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 DESCRIPTIVE  CATALOGUE




             OF THE





      MONSTROSITIES   •




          tN THE CABINET OF THE




BOSTON SOCIETY FOR MEDICAL IMPROVEMENT.





             1848.
~T ?•-
*." 
ARMY MEDICAL LIBRARY
FOUNDED 1836
WASHINGTON, D.C. 
 
 
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE
MONSTROSITIES IN  THE  CABINET
BOSTON SOCIETY FOR MEDICAL IMPROVEMENT.
By J. B. S. JACKSON, M. D.
        BOSTON:
PRINTED BY FREEMAN AND BOLLES
           1847.
 
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PREFACE.
   The  Catalogue of the Cabinet of the Society being
in type, it was deemed  advisable to print a few addi-
tional copies of that portion of it which treats  of  the
Monstrosities.  This department stands, as it were, by
itself,  and concerns the general anatomist rather than
the medical  practitioner; it illustrates  the laws of  the
development of organs, to which so much  attention  has
been  of late  directed; and it is believed that the large
collection of  specimens  belonging to the Society's Cab-
inet,  will  furnish  some  important additional  facts.
Further, there  are many cases of malformation  of  the
individual organs in  the general Catalogue, that it
would have  been desirable to  reprint in connection
with the Monstrosities which are here  described ; but,
as this could not be done, a simple reference will be
made to them in the index.
  In  the  dissection of the specimens, reference was
constantly made to the work of M. Isidore Geoffroy  St.
Hilaire, which may be  supposed to contain  about  all
that is known upon the  subject; and an  attempt was
made  to follow his classification ; but this was found to
<'- ^ 0 A P 
PREFACE.
be  impossible.    His nomenclature  might have  been
used in many  cases, but as it could not  always be
strictly followed, it was thought best, in referring to his
work, to mention  the volume and  page, and not trouble
the reader with a name which would seldom convey any
meaning, or would not fail to be soon forgotten; one of
his terms only, as  a solitary  exception to the above
remark, having been  used in the index.  The general
division of the subject  is into Monstrosities by  defi-
ciency, by excess, and by  distortion. 
MONSTROSITIES.
  i.  Monstrosities by Deficiency.
757. A lithographic  drawing of a specimen which was  presented
     to  the  Society  by Dr. George C. Shattuck.   This form  of
     monstrosity has been  described by M. Isod. Geoff. St. Hilaire
     (Histoire des Anomalies, vol. II. p. 469) as the acephalus, and
     the external appearances, in the present case, are well  repre-
     sented, and perfectly characteristic, the  drawing having been
     made directly upon stone.
       The  mother  of this  subject  was twenty years of age, and
     had been  married three years.  On the  25th  of June, 1837,
     she was confined for the second time, being then in the seventh
     or  eighth  month of pregnancy; one  well formed  child  had
     been expelled, when the monstrosity presented by the feet, and
     was withdrawn,  the case  being  attended by Dr.  Ward  N.
     Boylston, then a pupil of Dr. S.
       When  received, it was  quite  fresh, weighed  nearly four
     pounds, and measured  from ten to eleven inches in length.
     The integuments were  excessively cedematous, constituting  by
     far the  great  bulk of  the foetus, and  on the back  and sides
     were found, on dissection, several  large cysts.  Superiorly, it
     terminated in a regular, rounded mass, and upon the median
     line, anteriorly, and not far from  the  above termination, there
     was the fleshy protuberance which is  so  often found in these
     cases.   This protuberance, which  represented  the head, con-
     sisted of two  portions,  one  above  the  other, and  closely con-
     nected ; the upper one  was of a rounded form, and four or five
     lines in diameter, the  lower  one being considerably smaller,
     and terminating anteriorly in two points; the internal structure
     of this mass will be described in connection with the skeleton.
     In place of the  upper  extremities  there appeared externally,
     upon the right side, two fingers, which looked not unlike the
     claw of a  lobster;  on  the left side  there was  but a  single
     finger.  Both of the  feet were turned  in, and  each had four
     toes, those on the right  side being equi-distant, but those on the
     left irregular; otherwise, the  lower extremities were well de- 
4
MONSTROSITIES.
veloped.  The anus was imperforate; penis well developed ;
umbilical cord very small, and much shrivelled, but sufficiently
long, and at its junction with the abdomen the  intestines pro-
truded, and were covered only by a delicate membrane.
   On dissection, there were found in  the abdomen the  intes-
tines, the left kidney, two renal capsules, the bladder, and the
testicles, the greater part of the  intestines being contained in
the hernial sac.   The stomach, liver, pancreas,  spleen, and
right kidney were wanting.
   The small intestine (No. 761) was  eleven inches in length,
terminated bluntly in a cul de sac, and was  nearly filled with
a  whitish,  curdy  substance.  The large intestine was  eight
inches in length, and contained  a white, crumbling substance
at its  upper part;  the  rectum was  filled with mucus, and ter-
minated in a cul de sac, except for a very minute opening into
the urethra, just  in front of the  verumontanum.  The kidney
rested upon the front of the spine, or a  little to the  left  of it
and was sufficiently well developed ;  renal capsule very small,
and closely attached to  its concave edge.  On  the right  side,
the renal capsule was much larger.  Bladder, prostate gland, and
testicles well developed.  Vas deferens wanting upon the  right
side;  upon the left, it  was  traced very nearly to its  termina-
tion in the  urethra, but the  vesiculae  seminales could not be
found.
   The heart was entirely wanting.   In the  American Journ.
of Med. Sciences for Feb. 1838, in which this case  was  pub-
lished, there  is  a sketch of the  external appearance of the
fcetus, and also of the  circulation, the  course of which was as
follows.  The umbilical vein divided into two large branches
soon after its  entrance into the abdomen; one  passed down-
wards  to supply the pelvis  and  lower extremities; the  other
passed upwards  on the right of the spine, and  divided at the
upper part of the thorax, to  form the right and left subclavian
and jugular veins;  about the middle of the thorax a  large
branch was sent  off on  the  right side, and  which seemed  to
correspond to the vena azygos.  The  aorta divided, at the
upper  part of the thorax,  into the right and  left subclavian
arteries, from which were sent off two small vessels, that, from
their relation to the cervical  vertebra  and to the cranial bones,
were regarded as  carotids, the  corresponding veins being, of 
MONSTROSITIES.
5
course, regarded as the jugulars.  The main  trunk descended
in front of the spine, or a little to the right of it, and gave off
the intercostals; inferiorly, it  terminated in the  left umbilical
and the left iliacs, which were  distributed as usual; the iliacs
and  the  umbilical artery upon  the right  side were perfectly
distinct from those on the left.   In front of the' thorax, beneath
where the  sternum should have  been, there  was quite a net-
work of  vessels.   The structure of the arteries and veins was
apparently normal; the  valves in these last, however, were
probably wanting, as shown by the experiment of  inflating the
vessels when the abdomen was  first  opened.  In the thorax
was a quantity of condensed  cellular membrane, and along
the spine several large cells filled with serum, but nothing like
a pleural cavity.
   The spinal marrow was  fully exposed  by separating the
wings of two of the dorsal vertebrae, and was  found to be of
the  usual  size,  the nerves  going  off on each  side.  At  its
upper extremity it was still more satisfactorily shown ;  it there
bulged slightly, and measured  four lines transversely,  then be-
coming smaller, and terminating in a blunt  point,  nerves being
sent off  from it to form the axillary plexus, which was large
on each  side.  Within the thorax  and abdomen were found
several  ganglia  of  the  sympathetic  nerve.  Muscles of the
trunk  and lower  extremities sufficiently developed, but  else-
where imperfect.
   The skeleton (Xo. 759) having been prepared, and mounted,
has  been  represented in Fig. 4, at  the  end of  the  volume.
There are nineteen vertebrae, besides  the  sacral; three, situ-
ated above the upper rib, are  partially united, and  the bodies of
two or three of the  upper dorsal are  irregularly ossified, but
the rest  are well developed.   Nine ribs on the  left side, and
ten on the right; these last having hardly a trace of cartilage,
but otherwise are not remarkable.  The sternum is, of course,
cartilaginous, but consists of two  lateral  portions, which are
widely separated, except at  the  lower extremity, where they
are closely approximated but  do not  unite ; the portion which
is upon the left side  is attached to the clavicle, and  to the car-
tilages of the ribs, but  on the right to the clavicle only.  There
is a scapula on  each side, sufficiently large, although not well
formed, the right being  the  most perfect.   The  clavicles are
              2 
6
MONSTROSITIES.
     short, stout, and bent to somewhat of an  angular  form.  The
     right upper extremity wants the humerus, but there is a slender
     bone, about an inch in length, which is evidently the ulna, and
     attached to this is a small cartilage, which may represent the
     head of the radius, these being directly attached to the scapula
     by ligament; the carpus exists, but  the distinct parts were not
     made out.  There are two metacarpal  bones, about  five  lines
     in length ; one is slender, and  connected with the long finger
     above mentioned, and which has three well  developed  pha-
     langes ;  the other is broad  and stout, and bifurcates so as to
     connect with both fingers, of which  the short one has two pha-
     langes.   The left upper  extremity consisted  of two, small, ir-
     regular cartilages, followed by  a perfectly well developed me-
     tacarpal bone, and  three phalanges.   The  pelvis and lower
     extremities are well  formed, except that, as  appeared exter-
     nally, the  feet are  turned  in, and  have only four  metatarsal
     bones and toes ; one of the cuneiform bones, also, is misplaced,
     being set back behind the others.
       Connected with the upper extremity of the  spinal  column is
     a row of  eight small bones ; they are  altogether one  inch  in
     extent, and, for  the most part, exceedingly irregular, but the
     terminal bone ends distinctly in an alveolus, in which are  seen
     the  well  developed crowns of two incisor  teeth,  besides a
     smaller one, which is connected with one of them laterally.
       This chain of cranial bones terminated in the external fleshy
     protuberance above  mentioned, and  the teeth  were  contained
     in a cavity in  the lower point, probably the  dental  sac.   The
     protuberance was  generally fleshy to the feel, and had some
     dark hair about  it.   Between  the  upper and lower portions
     were two small openings, which led backwards into two distinct
     cavities, three-fourths of an  inch in extent, large enough  to
     admit a probe, and ending in a cul  de  sac, the inner  surface
     being smooth and  polished, except just  within the  openings,
     where it was thickened and rough;  taken in connection  with
     the bones about them, and especially with the teeth, these  may
     fairly be called nasal cavities, the development being  altogether
     very remarkable for this form of  monstrosity.

758. Cast  in plaster of the above  monstrosity, taken, before the
     dissection, by  Dr. 0. W.  Holmes. 
MONSTROSITIES.
7
759. Skeleton of the same.

760. Colored  drawing, to show the course of the circulation  from
     the same; the sketch in the Medical Journal, above quoted,
     having been taken from tljis, as  that of the external appear-
     ances was from the lithographic drawing.
                                         Dr. Jeffries Wyman.

761. Small intestine injected, to show  the termination  in  a cul de
     sac ;  from the same.

762. A cast in plaster of a second acephalus ;  taken by Dr. O. W.
     Holmes.   The specimen was brought from Salem by Dr. E. B.
     Peirson, in May, 1842, the case having occurred in  the  prac-
     tice of Dr. Samuel Johnson.   The  mother was a mechanic's
     wife,  and  had previously  had  two  well-formed  children.
     Nothing remarkable  was not-iced  in  pregnancy, except her
     great size ; labor took place at the  sixth month, and was easy.
     There were  twins, as usual  in such cases, and  the  monster
     was born  first, which, according to St. Hilaire, almost never
     happens.   The second  child  was  well-formed, but died in
     twelve hours ;  a large quantity of liquor amnii was discharged
     with  this, but  with the first  none at all,  so far as observed.
     Placenta  single, the cord of the  monstrosity being about six
     inches in length, and inserted near the edge.
       Externally,  this specimen resembled  very  nearly the  one
     (No.  757)  already described.  The weight was  four  pounds
     and thirteen ounces, the  length eleven inches, and the width,
     at the upper part, six inches.  Integuments excessively  oede-
     matous, but there  were  no cysts, as in  the last case.   Feet
     turned in, and the toes  imperfect, but the lower extremities
     were otherwise well developed.   There  was some vestige of
     the right hand, but only a pit upon  the surface in the place of
     the left.  A small, fleshy protuberance, as usual in these cases,
     represented the head, and around it was  some appearance of
     hair.   Immediately below this  protuberance, and almost  con-
     cealing it,  was a  remarkable development of pia mater;  it
     formed a soft, dark red, circular,  flattened, pedunculated mass,
     sixteen lines in diameter, and  about three lines in thickness,
     the base  being about eight  lines;  it  was covered bv serous 
8
MONSTROSITIES.
membrane alone, and consisted of a uniform, dark red, spongy
tissue, such as is  found upon the  base of the cranium, in the
common " acephalous foetus."  There  was  nothing  between
this mass and the cellular tissue which filled  the cavity of the
thorax, and there was no trace of cerebral  substance.  This
formation is  not  mentioned  by St. Hilaire, but  Beclard (Art.
Monstruosite, Diet,  des Sc.  Med.) has described  something of
the kind.
   On dissection, there was found no trace of heart, lungs, thy-
mus gland, liver, spleen,  pancreas, or  diaphragm.   The umbil-
ical vein  was  fully injected from  the  trunk (No. 763), and
showed no appearance of valves ;  it sent branches to the lower
extremities, and  to  the  abdomen ; then  ascended along the
spine,  and divided  to supply the upper  extremities  and the
neighboring parts ; one large branch  entered the spinal canal,
upon  the  right  side, between two of  the lumbar vertebrae.
There were two umbilical •arteries, which were  distributed  as
in the  last case (No. 757), the left being connected  with the
aorta, which  divided  at the  upper part  of the spine  like the
vein, and  at  the lower part  gave  off  the  usual vessels  to the
pelvis, and to the left lower extremity ;  the umbilical artery upon
the right side, and its branches, appeared to be distinct from
those  on the left.
   The mode of circulation in these cases has never been satis-
factorily determined, from the want of sufficient facts.   Sir A.
Cooper, however, has shown (Guy's Hosp. Reports, No. xi.)
that in one case, at least, it must have been carried on through
the monstrosity by the heart of the perfect foetus, the  placenta
being single, as, according to St.  Hilaire, it generally is, and
the umbilical arteries of  the  two  foetuses communicating
freely, so that the blood entered the monstrosity by these ves-
sels, and  was  returned  by  the  veins,  contrary to its  usual
course.  With regard  to the absence of valves, in the present
case, Sir.  A. C. noticed the same fact in  one, if not  both, of
the subjects  which  he  dissected, and  St.  Hilaire mentions
another case, being, as he says, the only one in which, so far
as he  knows, this point has been examined.
   The large intestine was ten inches in length ; small intestine
fifteen inches, and ending in a cul de  sac, there being  two dila-
tations of the  lower part of the ileum, from one of which arose a 
MONSTROSITIES.
9
marked diverticulum ; anus open.   There was a considerable
quantity of nearly colorless mucus, with  some  white, curdy
flakes, and  in the  small  intestine some traces of a  greenish
color.   The renal capsules were small, and united  across  the
spine like a horse-shoe kidney.  Left kidney large ;  measured
thirteen by sixteen  lines, and seemed to  be distended with
urine;  right kidney five by nine  lines.   The  bladder  was
rather small, but contained urine.   The testicles, gubernacula,
vasa deferentia, prostate, verumontanum and penis were suffi-
ciently well.
   The  ganglia of the  sympathetic nerve, and  the filaments
connecting  them  were  unusually developed in the thorax, ab-
domen and  pelvis ; in the thorax were  two ganglia which ex-
tended from the upper rib to about the eighth rib upon the right
side, and  to the  sixth  on the left.   The spinal  marrow  was
sufficiently developed, as were  the  intercostal nerves, and the
nerves in  the lower extremities.   The right brachial  nerve was
rather large, and  it was one  of the most remarkable points in
the whole anatomy, that although there  was no trace upon the
left side either of a clavicle or upper extremity, not even in the
cartilaginous state, yet  there  was a very tolerably  developed
nerve, artery and vein running down in connection, in the sit-
uation and direction which the  extremity would  have  taken if
it had existed.
   The skeleton, having been partially prepared, and preserved
in that state, there were found to be eleven ribs on the left side
and twelve on the right; all well formed, except the three first
on  the  right side, which  were fused anteriorly.   The dorsal
vertebrae corresponded  to the ribs, the fourth being incomplete
on the left side; cervical vertebrae about three in number, but
not exactly determined, the  wings  being  fused, although  the
transverse processes were tolerably distinct; ten  vertebrae  be-
low the dorsal, of which five may be regarded as lumbar, and
five as sacral; and below these last was a hard, thick, blunt
cartilage,  in place of a  coccyx.   The sternum was in two
lateral portions, widely separated, sufficiently and about equally
developed.  The  right upper extremity  was about three inches
in length; there was one  metacarpal bone, with its  phalanges
well developed and ossified, and above these two irregular carti-
lages ; upon the left side, as above stated, no clavicle, and no trace 
10
MONSTROSITIES.
      of an upper extremity.   Pelvis well formed.  Lower extremities
      sufficiently developed, strongly rotated  inwards, and the feet
      turned in; head of each femur quite prominent anteriorly, as
      if partially dislocated, and  the  synovial  membrane  seemed
      universally adherent.   On the left  foot there were four toes,
      the fourth metatarsal bone being cartilaginous and quite slender ;
      six  tarsal, the third cuneiform being wanting.  On the  right
      foot, on which there were three toes, there were two metatarsal
      bones well developed, and two which were very imperfect and
      cartilaginous ; tarsal as on the left side.

 763. Veins of the above monstrosity; injected, dissected  out, and
      displayed upon  a black board.

 764. Intestinal canal, from  the same  case, and  prepared like the
      veins.

 765. A third  specimen of acephalus, preserved entire in spirit.  It
     is smaller than the two others, the  length  being from  six  to
     seven inches.  The lower extremities are well developed, but
     the feet are much  distorted, there being  only two toes  on the
     left, and  three on  the  right.  No trace of upper extremities.
     Sex female, anus not open.  Hernia  of  intestine into the cord.
     Just above the cord, and rather to the left of the median line, is
     a very soft, fleshy, rounded  protuberance, about one-third of
     an inch  in diameter.  Integuments very oedematous, as  usual.
       One well  formed child  was born, and afterwards  the mon-
     strosity, which presented by the feet.   Quantity of liquor amnii
     large, there being a separate discharge for  each foetus.   Pla-
     centa  single ; cord of the monstrosity slender, but that of the
     child was quite large.   Labor occurred at the sixth month, and
     was otherwise natural;  the  child living  a few hours  only.
     1842.                                 Dr. M. S. Perry.

766-74. Specimens illustrating one of the varieties of  that  form
     of monstrosity which is commonly known as the " Acephalous
     Foetus."  The specimens are  so similar, that one general de-
     scription may answer for the whole, and  with these, have been
     incorporated notes  of seven others which have also been ob-
     served, the cranial  bones of several of them having been pre-
     served in the Cabinet. 
MONSTROSITIES.
11
   Externally, this variety of monstrosity  is characterized  as
follows:—The  trunk and  extremities were well formed and
fully developed; the vault of the cranium was wanting, and
the base of the skull was covered by a deep red, smooth, but
somewhat irregular, serous surface, this surface extending down
the neck, sometimes as low as  the  middle of the back, and
terminating  in a point;  on the margin of the integument,
about the base of the cranium, was a narrow strip of hair; the
neck  was short, the ears rested on the shoulders, and turned
forwards over the  meatus, the  face  was  directed upwards in
proportion  to the malformation of the neck, the  mouth was
open, and the  prominent, staring, frog-like eyes were situated
almost upon the top of the head.
   On cutting through the arachnoid membrane, over the base
of the cranium, for so it must be called, a coarse lace-work of
vessels  was  found,  consisting  of pia mater,  and very much
congested; but, although the  thickness of this  vascular sub-
stance varied in different subjects, and still more  in different
parts of the same, there was nothing that could  be called a
tumor, as described by St.  Hilaire (Hist,  des Anomalies, vol. ii.
p. 336.)   In eight of the cases above referred to, there was no
trace of brain;  in one there was a doubtful trace, but  in four
there were  distinct traces of  cerebral substance in the pia
mater.
   St. H. remarks (vol.  ii. p. 339) that his father and M. Serres
discovered the pituitary gland in one case; in the above cases,
I found, no less than six times,  a rounded body about the size
of that gland, and precisely in its situation, but although some-
times soft like brain, it more commonly had almost the  fleshy
consistence,  as it had  the color, of a lymphatic gland; and
these were not all, for the  same was  also found three times in
the other varieties of this form  of monstrosity.  The cerebral
character of this body being then rather  doubtful, it was ex-
cluded in speaking of the brain.
   The spinal marrow terminated about where the serous sur-
face  began,  but could  sometimes be traced a little  way upon
the membranes, as a thin expansion ; below this, whenever ex-
amined, it was found to be fully developed.
   Of the nerves about  the base of the cranium, the spinal ac-
cessory was  generally seen after a  little  dissection, and some- 
12
MONSTROSITIES.
 times at once;  branches of the  fifth  pair were  several times
 found,  and in  one  case  there  was some  appearance of the
 Casserian ganglion ;  the other nerves, when  seen, were so in-
 volved  in  the  cellulo-vascular tissue that  they could  not  be
 traced to their foramina.
   The  internal  organs of the thorax and  abdomen, in ten of
 the cases which I examined myself, were well formed, with
 the following exceptions.  The  renal capsules,  in every one,
 were very  small, and in some they might readily have  been
 dissected away with the fat which was found about the kidneys,
 as probably happened in some of the published cases, in which
 they are stated  to have been wanting.  The same general fact
 in these cases was noticed by Mr. Hewson (Phil. Trans. 1775),
 and  seems  now  to be generally known, although I do not find
 that St. Hilaire refers to it.   In one there was a supernumerary
 artery at the arch of the aorta; in another there was but one
 umbilical artery; in  one the heart was malformed (No. 340),
 and in  one the diaphragm was almost entirely wanting upon
 the right side, the liver  encroaching  upon the thorax, and the
 right lung being no larger than the upper lobe usually is.   In
 one (No. 773) there  were several peculiarities that will be no-
 ticed hereafter.    In two, of  which I did not see the dissection,
 the internal  organs were well formed, except that the renal
 capsules were very small, and  in  one of the subjects one of
 them was not found.
  The cranium was  very remarkable  in these cases, and  the
 general form varied so little  that one representation (Figure 5)
 will suffice  for the whole.  The frontal bones (a. a.) were very
 imperfectly developed  in all, forming, as it were, a part of  an
 irregular bony circle  or ring; the nasal processes, however,
 were always quite large.  In connection with these bones may
be mentioned the extreme shallowness  of  the orbits, causing
the  eyes to protrude and appear large, as they are generally
described, although, when dissected out, they were found to  be
no larger than usual.  The  parietals  were wanting  in every
case, excepting  one (No. 769), in which they existed in a very
rudimentary state. The occipital bone was the  most remark-
able ;  the basilar and lateral portions were sufficiently devel-
oped, although not always well formed, and the  last two were
directed  horizontally  outwards,  and sometimes  even a little 
MONSTROSITIES.
13
 downwards ; the posterior portion, as seen in the figure, is di-
 vided into two equal portions (b. Z».,) which  are  of a very pe-
 culiar form, and are widely separated, so as to form on each side
 the lateral margin of the cranium.   The petrous  portion of the
 temporal bone was always large and quite prominent; passage
 for the  carotid artery sufficiently large, but  short and direct in
 its course, instead  of being  circuitous  as  usual;  squamous
 portion very imperfectly developed, and situated rather beneath
 the cranium than upon its side ; the ossicula were sufficiently de-
 veloped, but the stapes was often more  or less distorted.   The
 great wings of the sphenoid bone are distinct from the body, in
 a foetus at the term, whereas, in the above cases, the left wing
 was co-ossified in  two, the right in  three, and in five they  were
 both united to the  body of the bone ; pterygoid processes  quite
 large ;  small wings scarcely developed, having, in some cases,
 long  slender  spines, directed anteriorly, and in  others being
 united  posteriorly with the body of the bone, so as to make
 two distinct foramina behind the optic ; these last, and those
 for the  fifth pair of nerves were sufficiently developed.  The
 two superior maxillary bones, which should be  distinct,  were
 co-ossified anteriorly in nine of the above cases,  and in one of
 two cases, in which they were  separate, the  two inferior max-
 illary bones were  co-ossified, this  being the only instance in
 which this unusual condition was observed.   The other bones
 of the head  were  not  remarkable ;  the  inferior maxillary is
 sometimes spoken of as larger than usual, but it only appears
 so from the deficiency of the cranial bones.
   The  malformation  of the spine, which  existed in all, was
 confined  to the neck in some, but  extended, in others, as low
 as the  middle  of  the  back, the wings of the vertebrae being
 widely separated, unequally developed, and  often more  or less
co-ossified; the  bodies, also, were  very often irregularly de-
veloped.  Some of the  ribs were  generally co-ossified when
there  was much malformation of the spine.   Skeleton, other-
wise,  well formed.   The  osteology will be fully  illustrated  in
the four following  specimens, which are a part of those above
described.
   There are some other interesting circumstances in the his-
tory of these cases, which should not be omitted.  With regard
to the sex, five were males and eight were females.   In seven
               3 
14                    MONSTROSITIES.

     the birth was premature, and one only is stated  to  have been
     born at the full term.  One presented by the arm, but the child
     was readily turned, and delivered  by the  feet; a second  pre-
     sented by the feet; a third, by the  head, but the face  was to
     the pubes ; five by the head, and in these, and all of the  others,
     the presentation must have been natural, or the contrary would
     have been stated; and a similar observation might be made in
     regard  to many other points, all of the positive facts of any
     importance having been obtained, in nearly every case.  Three
     were reported still born, and so, I am quite sure, they all were,
     or that they gasped but a few times at the most.  A very curious
     fact, which  was noticed  in  this, and in another variety  of this
     form  of monstrosity,  and  almost universally,  was a profuse
     discharge of what has been regarded as the liquor amnii; it is
     recorded, however, only  eight  times in  the  first  variety;
     Lallemand has observed the same fact in  an analogous case,
     and attributed it to the dropsical affection which he supposed to
     have  destroyed the brain and  spinal marrow.   In regard to
     previous births, one case was that of a first child, but in seven
     there had been other children, and, for the  most part, a large
     number.  St. Hilaire seems to  attach much importance to the
     occurrence of some cause acting upon the mother, in  the early
     months of pregnancy, and tending  to  produce the monstrosity
     (II. pp. 345 and 369;) in one of the  above cases, the mother
     attributed it very decidedly to a severe  fright; in four  others,
     no cause could be assigned, and in the remainder the fact is
     not noticed.

