3iZ , THE FACIAL AND HYP O-G-LO 35 AL NERVES. FIG. 620. A View of the Facial Nerve, together with ; the Branches of the Cervical Plexus, &c. j 1. The Portio Dura or Facial Nerve escaping : from the Stylo-Mastoid Foramen. The Pa- i rotid Gland has been removed in order to show the Nerve more clearly. 2. Its Posterior Auricular Branch. j 3. The Stylo-Hyoid Branch. 4. The Pes Anserinus. \ 5. Temporal Branches of the Facial Nerve. j G. Malar Branches. 7. Cervico-Facial Branches. < 8. Supra-Orbital Nerve. 9. Sub-Cutaneus Malae, a branch of the Supe- \ rior Maxillary Nerve. 10. The Infra-Orbital Nerve. ' \ 11. Terminal Branches of the Inferior Dental \ Nerve. < 12. Nervus Auricularis of the Cervical Plexus. \ 13. The Superficialis Colli Nerve. 14. The Plexus formed between the Superficialis Colli and the branches of the Facial. 15. The Occipalis Minor Branch, ofthe Cervical Plexus. 16. Descending branches of the Cervical Plexus. 17. The Phrenic Nerve. IS. The \ervus Accessorius of the Eighth Pair. \ 19. The Great or Posterior Occipital Nerve. Page FIG. 621. The course and distribution of the Hv co- Glossal or Ninth Pair of Nerves. The deep-seated nerves op the neck are also SEEN. 1. The Hypo-Glossal Nerve. 2. Branches communicating with the Gustatory Nerve. 3. A Branch to the origin of the Hyoid Muscles. 4. The Descendens Noni Nerve. 5. The Loop formed with the Branch from the Cervical Nerves. 6. Muscular branches to the Depressor Muscles of the Larynx. 7. A Filament from the Second Cervical Nerve, and 8. A Filament from the Third Cervical, uniting to form the communicating branch with the Loop from the Descendens Noni. 9. The Auricular Nerve. 10. The Inferior Dental Nerve. 11. Its Mylo-Hyoidean Branch. 12. The Gustatory Nerve. 13. The Chorda-Tympani passing to the Gusta- tory Nerve. 14. The Chorda-Tympani leaving the Gustatory Nerve to join the Sub-Maxillary Ganglion. 15. The Sub-Maxillary Ganglion. 16. Filaments of communication with the Lin- gual Nerve. 17. The Glosso-Pharyngeal Nerve. 18. The Pneuino-Gastric or Par Vagum Nerve. 19. The three upper Cervical Nerves. 20. The four inferior Cervical Nerves. 21. The First Dorsal Nerve. 22.23. The Brachial Plexus. 24.25. The Phrenic Nerve. 26. The Carotid Artery. 27. The Internal Jugular Vein. FIG. 622. FIG. 623. - THE EIGHTH PAIR OF NERVES. FIG. 622. Plan of the origin and distribution of the Eighth Pair of Nerves. . The Corpus Pyramidale of one side. . The Pons Varolii. . The Corpus Olivare. . The Corpus Restiforme. . The Facial Nerve. . The origin of the Glosso-Pharyngeal Nerve. . The Ganglionum Petrosum. . The Trunk of the Nerve. The Spinal Accessory Nerve. The Ganglion of the Pneumogastric Nerve. Its Plexiform Ganglion. Its Trunk. Its Pharyngeal Branch, forming (14) the Pharyn- geal Plexus, assisted by a branch from the Glosso- pharyngeal (8), and one from (15) the Superior La- ryngeal Nerve. 16. Cardiac Branches. 17. Recurrent Laryngeal Branch. 18. Anterior Pulmonary Branches. 19. Posterior Pulmonary Branches. 20. Oesophageal Plexus. 21. Gastric Branches. 22. Origin of the Spinal Accessary Nerve. 23. Branches to the Sterno-Mastoid Muscle. 