766. A  mounted skeleton of an  " Acephalous  Foetus ; " this is the
     specimen which is represented in Figure No. 5.   1839.
                                          Dr. J.  C. Hayden.

767. A set of separated bones of the head and part of the spine, of
     an  acephalous foetus ; mounted individually upon pedestals, and
     placed upon a black board.   1839.       Dr. J. D. Fisher.

768. A  second specimen, similar  to the  last, but showing  also a
     fusion of the ribs.  1841.          Dr. George C. Shattuck.

769. A  third specimen; in this  there are two rudimentary  and very 
MONSTROSITIES.
15
    irregular bones, that are connected with the frontal, and proba-
    bly represent the parietal bones.  1842.
                                   Dr. William E. Toicnsend.

770. Drawings, showing the external appearances of an acephalous
    foetus.  Two of them represent in outline a front and side view
    of the head and shoulders, and the third gives a back view of
    the  whole in  India ink, the head being shaded.   They were
    taken by a professed  artist, for  Dr. Charles T. Hildreth, and,
    being admirably well done, might be copied  here, if this form
     of monstrosity were not sufficiently well known ; the only repre-
    sentations, however, that I  have seen of it  are two wretched
    figures, one in St. Hilaire's work (Hist, des Anom.,) and  the
     other in  a Memoir by V. Portal (Annales des Sciences Nat.
     vol. xiii.).

771.  Cranium of the monstrosity, from which  the above  drawings
     were taken ;  prepared by Dr. C. T. Hildreth.  The skeleton
     has also been preserved, but, being in an imperfect state, it has
     not  been mounted with  the  cranium; it, however,  shows an
     extensive fusion of the ribs, and separation of the wings of the
     vertebrae as low as the eighth dorsal.  1835.

772.  A foetus preserved in spirit, and showing the full  development
     and  plump condition so often noticed in these cases.   Dissected
     by Dr. Joseph W. McKean.  1828.

773.  A foetus preserved in spirit, and which had been in spirit for
     some time when it was dissected.  The case, which is interest-
     ing from the  malformation of the internal organs,  and from the
     circumstances of its birth, occurred in the practice of Dr. Ezra
     Palmer,  Jr., and an account of it was published  by him in the
     Medical  Magazine for December, 1833.
        The deficiency of the  vertebrae  extended to about opposite
      the  lower angles of the scapulae, the brain  being  nearly want-
      ing.  Left upper and right lower  extremities imperfectly de-
      veloped ; feet turned  in, as in varus.  Something like a penis
      was seen, about one-third of an inch in length, and having the
      appearance of  an urethra, which terminated almost at once  in
      a cul de sac, but there was no  prepuce nor  scrotum, neither 
16
MONSTROSITIES.
 did the anus exist, nor the sulcus between the nates.   Other-
 wise the foetus externally was well formed.
   The abdomen was much distended, and, when the specimen
 was fresh, there  was  supposed to be  ascites; the peritoneal
 cavity, however, on being opened, was found to contain a few
 ounces only of a  reddish  brown fluid.   The urinary bladder
 was as large  as a common-sized  orange, considerably thick-
 ened, and filled about one-third of the cavity of the abdomen,
 the urethra being pervious to the extent of about  two-thirds of
 an inch.   Kidneys and  renal capsules  small, but the ureters
 were  tortuous, and very much dilated.   The  large intestine
 opened into the upper  back part of the bladder, and upon  its
 left side, being, for the last  two inches, distended  with meco-
 nium.   At the fundus of the bladder, and connected intimately
 with its parietes, were the rudiments of a uterus; these con-
 sisted  of three cavities, one of them about two-thirds of an
 inch in diameter, and the other two about  half as  large, the
 largest being situated  immediately upon the right side of the
 intestine, and the two others close to it, but upon the other side;
 they were about a  line in  thickness, rugous  upon  the inner
 surface, and opened freely into  the cavity of the bladder, two
 of them  by distinct openings, and the third  indirectly through
 one of the others; from  each side there  was sent off a pro-
 longation, or horn, which terminated  in a short Fallopian tube,
 and beneath which was a well developed ovary.  The other or-
 gans of the abdomen were well formed, and have been removed,
 except the  large intestine ; the  thoracic organs were also well
 formed.  In the preparation, the anterior parietes of the abdo-
 men and of the urinary bladder having  been cut  away, there
 are seen the openings from the  intestine and from the uterine
 cavities into the bladder, the appendages of the uterus, and the
 dilated ureters, these last being  injected.
   This foetus was born in company with two others, which were
 well formed; the first, a male, weighed  seven pounds, and did
 well; the second, the  subject of the present case, weighed five
 pounds, and gasped only a  few times after it was expelled ;
 the third, a female, weighed six pounds, and lived for ten hours.
The two first presented by the breech, but the  presentation of
 the third was natural.   They were contained in separate cavi-
ties, and  the placenta, which was single, weighed  two pounds. 
MONSTROSITIES.
17
     The mother was a respectable, middle aged  woman, and had
     four children previously to her confinement with the  triplets.
     1835.

774. Cast in plaster of the  head of an  acephalous foetus, taken by
     Dr. Morrill  Wyman, of Cambridge.  The  child  was  born  at
     six o'clock, A. M., on the 25th of August, 1843, and died in the
     course of the forenoon of the 30th, having lived more than five
     days.   During  this  time  it appeared very feeble, and in the
     most miserable state  possible; it, however, opened  its eyes,
     moved its lips, protruded the tongue to  the edge  of the lips,
     and took liquids from a sop, but would not suck.   It also moved
     the limbs.  It was  small, but  externally well  formed, except
     for a reddish mass, which exuded serous fluid, and was situated
     about midway between the eyes and the  occiput.  The case
     occurred in the practice of  Dr. T.  Wellington, of West
     Cambridge.

775. The cranium of an acephalous foetus, which differed  from all
     of those above  described (p. 246,) in having the spine  entire
     throughout, and in having  the posterior  portion of the occipital
     bone  only partially divided, as  shown in Figure 6.   The pari-
     etal bones were wanting, and the cranium was otherwise formed
     as in the above cases, excepting that it was  more  elongated
     than  usual.
       Externally, the foetus was well developed, and well formed,
     excepting  the  head;   the neck being sufficiently  long, the
     ears were not bent forwards as in the other cases; weight five
     and a  half pounds; sex  male ; born at  the  full period, and
     presented by the lower extremities, which  moved  when they
     were first felt in the vagina, though the child never breathed ;
     quantity of liquor amnii  very  great.  The mother had pre-
     viously had six or seven children, and assigned no cause for the
     monstrosity.
       Upon the base of the cranium  was  an  irregular, dark red
     mass, nearly as large as an English walnut,  one rounded, pe-
     dunculated  body hanging  down over the  left eye;  on dissec-
     tion,  this consisted of a coarse, reticulated structure, with some
     large blood-vessels, and  numerous,  small, serous  cysts, but
     without  a  trace of  cerebral substance.  The  spinal  marrow 
18
MONSTROSITIES.
     terminated just above the base of the skull, in four little rounded
     eminences, and  was, at the same time, rather enlarged.  Renal
     capsules  exceedingly small, but  the  internal  organs were
     otherwise well formed.  1838.        Dr. George Bartlett.

776-81.  The next six specimens  belong to another variety of the
     " Acephalous Foetus," which resembles  the one already de-
     scribed (p. 246,) in its general  characters, but  differs from it
     much in the degree of  malformation;  the  spine is open
     throughout, and is often incurvated so as to add very much to
     the external deformity; there are also more frequently than in
     the first variety  other malformations,  both external and inter-
     nal ;  the cranium, however, remains about the  same, although
     there is more development of brain.

776. A mounted skeleton, being the  first  specimen  in this  series.
     The  spine was perfectly straight, except at the   upper lumbar
     vertebra, where  there was  a slight  anterior curvature, but this
     is not now to be seen; all of the vertebrae are well developed,
     except the wings of the third cervical, which are quite small;
     the wings of the dorsal vertebrae, also, not being  so widely
     open  as  usual  in this form of monstrosity.  Otherwise the
     skeleton is well  formed, excepting the head, as externally, the
     subject was well  formed, except for the head and spine.
      A trace of brain only existed, if any at all, but, in  the situa-
     tion  of the pituitary gland, there  was found a soft,  rounded,
     reddish mass, in this  case, and  in No. 778; there was some
    appearance, also, of a  thin  and superficial layer of medullary
    substance  in  place of the  spinal marrow; and  the  same has
    been sometimes observed in other similar cases ; spinal nerves
    and ganglia well developed, as they usually are in these cases.
    The internal organs were  well formed, except  for the small
    size of the renal capsules, and a fissure of the uvula; this last
    was also  observed in  Nos. 781  and 783, and  twice in  the
    first variety of the acephalous foetus (p. 246,) the soft  palate
    being otherwise well developed.
      This case occurred  in November, 1844; the  mother was a
    young married woman, and this  was  her  first child ;  no acci-
    dent during pregnancy;  considered  herself as in  the sixth
    month when labor came on, without any obvious cause ;  breech 
MONSTROSITIES.
19
    presentation;   child  still  born;  quantity  of  liquor  amnii
    large.              Dr. Benjamin E. Cotting, of Roxbury.

777. A  mounted  skeleton;  the second  specimen  in  this series
    (p. 254.)  Cranium as in the first variety (p. 246,) except that
    there are two  long,  slender bones,  finely serrated on their
    edges, closely  connected with the frontals, and which may
    perhaps be rudimentary  parietal bones; the same  have been
    figured in the case of No. 781, and also  by Lallemand, in his
    case above referred to (Observations Pathologiques,  1825.)
       The cervical portion of the spine is  bent directly downwards
    and  backwards, so that  the upper dorsal  vertebra forms  the
    proper summit of the spinal column,  and, in the recent speci-
    men, the posterior edge  of the base of the cranium was united
    by fibrous substance to the wings of the sixth dorsal vertebra;
     wings of the cervical and dorsal vertebrae  extensively co-ossi-
     fied.  Skeleton otherwise well formed.
       When recent, a large and somewhat lobulated mass of cere-
    bral  substance was  found, and there  was some appearance of
     spinal marrow.   The specimen was then put in spirit, and after
     some time was  taken out and hastily examined; the internal
     organs were well formed, except  for the  renal capsules, which
     were not found ;  the entire absence of these organs is so con-
     trary to what has been  generally observed, that I think there
     must have been an oversight in this case, the examination
     having  been  made under very unfavorable  circumstances.
     When recent, this  foetus weighed one  pound  and a quarter;
     sex female ; discharge of liquor amnii very great.   1838.
                              Dr. Charles Wild, of Brookline.

778. A mounted skeleton ; the third specimen in this series (p. 254.)
     Cranium as in the last specimen, except that there is but  one
     so called rudimentary parietal bone, and that is quite small and
     attached to the  left frontal bone.  The spine is  nearly doubled
     upon itself, the  middle  dorsal  vertebrae projecting  forwards,
     and the upper lumbar backwards ; there is also a considerable
     lateral distortion.  The  wings of the  cervical and  dorsal ver-
     tebras are unequally developed, and  extensively fused, espe-
     cially upon the right side; the bodies  also  are  very irregular.
     Of the ribs, there are eleven upon the left side, and these are 
20
MONSTROSITIES.
 distinct; on the right, there are ten  or eleven, and  nearly all
 of them are fused.
   Externally, this foetus was more deformed and much smaller
 than those already described, weighing scarcely twelve ounces
 (avoird.)   In consequence of the strong curvature of the spine,
 the trunk was much shortened, and  the projection of the lum-
 bar vertebrae was very  conspicuous.  The parietes  of the ab-
 domen were deficient upon the left side, and the liver and  in-
 testines protruded, forming a large tumor, and covered only by
 a  thin membrane, which was continuous  with the integuments.
 The right hand was strongly flexed, and turned so that its cubi-
 tal edge came in contact with that of the fore-arm, as shown
 in the skeleton ; the left foot was, also, strongly bent outwards.
   On dissection, no trace of  cerebral substance was found, ex-
 cepting the  pituitary body ; no cysts in  the pia mater ; spinal
 nerves  and ganglia distinct, with  some  appearance of spinal
 marrow, the parts being considerably injured in the delivery,
 as they often are.
   Internally, the diaphragm was wanting.  Liver fawn-colored,
 and the umbilical vein entered  on  the  convexity of the organ,
 there being  no division  into lobes; spleen, kidneys, bladder,
 uterus, ovaries, and vagina  well formed.   Renal  capsules
 rather larger than usual  in the acephalous foetus, and not con-
 nected with the  kidneys, but rather above them and towards
 the median line.  The  arch  of the  aorta gave off the  right
 subclavian and carotid  only;  the pulmonary artery gave  off
the usual branch to  each lung,  and  then  divided into  two
main branches, one being the ductus arteriosus, and the other,
after running some  way upwards, dividing into the left subcla-
vian and carotid arteries ; the other vessels, and the  heart, ex-
ternally, were well formed, as were also the lungs.
  The mother of  this subject was  a young woman, and  had
had one miscarriage, but had  never carried a child  to the full
term.   Considered herself as in the seventh month of preg-
nancy, when the child was born; the liquor  amnii had  been
coming away for three  weeks, and in considerable quantity,
the discharge  being profuse towards  the last; back  of the
child presented, and thus it came into the world.  The placenta
was reported by Dr. S. as large, and  made up almost entirely
of serous cysts ;  cord exceedingly  short.   In the course of her 
MONSTROSITIES.
21
     pregnancy, the mother  sent for Dr. S., in consequence of her
     anxiety from what her  friends had said, that  her child would
     resemble a certain dog, to which she was much attached, and
     which had been used to  draw her breasts after the previous mis-
     carriage.  This child was born on the  30th of October,  1840,
     and on the 1st of December, 1841, she was again delivered of
     another very similar monstrosity, (No.  780.)
                                            Dr. Asa B.  Snow.

779. This specimen, the fourth of this series (p. 254,)  is preserved
     entire, in spirit, and is interesting in connection with  the last,
     as it resembled it perfectly in size, and its general  outline, and
     in the projection formed by the  lumbar  vertebrae.   There is
     also the  same deficiencies of  protrusion of  the parietes  of
     the abdomen, with a protrusion of the contents, the only differ-
     ence being that, in the present case, it  is upon the right side,
     whereas in the other it was on the left; sex male.
                                         Dr. Charles Walker.

780. Separated bones of an  entire skeleton, the  spine only being
     preserved  as a single piece ; mounted  on pedestals, and  dis-
     played upon a black-board; the  fifth specimen of this series.
     The right wing of the sphenoid is fused with the body of the bone.
     The spine, which is represented in Figure 8, is four inches in
     length, and nearly straight,  open  throughout, of course, but
    otherwise well developed below the lower  dorsal vertebra.
    The wings are mostly small,  and more  or  less fused as low as
    the sixth  dorsal vertebra, on  the  left side, and rather lower
    down, on the right.  The bodies of the corresponding vertebrae
    are generally very irregularly developed ;  most of the cervical,
    with the two upper  dorsal, are fused into one mass, and bifid ;
    the two lateral halves being separated so as to  leave an open-
    ing of considerable size (a.),  although much  less than in  the
    next case.   Upon the body  of the  eleventh  dorsal vertebra,
    posteriorly, is seen what  appears to be the  wing of a vertebra
    (&.), inclining to the right side, and resting immediately upon
    a  small bone, which may be a  misplaced and  undeveloped
    body.   Of  the ribs, there are nine upon  the  left  side,  and
    eleven on the right;  many of  them are fused, and some are
    very imperfectly developed.   Extremities well developed.
                   4 
22
MONSTROSITIES.
       This child was born on the 1st of December, 1841, and the
     most remarkable circumstance in the case was, that, thirteen
     months previously, the mother had  been delivered of a similar
     monstrosity (No. 778.)   Labor occurred at the eighth  month,
     and the presentation was natural; weight  of the  child  two
     pounds and  nine  ounces.   She  subsequently  had two  other,
     well formed  children, one at the full period,  and one prema-
     turely ; and about a fortnight after the last, in February, 1845,
     died of acute nephritis.                  Dr. Asa B. Snow.

781. The cranium and trunk of  the sixth specimen in this  series
     (p. 254;) represented in Figure 9;  the extremities, being well
     formed, have been removed.   The head is inclined to the right
     side, and carried backwards  so that the occiput is closely con-
     nected with the wing of the  sixth dorsal vertebra upon the left
     side, and with the eighth on the right.   The rudimentary pa-
     rietal bones (a. a.) exist, as  in No. 777, and there is a consid-
     erable separation between the palatine bones, extending some-
    what  to the  upper maxillaries,  and connected with a fissure
    which was  observed in the soft palate.
      The spinal column is  remarkably malformed.   A front view
    of this part of the skeleton has been represented in Figure 10,
    and an idea may be given of it,  by supposing that there had
    been a longitudinal fissure through the bodies of the vertebra?,
    from the first cervical to the  eighth dorsal, and that  the two
    lateral portions had then been so widely separated as to result,
    not merely in a coming together, but in an actual fusion of the
    cervical bodies with the dorsal of the same  side; the fusion
    being more marked posteriorly than  in the front view.  The
    lateral  portions  do not,  however, come perfectly together, but
    there remains a central opening (a.), about three lines in diam-
    eter, and surrounded on all sides by the bodies of the vertebrae.
    Upon the left side the third  cervical  is in contact  with the
    seventh  dorsal (b.), and  on the  right side, the second, third,
    fourth, and fifth  cervical are  fused into a  common mass with
    the eighth dorsal (c.)   As to  the  number of the bodies, there
    are in the neck, on the left side, six, distinct from each other,
    and regularly arranged, the last two being fused with the bodies
    of the  dorsal  vertebra; on  the  right side are  seven,  much
    more irregular, and of which four are fused, as above stated. 
MONSTROSITIES.
23
The body of the first upper dorsal vertebra, on the left  side,
exists;  the  two next  are wanting; the four next are  distinct,
and of some  size, and  two of them certainly are fused with
the bodies of the cervical vertebrae; the eighth and ninth  form
a common large mass, bounding the central opening inferiorly.
On the  right side, the bodies of the  dorsal vertebrae are much
more irregular; the first  four or  five are almost entirely want-
ing ; the sixth  and seventh are  of  some  size, but are  fused
with the cervical, and the eighth  is fused with four of  the cer-
vical, as above stated.   The  bodies of the  last three dorsal
vertebra?, and  of the five lumbar, are  well developed, there
being, however, a slight lateral curvature.  Most of the wings
of the cervical vertebrae are  fused, and many of the dorsal,
especially on the right side.  There are twelve pairs of  ribs,
which are,  for the  most  part, closely  compressed, as usual in
these cases; three  of the lowest  are fused on the  right  side,
and on  the left, they are generally flattened, but otherwise well
developed.
  This  case occurred  in December, 1844.  The  mother had
previously had two well formed children, and considered  her-
self as  in  the sixth  month of pregnancy, when,  without any
obvious cause,  labor came on ; breech  presentation; child still
born ; sex female ;  quantity of liquor amnii very large.   The
deformity of the trunk was very considerable, but the extremi-
ties were well developed.  Upon  the base  of the skull  were
some  traces of brain, and, in place of the spinal marrow, a
layer  of medullary substance, thin, but  of some  width,  and
covered, if at all, by the most delicate  membrane ; nerves and
ganglia  well developed, as usual in these cases.
  Internally, the diaphragm was pushed very high into the
thorax, the   lungs being imperfectly developed.   Pericardium
mostly wanting, so that the heart  and lungs laid, as it were, in
one common cavity;  the heart being well formed.  The  me-
sentery, also, was quite imperfect, appearing more or less  per-
forated and tattered, although much of it was entire.  A fissure
was found  through the  centre of the  uvula, and extending
somewhat into the  soft palate, the bones being  separated, as
already  shown.   CEsophagus quite short.  The stomach, which,
with a portion of the  intestine, has been injected  (No. 782,)
was, perhaps, sufficiently large, but of  a very irregular form ; 
24
MONSTROSITIES.
    the right extremity terminating in a cul de sac, and the intes-
    tine arising at a considerable distance from it.   The liver was
    considerably fissured, and the umbilical vein entered upon the
    convex face;  gall-bladder  and ducts  apparently  well,  but
    the  intestine, wherever examined,  contained  only  a  light
    colored, pasty mucus, and  without  a trace  of bile.   Renal
    capsules exceedingly small.   The kidneys were united by their
    lower extremities, across the spine, the two pelves being proved,
    by inflation, to be  separate.   The  other  organs were well
    formed.           Dr. Anson Hooker, of East Cambridge.

782. Malformed stomach, from the above case.

783-88. In  the  four next  cases,  constituting the  third  variety
    of the " Acephalous Foetus," the spine is open throughout, and
    much  incurvated, as in the last group.  The brain, however,
    is considerably  developed,  and the  form  of  the  cranium  is
    much altered, in regard to the existence of the parietal bones, and
    a  consequent change in the posterior portion of the occiput.

783. Cranium and trunk prepared, and mounted.  This is  the  first
    specimen  in the present series, and has  been represented  in
    Figures 10 and 11.  The head being thrown very far back-
    wards,  and the upper half of the spine much bent upon itself,
    the posterior portion of the occipital bone is closely connected
    with the wings of the  ninth, tenth, and eleventh dorsal verte-
    brae ; this  portion of the occiput consists  of two broad, flat-
    tened  bones (a. a.), wanting the  prolongation  which  usually
    extends forwards to the frontal, as the  parietals (b. b.) exist  in
    this case ;  these last, however, are in  a very undeveloped state.
    The basilar portion of the occiput is large, as also the  lateral
    portions ;  the right being fused with  the temporal bone.   The
    petrous portion  of the temporals is very irregular, the cranium
    being otherwise formed as usual in these  cases.   The  cervical,
    and upper half of the  dorsal vertebrae, are  bent strongly back-
    wards  (Figure  11;)  the lower dorsal forwards; and, below
    these, the  spine is straight, there being  the usual  number of
    vertebrae, unless one may be wanting in the neck.  The bodies
     of the  cervical consist mainly of two  broad  lateral  portions;
     the two upper dorsal are irregular and fused;  the fifth is very 
MONSTROSITIES.
25
     imperfect, but all  of the other bodies are well developed.
     The wings of the cervical are mostly fused ;  the seven or eight
     upper dorsal are small and crowded, although distinct, and the
     rest are  fully developed.   The ribs are normal, except for a
     partial fusion of the tenth  and eleventh, upon the right side.
     Extremities well formed,  and have been removed in the pre-
     paration.
       The  foetus weighed,  when  recent,  three pounds and six
     ounces  (avoird.) and  was quite  fat;  neck most completely
     wanting, in  consequence of the curvature  of  the  spine.   A
     mass of  brain existed, equal to more than an inch in diameter,
     and at its base were several nerves.  The spinal marrow  ex-
     isted, although less developed than  in the next case.   The pa-
     rietes of the abdomen were deficient about the umbilicus,  and
     a tumor, from which the cord arose, was  formed  there,  two
     inches in  extent,  and covered  by a transparent membrane.
     The liver was large, and  sent off a considerable lobe between
     the two others, to form the protrusion at the umbilicus.  The
     heart was malformed, and has  been already  described (No.
     341.)  Each of the lungs consisted  of a  single lobe, which
     was deeply fissured at the base.   There was also fissure of the
     uvula.  Renal capsules  exceedingly small; right hypogastric
     artery wanting.   The other organs  were welPformed, as were
     the extremities.
       Lubor came on at eight and a half months;  the  child pre-
     sented by the feet, and was still born ; sex female ; quantity
     of liquor amnii very large.  The mother  was  a respectable
     woman,  and attributed the monstrosity to a fright which she had
     received when six weeks pregnant; had had three other child-
     ren, and all well formed.   1845.
                              Dr. Milton Fuller, of Medford.

784. Cranium and trunk prepared, and mounted.  This is the second
     specimen of the present series, and is  represented  in  Figure
     12.   The spine is so strongly bent upon itself, as to bring the
     occipital bone in close connection with  the two  last dorsal ver-
     tebrae.  The parietal bones (a. a.) are  developed very much
     as in No. 787, and  extend transversely  across the base  of the
     cranium, upon which they are depressed, and with which, to a
     certain extent, they come in contact, the right being rather the 
26
MONSTROSITIES.
 largest; their external surface is quite concave, arid the suture
 between them runs obliquely towards the right side.  The pos-
 terior portions of the occipital bone (b.  b.) are connected with
 the parietals, and  pretty well developed, so as nearly to meet
 from the two sides; superior edge quite dentated, the inferior
 being thicker and  smooth ; on the right side it is fused with the
 lateral portion, and with the temporal bone.  The frontal bones
 (c. c.) are  considerably developed, but strongly depressed upon
 the base of the cranium.   The bodies  of the vertebrae, in the
 cervical portion, consist of five or six pieces irregularly devel-
 oped ; two or three of the upper* dorsal  are  also irregular, as
 well  as the sixth,  but the rest are sufficiently well.  The cer-
 vical wings are imperfect, and mostly fused ; those on the right
 side forming one mass with the first  six dorsal; the six upper
 dorsal, on the left  side, are also fused, but not with the cervi-
 cal ; otherwise the wings  are well developed.   On the left side
 there are eleven ribs, which  are not  remarkable  except for a
 fusion, to a small extent, between the fourth and  fifth ; on the
 right side, there  are twelve, but they are pretty extensively
 fused.
   The subject of this case  was a first  child, and born of re-
 spectable parents.   Labor came on in the night, at the seventh
 month; and the child was born half an hour before Dr. D. ar-
 rived ; quantity of liquor amnii  large.  The heart was seen to
 beat about  thirty times in a minute, for nearly two hours after
 the birth, but without any  other sign of life.  Sex female.
   A mass of brain was found, equal to gij, or more, and divided
 upon the median  line, almost equally';  the right lobe  being
again subdivided;  something  like a ventricle  was also  found
 upon the left side, and at the base were several nerves.
   The spinal marrow appeared as a thin, flattened ribband of
distinct  medullary substance, of a reddish  color, and,  as ob-
served in some  other cases, divided into two lateral portions.
   The  parietes  of the  trunk were extensively deficient; the
liver, stomach and intestines, spleen, heart, and left lung pro-
truding.  The placenta, which was born with the child, was
not remarkable.   The cord was but five  inches in length, and
sent off a duplicature of the amnion, from half an inch to one
inch in  width, which was expanded over  the organs, and could
be stripped  up nearly to the surrounding  integument.   Other- 
MONSTROSITIES.
27
    wise the foetus was well formed externally, except for a varus
    of the left foot.
      On  dissection, a thin, dense, fibro-cellular  membrane was
    found  to invest the protruded  organs, when the amnion was
    raised, the muscles, of course, being wanting.   The heart was
    fully and regularly developed, some elongation only being ob-
    served of the vessels, which  were put upon the stretch by the
    unnatural position  of  the  organ; pericardium  well.   In the
    right cavity of  the  thorax there was nothing very remarkable.
    Upon the left side there was no pleural  cavity, and nothing in
    place of the lung but a coarse  cellular tissue ;  the lung  itself
    appeared just beneath the transparent membranes, not unlike a
    thin muscular expansion, the  bronchus being small in propor-
    tion to the undeveloped condition of the organ.   The liver was
    somewhat  irregularly  developed;  ascending  colon  situated
    in the  middle of the abdomen, as in the earlier months; the
    renal  capsules were larger than usual in such  cases, and the
    left hypogastric artery  was wanting, the organs being otherwise
    well formed.   1845.                     Dr. Henry Dyer.

785. A colored drawing of a monstrosity, an account of which was
    published by the  late Dr. Charles T. Hildreth, in the  Medical
    Magazine for July, 1834.   The third specimen in this series
    (p. 254.)  This drawing was made by a professed artist, and
    was afterwards engraved  on copper, and  published with the
    case ;  engravings being also made of the skeleton.  The whole
    was done  at  the  expense of Dr. H., and, the  plates having
    been preserved, have  been used for the present work.  The
    case is particularly mentioned by St. Hilaire (Hist, des Anom.
    II. 313,) and the drawing  of the monstrosity has been  repre-
    sented in one of his plates.
       The external appearances of the  foetus are  so  well  repre-
    sented  in Figure No. 13, as to  render a general description
    unnecessary.   The weight was three  pounds and one ounce,
    and the length  thirteen inches.   Sex female.
       The brain rested upon the  expanded dorsal and lumbar ver-
    tebrae, and  upon the integument which covered the depressed
    cranial bones,  sending a prolongation, however, beneath  these
    last.  After dissection, it was carefully collected, and  found to
    weigh three ounces.   It  was divided into two equal  hemi- 
28
MONSTROSITIES.
 spheres,  and  imperfectly  into  convolutions, the  arachnoid
 membrane  being continuous about  the base with the common
 integument.  The whole mass was very soft, and of a dusky
 red color, from congestion,  and effused  blood ; there being in
 each hemisphere a cavity which was filled with coagula.   No
 other parts  of the brain were  recognized, and no connection
 was traced between this mass and any of the nerves, either
 cerebral or spinal.
   The spinal marrow was wanting, and, the spinal column be-
 ing  open throughout, the nerves terminated, as  usual, in  the
 membrane  upon its posterior face.   A  very small bundle  of
 nervous fibres was seen  passing down  over  five or six of  the
 processes upon the  left side, and a few of the  cranial  nerves
 were found, among which, it was thought, was the par vagum.
 Nerves of the trunk and extremities well developed.
   The  internal  organs were well  formed, except for the kid-
 neys ; these were united across  the spine (No. 787,) and  the
 left  was not more than half as large as  the  right; upon  the
 right side were two  ureters, which were distinct  throughout;
 renal capsules sufficiently developed.  There was also but one
 umbilical artery.  The development of the renal  capsules is
 interesting as an exception to the general law, and it should be
 observed, that, in the last case, these organs were larger than
 usual in the " acephalous foetus."
   The history of this case was as follows:   The  mother was
 a  married woman, thirty-five years  of age, of excitable tem-
 perament, and had  previously had  two well formed  children.
 In the present case, the motions of the child were not felt until
 about the end of the fifth month, and  were always feeble and
 peculiar.  The uterine tumor was uniformly tense, and, towards
 the end of the seventh month, increased very rapidly, so as to
 fill the epigastrium, and cause a very painful  distention.  De-
 cember 20th, being called hastily, in the night, to attend a sick
 child, she  felt   a  remarkable subsidence of the  tumor,  the
 change in her form being very apparent; this was soon fol-
 lowed by paroxysms of pain in the  right hip, with  vomiting
and constipation, which  continued  more  or less for five or six
 days, but  were   relieved  after free evacuations, although the
sense of painful  distention continued.  On the 9th of January,
whilst walking across the room, she  had a slight uterine pain, 
MONSTROSITIES.
29
     and, suddenly, a most profuse discharge of liquor amnii; slight
     pains continued through the day, and  with them  considerable
     discharges  of  water; but,  in  a day  or  two, she was about
     again, and much more comfortable than before ; slight motions
     of the child being still  occasionally felt.   On the 15th of Jan-
     uary labor came on, and  was accomplished  with very little
     pain ;  the child was  born alive, but  completely enveloped in
     the membranes, the mother  having felt its motions for fifteen
     or twenty minutes after it was expelled.  On the arrival of Dr.
     H., half an hour afterwards, the lower extremities were still in
     the vagina, and, from its position, the  child had probably de-
     scended with the face to the pubes.   1834.
                                     Dr.  Charles  T. Hildreth.

786. Skeleton of the specimen  above described, and  of which a
     back and  a side view are  represented in Figures 14 and 15.
     The head is bent strongly backwards, and there is also a lateral
     inclination  of  the head and spine.  The  frontal and parietal
     bones  (a. a. and b. b.) are much more  developed than in any
     of the  preceding specimens, but are  depressed  towards the
     base of the cranium ;  posteriorly, or  rather inferiorly, how-
     ever, there is  a broad, open cavity, which readily admits the
     ends of three fingers.  The basilar and lateral  portions of the
     occiput are  sufficiently developed, but  the  basilar has a pecu-
     liar hexagonal  form, and  the lateral portions are  seen  to  en-
     croach  much upon  the petrous portion  of the temporal bones.
     The posterior  portion of the  occiput  consists of two bones
     (c. c),  one upon each side, of a somewhat rhomboidal  form,
     and tolerably developed;  that upon the right  side  is curved
     upon  itself, and forms a part of the cranial  cavity, a  small
     portion of it only, above the curve, being seen  in Figure 15;
     the one upon the opposite side  is rather behind or below  the
     cavity, but they both serve to connect  the  parietal  bones with
     the spinous  processes of the dorsal vertebrae.    There is  also
     another distinct bone, which is marked c, and may perhaps be
     considered as a part of the occiput; it  is  a long  and narrow
     bone, situated behind the right parietal and posterior occipital;
    resting', like the occiput, upon the extremity of the spinous
     processes of the vertebrae, and  forming, with the left parietal,
    the posterior edge  of  the  cranial cavity.   The  other bones of
                  5 
30
MONSTROSITIES.
     the head are* not particularly remarkable ; palatines not sepa-
     rated, as in some of the cases.
       The spinal  column, as before stated, is open throughout;
     otherwise, the  vertebrae are well  developed,  from below up-
     wards to the twelfth dorsal.  Above this, the  bodies  are well
     developed as high as  the sixth dorsal, above  which they be-
     come  more  and more irregular.   The dorsal wings, on the
     right side, are  generally well, except  for a fusion of the first
     two;  upon  the left  side,  the last six are sufficiently well,
     although less regular than those on the right,  but above these
     are four others which are fused and much compressed, in con-
     sequence of the curvature of the spine  towards that side ; upon
     the  ninth  is a distinct bone, marked k.  in  the figure, and
     which appears not unlike a rudimentary wing; something of
     the same kind having been observed in No. 780.  The cervi-
     cal vertebrae are  very irregular;  the  bodies  consist, for  the
     most part, of two lateral rows of small bones; the first pair of
     wings are small and distinct, but  below these  are four others
     which are  fused together, and with the dorsal, those upon the
     left side being shown (I.)  in Figure 14.
       The ribs upon the  right side are of the  usual number, and
     fully developed; the second, third, and fourth,  however, are
     fused at their  angles,  and  the eleventh becomes very broad
     near its anterior extremity, as seen in the figure. On the left
     side, the twelfth only is normal; the first  is  quite small, and
     between this and the next is a large, open  space, the ribs be-
     low this being much  compressed, fused,  and irregularly de-
     veloped ; as  to the number, there may be one or two wanting,
     but  this is doubtful.   The pelvis and extremities are  well  de-
     veloped.

787. Kidneys and renal capsules from the above case (p. 264.)

788. Head and trunk of the fourth and  last specimen in this series
     (p. 254); the deformity is  excessive, as is shown in  Figure
     No. 16.   The occipital bones are  united with the spinous pro-
     cesses as far down as the first  lumbar vertebra, except upon
     the left side,  where there is a deficiency to  a  considerable ex-
     tent between the lateral portion of  the occiput and the  spine ;
     the antero-posterior curvature of the spine is very strong, the 
MONSTROSITIES.
31
upper  dorsal  and  the middle lumbar vertebrae forming the
prominent points, and, as a  consequence, the  pelvis and the
anterior extremities of the ribs are brought into close contact.
The cranial cavity is quite capacious.   The frontal  bones (a.)
are fully as large as in the last specimen, and the parietals (b.)
are  considerably larger  and convex outwardly, there being a
considerable space between the frontals and the base  of the
skull.  The basilar and lateral portions of the occiput are well
developed ; the posterior portion (c.) consists upon each side of
one piece, the one upon  the  left  being more rectangular, but
the one upon the opposite side sending out a long  and slender
portion which is connected, as in the preceding cases, with the
parietal bone, and forms the  posterior  boundary of the  cranial
cavity.   Orbital cavities  deep, as a consequence of the devel-
opment of the frontal bones ; upper maxillaries not co-ossified ;
the palatine  fossa being deep and  narrow, and the palatine
bones themselves small.
   The spinal column  has some lateral distortion, besides the
strong curvature above reported ; the wings of the  first cervi-
cal vertebra separate ; otherwise, the  wings of all of the cer-
vical vertebra,  of which there are  six or seven, and  of the
first seven dorsal, upon the left side, are co-ossified, except for
two linear divisions ;  upon the right side, the cervical and first
dorsal wings, and below these two or  three others are co-os-
sified,  the wings of  the  other vertebrae being  separate.   An
additional wing is seen, resting upon the wings of the  second
and  third lumbar vertebrae  upon the  left side, and, upon the
same side, the wings of two  or three  of the upper sacral ver-
tebrae have produced  a growth of bone, which extends, as one
continuous piece, to about the median line, and forms, thus far,
something like a spinal canal.  There is also seen a  very
anomalous bone, larger and thicker than the wing of a verte-
bra, besides differing  from one in form ; it is attached  at  one
extremity, by fibrous  substance, to the  back of the first lumbar
vertebra, and at the other, to the inner surface of the posterior
portion of the occipital bone, upon the right side, thus forming
an  arch  over a portion  of the spinal  column.   The cervical
portion of the spine  is of considerable length, broad and flat-
tened.   Some obliquity of coccyx, but pelvis otherwise well.
   Thorax  exceedingly prominent.  The sternum is fully de- 
32
MONSTROSITIES.
veloped, but the anterior half has no connection with the ribs,
and appears perfectly naked.  Upon the  right side there are
seven ribs;  the cartilage of the  first joins the sternum about
midway; the second, third, and  fourth are  fused  posteriorly,
and the cartilage of the second is to a certain extent wanting ;
the fifth, sixth  and seventh  are  also fused  posteriorly, and,
instead of terminating as usual, send  out a  broad, thin, but
strong expansion of bone, which stretches, like a  diaphragm,
across the front of the spine, and even to some distance beyond
it upon the left side, where it is connected again with the body
of the vertebra, and  appears as one of the  ribs.   The above
remarkable  appearance has  been  represented in  Figure 17.
Upon the left  side, there are twelve ribs, including the  one
which is fused with, or which is  sent off from  those upon the
opposite side, this being the tenth  in order;  the first two are
disconnected with the sternum, as in  birds; a rudimentary
cartilage, however, being  sent off  as if to meet the second;
the first is very small; from the third to the eighth, inclusive,
the ribs are  well developed; the ninth and eleventh are broad
and flattened ; the eleventh having a slender attachment, which
connects it, near its  head, with  the front of the body of the
vertebra, midway ; the twelfth is normal.
  The extremities, being  well  formed, except for  the club-
feet, have been removed.
  Externally, this foetus was quite fleshy,  and w-ould probably
have weighed four or five pounds.  Deformity very great, the
neck being absolutely wanting, and the  upper extremities ap-
parently much elongated; circumference about thorax  four-
teen inches ; both feet affected with varus, as so often happens
where  the nervous centres are imperfectly developed.  The
frontal and  parietal  bones  evidently existed, but were much
depressed, and covered by scalp and hair; the brain appeared,
with a quantity of deep red vascular tissue, and formed a mass
about the size of an  English walnut,  the  deficiency of the
spine appearing below.  About this deficiency, was  an  appear-
ance of cicatrization, the  cuticle being continued, to some ex-
tent, beyond the limits of the cutis; this appearance is usually
seen, to a greater or less extent, and the cuticle has often been
separated from the subjacent parts  by maceration.
  On dissection, a mass of brain was removed from the era- 
MONSTROSITIES.
33
nial cavity, equal in bulk, by estimate, to giijss.; convolutions
distinct;  one portion  was firmer than  the  rest, and  showed
some  appearance of a  pons, and medulla oblongata.  Upon
the bodies of the lumbar, and a few  of the dorsal vertebra,
there were seen two large parallel  nervous cords, which  be-
came  united at the lower extremity,  and, upon  raising up  the
brain, there was seen beneath it a thin expansion of medullary
substance, which was  probably connected  with the cords just
mentioned ;  nerves and ganglia distinct, as usual.
  In the  roof of the mouth  there was the very deceptive ap-
pearance, which is so often seen in these cases, as of a fissure
through the palate ; the uvula, however, was divided  upon the
median line ; thymus gland quite large ; lungs irregularly fis-
sured ; alimentary  canal well, except  that  the  coecum and as-
cending colon were found in the middle of  the abdomen ; liver
large, and irregularly divided.
  The kidneys were in  the usual situation, and separate, but
rather small, and seemed  to be made  up of thin and  delicate
cysts, apparently containing  a thin  liquid, and being about a
line in diameter (No. 789.)   The  right ureter was of some
size and  firmness, from the bladder upwards, to about the brim
of the pelvis;  and the left ureter was in the same  condition,
nearly to the  kidneys;  they then became abruptly so  small
and filiform, that they could scarcely be traced, and continued
without any further change  as  far  as  the  kidneys.   Bladder
small.  The renal  capsules were as large, in proportion to the
size  of the  kidneys, as  in  a well  formed foetus, but were
broadly and intimately united  across  the spine, like a horse-
shoe kidney (No. 789.)  The  same  condition was found in
No. 762.  St. Hilaire (I. 543) quotes  a case of fusion of the
testicles, kidneys, and renal capsules,  and  remarks that there
is no other case  of this last on record.   The other organs were
well formed.
  This case occurred in the  practice  of Dr. S. W. Drew.
The mother was a respectable woman, and this was her first
child.  When about two and  a half months pregnant, she at-
tended an operation upon the eye, when she became very faint
and remained so for some time.  Labor occurred at eight  and
a half months, and was  short; liquor  amnii discharged before
Dr. D. arrived, but nothing was said of the amount; head pre- 
34
MONSTROSITIES.
     sented, and the child lived about half an hour.  Sex female.
     1847.

789-95.  The four next cases may be grouped together as a fourth
     and last variety of the " Acephalus Foetus."   The spine is en-
     tire, except in the first, in which the deficiency may be  con-
     sidered as  an accidental  complication;  the  cranial cavity is
     closed posteriorly by the occiput, and the parietals  exist, but
     there is very little appearance of brain, and  the same was ob-
     served  in a similar case, which was dissected some years since.
     Superiorly, the cranial cavity is, of  course, open, and,  in most
     of  the cases, largely  so.

789. An  entire skeleton,  being the  first specimen  in  this series.
     The posterior portion of the occiput consists of  a single piece,
     that extends from side  to  side,  and  rises  perpendicularly from
     the spine, the upper  edge being  thick, smooth, and  rounded,
     and the lower edge deeply notched upon the median line.  As
     a  rudimentary parietal, there is, upon the right side, a  long,
     narrow, flattened bone, reaching from the frontal to the occip-
     ital, and  depressed  upon  the  base of the skull, there being
     nothing of the kind  upon the other side.  The frontal bones
     are not much more developed than in the first variety of this
     form  of monstrosity.   Otherwise, the cranium is not remarka-
     ble, except for the vertical direction of the base  of the  skull
     posteriorly.'
       The  spine is perfect  in its cervical portion, but  below this it
     is open throughout.   The wings of the two last dorsal, and first
     lumbar vertebrae are fused, and  the body of the tenth  dorsal  is
     imperfect,  so as  to  cause a considerable lateral curvature.
     From the bodies of the second and third lumbar vertebrae, pos-
     teriorly, there arises a mass of bone, apparently formed by the
     fusion of three or four rudimentary wings, uniting  with the
     proper wings upon the left side,  and forming the passage for a
     large  nerve that went to the sciatic.   Sacrum very imperfect;
     three  distinct wings upon the right side, and  two on the left,
     these  last being fused; at its lower extremity, anteriorly, is an
     anomalous  bone, about one  line  in diameter, and extending
    transversely from side to side.   Coccyx entirely wanting.
      The pelvis is well formed, in  itself, but the antero-poaterior 
MONSTROSITIES.
35
    diameter is much elongated, and it seems to be attached to the
    front of the sacrum rather than to the sides.   Ribs well formed,
    and of the usual number, except upon the left side, where the
    last two are wanting, and the tenth becomes abruptly  widened,
    about midway, as in Figure  15.
       Externally, this foetus was  well formed,  except for  the
    head and back ;  neck not shortened, and the ears inclined but
    little forwards.   Weight  two pounds and two ounces.   Upon
    the base of the  skull was  a prominent, irregular,  lobulated
    mass of  pia mater, equal to an  inch or more in diameter, and
    containing a few serous cysts, but no  trace of brain.   The
    spinal marrow was somewhat enlarged  just at its termination,
    and gave origin to the portio dura and  mollis, and  to the  par
    vagum ;  the fifth pair  of nerves, with its Casserian  ganglion,
    and the spinal accessory  were also distinct.   In the neck, the
    spinal  marrow  seemed  to be perfectly developed, but below
    this, it was altogether wanting; a cavity, however, was found,
    as usual, on cutting through the membranes, and  the  nerves
    were seen going off upon each  side, one large branch passing
    through the adventitious passage in the lumbar region, as above
    stated.   Internal organs well formed, except for the small size
    of the renal capsules (No. 792,) and a small diverticulum from
    the intestine (No. 791.)
       The mother was a young  married woman, and this was her
    first child.   Labor natural;  head presented; quantity of liquor
    amnii very great.  The child gasped for about five hours after
    it was  born, and  bled  freely from  the head and back, but
    showed no other signs of life.  Sex male.  1838.
                                       Dr. George Hayward.