2i. Branches to the Trapezius Muscle. FIG. 623. A View of the distribution of the Glosso- pharyngeal Pneumo-Gastric and Spinal Accessory Nerves, or the Eighth Pair. 1. The Inferior Maxillary Nerve. 2. The Gustatory Nerve. 3. The Chorda-Tympani. 4. The Auricular Nerve. 5. Its communication with the Portio Dura. 6. The Facial Nerve coming out of the Stylomas- toid Foramen. 7. The Glosso-Pharyngeal Nerve. 8. Branches to the Stylo-Pharyngeus Muscle. 9. The Pharyngeal Branch of the Pneumo-Gastric Nerve descending to form the Pharyngeal Plexus. 10. Branches of the Glosso-Pharyngeal to the Pha- ryngeal Plexus. 11. The Pneumo-Gastric Nerve. 12. The Pharyngeal Plexus. 13. The Superior Laryngeal Branch. 14. Branches to the Pharyngeal Plexus. 15.15. Communication of the Superior and Inferior Laryngeal Nerves. 16. Cardiac Branches. 17. Cardiac Branches from the Right Pneumo-Gastric Nerve. 18. The Left Cardiac Ganglion and Plexus. 19. The Recurrent or Inferior Laryngeal Nerve. 20. Branches sent from the curve of the Recurrent Nerve to the Pulmonary Plexus. 21. The Anterior Pulmonarv Plexus. 22.22. The Oesophageal Plexus. 1015. FIG. 624 THE GREAT SYMPATHETIC NERVE FIG. 624. j 11 A View of the Great Sympathetic Nerve. < , . \ 1. The Plexus on the Carotid Artery in the Ca- 17 rotid Foramen. > 18 2. Sixth Nerve (Motor Externus). \ 19 3. First Branch of the Fifth or Ophthalmic Nerve. < 20 4. A Branch on the Septum Narium going to the I 21 Incisive Foramen. 22 5. The Recurrent Branch or Vidian Nerve divid- 23, ing into the Carotid and Petrosal Branches. 24, 6. Posterior Palatine Branches. 25 7. The Lingual Nerve joined by the Corda Tym- 26, pani. 27, 8. The Portio Dura of the Seventh Pair or the 28, Facial Nerve. 29, 9. The Superior Cervical Ganglion. ■ > 30, 10. The Middle Cervical Ganglion. j 31, 11. The Inferior Cervical Ganglion. | 32, 12. The Roots of the Great Splanchnic Nerve > 33, arising from the Dorsal Ganglia. J 34, 13. The Lt.-st.tr Splanchnic Nerve. 35, . The Renal Plexus. . The Solar Plexus. . The Mesenteric Plexus. TheLumbar Ganglia. The Sacral Ganglia. The Vesical Plexus. The Rectal Plexus. The Lumbar Plexus (Cerebro-Spinal). The Rectum. The Bladder. The Pubis. The Crest of the Ileum. The Kidney. The Aorta. The Diaphragm. The Heart. The Larynx. The Sub-Maxillary Gland. The Incisor Teeth. Nasal Septum. Globe of the Eye. 36. Cavity of the Cranium. Page 197. FIG. 625. NERVES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY. FIG. 625. A View of the Brachial Plexus of Nerves and its Branches to the Arm. l.l. The Scalenus Anticus Muscle. 2.2. The Median Nerve. 3. The Ulnar Nerve. 4. The Branch to the Biceps Muscle. 5. The Thoracic Nerves. 6. The Phrenic Nerve, from the Third and Fourth Cervical. FIG. 626. A View op the Nerves on the front op the I Fore-Arm. j 1. The Median Nerve. I 2. Anterior Branch of the Musculo-Spiral or \ Radial Nerve. 5 3. The Ulnar Nerve. \ Page 4. Division of the Median Nerve in the Palm to the Thumb, First, Second and Radial side of the Third Finger. 5. Division of the Ulnar Nerve to the Ulnar side of the Third and both sides of the Fourth Finger. FIG. 627. A View op the Nerves on the Back of the Fore-Arm and Hand. 1.1. The Ulnar Nerve. 