790. Two drawings of the above specimen, as it  appeared  in the
    recent state ; a back and side view.    Dr. Jeffries Wyman.

791. A diverticulum,  from the above case.

792. Kidney and renal capsule, from the same.

793. A mounted cranium, represented in Figure 18, and forming
    the second  specimen in this series.  The posterior portion of
    the occipital bone (a.) consists of a single, thick, solid piece of 
36
MONSTROSITIES.
bone, extending across from side to side, and  rising perpen-
dicularly from the spine, the upper edge being  smooth, round-
ed, and almost eburnated ; it is firmly anchylosed to the lateral
portions, and, in part, apparently, to the temporal bones.   The
frontal and parietal bones (b. and c.) are very considerably de-
veloped, but depressed entirely down upon the base of the cra-
nium ; upper surface of the parietals concave.  The opening
in the vault of the cranium, formed by the occipital  and two
parietal bones, is  not far from the size and form of the thumb-
nail ; posteriorly, the whole base of the cranium  is inclined
upon the portion that is anterior  to it, so as to come into a ver-
tical position, the  basilar and posterior portions of  the occiput
being  parallel  to each  other,  as  remarked  by  St. Hilaire
(II. 322,) in  a  form of monstrosity, which, in  some respects,
resembled  the  present case ; this appearance was  observed  in
three cases, at least, of the present  series.
   The  foetus was  sent  to Dr. C. from the  country.  It lived
nine hours  after it was born, and weighed seven pounds and a
half.   Sex female.
   In the recent state, the  top  of the  cranium  was  flattened
from  the  orbits backwards, but was covered  by  integument
and brain, except towards the back  part, where  it was deficient
to the extent of  two-thirds of an inch  or  more.   From this
part, there  projected or hung off two  or three  soft, dark red
masses, having a  serous surface, one being  about  as large as
the top of the finger, and  the others much smaller, the integu-
ment stopping  abruptly about  their base.    Just  behind the
large mass there was seen a small opening  which   led in the
direction of the spinal cavity, but  this  was not traced.   On
cutting through these  masses, they  were found to  consist of a
dark red, flaccid, oedematous,  apparently cellular  tissue, con-
taining a serous cyst, about the  size of a pea, but no trace of
brain;  on  removing this  tissue, however, from between the
vault and base of the  cranium, a small mass of cerebral sub-
stance  was found, and which was apparently in  the situation of
the pituitary gland.   The  spinal marrow terminated in an ex-
pansion in the membranes, between the  basilar and  posterior
portions of the occipital bone, the nerves being sent off on each
side.   Otherwise  the  foetus was well  formed, externally and
internally,  except for  the  small size  of the renal capsules.
1842.                             Dr. Walter Channing. 
MONSTROSITIES.
37
794. The cranial bones, in this specimen, have been separated by
     maceration, mounted separately upon pedestals, and placed in
     a small glass case ; the third in the present series.
       The posterior portion of the occipital bone is  seen to con-
     sist of two broad pieces, which  are deficient, so as in the re-
     cent state to  greatly enlarge the foramen magnum, although
     superiorly they nearly met.  The upper edge  of these two
     bones is thin, rough, and inclined forwards; the surface pos-
     teriorly is somewhat convex, and they are strongly anchylosed
     both with the lateral portions of  the occiput  and with the tem-
     poral bones; differing much, then, from  the  last two speci-
     mens.   The lateral portions are  distinguished by their outward
     direction, and large foramina ;.and the basilar, by its unusual
     breadth.
       The frontal bones are very considerably developed, as in the
     last case, and partially anchylosed, the orbital  and frontal por-
     tions being almost  compressed into one broad flat piece.   The
     parietals consist, as in the same  specimen, of two, broad, flat,
     irregular bones, which were depressed so as nearly to touch
     the base  of the cranium; upper face concave.   Large wings
     of the sphenoid  bone co-ossified  with the body, and very im-
     perfectly and  irregularly developed; foramina  large ;  body
     large, and terminates, in  front of the small wings, in a strong
     point.  The squamous portion of the temporal bones is larger
     than in the first form of the  " acephalous foetus " (p. 249,) and
     the carotid foramen is long and circuitous, but otherwise, there
     is no marked difference ;  ring large, irregular, and co-ossified.
     The  lower maxillary bone  is  rather short, but stout;  posteri-
     orly, it is broad and flaring ; anteriorly, it is pointed, and  the
     two portions are strongly co-ossified.  There is one anomalous
     bone, of a triangular form, and equal to about five lines in ex-
     tent, but this was not seen until after the  bones had been sepa-
     rated by maceration.  St. Hilaire  remarks  (II. 302) upon the
     very compact and  almost eburnated condition of many of the
     bones, and  especially  of the  occipital,  in a certain form of
     monstrosity, to which, osteologically, the  present specimen and
     the last seem to be allied, and in  both of which, this structure,
     in nearly all of the larger  bones, is strongly marked.   The
     form  of  monstrosity referred to, however, is characterized,
     according to St. Hilaire, by a pedunculated brain, resting upon
                    6 
MONSTROSITIES.
 the  depressed vault of the  cranium, apparently somewhat de-
 veloped, and covered, for the most part, by integument; whereas,
 in these two cases, the quantity of cerebral substance  was very
 small, and  it was covered only by serous membrane.   The
 cervical vertebrae have been preserved, the wings being irregu-
 larly developed, and somewhat fused ; the two upper ribs of
 each side are  also seen to be fused.
   The  subject of this case, which occurred in the practice of
 the late Dr. Henry G. Wiley, was  an  illegitimate  child  ; and
 this  was the only instance of the  kind  that was observed in all
 of the cases of " acephalous foetus " that are  here referred to,
 so far as was  ascertained.   With  regard to another point, the
 mother was said to have  carried her child ten months ; and St.
 Hilaire refers to a similar occurrence in a form of monstrosity
 to which the present case is nearly allied (II. 346.)   Weight
 nearly six pounds.   Sex female.   Top of head quite flat, even
 with the brows, and covered by integument, on which was some
 hair.  On the back part, and about over the occipital foramen,
 was  a dark red mass, covered by serous membrane, about one
 inch and a quarter in diameter, and consisting partly of  cere-
 bral  substance.   All of the joints  of the lower extremities
 were more or less distorted, and also  the hands ;  the fingers
 being strongly flexed,  and the  points bent permanently back-
 wards.   Internal organs well formed, except for the small size
 of the  renal  capsules, and for the existence of two ureters
 upon the left side.  1842.

 A mounted cranium;  the fourth and last case in this series.
 The  frontal  bones are not much more developed than in No.
 789, and are more irregular  than in any other specimen.  The
 parietals, also, are  represented  by two  very irregular  little
 bones, from three to four lines in length, and  situated behind
 the frontals.   The posterior  portion of the  occipital bone con-
sists  of  two broad pieces, which meet upon the median  line,
and slightly  overlap, except inferiorly, where there is some de-
ficiency ; upper edge arched forwards, as in the last case, and
 somewhat eburnated ; not co-ossified with the lateral  portions,
nor  with the  temporal bones; the  basilar portion is almost
parallel with the posterior, as above stated (p. 272.)
  The mastoid portion of the temporal bone is imperfectly de- 
MONSTROSITIES.
39
     veloped, and the three pieces of the  sphenoid  are  co-ossified,
     as are also the two superior maxillary bones.  The spine was
     entire  throughout,  and  the  skeleton  was  otherwise  well
     formed.
        The  child, in this  case,  was fully developed,  and would
     probably have weighed seven pounds.  Born at the full period,
     before Dr. W.'s arrival, and lived ten hours.  Sex male.  The
     mother had had several well formed children, and attributed
     the malformation, in the present case, to  a very direct and
     strong moral impression, the explanation being given since her
     delivery.   The tumor upon the top of the head was about the
     size of an  English walnut, and  somewhat flattened, the arach-
     noid being  apparently covered by a very delicate  membrane,
     which resembled the cuticle, as seen about the base of the tu-
     mor, and when  detached by  putrefaction.   The tumor  con-
     sisted almost entirely of serous cysts, from two to six Tines in
     diameter, and connected, as  usual, by a greatly congested cel-
     lulo-vascular tissue, and  at the base there  was some appear-
     ance of an arachnoid cavity.   One  mass  of rather doubtful
     cerebral substance was found, about five lines in diameter, and
     two and a half lines  in  thickness, of  a  greyish  color, ecchy-
     mosed,  and having  almost  the consistence of  a  lymphatic
     gland.   The spinal marrow terminated just above the foramen
     magnum,  in a broad,  thin  expansion.  Internally, the renal
     capsules were quite small, the  kidneys large, and each of the
     ureters formed two  separate  ducts  for  some distance after
     leaving the organs; in the uvula there was also the trace of a
     division along  the  median line.  Otherwise, the  organs were
     well formed, the thymus  gland appearing  rather  large, as it
     often does.   In the stomach were  six or  eight distinct ulcera-
     tions, from  half a line to a line in diameter, and with some ap-
     pearances of inflammation;  this being the only case in which
     anything like acute disease was found in the internal  organs.
     1845.                             Dr. Abner B. Wheeler.

796. Spina bifida ; a wet preparation.  The malformation reached,
     externally,  from  the  sacral  into   the  dorsal  region,  and
     measured three inches and one-fourth.  Integuments immedi-
     ately about it cicatrized, as in the  " acephalous foetus."  Sur-
     face  at  first rather depressed, but before  death  considerably 
40
MONSTROSITIES.
     elevated by the effusion which took place ;  it was  also excori-
     ated from the  time  of birth, and discharged a  thin, purulent
     matter.   On cutting through the membranes, the  cavity be-
     neath was found in a state  of intense inflammation, as  shown
     by  the  effusion  of serum,  and a large  quantity of recent
     lymph.   This  last being removed, the spinal marrow was seen
     terminating, as usual in  these cases, where the  malformation
     commenced, and adhering to the inner surface of the cavity ;
     below this, the nerves went off from the membranes upon each
     side;  the anterior and  posterior  branches,  and the  ganglia
     connected with these last, being perfectly  distinct, and of full
     size, as shown in the preparation.   Upon each side  there  was
     another cavity, which was apparently distinct from the first, but
     in the same state of inflammation.
       The subject of this case  was a twin-child, and otherwise
     well formed, except for a strong eversion of the right foot; the
     other child was well  formed, but had died, apparently, before
     labor began ; both were males.   Frequent  and  ineffectual at-
     tempts were made to induce  motion in the  lower extremities ;
     urine and faeces discharged about once in two days, and it was
     never observed to make any expulsive effort.  Much distressed
     on the first night, but was afterwards kept constantly under the
     influence  of  paregoric, and it  died,  without  any  material
     change of symptoms, on the  tenth day.
       Inflammation of the membranes, as a  cause of death in
     these cases,  is described  and  figured  by  Cruveilhier (Anat.
     Path.), and the same has been  several times  observed here.
     In one case, the lymph not merely invested the whole spinal
     marrow, and extended to the base of the brain, but  the brain
     itself was  completely and  very peculiarly  disorganized; and,
     throughout the spinal marrow, there was the appearance of
     a central canal, which was  filled with thick  yellow pus.  1839.
                                    Dr. James B. Gregerson.

797. A dry preparation, to show the condition  of the  bones, in a
     case of spina bifida.  The wings of the last three lumbar ver-
     tebra, as well as  the sacral, are separated from  each  other,
     though, individually,  they  are  seen to be fully  developed!
     When recent, there existed, at this part, a soft, red tumor, two
     inches in diameter, the edges projecting over the  base;  this 
MONSTROSITIES.
41
     ruptured probably at the time of birth, and, so long as the child
     lived, discharged  abundantly, the  surface having, to some ex-
     tent, an  opaque,  and somewhat  sloughing appearance.  In-
     ternally, the sac was highly inflamed, as in  the last case, and,
     above this, there was an imperfect  cavity in which the spinal
     marrow was seen  to terminate, the nerves being connected, as
     usual, with  the membranes.
       This was also  a male child;  otherwise well formed, and
     lived about  two weeks.   Had a perfect  use of the lower ex-
     tremities, and seemed to  be  doing  well  until  the eighth day,
     when there came  on convulsions  of the  head  and upper ex-
     tremities, which recurred very frequently, and were constantly
     becoming worse as long as  it  lived.  The  lower extremities
     were  not convulsed, but, when the  change  occurred, became
     paralyzed, and there was some rigid contraction of the muscles
     of the feet and toes, the system generally becoming affected.
                                           Dr. Z. B. Adams.

798. A second specimen, similar  to  the last. The subject of this
     case was a first  child, and  hydrocephalic; presented by the
     feet, and was  still-born.   Sex female.  Labor occurred at
     eight, or  eight  and a half months; quantity of liquor amnii
     very large.   The  head  was  eighteen inches in circumference,
     and the ventricles of the brain were large in proportion; cra-
     nial bones  widely separated, with some perforations  through
     their substance.
       The preparation shows an open condition of the spinal ca-
     nal, from the eighth dorsal vertebra downwards, the bodies and
     wings of  the vertebrae being  in no way remarkable, except for
     a  fusion of  the wings of the  seventh and eighth upon the right
     side.  In the recent state, the corresponding part of the sur-
     face of the  back  presented  the usual appearance, being de-
     pressed rather than otherwise ; membranes thickened  towards
     the  median  line, and gave origin, as it  were, to the nerves,
     both branches of which, with their ganglia, were of full size;
     no distinct  appearance  of medullary  substance ; cavity not
     inflamed.   1847.                       Dr. Stephen Ball.

799. Spina bifida in a  boy, sixteen years of age ; the spinal  mar-
     row terminating at the  fourth dorsal vertebra;  the  spine was 
42
MONSTROSITIES.
 removed as low down as the sacrum, and has been prepared to
 show the condition of the bones.  At birth, there was observed
 a small tumor in the middle of the  back, the  surface having
 much the appearance of an old cicatrix, and below this, in the
 lumbar region, was an  " ulcer" about half as large as  the
 hand ; paralysis complete below the ribs.   Nursed  as well  as
 any child, and appeared to enjoy perfect health, the " ulcer"
 discharging for about six months, and  then healing entirely.
 Generally quite costive, and the  faeces  were  passed involun-
 tarily.  Urine also discharged  involuntarily; always perfectly
 limpid, without sediment or odor, and, until a short time before
 death, much more copious  than natural;  the character of the
 excretion being very different  from what is generally observed
 in cases of paraplegia.  Appetite generally good,  and he was
 not troubled with indigestion.   When he was between thirteen
 and fourteen years old, hair appeared upon the pubes, but he
 never showed any sexual propensities, so far as  could be ascer-
 tained.  The  tumor, in the middle of the back, was exceed-
 ingly tender, but in the ulcer there never  appeared  to be the
 least sensibility, not even on the application of caustics.  Right
 leg often oedematous, but  the  left never ;  both  were always of
 a natural temperature, and not liable to become cold.  Mind
 active ; upper half of the body unaffected.  About two years
 before his  death,  the ulcer in  the  lumbar region  broke out
 again, and  he gradually sank  under the  profuse discharge
 which took place from the surface.
  On dissection, the surface of the  tumor  over the middle of
 the back appeared as if  cicatrized;  beneath this was a coarse,
 white, cellular tissue, which  contained no fat, like  the  sur-
 rounding integuments, and beneath this a serous cavity, formed
 by the expansion of the  spinal  membranes, and partly filled
 with  serum.   The wings  of  the dorsal  vertebra?,  from  the
 fourth to the ninth, inclusive, were separated so that,  midway,
 the little finger could be passed freely about within the cavity,
at the upper  extremity of which the spinal marrow was dis-
tinctly felt to terminate in the membranes  posteriorly, as usual
 in spina bifida, and from this point downwards  it was satisfac-
torily ascertained that the spinal marrow did not exist.  Below
this fissure the spinal canal  was again completed by the union
of the wings of the two  next vertebra, those of the last dorsal 
MONSTROSITIES.
43
    and  first lumbar  being  also closely approximated.  The four
    last lumbar and first  sacral were open posteriorly, the wings
    upon the right side being very imperfectly developed, and
    partly fused, whilst those on the  left side could hardly be said
    to exist;  the foramina for the nerves, however, were sufficiently
    large.  Throughout  the lumbar region there was found, in the
    situation  of the spinal cavity, a coarse, white, cellular tissue,
    surrounded, for the most part, by a  firm membrane, which ap-
    peared to be an extension of the dura mater,  and upon this
    last, the nerves  appeared to terminate.   The wings of the
    dorsal vertebrae, from the third  downwards, were  extensively
    fused, the last  being also very irregular;  bodies  of the  fifth,
    seventh and eighth formed throughout in two lateral portions.
    The spine, at the dorsal  region, was strongly bent towards the
    right side, the bodies of the vertebrae  at that part being nar-
    rower on that  side than  on the other.  There  was also a dis-
    ease of the first  two lumbar vertebrae, about  one-half of the
    bodies of these bones having  been destroyed  by caries, with
    their intervertebral substance ; some new bone was thrown out
    upon them anteriorly, and a very considerable  quantity of the
    same upon most of the  rudimentary wings of the  lumbar ver-
    tebrae upon the left side, this new bone lying immediately be-
    neath the ulcerated surface, so as to be covered by little more
    than the  granulations.
      The thoracic and abdominal organs appeared sufficiently
    healthy; the liver was rather large  and of  a pale fawn color,
    but the lungs were not tuberculous.   1836.
                                           Dr. Asa B. Snow.

800. Cast in  plaster of the nates and lower part of the back, show-
    ing the size and form of the tumor, in a case  of spina bifida,
    which may be compared with the following dissected specimen.
    The patient is a bright, healthy-looking little girl,  four years of
    age; walked  as  early  as other children,  and is disposed to
    play, but soon becomes tired, and often falls, the lower extrem-
    ities being turned much inwards,  and deficient, to a  certain
    extent, in the power of  motion; the urine  and  faeces are often
    discharged involuntarily, the bowels  being  always costive.
    The tumor is of a regular rounded form, like a female breast,
    about as large as the fist, and situated over  the very lower part 
44
MONSTROSITIES.
     of the spine ;  it is perfectly covered by cutis and integument,
     and resembles to the feel, not an  encysted, but rather a com-
     mon fatty tumor, so that excision  has  often  been suggested;
     upon the surface there is nothing remarkable, excepting a mi-
     nute, warty-looking body, and some appearance, as of a small
     naevus ; the separation of the wings of the sacrum is not dis-
     tinctly felt.   The tumor, which was small at the time  of birth,
     has  grown  rather  faster  in proportion than the child itself.
     January 27th, 1845.                Dr. Charles E.  Ware.

801. A specimen which is preserved in spirit, and  shows the con-
     dition of the parts in a case similar to  the  last.   The  tumor
     was rather towards the left side, about three inches in diame-
     ter,  fleshy to the feel, and covered by integument, with a small
     naevus upon the surface, as in  the  other case.  On dissection,
     it was found to consist mainly of fat, but near the surface was
     a cavity of some size, formed  by an expansion of the  spinal
     membranes, and in which the spinal marrow itself terminated,
     about half an  inch within the sac.   The wings of the  sacral
     vertebrae are separated, excepting perhaps  the  first, and upon
     the left side two  or three  are fused into  a separate  mass of
     considerable size, and are connected with the ilium and ischi-
     um.  The bodies of the same  vertebrae are also irregularly
     developed, and upon the left side there is quite a deficiency of
     bone, leaving  a circumscribed  cavity, at the  bottom of which
     the theca is seen, and the nerves arising, as it were, from it.
       The patient was a male  child, fourteen months  old, always
     feeble, and subject  to diarrhoea, under which it at  last sank,
     October 10th, 1843.  The power of motion in  the  lower ex-
     tremities was  imperfect, so that it could never stand alone, and
     there was a want of control of the sphincters  of the rectum
     and  bladder.  The tumor was congenital, and  grew with  the
     child, and the  case was particularly interesting in connection
     with the one last described, as the two patients lived for a time
     in the same neighborhood, and were observed together.
                                       Dr.  Henry G. Wiley.

802. The trunk and lower extremities of a malformed, seven
     months foetus.  When  recent,  a  large, rounded, uniform,  en-
     cysted tumor  was  situated  over  the sacrum, and apparently 
MONSTROSITIES.
45
just ready to burst;  it was formed  by common integument,
and so far differed from the ordinary cases of spina bifida.  On
being laid open, it was  found to contain §x of serum, though
far from being distended, and was lined by a smooth, polished,
and highly vascular membrane.  Through an  opening, one-
fourth of an inch in diameter, there  protruded a small  portion
of spinal marrow, which adhered to the inner surface of the
sac, and may  still be seen in the preparation ; this continuation
of the spinal marrow in substance into the lower part of the
canal, and below where the  cauda equina  usually  forms, has
been observed in certain cases of spina bifida since the time of
Morgagni.   The external  organs of generation and the  anus
were  wanting.  Both feet turned inwards, and the left also up-
wards.   Otherwise, the foetus was well  formed externally.  On
examination of the internal organs, the uterus was found to be
of some size,  but the cavity terminated below in a cul de sac,
and the vagina was wanting;  left Fallopian tube and ovary
normal.  The right Fallopian tube and ovary, also, seemed to be
well developed, but the tube, instead  of uniting with the uterus,
took the course of the  round ligament, and was  lost towards
the groin.   The kidneys were  entirely wanting, but the  renal
capsules were of full size, and in their proper  place ; so, in a
specimen that was exhibited to the Society  by Dr. Samuel
Parkman, one  of the kidneys was wanting, but  the renal  cap-
sules were equally and fully developed  ; and in a case that was
observed by Dr. Lewis, at  his dissecting-room, the left kidney
was situated in the cavity of the pelvis, but  the renal capsule
was in  its  usual place.  The bladder, of course, was  very
small, but communicated with the rectum by a capillary open-
ing, as in  the cases of  imperforate  anus, above  described
(p.  129.)  All of the  above  points, excepting the last, are
shown in the preparation;  the rectum  is also  seen, much dis-
tended, the  rest of the intestine being cut away.   Gall-bladder
wanting, the ducts being traced directly from the liver into the
intestine.  The liver itself, and the other abdominal organs  were
well formed,  and have been removed.  In the thorax there
was nothing remarkable excepting a deep  yellow stain  upon
the  external surface  of the ventricles  of the heart; this was
another instance of kirronosis, of which so marked a case has
already  been recorded (No. 744.)  1836.
            7                          Dr. D. H Storer. 
46
MONSTROSITIES.
803. A mounted cranium, in which there  is seen, near the centre
     of the posterior portion of the occipital bone, an oval, defined
     opening, about two lines in  diameter, and  extending quite
     through the bone;  there is  also a considerable  deficiency of
     the frontal  bones, commencing  at the anterior fontanelle, and
     terminating rather abruptly some way above the orbits.  The
     subject was a female child, born rather prematurely, and lived
     but a  few  hours.   Upon the back of the  head was a soft tu-
     mor, about the size  of a large filbert, sufficiently defined,  but
     flattened,  and  covered  by healthy integument;  on incision,
     there was found a small cavity within, lined by a delicate, vas-
     cular,  serous membrane, which seemed to penetrate the open-
     ing in the occiput, and  to be  connected within the cranium,
     but this  last point  was not examined.  Otherwise, the child
     was well formed externally and internally.   1846.
                                          Dr. John Homans.

804. A mounted cranium, showing a deficiency in the occiput, and
     upper  part  of the spine.  The child was born with a cyst at-
     tached to the  back of the head, covered by integument, and
     nearly as large as the head itself.  The cyst presented in  the
     delivery, and, as it  caused some delay, it  was burst, and dis-
     charged a considerable quantity of bloody serum.  Labor  oc-
     curred at six and a half months, and the child lived four days
     and a half.  During this  time it appeared very feeble, and
     only one attempt was made to give it nourishment, this causing
     much distress ;  there were frequent but slight convulsions from
     the time of birth, and, towards the last, the hands were strongly
     and rigidly flexed.   The cyst contracted much in size after  the
     child was born, and became dark and quite  offensive.
       On dissection, the inner surface of the cyst appeared  to be
     lined  by a serous membrane,  and was of a  dark red color.
     Through the deficiency in the occiput, which was at  once  ob-
     served, the brain protruded somewhat, and was covered  by its
     proper membranes,  and by the dura  mater, and, having been
     carefully removed, it seemed pretty certain that the cerebellum
     was wanting, and the pons Varolii very imperfectly developed.
     The organs of the  thorax  and abdomen  were well  formed.
     Sex male.
       The cranium is  generally well formed, but  some  of  the 
MONSTROSITIES.
47
     bones are imperfectly developed.  The anterior  fontanelle is
     large, the frontal bones considerably separated, and  in several
     places the bone is very thin, or even  not yet formed.  This is
     more remarkable along the upper and back part of  the  parie-
     tals, and also along their inferior border, large and irregular
     deficiencies  in the bone being there  supplied by membrane ;
     towards the vertex, and  along the sutures, the fibres,  which
     shoot  out from the edge  of the bone, are  very marked, but
     about the membranous patches the edges of the bone are de-
     fined.  The place of the bone is also supplied by membrane,
     upon each side, between the  temporal and the occipital bones,
     and also at the base of the  skull, between the petrous portion
     of the temporal and the sphenoid.  The deficiency in the oc-
     cipital bone, above  referred  to, enlarges, as  it were, the fora-
     men magnum, measuring three-fourths of an inch transversely,
     and an  inch and two-thirds  antero-posteriorly, from the junc-
     tion of the basilar with the spine, the opening posteriorly being
     well defined, and of a regular, oval form.   The separation of
     the lateral portions of  the occiput is just equal  to the width of
     the deficiency in the posterior, so that the regular form of the
     opening is preserved.   Otherwise, the cranium is well formed.
     Several of the cervical  vertebrae having been prepared, in
     connection with the cranium, the wings  of three  or four of
     them are seen to be separated so as to enlarge the opening in
     the occiput, and there is one wing more  upon the  right side
     than on the left, causing a  lateral inclination which was as
     marked in the recent state as it is now;  most of the  bodies
     also are imperfectly or irregularly developed.  1846.
                                           Dr. Z. B.  Adams.

805. A mounted cranium, in which  the  upper  back part  of the
     skull is largely open and greatly malformed.   The  posterior
     portion of the  occiput consists of two parts, one behind  the
     other, and there is a second large foramen, with several, small,
     irregular bones about  it, which suggest the  idea of a second
     occipital bone.  Otherwise, the cranium is well formed, except
     that the vault is altogether larger than usual.
       When  recent, there  existed upon  the back  of the head a
     very large tumor, formed  by a protrusion of the scalp, and
     lined by dura  mater.   Otherwise, the foetus, externally, was 
MONSTROSITIES.
well formed.  Sex female.  In consequence of the great size
of the head, an extensive rupture of the uterus took place,
and the patient died in the course of the day.   After  the  oc-
currence of the accident, the child was turned, and  the lower
extremities  and body came away readily,  but the head  re-
mained fixed in the pelvis until it was perforated through  the
frontal  bone,  after  which  there  was  a  copious   discharge
of water, and it was  at once born.  1843.
                                       Dr. J. C. Hay den.

 A foetal cranium, showing  the  effects of hydrocephalus, and
the condition of the bones in fissure of the palate.  It is much
enlarged, measuring  seven inches in length, and four inches
and one-fourth between the parietal protuberances ; the sagittal
suture varies in width from two inches to two and three-fourths,
and the whole posterior portion of the cranium is largely open.
Between the frontal bones, anteriorly, are several ossa Wormi-
iana, two of which are quite  large ;  none being found about
the occiput.  The nasal bones are one inch apart, and directed
upwards  and outwards.   The  left superior  maxillary bone is
imperfectly developed, and  contains the rudiments of the  ca-
nine and two bicuspid teeth only ;  it  is  widely separated from
the vomer, which last is quite broad, and altogether larger than
usual.   The right superior maxillary is well developed, except
in its  palatine portion, there being a deficiency from behind
forwards nearly to the alveoli; the separation from the vomer,
however, is much less than upon the other side.  The distance
between  the palatine  bones is ten  and a  half lines.  Con-
nected with the right superior  maxillary is a portion of alveo-
lus,  or. intermaxillary bone, which contains the first incisor
tooth of  the left side.
  The brain was tolerably  developed, and  some  appearance
of convolutions was seen, but  it was not in a state for any fur-
ther examination.  Internally,  the organs were well formed.
Externally, and before dissection, the fissure  in the lip, upon
the left side, and the double fissure in the palate corresponded
with the  condition of the  bones, the  cavity  of  the left  nostril
and  that of the mouth being  directly continuous, and the  left
ala nasi being  carried apparently off into  the middle of  the
cheek, so that, at first sight,  the nose upon this side seemed to
be wanting.  Otherwise,  the foetus was well formed. 
MONSTROSITIES.
49
       Labor came on at the end of the eighth month, and was ter-
     minated in twenty-four hours.   The membranes ruptured quite
     early, as Dr. D. supposed at the time, and there was at once a
     discharge of  water, which  he estimated at  two quarts, after
     which the pains  subsided for some hours.   The  child, when
     born, had an extensive laceration in the  posterior part of the
     scalp, and a direct communication with the cavity of the cra-
     nium, but the  scalp itself appeared to be well  developed, and
     perfectly sound in structure.  1844.    Dr.  Horace Dupee.

807. A highly finished and very correct drawing, by Dr. James F.
     Colman; showing the external  appearances  of a  monstrosity
     which was presented to the Society by Dr.  H. B. C. Greene.
     The foetus weighed eight pounds and two ounces, and, from its
     size, the labor was very difficult.  The  most conspicuous ob-
     ject was a cyst, which arose from the top of the head, rather
     to one side, and was more than half as large as the head itself;
     consisted  mainly of integument, and  seemed to be connected
     with  the membranes of the brain, having burst during labor,
     and discharged one or two pints of fluid.   The  convolutions of
     the brain were seen, but the organ was  not  examined.  The
     situation of the eyes  was marked externally by a slight linear
     depression, the orbits being filled with adipose  substance ; there
     was, however, something like  a  membrane, with a black sub-
     stance upon it, and which was probably  the  choroid coat; no
     trace  of optic  nerves.  The nose consisted of two slightly pro-
    jecting alse, and a small intermediate prominence ; nasal cavi-
     ties distinct, but terminated posteriorly in a cul de sac.  About
     the mouth, there was a double hare-lip, the appearance of  a
     deep  fissure of the palate, as  above  noticed  (p. 269), and an
     adhesion of the under surface of  the tongue, quite to the tip.
     The sex was apparently female,  but, on  separating  the  labia,
     which.were large and well developed, there was found nothing,
     except the opening of the  urethra  at the upper part of the fis-
     sure, to show that they were anything more than a simple fold
     of the integuments.   At the  umbilicus  there was a hernial
     protrusion of the  intestines,  and  otherwise the trunk was well
     formed.
      The lower extremities (No. 810) were quite short; the feet,
     however, were of the full size, but extended so as to form a 
MONSTROSITIES.
 continuous line with the front of the leg.   Each foot  has six
 perfect toes.  On dissection of one of these extremities, there
 were found six metatarsal bones, three of them resting upon
 the cuboid, and the remainder  on three cuneiform bones, one
 of which last was supernumerary, the large cuneiform pro-
 jecting so far beyond the edge of the foot as not  to support any
 one  of the metatarsal bones.  The bones of the  thigh and leg
 were short, but broad and stout.   One  of the upper extremi-
 ties  (No. 810) had five perfect fingers, besides  the thumb, but
 upon the other, the supernumerary finger arises from the cu-
 bital edge  of the hand, and is  directed backwards towards the
 fore-arm, as in a case quoted by St. Hilaire (I. 686.)
   On  dissection, the epiglottis was found to  be wanting, except
 for three little shreds ; glottis large and very prominent; vocal
 cords  wanting; body of the hyoid bone very broad, and  the
 thyroid cartilage malformed.  Thoracic organs well developed.
 Stomach,  intestines,  liver and pancreas well.   Spleen  very
 much  fissured and lobulated (No. 812.)  Kidneys very large,
 and much  altered in structure (No. 811,) the renal capsules
 being  as small  as in  the " acephalous foetus."   Testicles and
 vasa deferentia well formed, these last opening freely into two
 distinct cavities, that  were situated in a body, which seemed to
 partake of the character of a prostate  gland, of the vesiculae
 seminales, and perhaps of the  uterus; these cavities opened
 upon  each side  of the  verumontanum, like the vesiculae, but
 differed from them in structure.  In front of these,  but still in
 the same organ, was  a third cavity of considerable size, rough
 upon  the  inner surface, but quite  different  in  structure, as it
 was distinct  from  the first two, and opening largely upon the
 top of the verumontanum.  The inner surface of the  urinary
 bladder, to the  extent of about half an  inch,  had  a strongly
 marked arborescent appearance, as usual in the cervix uteri;
 neck large ;  urethra pervious throughout, and opened as above
 stated, but without any appearance of a penis or clitoris.

. Cranium of the specimen above described.  The vault is en-
 tirely  open,  as represented in Figure  19, the bones which form
 the  sides  being  tolerably, though irregularly developed,  and
 deeply serrated  upon their  edges.   Parietals wanting.  The
 basilar and two lateral  portions of the occipital  bone are suffi- 
MONSTROSITIES.
51
ciently  well  formed;  the posterior  portion consists  of two
pieces,  that are distinct, and, for  the  most part, widely sepa-
rated, though they meet  to a  small  extent  superiorly.   Upon
the right side, and connected with this last  part of the occiput,
is  a small, triangular bone,  two  or  three  lines  in  diameter,
which would perhaps be  regarded by some as a rudimentary
parietal, and upon the opposite side there seems to have been a
corresponding one.  This posterior  portion of the occiput is,
moreover,  distinguished by  a considerable lateral distortion.
Temporal bones sufficiently well, the passage  for the carotid
forming a deep  groove.   The sphenoid bone is sufficiently
large,  but very irregularly  developed;  the small wings  are
separated from the body to the  extent of  two  or three lines,
and are connected with the orbital portion of the  frontal bone
and the aethmoid ;  the body of the bone being connected anteri-
orly with the united  maxillaries ; large wings sufficiently well
developed.  The superior  maxillary bones  are very broad an-
teriorly, and short in their antero-posterior  diameter; the alve-
oli being for the most part very large, and  the palatine fossa
deep and  much compressed; posteriorly, the  orbital  portion
inclines directly backwards, and the two are united by a broad
suture  below  the aethmoid  bone.   The  palatine bones  are
small, and unite so as completely to close  the  posterior nares.
The nasal cavity is large, broad, directed upwards, and termi-
nates in a cul  de sac, the  orbital cavities being small, irregu-
larly developed, and opening largely into the cavity of the cra-
nium.   The aethmoid seems  to  be imperfectly developed, and
the vomer is probably wanting.   The  inferior maxillary bone,
as shown in the figure, is very irregular, and without  any ap-
pearance of an angle; the two  pieces  are intimately united,
the chin is much elongated, and from beneath it there  projects
a large, thick  spine, for the insertion of  muscles; in the situa-
tion of  the angles  it flares off on each side in  a broad spine,
and, upon  the inside, there  is a strong  ridge  of bone, which
terminates in a very prominent spine, about where the  nerve
enters; the coronoid process  is comparatively small, and the
alveoli are quite large, as in  the upper maxillary bones.   The
other cranial bones are not remarkable, neither were those of
the trunk.   1838.                   Dr. H. B.  C. Greene. 
52
MONSTROSITIES.
809. The two upper and one of the lower extremities of the speci-
    men last described.

810. One of the  kidneys, from  the above specimen ; length two
    inches and ten-twelfths, and  otherwise  large in  proportion ;
    surface unequal and irregular, but  not lobulated, and  having
    nothing like an external tunic that can be raised.  The other
    kidney, which perfectly resembled it externally, having been
    cut open in the recent state, there was found no trace  of cor-
    tical nor tubular portions, except for two very small and doubt-
    ful mamillary processes; consisted of a close, tough, but very
    flaccid tissue,  and contained  an immense  number of small
    cysts, from half a line  to one line  in diameter.  These cysts
    were collapsed, as if the fluid, if they ever contained any, had
    been absorbed; their parietes were firm and moderately thick,
    and  they could be very readily detached from the substance in
    which they were imbedded.  The same appearance was found
    in the kidneys of a patient from whom a malformed uterus
    (No. 652)  was taken, and something of the kind  also in  No.
    788.

811. Spleen from the above case.

812. Skeleton  of a monstrous  Calf.   The animal was born at
    Wrentham, March 15th, 1839, at the full  period, and was re-
    ceived on the following day in a perfectly fresh state.  It was
    regarded in the neighborhood as a " calf changed  into a bull-
    dog," and  the  supposed resemblance, as  well  as  the  fact of
    the  malformation, was attributed to a particular fright  which
    the  cow had  received  during  the  early months of gestation.
    The head was full and rounded, the line of the face  was abrupt,
    the muzzle was short and square, and the under lip was some-
    what projecting.  The extremities were very short, but of full
    size, and this was  one of the most  remarkable peculiarities in
    the  case;  the  anterior  being  turned directly backwards, the
    posterior backwards and inwards.   The  measurements were,
    from the muzzle  to the root of the  tail twenty-seven  inches,
    and  to the  top of the head seven inches and three-fourths;  cir-
    cumference of body twenty-six inches; extremities six inches
    in length, the anterior being six inches and  three-fourths, and 
MONSTROSITIES.
53
the posterior seven inches in circumference.   On dissection of
the thorax and abdomen, nothing unusual was  found.
   The cranium is represented in Figure 20, and  presents  the
following peculiarities, as compared with a standard specimen
of about the same age.  The  cranial portion  is  sufficiently
large, but quite  broad and rounded;  no indications of hydro-
cephalus, which, according  to  St. Hilaire, (II. 212) has been
so often observed in  animals affected with this form of mon-
strosity, the bones being sufficiently thick, and the structure
healthy.  The sagittal and lambdoidal sutures exist, but with a
slight deficiency  of bone at their junction.  The superior and
lateral portions of the occiput  are co-ossified, as also the basi-
lar portion and the sphenoid  bone.   Foramen magnum small
and irregular.  Basilar portion of occiput thick, quite irregular,
and with a well  marked longitudinal  fissure  upon  the under
surface.  The facial  portion of the skull  is  also quite broad,
with  a flaring of the  upper and lower jaws; the shortness,
however, is the most  striking peculiarity, the distance from the
posterior extremity of the vomer to the extremity of the inter-
maxillary bones  being three inches  and one-fourth, whilst in the
other cranium, which could have been very little older, it was
five inches and three-fourths.   A broad fissure in the palate is
also observed, not involving  the intermaxillary bones, but ex-
tending quite through the  maxillaries, the separation between
these last being one inch and two-thirds, and the palatine por-
tion  of course  very  imperfectly developed.   Orbits large.
Nasal bones short, and very broad.
   The trunk is  separately preserved, and also the individual
 extremities,  as  ligamentary preparations;  the  first  is  well
 formed, excepting the pelvis.  The feet, also, with the carpus
 and tarsus, are well formed, but the other parts are  exceedingly
imperfect;  the scapulae, humerus, radius and ulna,  femur, tibia
and fibula consisting  of  very short, thick, and irregular bones,
 measuring generally  from one inch and a fourth to two inches
 in length.   Each of  the ossa innominata consisted  of  a single
 piece, and were  quite as imperfectly developed as the bones of
 the  extremities, the  cavity of  the pelvis  being  very small.
 The extremities of the femur  and humerus  were formed by
 very  large, rounded, cartilaginous masses,  but are  now,  of
 course, quite dried up.  1839.        Dr. J.  B. S. Jackson.
                 8 
54
MONSTROSITIES.
813. A drawing, to show  the external appearances in the above
    case ; by                           Dr. Jeffries Wyman.

814. A foetal skeleton, showing  an imperfect development of the
    extremities, &c.  The subject was a male child, premature and
    still-born.  It was quite plump, and generally well developed,
    externally and internally ; the hands and feet, also, as in the
    last case, were of full  size and well formed, but the limbs were
    very short, and the bones thick and stout.  Before the skeleton
    was dried, the humerus and  ulna  measured, each, one  inch
    and a fourth in length, and the hand  one inch and a half; the
    femur one  inch and a fourth,  the tibia  one inch and a third,
    and the foot nearly two inches; the femur being considerably
    curved, and some of the other bones more or less so.   The
    cranium is  generally well  formed;  the parietal  bones, how-
    ever, are deficient on  each  side of the vertex, so as to leave a
    defined opening, which measures one  inch  and three-fourths
    transversely, and one  inch  in  the opposite direction, with two
    ossa Wormiana  at  the posterior  fontanelle, and a third about
    the middle  of the sagittal suture.  The  ribs also  are shorter
    than usual.   The spine is  perfect, and  measures eight inches
    in length.   1846.                       Dr. John Homans.

815. Cast in plaster of the above specimen.
                                      Dr.  William E. Coale.

816. Imperfectly developed extremities, in connection with hydro-
    cephalus, and malformation of the  cranial  bones  (No. 817.)
    This case occurred in the  practice of Dr. E. T. Learned, of
    Weymouth; the child presented by the breech, and  in  about
    an hour the head was removed.  The head was quite large,
    and discharged, on  being tapped, about five  or six ounces of
    serum; external  ears malformed and very imperfect;  lower
    jaw also very imperfect, and evidently disconnected  with the
    base of the skull.
       The  right upper extremity, before dissection, consisted of an
    arm and hand which  were well  developed, except for an ab-
    sence of the thumb ;  the hand, however, formed a right angle
    with the arm; the fore-arm is wanting, and the carpus is seen,
    in  the  preparation, to be  directly attached  to  the  humerus. 
MONSTROSITIES.
55
     The left upper extremity consisted of a hand having only three
     fingers, but otherwise well developed ; seemed to be attached
     almost directly to the shoulder; a short bone, however, could
     be felt, and this, on dissection, proved to be an imperfectly de-
     veloped humerus.  The right lower  extremity consisted of a
     foot, having  four toes, but otherwise well developed, though
     arising directly from  the groin ;  on dissection, the  fourth me-
     tatarsal bone was found  to be entirely wanting, except for its
     very anterior extremity ; the tarsus  was developed in propor-
     tion to the number  of toes.  The  left lower extremity also
     arose directly from the  groin, was an inch and  a  quarter in
     length, consisted of a single, well developed toe, and terminated
     posteriorly in a proper heel, the bones and cartilages being de-
     veloped  in  accordance with the external  appearances.   The
     muscles,  nerves, and blood-vessels  were  not examined.   In
     place of the pelvic bones,  there  are  seen  on  the right of the
     sacrum two small cartilages, one above the  other, and upon
     the left side a third, which is still smaller.  The pelvis, and the
     right upper and left lower  extremities are preserved together in
     one jar in spirit, and the left upper and right lower extremities
     are preserved in a second jar, as  dry specimens.  The internal
     organs were well formed, and the spine was six inches and a
     quarter in length.                    Dr. Winslow Lewis.

817. Some  of the  cranial bones, from  the  above case,  mounted
     separately, and displayed upon a black-board.  The lower jaw
     consists of two small bones, of the usual width, and united by
     a proper symphisis, but developed  only to the  extent of the
     alveoli for the incisor and  canine teeth.  The two upper max-
     illary bones are united, and in these  also  the  alveolar portion
     is very deficient.  Between  the  petrous portion of the tempo-
     ral bone and the body of the sphenoid  is  a large, thick, and
     exceedingly irregular  bone, nearly equal in extent to the body
     and wings of the sphenoid; upon the  right side it is  separate,
     but upon the left it is anchylosed to  the sphenoid and  temporal
     bones.   1845.                        Dr. Winslow Lewis.

818. A drawing,  in India  ink,  of Mr. Benoni  T.   Bachelder, who
     exhibited himself in this city not  long since, and an account of
     whose case was published, with remarks, by Dr. O. W. Holmes, 
MONSTROSITIES.
in the Boston Med. and Surg. Journal (March 3d, 1847.)  Ac-
cording to Dr. H., Mr. B. is twenty-eight years of age, and has
one perfect  extremity, the others being abortive  stumps, and
much like those left after amputation.
   The right humerus is a foot or more in length.  The deltoid
and  pectoral muscles are well  developed ; the biceps has a
well marked fleshy belly, but tapers  rapidly, in common with
the other muscles of the arm, towards the  lower extremity,
which is rounded  off without  anything  like a cicatrix, and has
a small, wart-like excrescence upon one side near its termina-
tion.  This, Mr.  B.  says, made  its  appearance  some  years
since, and was not a  part of the original conformation.  The
humerus is  felt to  be somewhat flattened, so as  to  spread a
little transversely  at the lower end, as if there  were an effort
at the  formation of  condyles.   All  the  movements  of the
shoulder-joint are  perfect, and the muscular power is very con-
siderable.
   The thigh-bones are about a third  of  the  natural length.
The extremity of each of the stumps  has  a little, mushroom-
like appendix or fleshy pad attached to it; that on  the right
the largest, bearing a certain  resemblance to  a flattened and
boneless great  toe, and capable  of slight voluntary motions.
The left is smaller, and can be retracted by a voluntary effort
of the muscles of the stump.  The pelvis is said to be narrow.
   The left  upper extremity is well formed  and exceedingly
muscular.  Supporting himself upon this, he  is able  to move
freely about, going up and down stairs, crossing the room in a
rapid series of bounds, and throwing himself into a chair with
the most perfect ease.
   Otherwise, Mr.  B. seems to be fully developed, and  he is
one of a large family, all of whom  are  well formed.  His
general  health  is quite good, and his weight is  at present
ninety-two pounds, but, at  the age of twenty-three, was, as he
says, one hundred and seventeen.
   The drawing was made by      Dr.  William T. Parker.