2.2. The Ramus Profundus Dorsalis Nerve. 3. Termination of the Nervus Cutaneus Hu- meri. 4. The Dorsalis Carpi, a Branch of the Radial Nerve. 5.5. A back view of the Digital Nerves. 6. Dorsal Branch of the Ulnar Nerve. FIG. 628. FIG 629. FIG. 630. NERVES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY FIG. 623. A View ofthe Lumbar and Ischiatic Plexuses ; and the Branches of the former. 1. The Lumbar Plexus. 2. The Ischiatic Plexus. 3.3. Abdomino-Crural Nerves. 4. The External Cutaneous Nerve (Inguino- ) Cutaneous). 5.6.7. Cutaneous Branches from 5 8. The Anterior Crural Nerve. 9. The Genito-Crural Nerve, or Spermaticus \ Externus. \ > 10.10. The lower termination of the Great Sym- j pathetic. ', 11. The Iliacus Internus Muscle. 12. The three broad Muscles of the Abdomen, j 13. The Psoas-Magnus Muscle. 14. Bodies of the Lumbar Vertebrae. 15. The Quadratus Lumborum Muscle. 16. The Diaphragm. 17. The Sartorius. \ Page FIG. 029. A View of the Branches of the Ischiatic Plexus to the Hip and back of the Thigh. 1.1. Posterior Sacral Nerves. 2. Nervi Glutei. 3. The Internal Pudic Nerve. 4. The Lesser Ischiatic Nerve, giving off the Perineal Cutaneus, and 5. The Ramus Femoralis Cutaneus Posterior. 6. Great Ischiatic Nerve. FIG. 630. A View of the Anterior Crural Nerve and its Branches. 1. Point where the Nerve comes out under Pou- part's Ligament. 2. Division of the Nerve into its Branches. 3. The Femoral Artery. 4. The Femoral Vein. 5. The Branches of the Obturator Nerve. 6. The Nervus Saphenus. 199. FIG. 031. FIG. 632. FIG 633. FIG. 631. NERVES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY. FIG. 631. A View of the Anterior Tibial Nerve. 1. The Peroneal Nerve. 2.3. The Anterior Tibial Nerve accompanying the Artery of the same name. j < FIG. 632. A View of some of the Branches of the Pop- j liteal Nerve. j 1. The Popliteal Nerve. 2.3. Terminations of the Ramus Femoralis Cuta- neus Posterior. \ 4.5. The Saphenous Nerve. 6.6. The External Saphenous or Communicans \ Tibiae. i FIG. 633. A View of the Posterior Tibial Nerve, in THE BACK OP THE Leg. 1.2. Indicate its course; the upper part of the Peroneal Nerve being seen to the Right. FIG. 634. A View of the termination op the Posterior Tibial Nerve in the Sole op the Foot. 1. Inside of the Foot. 2. Outer side of the Foot. 3. The Heel. 4. Internal Plantar Nerve. 5. External Plantar Nerve. 6. Branch to the Flexor Brevis Muscle. 7. Branch to the outside of the Little Toe. 8. Branch to the space between the Fourth and Fifth Toes. 9.9.9. Digital Branches to the remaining Spaces. 10. Branch to the internal side of the Great Toe. Page 200. WORKS IN THE VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS OP MEDICINE AND SURGERY: PUBLISHED by LEA & BLANCHARD. ANATOMY. ANATOMICAL ATLAS, illustrative of the Structure of the Human Body ; with over Six Hundred Illustrations; the most complete work of the kind ever issued,— beautifully executed, in One Volume Im- perial Octavo; by H. H. Smith, M.D., un- der the supervision of Professor W. E. Hor- ner. 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