Drawing of a monstrosity, which was presented to the Society
by Dr. Abner B. Wheeler.  The parietes of the abdomen were
wanting upon the  right side and in front, so that the  intestines
and a large part of  the liver protruded,  forming a  mass as 
MONSTROSITIES.
57
     large  as  the  fist.  The  intestines  were very  much matted
     together,  had  a thickened, fleshy look  and feel, and were of a
     deep red color,  there  being also a considerable  effusion of
     greenish yellow lymph  over the peritoneal surface.
       The right lower extremity, as shown in  the drawing, was
     entirely wanting, but the  left was  well  developed.  This last
     stood off at a right angle from the trunk, the  knee was strongly
     flexed, and  the foot turned inwards; the toes were malformed,
     the  first  being sufficiently large, but scarcely separated from
     the second,  the second and third fused, the fourth distinct, and
     the fifth large and widely separated from the rest.
       Otherwise,  the foetus was well formed externally, except for
     some lateral compression of the thorax.   Sex female.  Weight
     two pounds  and a quarter.
       On dissection,  the right internal iliac artery was found  to be
     no larger than a small thread, the left being  of full size.  The
     right sacral  nerves were also exceedingly small, excepting the
     first.  The  uterus was of a  conical form, the apex  being in-
     clined towards the left side, and giving off the Fallopian  tube ;
     left ovary well developed ; right tube and ovary wanting. The
     other abdominal  organs were not remarkable except  for what
     is said above  of  the  liver and intestines.  In the thorax there
     was considerable serous effusion,  and the  arch of the  aorta
     gave off four vessels of about equal size, but otherwise nothing
     unusual was observed.
       The mother had previously had one well  formed child, and
     felt the motions of this  last  as  much  as she did those of the
     first.  Labor came on  at the end of the  seventh month; the
     head presented, the  quantity of liquor amnii was smaller than
     usual, and the child and placenta were expelled together.  The
     heart beat for about  ten minutes, and the child gasped a few
     times after  it was born, a general convulsion being produced
     whenever it was  moved.
       The drawing was made by         Dr. Jeffries Wyman.

820. Skeleton of the above  monstrosity.  A small bone, measuring
     about two by three lines, is connected with the right side of the
     sacrum, and upon this there  was, when recent, a rounded car-
     tilage, about a line in diameter, but otherwise there  is no trace
     of a right lower extremity.   The left lower  extremity is in the 
58
MONSTROSITIES.
     position in which it is above described, the os innominatum be-
     ing well developed, as is the rest of the skeleton.   1839.
                                      Dr. Abner B. Wheeler.

821. Placenta from the above case ; injected and dried.  The mem-
     branes  are connected with  the  cord throughout, which, in the
     recent  state, was but three inches and  a quarter in length;
     they were also continuous  with the integuments of the foetus
     about the right hypochondrium, and adhered slightly to the left
     lobe of the liver.

822. Cast in plaster of an  upper extremity.   The  arm was well
     formed ; the fore-arm was pretty well developed, but bent to a
     right angle upon the arm, and  measured but seven inches in
     length; the hand was bent  to a right angle upon the fore-arm,
     and sufficiently developed,  except for the thumb, which was in
     a very rudimentary state, and  connected with  the  integument
     by a small peduncle.
       The  subject of this  malformation was  a man,  thirty-five
     years of age, who died at the Almshouse, October 21st, 1844,
     and was known during life to have had a good use of the limb.
       The dissection was made by Dr. B., who found the  muscles
     developed in accordance with the condition of the  bones (No.
     823); the biceps was attached to  the ligament which usually
     connects the radius  and ulna;  the nerves ran  in a perfectly
     straight course, but the arteries were much contorted.
       The cast was taken by           Dr. Henry J. Bigelow.

823. A ligamentary preparation of the upper extremity just de-
     scribed  ; by Dr. Samuel Cabot.   The radius is seen to be en-
     tirely wanting.   The  ulna  is strongly developed, but curved
     upon  itself, and measures  six inches and  three-fourths  in  a
     straight line.  The inferior articulating surface of the humerus
     is  narrow, as it receives only the ulna, but that portion is most
     developed with which the radius is usually connected; other-
     wise this bone is well formed.  The bones of the hand are
     well developed, except for the thumb, which  consists of two
     rudimentary phalanges, upon the last of which is a small nail;
     the trapezium also is wanting.         Dr.  Winslow Lewis. 
MONSTROSITIES.
59
824. A rhinencephalous pig; preserved in spirit.  The eyes are
     contained in a common  orbit, but the fusion is not complete ;
     the proboscis is directly above them, and is about one inch and
     three-fourths in length, and one-fourth of an inch  in diameter.

825. A second specimen.  This subject was older than the last;
     the fusion of the eyes is  less complete, and between them and
     the proboscis the cranium appears to be deficient, or, at least,
     the integuments are wanting.   This last complication is very
     unusual.

826 - 30. The following specimens of " Blighted Foetus " had the
     flattened, bloodless, macerated look, which is generally seen in
     these cases, and, as usual, they were all  cases of twins, the
     other foetus being well formed.

826. The first specimen is shown in Fig. 27, and weighs only ninety-
     two grains.   The  trunk is one and a half inches in length,
     smooth on the surface and quite firm, and terminates bluntly,
     without any trace of a head or upper extremities.  The pelvis,
     however, exists, and the lower extremities are tolerably devel-
     oped ; legs crossed, and strongly flexed, so as to come in con-
     tact with the body, the  left foot being also  bent  into contact
     with the leg; right foot very imperfect.   Labor occurred at
     seven and a half months, and the perfect child was born first.
     1838.                            Dr. William J. Walker.

827. The second specimen (Fig. 28) is four inches in length, two
     in width, and was  enclosed in a distinct cavity attached to the
     placenta  of a  full  grown  foetus.  In this case the lower  ex-
     tremities are wanting, but the  head exists; also, the  spinal
     column, the ribs, the scapulae, and  one of the upper extremi-
     ties are seen ;  this last adhering to the trunk.   1834.
                                              Dr. John Odin.

828. The third specimen is about the size of a five months foetus,
     the external parts generally being well developed; enclosed in
     a sac, which was  connected with the placenta of a large and
     vigorous foetus ; cord fourteen inches in length.   1830.
                                     Dr. Joseph W. McKean. 
60
MONSTROSITIES.
 829.  The fourth specimen is less developed than the last, the weight
     being less than five ounces ;  connected with  the placenta of a
     mature foetus.   This case is  remarkable for  the strong flexion
     of the limbs, and for being  enveloped  in an abundant, soft,
     ragged, adventitious deposit.   1829.       Dr. John  Ware.

 830.  A cranium, prepared to show the great overlapping of the
     bones which takes place in the blighted foetus, when the  de-
     velopment  is sufficiently advanced.  In the recent state, the
     subject of this  case resembled No. 828, and a healthy eight
     months foetus was born at the same time.
                                           Dr. D. H. Storer.

 831.  A human foetus, between  two  and  three  months old, and
     affected with hare-lip upon the  left side.  1830.
                                             Dr. J. H.  Lane.

 832.  The superior maxillary bones of a six months foetus,  tbat was
     affected with hare-lip.  That on the left side wants the two
     first alveoli, but is otherwise  well formed; the alveolus for the
     first incisor, however, exists as an  intermaxillary bone, and is
     connected by a slender process with  the  vomer.  The right
     superior maxillary is sufficiently developed.

833. A drawing of the right hand of a child between two and  three
    years old.   The  fingers are  closely united, and there is a sin-
    gle, continuous  nail extending across the whole, the outline of
    the fingers being distinctly felt.   The thumb is well developed,
    and the hand is otherwise sufficiently well, except that the ar-
    ticulation of the middle finger with the metacarpus is  not in a
    line with the rest.  The  case occurred (1847) in the practice
    of Dr. Anson Hooker, of East Cambridge, and the  drawing
    was made by                        Dr. Jeffries Wyman.
       A somewhat  similar case was reported not  long since to the
    Society, but in  which the deformity was considerably greater,
    the right  hand  being here  also affected.  The thumb  was
    wanting;  three  fingers only could be felt, and these, with  three
    metacarpal bones, were more or less imperfect; nail not per-
   • fectly continuous, but divided towards  one  of the  edges  into
    two portions.   The  subject  of this  case was a well formed 
MONSTROSITIES.
61
     child, about two years old, and a patient of Dr. Edward Jarvis,
     of Dorchester.

   n. Monstrosities by excess.

834. " Two male children, well grown, united  from  the shoulders
     on one  side to the navel;  there  is but one  umbilical cord; the
     thorax  is common to both, having no partition, and but one
     heart;  the aortas have an arch from two  ascending arteries,
     arising, apparently, from each  superior corner  of the  heart."
     The  above account of this specimen is from the Boston Med-
     ical Intelligencer, for  August 19th, 1823.   The union seems
     now  to be rather anterior than lateral.
                                        Dr.  George Parkman.

835. Skeleton of two female children, that were united face to face
     from the top of the sternum to the umbilicus, being otherwise well
     formed, as is the last specimen, which, in the recent state, itvery
     perfectly resembled.  Weighed nine pounds and two ounces,
     and was quite fresh when received, but died probably during the
     delivery, there  being some laceration of  the soft parts, with
     fracture of some of the bones ; the mother also died in conse-
     quence of the difficulty of the labor.
        The thorax  forms one large, continuous cavity, and has a
     sternum upon each  side, but these last,  instead of being dis-
     tinct, as,  according to  St. Hilaire, they usually are in these
     cases (III.  95,) are united so  as  to form an arch above the
     common cavity.
        On  dissection of this  foetus, the alimentary canal, the pan-
     creas,  the spleen, the urinary and genital  organs, the thymus
     gland,  and  the vocal and  respiratory organs were found to be
     in double sets and well formed ; some adhesions only existing
     between  the  intestines and  the  other parts.   The principal
     nerves were also dissected.
        The diaphragm formed one  large and  continuous arch be-
     tween  the two foetuses.
        The two livers were united, but appeared to be no larger
     than the single organ in a foetus at the term.   A single broad
     ligament extended from  the umbilicus along each face of the
     organ  to the diaphragm, making the two abdominal cavities
                    9 
62
MONSTROSITIES.
     quite  distinct.  There were two umbilical veins and a  gall-
     bladder upon each face of the organ, the ducts being distributed
     as usual.
        The two hearts were united to form one common organ, the
     ventricular portion  resembling  somewhat, in its  breadth, the
     heart of a  tortoise.   There was but a single auricle, irregular
     on the  inner surface, and having a band running across it  mid-
     way, but with nothing that could be called a septum ; two ap-
     pendices  were  found at each extremity, with the pulmonary
     veins and the superior vena cava  of each foetus.  The  ven-
     tricular portion consisted of two cavities, the septum being
     perfect, except for a small opening at the upper part;  auriculo-
     ventricular valves well developed.   At one  extremity of this
     ventricular portion there  arose  an  aorta  which was  in every
     way normal, and  by its side a pulmonary artery, smaller  than
     itself, and  having but two valves; at the other extremity there
     was another  aorta, which  gave off  the  pulmonary artery.
     The only peculiarity noticed  in  the vessels was  the  existence
     of but one umbilical artery in one of the foetuses.  1837.
                           Dr. Nathaniel Miller, of  Franklin.

836. Drawing of a monstrosity  that  was sent to the  Society by
     Dr. E.  T. Learned, of Weymouth.   The  subject  of this  case
     consisted  of two  foetuses,  which  were  united  from  above
     downwards, but separate below the umbilicus;   having  two
     perfect  faces, four upper  extremities, and   being well formed
     externally, except  for the fusion.  Sex male.   Weight twenty-
     four ounces, and  length  of the spines three inches and a
     fourth.
       The mouth of each foetus opened  posteriorly into a common
     pharynx, from which descended the oesophagus (Figure  22.)
     Below the diaphragm there was seen the stomach, which, when
     distended, was  about the  size of a  large  cherry  (No. 838);
     this communicated with a portion of intestine, about one inch
     and a quarter  in length, and  this opened   into a cavity which
    sent off a separate intestine to each foetus,  the small intestine
     being seven inches in length, and the large eight inches, with-
    out including the rectum.  The liver was decomposed, and unfit
    for examination.  Urinary and genital organs double, and well-
     formed ; the respiratory organs were also double, with the  thy-
    roid and thymus glands. 
MONSTROSITIES,
63
       There  were two separate hearts.  Each  had, at least, one
    auricle, and  in one of them there  was  an appearance of a
    second;  each had  also  two ventricles, which communicated
    freely, and gave off from their common cavity an aorta and a
    pulmonary  artery, the vessels  being  distributed as follows.
    Each aorta gave off two carotids, after which the arch became
    very small.   One of the pulmonary arteries  gave its branches
    to the lungs, and its ductus arteriosus to the aorta, which after-
    wards  sent  off the two subclavians.   The  other  pulmonary
    artery gave its branches  to  the lungs, and then a large branch
    which  formed the second descending  aorta, from  which one
    subclavian artery was seen to arise ; the second  having proba-
    bly been cut off; the ductus arteriosus was then given off, and,
    after having joined the arch of the aorta, opened at once into
    the first descending aorta, and  thus formed a free communica-
    tion between the two.
       The drawing was made by         Dr. Jeffries  Wyman.

837. Skeleton of the above monstrosity ; not mounted.   The head
    contains two entire sets of bones, which are sufficiently devel-
    oped for the age of the subject, though  somewhat crowded ;
    most of  them have been detached, but  those of the base still
    remain in connection, and are represented in Figure 21.  The
    sphenoids are the only ones that require any particular notice ;
    the body of each of these  bones is divided longitudinally into
    two equal portions, and each revolves one-quarter of a circle,
    so  as  to bring the  posterior edges  of  the two  corresponding
    portions into opposition ;  the inner lateral  edges of each sphe-
    noid, then,  are  opposed to those of the opposite sphenoid,
    whilst the outer lateral edges are opposed to the  basilar portion
    of the occiput and  to  the  temporal bone.  This  is certainly
    very different from a figure  of  a similar case by Serres, in  the
    Memoirs of the Institute (vol. 55.)
       The large and small wings are  sufficiently well, except that
    three of the last retain their early foetal condition of being dis-
    tinct bones.   The  other bones are not  remarkable, except  for
    some difference in  the size of the parietals in the two subjects,
    and a fusion of the two  portions  of each frontal bone.  The
    thorax is double, as usual in these  cases, and the two skeletons
    are otherwise well formed.   1836.
                            Dr. E. T. Learned, of Weymouth. 
64
MONSTROSITIES.
838. A model, in wax, of the oesophagus, stomach, and upper part
    of the intestine,  from the  above monstrosity; as  already
    described.

839. A foetal Calf, preserved in spirit, the age of the subject being
    perhaps two or three months.  Malformation as in the last case,
    except that one of the  faces is somewhat imperfect.

840. A double Pig, similar to No. 836, except that instead of a
    second face, an ear only is found, perhaps a fusion of two.  A
    stuffed specimen.
       Some years since, a human subject, showing this same form
    of monstrosity, was brought  from Siam, and was in the Socie-
    ty's cabinet for a time, but was afterwards removed.

841. A double  Guinea-pig, preserved entire in spirit.   Malforma-
    tion as in the last case.              Dr. George B. Doane.

842. A double  Chicken, preserved  entire in spirit, and malformed
    like the last specimen; there is also a lateral distortion of  the
    upper mandible.   This form of monstrosity is common in  the
     mammalia, but St. Hilaire  does not mention  its occurrence
     in birds.   1845.      Dr. Francis  W. Cragin, of Surinam.
        A second specimen has lately been received,  and resembles
     the one just described, except that the upper mandible is not  dis-
     torted. Upon the back of the head there is seen the external open-
     ing of the central ear, or perhaps, from the size, a fusion of two.

843.  A double Kitten, preserved entire in spirit.   Malformation as
     in No. 840, except that the  ear on the back of the  head is
     wanting.

844.  Skeleton of  a double Lamb; not  mounted.   Externally,  this
     subject resembled the  last, as a monstrosity, except for  some
     peculiarities  about the head.   Below  the angle  of the jaw,
     upon the right side, was a narrow fissure, one and a half inches
     in length, opening largely into the pharynx, and at its posterior
     extremity, on separating  its edges, was seen a  malformed in-
     ternal ear.   The external  ear, upon  the left  side, was  well
     formed, but the right, which was situated not far from the fis- 
MONSTROSITIES.
65
sure, terminated in a cul de sac, though otherwise well devel-
oped.   Secondly, there  were  beneath  the  anterior extremity
of the  lower jaw, and  inclining to  the  left side, two incisor
teeth, the relations of which will be hereafter described.
  On dissection, there was seen on the back of the pharynx a
fold of membrane,  which was evidently  the rudiment  of a
second palate, and beneath this some appearance of the root of
a second tongue.   CEsophagus single, and well formed.
  The stomach was formed by the fusion of two organs.   The
fourth, or digestive cavity, was single,  but very large, measur-
ing, in a collapsed state and before being opened, four and a half
inches in length, and one  and a half inches transversely.   Of
each of the three  other cavities there  was a double set, those
which  corresponded being equally developed.  The first ex-
tended off  two inches from the lower extremity of the  oeso-
phagus upon each side, and was about  two-thirds of an inch
in diameter.   Where these  two opened into the fourth cavity
there  were seen, closely grouped together,  four others, each of
which was about  one-third of an inch in  diameter;  these, of
course, were the second and third cavities, and one of each of
them was situated, side  by side, on each face of the stomach,
or between the two first cavities.
   The intestine continued single for seven feet and a half, and
then divided, one  portion  consisting of thirty inches, each, of
small and  large intestine, and  the  other of about thirty-four
inches, each, of the same.   Just  at  the  division  there  was a
sort of diverticulum, six and  a half inches in length, termi-
nating in a cul de  sac, and lying free  in the cavity of the ab-
domen ;  this appendage was not uniform  in  size, but was in
some parts considerably smaller, though  nowhere  larger than
the intestine itself.
   There were two distinct livers, one  being somewhat larger
than the other, and each having its gall-bladder, ducts and ves-
sels ;  the umbilical vein entering upon  the convexity of the
organ.   There were also two distinct sets of urinary and ge-
nital organs.
   The lungs, trachea, and thymus gland were in double sets
and well-formed.   The larynx, which corresponded to the face
of the animal, was also normal, though the cornu of the hyoid
bone on  the right side, and in connection with the fissure in the 
66
MONSTROSITIES.
 neck, was imperfectly developed.  The other larynx was alto-
 gether small, and  the cornua of the hyoid  bone, which were
 otherwise not remarkable, were so closely connected as to ap-
 pear like one bone before they were separated.
   Two distinct hearts were found; one  was decidedly larger
 than the other, but both of them sufficiently developed, and,
 seeming to be externally well formed, were not cut open.  An
 aorta  and pulmonary artery arose from  each, and communi-
 cated, as usual, by the ductus arteriosus.  The  arch  of each
 aorta gave off a single vessel which very soon divided into the
 two carotids; one  of these vessels being  proportioned  to the
 size of the head of the animal, but the other quite small.  At
 some distance  beyond the arch each aorta  gave off two sub-
 clavian,  directly opposite to each other.  At the arch the two
 aortas communicated by a vessel which was  about the size of
 either of  the ascending portions.
   Of the skeleton. — The cranium is single in front, but is not
 well formed, there being a want of symmetry between the two
 sides ; posteriorly, it is quite broad, and  formed  by the fusion
 of two.   There are  two occipital foramina, two-thirds of an
 inch apart, one  being of full size  and well  formed, the  other
 considerably larger and somewhat irregular.   The lateral and
 two basilar portions of the occiput are quite distinct, these last
 being connected with a common but broad sphenoid bone, and
 also with each other through nearly half their extent; the pos-
 terior portions  are  less distinct, being partially fused with the
 parietals.   Of these last there  seem to  be two sets, and con-
 nected with each an  interparietal.  Between the lateral por-
 tions of the occiput are a few, small and very irregular bones
 upon the median line, to  represent the face of the second foe-
 tus.   Upon the left side the temporal bone is well developed,
 but on the right the bony cavity connected with the tympanum
 is very imperfect, its internal  structure  being exposed  in the
 form  of a very irregular  surface, which, when  recent, was
 covered by a thin, delicate membrane, and was  seen  in this
 state at the bottom of the  fissure which  opened externally be-
neath the lower jaw.  There is much lateral  distortion  of the
lower jaw, especially on the right side, and connected with the
posterior inferior portion  of the symphisis is  a small, distinct
bone which contains two  incisor teeth, (Fig.  23,)  the atrophy 
MONSTROSITIES.
67
     of the lower jaw being much greater than in any case referred
     to by M.  St. Hilaire, where he treats  of this form  of mon-
     strosity (III. 257.)
       The bodies are connected as usual in these cases, the ster-
     num and ribs corresponding to the  face of the animal being well
     developed, but  not those upon  the opposite side.  To distin-
     guish the two bodies, that may be  called A which corresponds
     to the right side of the face of the animal, and the  other B.
     The spines are distinct throughout, and  have the usual number
     of vertebrae.   The spine of A has, in the  cervical and upper
     half of  the dorsal  portion, a strong, double lateral curvature,
     there being a considerable atrophy of the  dorsal  wings upon
     the concave side, but with less difference in the neck, where
     the curvature  is less marked;  the atlas, however, is thrown
     quite to one side ;  the spinous processes and wings of the first
     six dorsal vertebrae are fused, and  also the seventh and eighth.
     The spine of B. is less curved in   its dorsal portion, and  the
     cervical very little if at all; the first four dorsal wings  are
     fused, also  the fifth and sixth, and  the seventh and eighth.  B.
     has thirteen  well  developed ribs  on each side.  A. has a re-
     markable development of the  right transverse process of  the
     vertebra in place of the thirteenth  rib, and, as it seems intend-
     ed to represent a rib, this vertebra  has been regarded as one of
     the  dorsal; the fourth, fifth, sixth  and seventh ribs on the  left
     side  are very closely fused posteriorly, but anteriorly divide
     into two portions, otherwise  the  two bodies appear to be well
     formed, as  are also the eight extremities.
       The subject of the  above case  was sent to  the  Society in
     May, 1843, by     Dr. Henry C. Perkins, of Newburyport.

845. Skeleton of a  double Pig; not mounted. — Externally, this
     monstrosity resembled No. 841,  except  for a deficiency of  the
     vault of the cranium, and that there was no additional ear upon
     the back of the head.  How far the  brain  was developed, if
     at all, could hot be ascertained, as  the spinal marrow had been
     cut off at its upper extremity, being there of about the proper
     size ; the specimen had been  in spirit,  but was otherwise in a
     state of good preservation.  The posterior portion  of the occi-
     put is very imperfectly developed,  but connected as usual with
     the lateral portions, and forms with them a high wall perpen- 
68
MONSTROSITIES.
 dicular to the base of the cranium.  The cranial portion of the
 frontal bones is wanting, and the parietals are very imperfectly
 developed;  these last being separated by the whole  width of
 the base  of  the cranium.  The palatine,  the maxillary, and, to
 a  certain extent, the intermaxillary bones,  are separated,  as
 usual, in fissure of the palate.   Otherwise,  the  cranium  is
 sufficiently well formed.
   The two spines are united in the cervical portion.  Posteri-
 orly, the first three vertebrae are single ;  the fourth is double,
 having two  sets of wings, and  something like  a  rudimentary
 one between them, and from the fifth downwards the  two col-
 umns are separate throughout.  Anteriorly, the fusion is much
 less complete, the two rows of bodies being distinct throughout;
 the first body in each spine  consists of two  bones, one  above
 the other, and between those of the  second  vertebrae  there  is
 an additional bone of considerable size ; the fourth, and all be-
 low, are  well formed.  The  spinal canal  is single to the  fourth
 vertebrae.  The thorax is formed,  as usual, by a fusion of the
 two, the  side corresponding  to the back of the head being im-
 perfectly developed.  The  extremities  which correspond  to
the imperfect  side  have the scapulae united  by their  upper
 edges, and also  by their  spines (Figures 33 and 33'), but are
 otherwise well formed, as  are the two other upper extremities,
 and both sets of the lower.
   On dissection, the  oesophagus was  found  to be single, but
 communicated largely throughout with the larynx and trachea,
as has been observed in some analogous cases  (Anom. des
 Org. III. 144.)   The  stomach (Fig. 34) was single, but formed
by the union of two.  The  small  intestine was single for the
first  thirty-two  inches; it then became  dilated, as shown in
Figure 24, and from this  second  cavity there  arose a double
set of intestines, the small  measuring between five  and six
inches, and  the  large about twenty-four inches.  Two inches
above  the  dilatation there was a diverticulum, ten  lines in
length, and situated parallel to the intestine, to which it closely
adhered, except near the extremity.   Both subjects were males,
and there was nothing unusual in the  genital or urinary organs,
excepting that one set of kidneys was somewhat smaller than
the other.   The hyoid  bone, epiglottis, larynx and trachea,
corresponding to the face of the monstrosity, appeared  to  be 
MONSTROSITIES.
69
     well developed, except  that  the  two last, as  above stated,
     opened freely into the oesophagus;  the primary bronchia and
     the lungs were  also sufficiently developed.   About opposite to
     the lower part of the trachea,  and  in the parietes, as it were,
     of the oesophagus, there was found a second, small, rudiment-
     ary larynx, below  which was  a trachea  of corresponding  de-
     velopment, two bronchia, and a pair of lungs, these last  being
     about one-third  or one-half as  large as the first pair.   A  large
     blood-vessel passed down between the cartilage  of the larynx
     and its mucous  surface, running parallel  to and in front of  the
     trachea, and dividing to send a branch to each lung, as it  were
     a pulmonary artery; its origin,  however, could  not be deter-
     mined, as it had been cut off about half an inch above the larynx.
       The heart was single, and appeared externally well formed,
     except that no vessels were  found  to enter the left auricle ; a
     large branch, however, entered the right auricle, and, from its
     situation, was probably the  common  trunk  of the pulmonary
     veins.  Internal structure normal.   The  aorta  divided almost
     at once  into two large trunks, one  for each foetus; and  these
     gave off branches, which must have been the carotids and sub-
     clavians.   The  pulmonary artery gave off two  small pulmo-
     nary branches, and sent to each aorta a ductus  arteriosus, these
     two last vessels being of unequal size.

846. A portion  of small  intestine, from  the  above case, injected,
     and represented in Fig. 24.  St. Hilaire  (II. pp.  102 and 132)
     remarks upon dilatation of the intestine at the point of division
     as very rare, but refers to three cases.

847. Skeleton of a double Pig ; mounted.
       The cranium is malformed very nearly as in  the last  case,
     the vault being  open superiorly, and the cavity  quite  shallow.
     The parietal bones form the lateral  boundary; the cranial por-
     tion of the  frontals  is entirely wanting, as is also the posterior
     portion of the occiput, the  lateral  portions being  well devel-
     oped, but widely separated, and  not anchylosed with the tem-
     porals, as in No. 845.  There was also  a fissure through  the
     palate, and double  harelip, the maxillary and palatine  bones
     being separated as usual, with a deficiency of the facial por-
     tion of the  intermaxillaries.
                  10 
70
MONSTROSITIES.
  The seven cervical and first dorsal vertebrae are single, and
then the spines divide.   As in No. 844, the subject which cor-
responds to the right side of the face  of the animal may be
called  A, and the other B.   The spine  of B  is sufficiently
developed to about the tenth  dorsal  vertebra, but with a con-
siderable lateral curvature, and a fusion of two or three wings
upon each side ; at this  point there was  an antero-posterior
curvature, and below this it is open as  far as the sacrum, as in
a case  of spina bifida, the bodies and expanded wings forming
a broad, flat surface ; there are  five lumbar vertebrae, and the
sacral  and  coccygeal  are probably normal.   Upon the right
side  the wings of  the vertebrae of A seemed to  be well devel-
oped as low as the sixth dorsal, but with a partial fusion of the
first  three ;  upon  the left side there are seen two very broad
and irregular wings,  which are fused with  those of the  right
side.   Below the sixth dorsal  vertebra  the spine  is  open
throughout  as far as  the  sacrum, and most irregularly and
strongly curved or rather  twisted upon itself, producing a de-
gree of shortening such that in the recent state the ilium came
nearly into contact with the ribs; upon the right side there are
the wings of five  lumbar vertebrae, and with these are con-
nected the  bodies, which consist of two broad  and irregular
bones, but  upon  the left side the wings are entirely wanting;
the sacral vertebrae are  imperfect, and  the  coccygeal entirely
wanting.  The thorax, which corresponds to the face of the
animal, is sufficiently developed; the  ribs  on the left side of
A, are fully so, except for a fusion of  the first two, the whole
number being fourteen; upon the right side of B  there are
thirteen, and they are  more  compressed.   The  thorax, which
corresponds to the  occiput of the animal, is represented by
fourteen ribs, all of which are separate but much compressed,
the first one or two  belonging  to the left side of A, and the
others  to the right side of B.
   The pelves and extremities are well  formed.
   Before dissection the condition of the head and of the spines
corresponded with that of the skeleton as  above  described ;
there were  but two upper extremities, and the two lower of
each of the subjects were united by integument as far down
as the middle  of the  leg.   The  organs of the abdomen had
been mostly removed, but there remained  for B an intestine, 
MONSTROSITIES.
71
     left kidney, bladder, testicles and penis;  in A there was  the
     right kidney, the  testicles, and  an imperfect bladder, but no
     intestine.  The thoracic  organs had not been disturbed, and
     were found normal, the aorta dividing for the two subjects just
     above the diaphragm.   1834.
                         Dr. Francis W. Cragin, of Surinam.

848. The cranium  of a  double Pig; mounted.  This specimen
     differs from any in the present series (p. 298),  inasmuch as
     there is a common central orbit, and the anterior as  well as the
     posterior portion is composed of the  parts  of two individuals.
     The occipital foramina, the basilar  and  posterior  portions of
     the occiput, the parietal, frontal, and nasal bones  are double
     and well developed, though somewhat irregular ; the anterior
     portion of  the  two faces being  not  merely approximated, but
     to some extent overlapping ; one of the  parietals also consists
     of two pieces.   Upon  the  outer half  of each  cranium  the
     lateral portion  of the occiput, the temporal, the os  unguis, the
     malar, and the intermaxillary bones are  well developed;  the
     upper maxillary of each, however, is  deficient throughout in
     its palatine portion, there  being a fissure of the palate as in the
     last case.  Upon the inner half of each cranium the temporal
     bones are  very imperfectly developed and  completely fused;
     the  tympanic  cavities  are much  compressed, situated  di-
     rectly between the two occipital  foramina, and show no trace
     of a division ; the squamous portions consist of a single broadly
     expanded bone, bounded  by the parietals  and the occiput, and
     having in  its centre a common meatus, the vaginal process of
     each bone  being well marked; the petrous portions are situ-
     ated between the two basilars.   The  central orbital cavity is
     formed mainly by the frontal bones and the anterior sphenoids ;
     each of these last is perforated by a large optic  foramen, and
     the two bones are intimately fused together, and also with the
     posterior sphenoid of the  subject which may be called A, with
     the  vomer of  A, and  with a bone  of some size which may
     perhaps  be the ascending portion of the  palatine of B, there
     being nothing corresponding to this last in the other subject.
     Between the central orbit and  the  base of the skull there is
     now  seen  to be  a  free  opening, and this is  divided by a
     bony partition which seems to be formed by the internal wings 
72
MONSTROSITIES.
     of the posterior sphenoids, that of B, however, being detached
     from the body of the bone ;  there are, of course, two basilar
     bones, and a posterior sphenoid connected with each.   In front
     of the central orbit the os unguis  of each subject is largely
     developed, but the superior maxillary bones are in the most
     rudimentary state, and show no trace of alveoli; the  nasal
     cavity is  open throughout; the  intermaxillaries are very  im-
     perfect, and particularly that of A, which contains  only  one
     incisor tooth.   The lower jaw is single, the branch correspond-
     ing to A being shorter than the other, and flaring outward.
       The rest of the skeleton has been preserved separately,  but
     not fully prepared ; there  are four  upper and  four lower  ex-
     tremities, and the  thorax is formed, as usual in these cases, by
     a fusion of  the two.
       As this  subject was in a state  of advanced putrefaction,
     when received, the  dissection was  hastily made, and  those
     parts only will be mentioned which  were  particularly exam-
     ined.  In the  central orbit  were two distinct eyes, and upon
     the  back of the head a large double  ear.  The  oesophagus
     was single, and situated  between the  two  tracheae ; stomach
     formed as  in  No. 845; small intestine  well  developed, and »
     single to  within  nine inches of its  lower extremity, where it
     divided, but without  any  dilatation at  this part; at  the umbili-
     cus was a considerable hernia.   The respiratory organs  were
     double, but both sets of lungs were very imperfectly developed ;
     one larynx also being imperfect,  and the cornua of the hyoid
     bone closely  compressed, as in No.  844.  The  two hearts
     were widely separated, and each  had its pericardium ;  internal
     structure  of both normal;  the vessels, entering and  leaving  the
     organs, were   all  of them traced, excepting  the  pulmonary
     veins, which,  owing  probably to  the undeveloped state of  the
     lungs, must have been very small and were not found.  The
     two  aortas communicated  at the arch by a vessel  which was
     of considerable length, and fully  equal in size to either trunk;
     one aorta passed over the left primary bronchus, and the other
     over  the right of the other set  of lungs, as in No. 850, and,
     lastly, each aorta sent off at the arch two vessels, one of which
     soon  divided.   1847.                Dr. John C.  Warren.

849-57.  In the  present  series, which is  the  reverse  of the  last 
MONSTROSITIES.
73
     (836-48), the  duplication commences with the head, and the
     fusion goes on from above downwards.

849. A double-headed  Fish, preserved  in spirit. — The two heads
     are  about equally developed, and  the fusion commences just
     behind the pectoral fins, the spines being traced  separately to
     behind the anus.   Each individual has a dorsal  fin, and two
     pectorals, but the anus and a single pair of  ventral fins are
     common to the two.   The specimen belongs to the genus Pi-
     melodus, and measures one inch and three-fourths in  length,
     and one-third of an inch from the anterior extremity to the
     point of fusion.  It was taken in the Gulf of Mexico, by Lieut.
     White of the U. S.  Navy, he  having caught it in his hand.
     1846.                            Epes S. Dixwell,  Esq.

850. A drawing of the alimentary canal of a monstrosity that was
     born in the practice  of Dr. Nathaniel Ruggles, of Nantucket,
     in June, 1846, and  was subsequently  examined in this  city.
     It has been represented in Fig. 26, and the following account
     of the case, as it was reported  to  the Society, is  here given,
     by the permission of Dr. R.
       The subject of this  case had  two heads and necks, which
     were distinct throughout, one  pair of upper and lower ex-
     tremities, and a trunk which was formed by the  fusion  of two.
     Sex male.  The mother was a middle-aged woman, and this,
     which was her first labor, occurred about the end of the eighth
     month.  One of the  heads presented, but Dr. R. brought down
     the  feet, and  after  three  hours accomplished the delivery,
     much force being required;  the children  lived  about twenty-
     five minutes.  Weight five  pounds  and a half.   A hasty ex-
     amination of the  organs was made at  the time  by Dr. C. T.
     Collins, of New York, and Dr. Ruggles, and  a short account
     of the case was published by Dr.  C. in the  New York  Med.
     and Surg. Reporter,  of which  he was at  that  time the editor.
     The body was then sewed up, but  the organs, which had been
     removed in  a  mass, were preserved separately,  and a few
     weeks afterwards the specimen was sent to this city, where it
     remained for a short time ; here it was again examined, and
     very recently the whole has been  returned to Nantucket and
     buried. 
74
MONSTROSITIES.
  With regard  to the external appearances, it may be stated
that there was no trace of a  third upper extremity, and that
the  two  spines, being traceable  to the middle of the  back,
would probably have met about at the sacrum.
  On examination of the  organs, there  were found two hearts
within  a common pericardium.   One  was  perfectly  normal.
The  other was somewhat  smaller;  consisted of a single, large,
ventricular cavity, from which there arose an aorta of full size,
and a small pulmonary artery, the  ductus arteriosus being very
slender;  the left auricle was  very much larger than the  right,
the limits between them  being well defined, though there was
only the trace of a septum.   The  lower  vena cava was com-
mon to the two organs, and divided just above the diaphragm.
Each aorta gave off a large vessel, which immediately divided,
and just  beyond this  a second, undoubtedly the two carotids
and a subclavian, the subclavian arteries arising  from different
aortas, as each of the two upper extremities belonged to a
different subject.  The aorta  of the  largest heart passed, as
usual, over the  corresponding left primary bronchus,  but the
other over the  right  primary bronchus of  the  second set of
lungs, and somewhere between the arch and the diaphragm
the two formed  a common trunk.
  The respiratory organs and thymus  gland were in double
sets, the  lungs being  small, irregular, and much fissured, ex-
cept  the one which corresponded to the malformed heart, and
was upon the right side.
  The alimentary canal, having been washed out and inflated,
a drawing  was  made of it by Dr. Jeffries Wyman, and has
been represented in Figure 25.   The two stomachs were well
formed, and one of them was  of full size ; the other was about
half  as large as the first, and  buried, as it were, in a cavity in
the liver.  The duodenum of each was about three-fourths of
an inch in length ;  the two then united  to form a single intes-
tine, which was three inches and a half in length, half an inch
or more in diameter, and  much contorted.   Near the termina-
tion of this irregular portion of intestine was a diverticulum,
three-fourths of an inch in length, and  adherent to  the  intes-
tine, its cul-de-sac  being  directed towards the great dilatation,
into which the intestine now opened.  The dilatation was three
inches and a half in  length in a  straight line, and one and a 
MONSTROSITIES.
75
    half inches in diameter; considerably curved upon itself, and
    upon its large curvature sacculated, as the large intestine of a;i
    adult often is.   The dilatation was followed by ten inches of
    small intestine, which  arose quite  abruptly, and  eight and a
    half inches  of large intestine, besides  what may have been
    left in the body.
       The liver was single ; lobes irregular.  One well developed
    gall-bladder, with its ducts, corresponded to the largest stomach,
    and near it there was seen the situation for the second, if it had
    existed.  According to the statement of Dr. II. there  was one
    spleen and two kidneys.  In the mass examined here, there were
    found two rudimentary spleens connected with the large stom-
    ach, and about a line or more  in diameter; one  kidney with
    its renal capsule, and a second renal capsule without its kidney.

851. A double-headed Lamb.   The two heads are united at an ob-
    tuse angle, and the central ears appear to be fused at the base.
    The animal is otherwise well formed, and, from its size, may
    have lived for some time after birth.  A stuffed specimen.

852. A double-headed Kitten.   There are  no central ears, but the
    eyes are somewhat far apart.  A stuffed specimen.

853. A second  specimen, preserved in spirit.   The  central  eyes
    are not fused, though they are in a common orbit, there being
    two  perfect sets of lids.  1844.
               Mr. Kimball, Proprietor of  the Boston Museum.

854. A double-headed Chicken.  The central  eyes are  probably
    fused, there being but one set of lids.   The upper portion of
    the spinal canal seems to be open, as in the next case.

855. A double-headed Duck; said to have  lived for a short time.
    The two heads form a more acute angle than in the last speci-
    men, but the central eyes  are equally far  apart.  The top of
    the cranium may have been injured by violence, but the upper
    portion of the spinal canal seems to be open, as from conge-
    nital deficiency.                     Dr. J. B. S. Jackson.

856. A small double-headed Snake, from  South America.   The 
76
MONSTROSITIES.
     two heads appear to be equally developed, and form with each
     other a right angle as in St. Hilaire's figure, (PI. xv.) the cen-
     tral eyes being widely separated.
                           Boston Society of Natural History.

 857. Cranium of a double-headed Lamb.  The animal was carried
     to the full period, and well formed, except for the head, which
     was  sent  to  Dr. J.  by Dr. L. W.  Briggs,  of  Bristol,  R. I.
     There were two perfect  eyes, and  upon the median line two
     others which  were fused,  the two cavities  of the vitreous
     humor being  separated by a  common sclerotic coat.   The
     cavity of the mouth was single, and the tongue  and lower jaw
     showed no trace of duplication, in which respect this specimen
     resembled one already described (No. 848), and  differed from
     what has been generally observed in this form of monstrosity.
     (Hist, des  Anom. III. 200.)  The cranium, having been  pre-
     pared, is seen to be divided  anteriorly into two portions, which
     are symmetrical; each has two frontal bones, two ungues, one
     nasal  and  intermaxillary, and  upon the outside a well  devel-
     oped maxillary, but upon  the inside this last is  entirely want-
     ing ;  the outer nasal cavity is perfect, but the inner is not so,
     there  being a deficiency of bone between the intermaxillary
     and os unguis.  At the bottom of the large common orbit are
     seen the two optic foramina  about one-third of an inch apart;
     superiorly the  orbit is mostly membranous, but  inferiorly it is
     in  part formed  by an irregular, imperfectly developed, bony
     plate.   The posterior sphenoid, where  it is connected with the
     basilar, is double, this last  and the whole occipital region being
     single and well formed.   1846.     Dr. J. B.  S. Jackson.

858 — 69. The following specimens may  be  grouped  in one series.

858. A model of  Ake, the well known Chinese monstrosity  (Hist.
     des Anom. PI.  xviii. Fig. 4); sent to Dr. Reynolds by a gen-
     tleman in Canton, and with it a manuscript  copy of Dr. John
     K.  Mitchell's description of the individual as observed by him-
     self;  the manuscript is deposited with the specimen.  Dr. M.'s
     description was published,  with an engraving, in the Philadel-
     phia Journ. of the Med. and  Phys. Sciences, in 1821, and
     is, of course, much more  to  be relied upon  than that  of Dr. 
MONSTROSITIES.
77
     Livingstone's account of the  case which was sent to England
     from Canton, and has been published  in the Catalogue of the
     Hunterian  Museum, Dr. L.  himself  never having seen  the
     individual.   It is remarkable that Dr. M.'s description, which
     is so very full and satisfactory, is not mentioned in the Hunt.
     Catalogue, nor by St. Hilaire.       Dr. Edward Reynolds.

859. A Kitten, preserved in spirit, and  showing two pairs of ex-
     tremities growing from about the epigastric region ; the ante-
     rior are united by integument as far as  the carpus, the paws
     are clubbed, and there are but four toes on  each; the posterior
     extremities  are more developed, and  there is an anus and some
     appearance of genitals, but no tail.

860. A stuffed specimen,  very similar  to the last, except that the
     anterior extremities are not united.

861. A third specimen ; preserved in spirit, and  resembles No. 859,
     except that  there is only one pair of supernumerary extremi-
     ties, and these are the posterior.

862. A Chicken preserved in spirit, and having  two supernumerary
     extremities  growing  from the  back of the pelvis ; they  are
     not fully developed,  and the  thigh bones are united by integu-
     ment.   A similar specimen has also been  sent to  the Society
     by Dr. Jarvis, of Dorchester.   1840.    Dr.  Robert W. Hooper.

863. The skeleton of a Chicken, that resembled the last specimen ;
     mounted.  The supernumerary extremities have a very slen-
     der  attachment to the coccyx upon the left side, but are toler-
     ably developed ;  a small, irregular bone, which represents  the
     pelvis, being connected with the upper  extremity of the two
     femora.   Otherwise, it is well developed.   1847.
                                           Dr. D. H.  Storer.

864.  A portion of the skeleton  of a Fowl.   Upon the  right  side
     there is an additional ischium, somewhat developed, and situ-
     ated between the sacrum and the true ischium, with which last
     it is fused, the sacrum and coccyx being much inclined towards
     the left side.  From  this  additional bone there arises  an cx-
                  11 
78
MONSTROSITIES.
     tremity which is considerably and permanently distorted.   The
     tibia is a short, thick, stout bone, about one inch in length, the
     femur and metatarsal  bones  being tolerably developed; the
     toes are five in number, and one of these is bifurcated.   1835.
                                     Dr. Winslow Lewis,  Jr.

865. Skeleton  of a Chicken that  lived  three  months;  mounted.
     The left femur, which is formed by the union of  two, is very
     broad, has two distinct trochanters, and terminates inferiorly in
     two extremities, one of  which is  sufficiently well  developed.
     The supernumerary member has in  the place of  a tibia and
     fibula two bones, that look not unlike tibiae,  being largely
     and about  equally developed, separate above, but soon becom-
     ing fused,  and connected with the femur by two  additional and
     distinct articulating  surfaces;  the metatarsal bone  is short,
     slender, and very much  bent upon itself, and beneath it  there
     was during life a considerable  callus, this  division of the ex-
     tremity being as  much or more used in progression  than the
     other; the whole terminates in  three very  imperfectly devel-
     oped toes.   In the pelvis there is some appearance of duplica-
     tion upon  the  left side, but,  otherwise, the skeleton is well
     formed, as were the internal organs, except that the  intestine
     had four caeca, two of them  being large, one small,  and one
     of  intermediate size.   1840.          Dr. J. B.  S. Jackson.

866. The fore-foot of an adult Pig; preserved  in spirit.   One of
     the  small  toes is normal, but in  place of the  other are two
     large toes, giving altogether the  appearance of a  double foot,
     the  supernumerary, however,  being  less developed than the
     principal.   Where the foot was cut off there  are  seen to be
     five metatarsal bones.

867. The hind  feet of a young Pig;  one  has been dried, and the
     other prepared  to show  the condition of the  bones, the  mal-
     formation being apparently the same  in both.  In the dissected
     specimen,  the two principal toes, and the small  one upon the
     outside, are perfect  in all  their parts; upon the inside  there
     are two other toes, nearly as large  as the  first two, and con-
     nected with the tarsus  by a single  large metatarsal bone ; be-
     tween  these two  feet, for  so they appear to be,  is a small un- 
MONSTROSITIES.
79
    developed toe, that belongs rather to  the  supernumerary foot
    than to the principal.  The tarsus has additional  bones or
    rather cartilages in connection with the supernumerary meta-
    tarsal.
       This specimen, with the following others, was purchased by
    subscription amongst the members  of  the Society, at the New
    England Museum : —Nos. 537, 636, 824, 825,839, 840,845,
    851, 852, 854, 859, 860, 861, and 866.

868. A series  to  show the development  of  the  supernumerary
    thumb so often observed in the domestic Fowl.
       In the first specimen there  is a  very imperfectly  developed
    additional phalanx, besides the  terminal one, the nail only ap-
    pearing externally.   In the next, the first phalanx of the proper
    thumb bifurcates, the  additional phalanges being well devel-
    oped and directed upwards ;  these two specimens are  mates,
    as are also the fourth and fifth.  The third essentially  resembles
    the second, the fusion at the bifurcation being  more complete.
    In the fourth specimen  the  additional thumb is in all its parts
    fully developed, curved upwards, and situated directly above
    the principal.   The fifth resembles the fourth.   In all of these,
     excepting  the fifth, the  development of the bones  has  been
     fully shown by removing the soft parts from the under surface
     of the thumb.  The last specimen consists of  a  set of bones,
    separated  by  maceration, and in which  the  bone  that  sup-
     ported the two thumbs consists of a single  broad piece.   1845.

 869. A preparation to show the  development of the  bone in a su-
     pernumerary  thumb; there  are two phalanges, connected by
     fibrous substance, the  first about two  lines in diameter, the
     second nearly an inch in length, and supporting a well formed
     nail.   It was  attached to the integuments over the metacarpal
     bone of the thumb, and was removed as  an incumbrance, the
     patient being  a young mechanic.   1837.
                                        Dr. J. B. S. Jackson.

 870.  A cast in plaster of the right hand of a little girl, showing a
     thumb  with three phalanges.   The thumb is long and slender,
     and reaches about as far forwards as  the little  finger.   1846.
                        Dr. Benjamin E. Cotting, of Roxbury. 
80
MONSTROSITIES.
871. Two Hen's eggs, united by a short thick band ; they are toler-
     ably developed  in  regard to size, though there is only a trace
     of shell.               Boston Society of Natural History.

872. A double Peach, preserved in spirit; the two are fully devel-
     oped, and united intimately, though to a small extent, near the
     common stem.                      Dr. J. B. S. Jackson.

873. A cast in plaster of two Apples, united like the above.
                                      Dr. Henry 1. Bowditch.

874. A cast in plaster of two Cucumbers, that had a linear union
     throughout almost  their entire length; these two casts were
     taken by Dr. William E. Coale.  Dr. Charles Bertody.

  in.  Monstrosities by  distortion.

875. Cranium of a Fowl, showing a strong incurvation of the upper
     mandible  to one side, as in No. 842.
                                    Mr. Charles K. Whipple.

876. Cranium of a Canary bird, showing a similar deformity.
                                     Dr. William T. Parker.

877. A Hen's egg, quite  small, and contracted at one extremity, so
     as to resemble in form a certain kind of  gourd; shell for the
     most part well developed.   1844.
                       Dr. Benjamin E. Cotting, of Roxbury.

878. Deformity of the lower extremity; removed at the  hip-joint,
     and preserved in spirit.  The knee appears to be dislocated,
     the head of the  tibia resting upon the outside of the femur;
     the  leg, in the recent state, was strongly  flexed upon the
     thigh, the  foot very strongly flexed, and twisted so that its inner
     edge was  in contact  with  the  leg, and its sole with the thigh,
     the  outer condyle being  quite prominent,  and forming the
     proper termination of the extremity.
       From a child that  was born with imperforate anus, and died
    on the fifth day, being otherwise well formed, except for some
    trifling deviations in the arteries.   October, 1841.
                                         Dr. E. O. Phinney. 
MONSTROSITIES.
81
879. Cranium of a six months foetus; mounted.  There is  great
     deformity of the vault, and  such as may possibly have been
     caused by  external  pressure,  the  bones being  compressed
     laterally, and the right parietal  doubled  upon itself; the  ver-
     tical diameter, on the other hand, is  proportionately increased,
     and the whole  occipital region much depressed.  Otherwise
     the foetus was well developed ;  presented by the knees.   The
     mother has  aborted  several  times  at the  same  period, and
     thinks she has a uterine tumor, though none has ever been dis-
     covered on examination.  1847.         Dr.  Enoch Hale.
950. The cranium and  trunk  of a  malformed  foetus; mounted.
    The cranium differs from any of those already described;  the
    frontal, parietal and occipital bones are very imperfectly devel-
    oped, but, instead  of flaring outwards, they rise  perpendicu-
    larly from the base of the skull, and give to the cavity a horse-
    shoe form ; the posterior  portion of the  occiput consisting of
    two pieces which  are widely separated.  The trunk is  pre-
    served on account of a  strong lateral curvature of the spine,
    and a narrowing of the right side of the thorax, several of the
    last ribs upon  this  side lying in close contact with the spine ;
    the sixth, seventh and eighth ribs are fused, the second wants
    its  cartilage, and  the sternum, which is very short,  is con-
    nected with the first three  ribs  only.  Upon  the  left side the
    cavity of the thorax is well developed, and the sternum is con-
    nected  with the  usual  number  of  ribs.  The skeleton  was
    otherwise well formed, and the extremities were therefore re-
    moved.
      In the recent state, the foetus was sufficiently developed for
    the age.  The cavity of the cranium was entirely open, and
    contained  a small quantity of brain, from the base of which
    several  of  the nerves were traced.   The parietes of the abdo-
    men were  almost entirely wanting, and to some  extent those
    of the  thorax ; the liver, stomach,  small  and large intestines,
    kidneys and left testicle lying completely exposed.  The heart
    was covered only by its pericardium.  The  whole peritoneal
    surface and the  left pleural cavity were inflamed, and  the
    lung much compressed.  There was fissure of the uvula, as in
    so  many of  the  acephalous foetuses;  the  gall-bladder  and 
82
MONSTROSITIES.
 ducts contained a very little colorless secretion; the renal cap-
 sules were nearly or quite as large as in a well-formed foetus ;
 the  left  umbilical artery was wanting;  organs  otherwise not
 remarkable.
   The mother was a respectable, young  married  woman, and
 this  was  her  first child; no  cause assigned  for monstrosity.
 Labor occurred at about the eighth month, and was  easy;
 head presented ; quantity of liquor amnii large ;  the cord was
 only a few inches in length, doubled upon itself and adherent,
and broke in the delivery ; placenta exceedingly large.  Child
 still-born, though the motions  had been  felt, as so often hap-
 pens, only a few hours before.  Sex male.  1847.
                                       Dr. Asa B. Snow. 
INDEX.
Abdomen.  Deficiency of the parietes,  778, 783-4, 819, 950 ; peritoneal
  surface inflamed in the last two.
Acephalus.  Preserved entire in spirit,  765; drawing of,  757; cast, 758,
  762;  skeleton, 759 ; circulation, 760; intestine injected, 761, 764,  and
  veins, 763.  Blighted fcetus, 826.
Acephalous fcetus.  General description of the first variety, with an analy-
  sis of cases, 766 - 74 ; second variety, 776 - 81; third, 783 - 8 ;  fourth,
  789 - 95.   Preserved in spirit, 772 - 3, 779 ; drawings of, 770 ; osteol-
  ogy,  766 -74, 775, 776-81, 783-8, 789-95, 950; similar malforma-
  tion in a double monstrosity, 845, 847 ; case of triplets, 773 ; lived for
  several days, 774.   Ulceration of the stomach, 795.
Aorta.   Impervious at its origin, 340 ;  arises from right ventricle,  336.
  Communication between  two aortas,  in a  double fcetus, 836, 844, 848 ;
  division of a single aorta, 845, 847; union of two aortas, 850.
Arteries.  Supernumerary from the arch,  344, 339, 342, 766, 819.  Um-
  bilical artery distinct fram the aorta, 757, 762 ;  absence  of one, 766,
  783-5, 819, 835, 878, 950.  Right sublavian passes behind the oesoph-
  agus, 345.   Origin from the pulmonary artery, 778.
Brain and membranes.  Formed independently of the spinal marrow, 785,
  788;  in the acephalous foetus,  766-74,775, 776-81, 783-8, 789-95;
  development  of the pituitary gland, 766-74,  776, 778,793.  Develop-
  ment  of pia mater in  an acephalus, 762, and in the acephalous fcetus,
  766 - 74 ; serous effusion in monstrosities, 804 - 7.
Club foot.  Casts of, 915 ;  frequent occurrence in monstrosities, 757, 762,
  773, 778, 781, 783 ;  condition  of the  bones, 297.
Cranium. Malformation in the acephalus, 757; acephalous fcetus, 766 - 74,
  775,776-81, 783-8,789-95, 845, 950; incase  of external hydro-
  cephalus, 803-6, 808; in case of deficiency of the extremities, 812,
  817,  814 ;  blighted foetus, 830;  the  result,  perhaps of mechanical
  cause, 879; fusion of two crania, 837, 844,  848,  857.
Cuticle.   Continued over  a serous membrane, 795, 788.
Diaphragm.   Deficiency, 766, 778; fusion of the two  in  a double fetus,
  as in  835.
Double Monstrosities.   Union by the thorax, 834; skeleton, 835.  Fusion
  above, and duplication below  the umbilicus: human, 836;  calf, 839 ; 
84
INDEX.
   pig, 840, 845, 847-8;  Guinea pig, 841;  chicken, 842;  kitten, 843;
   lamb,  811: osteology,  835,  837,  844-5, 847-8.   Duplication com-
   mencing with  the head : fish, 849 ; human, 850; lamb, 851, 857 ; kit-
   ten, 852-3; chicken,  854; duck, 855; serpent, 856:  osteology,  857.
   Additional extremities :  human, 853 ; kitten, 859-61; chicken, 862-5 ;
   osteology, 863-5.   Additional phalanges, 866 - 71.   Two eggs united
   by a band, 871.  Union in the case of fruit and vegetables, 872 - 4.
Ear.  Fusion of two, externally, 848, 840-1, 851;  malformation inter-
   nally,  844.
Epiglottis.  Absence of, 807.
Extremities.  Absence of one or more, 819;  in the acephalus, 762, 765.
   blighted fcetus, 826 - 7.  Consists of a foot, 816 ; a single f.nger, 757 - 62 ;
   a  toe,  816; an  undeveloped  humerus and femur,  818.   Ulna formed
   without the humerus, 757,  and the humerus without the ulna, 816; ab-
   sence of the radius  in  an adult subject, 823;  feet and hands fully de-
   veloped, the extremities being otherwise imperfect, 814, 812, 809. Blood
   vessels and nerves developed, when the extremity is wanting, 762.  Ad-
   ditional extremities,  phalanges,  &c., 858-71, 809.  Distortion, 778,
   794, 878, 819, 822, 826.  Fusion  of  fingers, 833.  See Club-foot.
Eyes.  Undeveloped, 807 ;  two in  one orbit,  853,  848;  fusion, 857, 854,
   824-5.
Fallopian tube.  Absence of one, 819; formed independently of the uterus,
   802.
Gallbladder.  Wanting in a fcetus, 802 ;  in an adult, 552.
Hare-lip.  Single,  in  a fcetus of two or three months, 831;  condition of
   the bones in a  fcetus, 832 ; double,  847, 807.
Heart.  Absence in the acephalus, 757, 762; foramen ovale open, 328 - 31,
   334, 336.   Interventricular  opening, 332-6, 339, 341, 836, 850;  right
   ventricle, 332-6, and deficiency of the pulmonary valves, 332-5, in
   interventricular opening; death from hcemorrhage, 332, 334.  One ven-
   tricle undeveloped, the other quite  large,  340,  342 ; ductus arteriosus
   open, 343, 332.   Protrusion externally, 784, 950.   In a double fcetus:
   a single organ,  845; a  fusion of two organs, 834-5; two separate
   organs, 836, 844, 848, 850.
Imperforate Anus,  460-1, 757,  802, 873; minute opening from the rec-
  tum into the urethra, in male subjects,  as a  general rule, 460; opening
   of the intestine into the vagina, 466; into the bladder,  773.
Imperforate Rectum, 462 - 5 ; dilatation of intestine, 463 ;  vagina wounded
   in an operation for, 465.
Intestine.  Situated as in early fcetal life, 784,  7S8;  imperforation of
  jejunum, 945 ;  upper portion wanting in the  acephalus, 757, 762 ;  diver-
  ticula, 458, 762, 791,844-5, 850.   Dilatation, in a double fcetus, before
  the division of  a single intestine, 836, 845; before the fusion of a double 
INDEX.
85
    set of intestines,  850.   Protrusion from a deficiency of the abdominal
    parietes, 950, 778-9, 783-4, 819;  at umbilicus, 848,  757,765,807.

 Kidneys.  Absence of both, 802 ; of one, 757.  Protrusion of, from defi-
    ciency of the abdominal parietes,  950  ; fusion, 585, 781, 787.  Encyst-
    ed, in  a monstrosity, 788, 810;  congenital  589, 652 1   Ureters imper-
    fectly developed, 788; two upon one side, 785, 794 ; divided, 795.

 Liquor amnii.  Profuse discharge, in cases of acephalous fcetus, 766-74,
    778, 784, 950 ; in  a case of spina bifida, 798.  '
 Liver.   Wanting in the acephalus, 757,  762 ;  irregular development, 781,
    783, 788 :  two organs in a double fcetus, 844 ; fusion of the two, 835,
    850: protrusion  from a deficiency of the parietes, 778, 783-4, 819,
    950.
 Lizard.   Bifid tail, 931.
 Lower jaw.   Imperfectly  developed,  816 ; single in a  " double-headed
   fcetus," 857,  848 ;  additional development, 844.
 Lungs.   Wanting  in the acephalus, 757, 762 ; imperfect, or irregular
   development, 766, 781, 783 - 4, 788, 845, 848, 850; protrusion of, from
   a deficiency of the parietes, 784.
 Mesentery.  Imperfect development, 781.
 Nails.  Fusion, 833.
 Nerves.  Formed independently of the brain and spinal marrow, 766 - 74,
   776 ; and also of the  extremity which  they are to supply,  762.  Ganglia
   of the sympathetic  nerve large in an acephalus, 762.
 Nostrils.  Rudimentary in an acephalus, 757 ; imperfectly developed in an
   acephalous fcetus, 807.
 (Esophagus.   Opening  into  the larynx  and trachea, 845 ;  lower portion
   opening into trachea,  the upper terminating  in a cul de sac, 456-7.
 Ovary.   Absence of one, 819.
 Palate.  Condition of the  bones in fissure, 806, 812,  845, 847-8, 781;
   deceptive appearance of fissure in the acephalous fcetus, 788.  Fissure of
   the uvula in the acephalous fcetus,  776,781, 783, 788, 950; trace of, 795.
Pancreas.  Absence of, in the acephalus, 757,   762.
Pelvis.  Imperfect development, 816, 820, 812.
Pericardium.   Deficiency, 781.
Pharynx.   External fissure  below the jaw, 844.
Pulmonary Artery.   Two valves,  333, 335, 835; four  valves, 337-8;
   valves imperfect in  interventricular opening, 332-5 .  impervious at its
   origin, 342 ; arises  from aorta, 339, 341; gives origin  to the right ca-
   rotid and subclavian arteries, 778.
                            12 
86
INDEX.
 Radius.   Wanting in an adult, 823.
 Renal Capsules.  Independent  of  the  kidneys,  802, 757.  Small in the
   acephalous  foetus,  766-74,  776,  781,  783, 789, 793-5;  sufficiently
   developed, 785, 788, 950;  small in another form of monstrosity, 807.
   Fusion,  762, 788.
 Rhinencephalous Pig, 824 - 5.
 Ribs.  Thirteen pairs, 4 ; bifurcation, 34.  Fusion  and other anomalies in
   monstrosities, 762, 766-74,  778,  780-1, 783-5, 788, 844, 950;  757,
   762, 778, 789, 847.
 Sacrum.   Malformed, 801.
 Scapula.   Fusion of two, 845.
 Skeleton.   Of monstrosities, 759, 766, 776-8,  781,  783-4, 786, 788-9,
   812, 814, 820, 835, 837, 844-5, 847, 863-5,  950.
 Spina  bifida.  Preparations  of the soft parts,  796,  801-2;  osteology,
   797-9, 789, 847;  unusual form, 800-2 ; in an acephalous fcetus, 789 ;
   in a double pig,  847 ; complicated with hydrocephalus, 798. In a patient
   sixteen years of age, the spinal marrow terminating at the fourth dorsal
   vertebra, 799. Death from meningitis, 796.
 Spinal Marrow.  Formed independently of the brain, 757; deficiency or
   absence in the acephalous foetus, 766-74, 776-8, 781, 783-5, 788-9,
   847 ; prolongation  in spina bifida, 802.
 Spleen.   Wanting  in the acephalus, 757, 762 ;  lobulated, 811 ;  protrusion
   from a deficiency of the parietes, 784, 950.
 Sternum.   Imperfectly developed,  950 ; consists of two lateral portions,
   757, 762; perforation in  the adult, 36-7,151;  episternal bones, 35;
   union of the two, in a double fcetus, 835.
 Stomach.   Wanting  in the acephalus, 757, 762 ;  form irregular, 781; fu-
   sion of the two organs in a double fcetus, 836, 844-5, 848 — two organs
   separate, 850 ; protrusion from a deficiency of the parietes, 784, 950.
 Teeth.  Three upper incisors upon one side, 75 ; development in an aceph-
   alus, 757.
 Testicle.  Absence  of, 686 ; protrusion from a deficiency of the parietes,
   950 ; organs fully developed,  the external appearances being those  of a
   female, 807.   Vas deferens wanting, 757.
 Thymus Gland.  Absence of, in an acephalus, 762.
 Umbilical Cord.  Forty-five  inches in  length, 755; very  short in some
  cases of monstrosity, 762, 778, 784, 821, 950.
Urinary Bladder.  Thickened  and dilated in a  monstrosity, the urethra
  being impervious, 773 ; imperfectly developed, the kidneys being want-
  ing, 802. 
INDEX.
87
Uterus.  Imperfect development, 819; consists of three cavities, that open
  into the bladder,  773;  divided  by a septum  throughout, 650 ; fundus
  divided, 718; bilobated, 651, with other malformations, 652.

Vagina.   Absence of, 652, 457, 802 ; longitudinal septum, 650 - 1; band
  across the outlet,  669.

Veins.  Absence of valves in the acephalus, 763, 757 ; left subclavian  and
  jugular open into the right auricle separately from the  upper vena cava,
  457.

Vertebra,.  Transverse process  developed  to represent a rib, 844 ; spinal
  column in the  acephalus, 759,  762, in the acephalous fcetus,  766-74,
  775,776-81,783-8,789-95, and in spina  bifida, 797-9, 801, 847;
  fissure  of  the bodies of the vertebrae,  780-1;  fusion of two spinal
  columns in a double monstrosity,  845, 847,  849 - 50.
EXPLANATION  OF   THE  FIGURES.
'ig	1. 2.
c	3.
CI	4.
1!	5.
"	6.
cc	7.
(C	8.
ic	9.
cc	9'.
cc	10.
cc	11.
cc	12.
11	13.
PI. I.   No. 329.  Foramen ovale open in the adult.
PI. I.   No  330.  The same.
PI. I.   No. 331.  The same.
PI. III.  No. 759, Skeleton of a monstrosity (acephalus.)
        No. 766. Skeleton of  an acephalous fcetus; a. a. the frontal
         6. b, the posterior portions of the occiput.
        No. 775. The posterior portion of the occiput of an acephalous
PL III.
  bones
PI. III.
  fcetus
PI. IX.
         No. 844.  Lower jaw of a double lamb, showing additional
  alveoli and teeth beneath the symphisis.
PI. III.  No. 780.  Spine  of an acephalous  fcetus; a. a fissure through
  the  bodies of the cervical vertebrae;  b. an additional  wing upon the
  body of the eleventh dorsal vertebra.
PL V.  No. 781.  Skeleton of an acephalous  foetus; a. a. rudimentary
  parietal bones.
PI. V.  No. 781.  A front view of the upper portion of the spine, show-
  ing an extensive fissure through the bodies  of the vertebra?;  a. the cen-
  tral opening; 6. union of the body of the  third cervical  vertebra with
  that of the seventh dorsal, upon the left side ; c. union of the bodies of
  the  second, third, fourth and fifth cervical vertebrae with  that of the
  eighth dorsal upon the right side.
PL IV.  No. 783.  Skeleton of an acephalous fcetus ;  posterior  view;
  a. a.  the posterior portions of the occipital  bone : b. b. the parietals.
PI. IV.  No. 783.  A lateral view of the skeleton last referred to ;  a. the
  posterior portion of the occipital, and b. the parietal  bone.
PL IV.  No. 784.  Skeleton of an acephalous  fcetus; a. a. the parietal
  bones ; 6. 6. the posterior portions of the occiput; c. c. the frontal bones.
PL VI.  No. 785.  External view of an acephalous fcetus, the brain being
  developed, but situated outside of the cranial  cavity. 
88
EXPLANATION  OF  THE  FIGURES.
 Fig. 14.   PI. VII.  No. 786.  A posterior view of the skeleton of the monstrosity
             last referred to ; a. a. the frontal, and 6. 6. the parietal bones; c. c. the pos-
             terior portions of the occiput; d. the temporal, and e. the styloid process
             of the temporal bone;  f. the malar, g. the nasal, h. the ungual, i. the
             superior maxillary, and./-, the inferior maxillary bones ; k. an additional
             wing connected with the ninth dorsal vertebra.
      15.  PI. VII.   No. 786.  A lateral view of the skeleton of the monstrosity last
             referred to : I. a fusion of the wings of the cervical vertebrae ; m. m. the
             wings, and n. n. the bodies of the vertebrae.   The other letters corres-
             pond with those in the last figure.
  "   16.  PL V.  No. 788.   Skeleton of an acephalous fcetus ; a. the frontal, and
            6. the parietal bones  ; c. the posterior portion of the occiput.
  "   17.  PL V.  No. 788.   Fusion, with irregular development of three of the ribs,
            from the skeleton last referred to.
  '*   18.  PL VIII.  No. 793.  Cranium of an acephalous  fcetus;  a. the posterior
            portion of the occiput; 6. the frontal, and c. the parietal bones.
  "   19.  PI. VIII.  No. 803.  Cranium of a monstrosity.
  "  20.  PL VIII.  No. 812.  Cranium of a monstrous calf.
  "  21.  PL VIII.  No. 837.  Base of the skull, with a portion  of the skeleton of
            a double fcetus.
  "  22.  PL X.  No. 836.   Stomach and  portion of the intestine  of the  double
            fcetus last referred to.
  "  23.  PL IX.  No. 849.   A double fish.
  "  24.  PI. X.  No. 846.  A portion of the intestine of a double pig.
  "  25.  PL X. No. 850.  Alimentary canal of a double fcetus.
  '  26.  PI. I.   No. 896.   Taenia sol. showing a great irregularity of the ioints.
  "  27.  PL IX.  No. 826.  A blighted fcetus.
  "  28.  PI. IX.  No. 827.  A second blighted fcetus.
  "  29.  PL I.   No. 945.  Imperforation of the small intestine.
  "  30.  PI. I.  No. 612.  Urinary calculus formed upon a quill.
  "  31.  PI. II.  No.  770.  Sketch of an acephalous fcetus ; front view.
  "  32.  PI. II.  No.  770.  A side view of the same.
  "  33.  PI. X.  No. 845.  Fusion of the scapulae of a double fcetus.  33'. Another
            view of the same.
  "  34.  PL X.  No.  845.  Fusion of two stomachs in a double pig.

  Figures 7. 23. 30.  31. and 32.  it should be remarked, have been added since the
text was prepared for the press.
                               ERRATA.
Page 22, 19th line from the bottom, for 10 read 9f.
  "  "'_  ?d lindjrnin the bottom, for 787 read 786.
  "  27, ar^ B^l^Hk^nd 6th line from the bottom, for 254 read 24.
  u,  2i, JSMffatdLaft^jHes from the bottom,  omit (No. 789.)
  f  49, 2d line  frosf ^f^eSbottom, for  810 read 809 ; on the 50th page, for 810.
                812, aho"8SHVreaa 809,,811, and 810.
  "  66jjast line, for 23 read ?>
  "  69J  11th line from the bottom, for mounted read not mounted.
  "  '73y 17th line from the top, fir 26 read 25. 
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